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A STUDY OF AGGRESSION, LOCUS OF CONTROL AND
PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF SENIOR AND JUNIOR
MALE COMBAT SPORTS PERSONS
A SYNOPSISSUBMITTED TO THE
SHRI JAGDISHPRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITYFOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE
OFDOCTORE OF PHILOSOPHY
INPHYSICAL EDUCATION
by
K.R. Steven Registration. No. 20114220
Under the Supervision ofDr. Bhaskar D. Salvi
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Vidyanagari, Chudela, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan-333001
2012
0
IN TRODUCTION
A combat sport also known as a Combative Sports, is a competitive contact
sport where two combatants fight each other using certain rules of engagement
(usually significantly different from the rules is simulated combats meant for practice
or challenge in Martial Arts). Typically with the aim of simulating parts of real hand
to had combat. Boxing, Kick Boxing Amateur wrestling, mixed and martial arts are
example of Combat Sports.
HISTROY:
Sports related to combat skills have been a part of human culture for
thousands of years. Some form of wrestling exists in almost every culture. The
ancient Olympic Games were largely composed of sports that tested skills related to
combat, such as armored foot races, boxing, wresting and chariot racing amongst
others. The tradition of Combat Sports was taken even further by the Roman with
gladiator’s who would fight with weapons, some times to the death. Combat Sports
are first recorded during Olympic Games of 648 B.C. with Pankration. Pankration
allowed competitors to use all striking techniques. The only rules for this sport in its
origin were no biting and no eye gouging. A winner was decided by submission,
unconsciousness, or even death of an opponent. It is a common occurrence for
matches to last for hours. Pankration grew in popularity during the Hellenic period.
Matches were in small square arena to promote engagement While the tournament
was popular amongst aristocrats, combative sports where practiced by all levels of
society. Folk wrestling exists in many forms and in most culture.
MODERN SPORTS:
Today Athletes usually fight one on one but may still use various skill set such
as strikes in boxing that only allows punching, taekwondo where kicks are the focus
or MUYATHAI and Burmese Boxing that also allow the use of elbows and knees.
There are also grappling based sports that may concentrate on obtaining a superior
position as in pre style or collegiate wrestling using throws such as in JUDO and
Greco-Roman wrestling the use of submissions as in Brazilian JIU-JITSU. Modern
1
mixed martial art competitions are similar to the historic Greek Olympic Sport of
Pankration and allow a wide range of both striking and grappling techniques.
BOXING:
Boxing is a combat sport in which two fighters battle each other with their
fists. The boxers were heavily padded gloves and fight in a square rope of area called
a ring. A good bout between two well matched fighters is a fast violent display of
strength and skills. The Boxers through powerful punches as such tries to win the bout
on points. Good Boxer must be strong, quick, skillful and in excellent physical
condition. They also should have the courage and determination to fight in spite of
pain and exhaustion. In all amateur tournaments there shall be 3 rounds of 3 minutes
each, a full one minute rest period shall be given between the Rounds.
WRESTING:
Wresting is a combat sport, one of the oldest sport in the world.
International disciplines (non folk styles).
(1) Greco – Roman Style (2) Freestyle Wresting, (3) Grappling, (4) Combat
grappling, (5) Beach wrestling, & (6) Sambo. Wrestling that grappling type of
techniques such as clinch fight throws and put Opponent on the ground. That too
tackling the opponent back side of his shoulders is called by fall and takes down joint
locks, pins, and other grappling holds. A wrestling boat is a physical competitors or
sparring partner who attempt to gain and maintain superior position. They are wide
range of styles with varying rules with both traditional, historic and modern styles.
Wrestling techniques have been incorporated in too other martial arts as well as
Military hand to hand combat systems.
