Aging and Cells

8/10/2019 Aging and Cells

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AGING AND CELLS

ACHMAD AMINUDDIN


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AGINGAND CELLS

AGING is a normal proesses accompanied by

a progressive alteration of the bodys

homeostatic adaptive responses.

GERIATRI is the special branch of medicinethat deals with the medical problems

and care of elderly persons.

GERONTOLOGY is the scientific study of theprocess and problems associated with

aging.


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CELLS

Many millions of new cells normally areproduced each minute.

Skeletal muscle cells and nerve cells donot

devide, because they are arrested permanentlyin the Go phase.

Other cell types, have only a limited capability

to devide. Cessation of mitosis is a normal, genetically

programmed event.


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AGING GENE

Aging gene are part of the genetic blue- print at birth. Thesegenes have an important function in normal cells, but theiractivities slow over time. They bring about aging by slowingdown.

TELOMERES, specific DNA sequence found only at the tip ofeach chromosome, protectthe tip of chromosome from erosionand from sticking to one another. In most normal body cellseah cycle of cell division shortens the telomeres. After manycycles of celldivision, the telomere can be completely gone

and even some of the functional chromosomal material may belost. Erosion of DNA from the tip of our chromosomecontributes greatly to aging and death of cells.


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GLUCOSE

Play a role in the aging process.

It is haphazardly added to proteins inside and

outside cells, forming irreversible cross-link

between adjacent protein molecules.With

advancing age, more cross-links form,which

contributes to the stiffening and loss ofelasticity tha occur in aging tissue.


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FREE RADICALS

Produce oxidative damage in lipid, proteins, or nucleic acid bystealing an electron to accompany their unpaired electron.

Some effects are wrinkled skin, stiff joints, and hardenedarteries.

Normal aerobic cellular respiration in mitochondria,producessome free radicals.

Normally occuring enzymes in peroxysomes and and in thecytosol, normally dispose dispose of free radicals.

Free radicals are present in air polution, radiation and certainfoods.

Antioxidants ; vitamin E, vitamin C, betacarotene, zinc, andselenium.


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PROGERIA

A disease characteristic by normal development in the

first year of life followed by rapid aging.

The condition is expressed by dry and wrinkled skin,

total baldness and birdlike facial feature. Death usually occur around age 13.

Although caused by a genetic defect in which

telomeres are considerably shorter than usual,progeria is not an inherited disorder, but a congenital

( present at birth ) abnormality inthe genes.


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WERNER SYNDROME

WS is a rare, inherited disease that causes arapid acceleration of age, ususally while theperson is only in his or her twenties.

Characteristized by wrinkling of the skin,graying of the hair and baldness, cataract,muscular atrophy, and a tendency to developdiabetes mellitus, cancer, and cardiovasculardiease.

Most afflicted individuals die before age 50.


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AGINGAND TISSUES

The younger body

- better nutritional state.

- its tissue have better blood suply.- its cells have a higher metabolic rate.

* cells can synthesize needed material and

devide more quickly.

As the body ages


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AGING AND TISSUES

As the body ages

- Glucose is haphazardly added to protein

inside and outside cells forming irreversible

cross-links between adjacent protein molecule

- With advancing, more cross-link form which

contributes to the stiffnening and loss of

elasticity.

- Collagen fibers


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AGING AND TISSUES

As the body ages

- Collagen fibers, resposible for the strength of

tendons, increase in number and change in

quality with aging. These changes in collagen

of arteries as much as the fatty deposits asso-

ciated with atherosclerosis.

- Elasti, another extracellular component, is

responsible for tthe elasticity of blood vessels and

and skin. It thickens, fragmens, and aquires a greater

affinity for calcium with age --- change that may also

be associated with the development of atherosclerosis.


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HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES

PEPTIC ULCER DISASE.

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE

- the most prevalent disorders of connective

tissue ( rheumatoid arthritis )

SJORGRENS SYNDROME

- is a common autoimmune disorder that cause

inflamation and distruction of exocrine gland

especially lacrimal and salivary glands.

- systemic effects include fatique, arthritis, difficulty

in swallowing, pancreatitis, pleuritis, and muscle

and joint pain.


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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

- A distinguishing feature of lupus is butter

rash

- Other skin lesions may occur, including blis-

tering and ulceration.

- Complications, inflamation of kidney, liver,lungs, heart, brain and gastrointestinal tract.