TEAKWONDO:
2
I would like to define what it means, I read the definition from many books and
the one that I liked the best one that comes from the Book Comprehensive Asian
Fight Arts, written by BONN F. DRAEGER and ROBERT W. SMITH. Taekwondo
is an empty hand combat form that entails the use of the whole body. TEA means the
kick or smash with the feet. KWON implies punching, destroying with the hand or
fist and DO means WAY OR METHOD, Taekwondo this is the techniques of
unarmed combat for self defiance that involves the skillful application of techniques
that include punching, jumping kicks, blocks, dodges, parrying actions with hand and
feet. It is more than a mere physical fighting skill resenting as it does a way thinking
and a pattern of life requiring strict discipline. It is a system of training both the
mind and the body in which great emphasis is placed on the development of the
trainees moral character. Taekwondo is a martial art that is today form of self defense
has evolved by combining many different styles of martial arts that existed in Korea
over the last 2000 years and some martial arts styles from countries that surround
Korea. Taekwondo incorporates the abrupt linear movements of Karate and the
flowing circular patterns of recognized by the Korean Government as an International
regulating body for taekwondo. The World Taekwondo Federation has since made a
major effort to standardize tournament rules and organize World Class Competitions.
Since Modern day Taekwondo Official Birth on April 11, 1955. Its development as a
sport has been rapid over 30million people practice taekwondo in more than 156
countries.
JUDO HISTORY:
Judo developed from JUJUTSU an ancient form of self defense practiced by
the Japanese Warrior class called SUMURAI. In 1882, a Japanese educator named
JIGORO KANO transformed JUJUTSU from a method of combat in to a sport we
called Judo. Judo grew in popularity and in the early 1900’s because a required
subject in Japanese schools. After World War Ii ended in 1945, Judo became its
greatest period of growth outside in 1954, when it became part of the Olympic
Games.
Judo is a Combat Sport in which a person uses balance, leverage and timing to
pin or throw an opponent. Judo developed from an ancient Japanese method of
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unarmed combat called JUJUTSU also spelled JUJITSU. Judo ranks as a major sport
in Europe, Japan and the United States. The Sport is taught at Colleges, Schools and
Clubs. The Japanese word Judo means the gentle way. Many Judo technique depend
on a contestants yielding to an opponents, attack until the right moment to stick back
for example a contestant does not resist if shoed by an opponent. The shower leans
forward and goes off balance at least a title and so can easily be thrown down with
such gentle methods, a skilled person can offer defeat a heavier, stronger opponent.
AGGRESSION IN SPORT:
Aggression is “any form of behaviour directed toward the goal of harming or
injuring another living being who motivated to avoid such treatment.” (Baron and
Richardson, 1994). It has to be a behaviour, either physical or verbal. It involves
psychological or physical harm or injury. It is directed toward a living organism, and
it involves intent. There are four main theories of aggression. The instinct theory, the
frustration-aggression hypothesis, the revised frustration-aggression hypothesis, and
the social learning theory.
The Instinct theory of aggression is based on works by Sigmund Freud and
Konard Lorenz. According to Freud, aggression is an inborn drive similar to sex or
hunger. It is a natural, innate characteristic which has developed through evolution
and is a major part of our existence. Aggression can be expressed by directly
attacking another living being or being released through catharsis. Catharsis is when
aggression is released through socially acceptable means. According to Lorenz,
competitive games and sports are one example of a safe and socially acceptable outlet
for pent up aggression.
Sigmund Freud claimed that our “death instincts”, which are destructive are
subconsciously in conflict with our “life instincts”, which are positive and creative,
and this confliction is the origin of all desires to be aggressive. According to this
theory, aggression was the main representative of the death instinct. This theory
however, has a crucial flaw in that having defined the general aim of the death
instinct, Freud failed to determine it’s source. The frustration-aggression theory was
proposed by Dollard et al (1939). He argued that aggression is a innate response
4
which only occurs in frustrating situations. Frustration of not meeting goals and
satisfying personal needs can make a person angry and aggressive. This is the basis of
the frustration-aggression hypothesis.
LOCUS OF CONTROL:
Locus of control is a theory in personality psychology referring to the extent to
which individuals believe that they can control events that affect them. Understanding
of the concept was developed by Julian B. Rotter in 1954, and has since become an
aspect of personality studies. A person's "locus" (Latin for "place" or "location") is
conceptualised as either internal (the person believes they can control their life) or
external (meaning they believe that their decisions and life are controlled by
environmental factors which they cannot influence).
Individuals with a high internal locus of control believe that events in their life
derive primarily from their own actions; for example, if a person with an internal
locus of control does not perform as well as they wanted to on a test, they would
blame it on lack of preparedness on their part. If they performed well on a test, they
would attribute this to ability to study. In the test-performance example, if a person
with a high external locus of control does poorly on a test, they might attribute this to
the difficulty of the test questions. If they performed well on a test, they might think
the teacher was lenient or that they were lucky.
Locus of control has also been included as one of four dimensions of core self-
evaluations – one's fundamental appraisal of oneself – along with neuroticism, self-
efficacy, and self-esteem. The concept of core self-evaluations was first examined by
Judge, Locke, and Durham (1997), and since has proven to have the ability to predict
several work outcomes, specifically, job satisfaction and job performance.
THE FIV E-FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY:
Arguably, the most popular trait theory in contemporary personality
psychology is the five-factor model, developed by Costa & McCrae (1985); however,
sport psychologists have been fairly slow to recog- nise its importance, and there are
few published studies making use of it. The five factors in this model include
5
extroversion and neuroticism (similar to Eysenck’s traits). In addition, the trait of
openness describes the individual’s ability to appreciate new experiences and tolerate
the unfamiliar. Open people are curious and imaginative. Individuals low in
openness is conventional and narrow in their interests. Agreeableness (what we
would call niceness in everyday speech) describes the extent to which one is
compassionate and trust- ing, or hostile and ruthless. The final trait is
conscientiousness, closely related to Cattell’s trait of ego strength. Conscientiousness
describes the extent of our organization and persistence. Highly conscientious
individuals are disciplined, punctual and ambitious.
PERSONALITY AND CHOICE OF SPORT:
Personality and sport has proved a rather more fruitful area of study, and some
important differences between the personalities of success- full athletes in different
sports have emerged. This is perhaps unsurprising when we consider the varying
demands of different sports. In the Schurr et al (1977) study, although relatively few
differences emerged between athletes and non-athletes, considerable differences were
found between team and individual players. Team players emerged as more anxious
and extrovert than individual competitors.
Another important distinction has emerged between the personalities of those
taking part in high- and low-risk sports. Breivik (1996) administered the 16PF to 38
elite Norwegian climbers and found a distinctive profile characterized by very high
levels of stability, extra- version and adventure seeking. In another study, Freixanet
(1999) administrated the EPQ to a range of high-risk sports participants, including
72 mountaineers, and a control group of low-risk athletes. The mountaineers and
other high-risk athletes were characterized by significantly higher levels of
extraversion and low levels of neuroticism. Other high-risk sports have also attracted
attention. Using the NEO-PI, Diehm & Armatas (2004) compared the personality of
44 golfers (low-risk) and 41 surfers (high-risk). Surfers emerged as significantly
higher on the openness scale, meaning that they were more open to new experiences
6
BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS:
In contemporary psychology, the "Big Five" factors (or Five Factor
Model; FFM) of personality are five broad domains or dimensions
of personality which are used to describe human personality. The Big five factors are
openers , conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism(common
acronyms are OCEAN, NEOAC, or CANOE). The neuroticism factor is sometimes
referred by its low pole – "emotional stability". Some disagreement remains about
how to interpret the openness factor, which is sometimes called "intellect" rather than
openness to experience. Beneath each factor, a cluster of correlated specific traits are
found; For example, extraversion includes such related qualities as gregariousness,
assertiveness, excitement seeking, warmth, activity and positive emotions.
The Five Factor Model is a descriptive model of personality, psychologists
have developed a number oftheories to account for the Big Five.