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SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

- Is a chronic inflamatory disease of connetive

tissue occuring mostly in non white women

during their childbearing years.

- An autoimmune disease that can cause tissue

damage in every body system.

- Sign and symptoms include painful joints,

low-grade fever, fatique, mouth ulcer, weight

loss, enlarged lymph nodes and spleen, sensitivity to

light,rapid loss of large amounts of scalp hair and

anorexia.


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AGING AND BONE TISSUE

There are two principle effects of aging on bone tissue: loss ofbone mass and brittleness.

Loss of bone mass result from demineralization, the loss ofcalcium and other mineral from bone extracellular matrix.

This loss usually begin after age 30 in female, acceleratesgreatly around age 45 as level of estrogens decrease, andcontinues until as much as 30 % of the calcium in bone is lost

by age 70. Once bone loss begin in female, about 8 % of bonemass is lost every 10 years.

In male, calcium loss typically does not begin until after age60, and about 3 % of bone mass is losst every 10 years.

The loss of calcium from bones is one of the problems inosteoporosis.


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AGING AND BONE TISSUE

The second principle effect of aging on the skeletal system,brittleness, result from a decrease rate of protein synthesis.

The organic part of bone extracellular matrix, mainly collagenfibers,give bone its tensile strength.The loss of tensile strength

causes the bone to become very brittle and susceptible tofracture

In some elderly people, collagen synthesis slows, in part, dueto deminished productin of human growth hormone.

In addition to increasing the susceptibility to fractures, loss ofbone mass also leads to deformity,pain, loss of height, and lossof teeth.


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OSTEOPOROSIS

The basic problem is that bone resorption outpaces bonedeposition.In large part thi due to depletion of calcium fromthe body more calcium is lost i urine, feces,and sweat than isabsorbed from the diet. Bone mass become so depleted that

bone fracture, often spontaneous ly, under the mechanicalstresses of every day living.

Older women suffer from osteoporosis more often than menfor two reasons; Womens bones are less masive than mens

bones, and production of estrogens in women declines

dramatically at menopause, but production of main androgen,testos teron,wanes gradually and only slightly in older men.

Estrogen and testosteron stimulate osteoblast activity andsynthesis of bone extracellukar matrix.


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OSTEOPOROSIS

Risk factors include family history of the disease, thinor smaal body build, inactive lifestyle, cigarettesmoking,diet low in calcium and vitamine D, alcohol,and certain medication.

In post menopausal women, its treatment includeestrogen replacement therapy ( low doses ofestrogens ) or hormone replacement therapy ( acombination of estrogen and progesterone, anothersex steroid ).

Although such treatment help combat osteoporosis,they increase cell metabolism in the entire boy, whichmay increase a womens risk of breast cancer.


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RICKETS AND OSTEOMALACIA

Are disorders in which bones fail tocalcify.Although the organic matrix is stillproduced, calcium salt are not deposited, and

the bones become soft or rubbery and easilydeformed.

Rickets affects the growing bones ofchildren.Because new bone formed at theepiphysial plates fail to ossify, bowed leg anddeformities of the skull, rib cage and pelvis.


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RICKETS AND OSTEOMALACIA

Osteomalacia, ome time called adult rickets

New bone formed during remodeling fails to calcify .

This disorder causes varying degrees of pain and

tenderness in bone, especially in the hip and leg.Bone fractures also result from minor trauma.

Rickets and osteomalacia are typically caused by adeficiency of vitamin D,either due to insufficient

sunlight or a lack of vitamin D in the diet. A recombinant human parathyroid hormone, called

Forteo, built bone tissue by stimulating osteoblasts.


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AGING AND JOINTS

Aging usually results in decreased production

of synovial fluid in joint.

The articular cartilage becomes thinner with

age and ligamentss shorten and lose some of

their flexibility.

The effects of aging on joints are influenced by

gentic factors and by wear and tear, and vary

consideraly from one person to another.


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AGING ANDJOINTS

Although degenerative change may begin as early asage 20, most chang do not occur until much later.

By age 80, almost every one develops some type ofdegeneration in the knees, elbows, hips and

shoulders. It is also common for elderly individuals to develops

degenerative changes in the vertebral column,resulting in hunched-over posture and pressure on

nerve roots. Stretching and aerobic exercises that attempt to

maintain full range of motion are helpful inminimizing the effects of aging

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Aging and Cells