THE FIVE FACTORS:
The Big Five factors and their constituent traits can be summarized as:
Openness – (inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious). Appreciation
for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, curiosity, and variety of experience.
Conscientiousness – (efficient/organized vs. easy-going/careless). A tendency to
show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim forachievement; planned rather than
spontaneous behaviour.
Extraversion – (outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved). Energy, positive
emotions, surgency, and the tendency to seek stimulationin the company of others.
Agreeableness – (friendly/compassionate vs. cold/unkind). A tendency to
be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspiciousand antagonistic towards
others.
Neuroticism – (sensitive/nervous vs. secure/confident). A tendency to experience
unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger,anxiety, depression, or vulnerability.
7
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:
A Study of Aggression, Locus of Control and Personality Characteristics
of Senior and Junior Male Combat Sports Persons.
VARIABLE:
Independent variable-:
Level of Combat Sports a) Senior b) Junior
Area of Residence a) Urban b) Rural
Dependent Variable:
1) Aggression:
2) Locus of Control:
3) Personality Characteristics:
I. Openness
II. Conscientiousness
III. Extraversion
IV. Agreeableness
V. Neuroticism
Objective of The Study:
1) To find out the effect of level of combat sports on aggression of male combat
sports person.
2) To find out the effect of level of combat sports on locus of control of male combat
sports person.
8
3) To find out the effect of level of combat sports on personality characteristics
(openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism) of
male combat sports person.
4) To find out the effect of area of residence on aggression of male combat sports
person.
5) To find out the effect of area of residence on locus of control of male combat
sports person.
6) To find out the effect of area of residence on personality characteristics (openness,
conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism) of male combat
sports person.
7) To find out the interaction effect of level of combat sports and area of residence on
aggression.
8) To find out the interaction effect of level of combat sports and area of residence on
locus of control.
9) To find out the interaction effect of level of combat sports and area of residence on
personality characteristics (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion,
agreeableness and neuroticism).
HYPOTHESES:
1) There will be significant difference between senior and junior combat sports
person with respect to dimension of aggression.
2) There will be significant difference between urban and rural combat sports person
with respect to dimension of aggression.
3) There will be significant difference between senior and junior combat sports
person with respect to dimension of locus of control.
4) There will be significant difference between urban and rural combat sports person
with respect to dimension of locus of control.
5) There will be significant difference between senior and junior combat sports
person with respect to dimension of personality characteristics (openness,
conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism).
6) There will be significant difference between urban and rural combat sports person
with respect to dimension of personality characteristics (openness,
conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism).9
7) There will be difference of level of combat sports and area of residence on
aggression.
8) There will be difference of level of combat sports and area of residence on locus of
control.
9) There will be difference of level of combat sports and area of residence on
personality characteristics (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion,
agreeableness and neuroticism).
Operational Definition:
1) Aggression:
An aggressive incident consists of the following behaviors: taking something
from another child, hitting, kicking, or shoving an adult, making fun of
another child, throwing an object at someone, refusing to share something,
refusing to follow teacher's instructions, forcing another child to do something
he or she did not want to do, hitting, kicking, or shoving a child, arguing in an
angry way, cursing, or destroying someone else's property (pp. 595-596).
2) Allport's Definition of Personality:
"Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those
psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to the
environment."
3) Locus of Control:
Operational Definition for the factors of Locus of Control:
Internal Locus of Control: Individuals with a high internal locus of control
believe that events result primarily from their own behavior and actions.
External Locus of Control: Individuals with high external locus of control
(chance or others) believe that powerful others, fate, or chance primarily determine
events.
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Significance of the study
1 This research will be helpful to bring on record the Characteristics of senior and
junior male combat sports players
2 This study will help to increase the interest of students in combative sports
through their participation.
3 This will also be helpful to find out the effect of aggression, locus of control and
personality on performance of combative sport players.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Aluja (2003) examine the relationships among Extraversion,
Openness to Experience (and their facets), measured through the NEO-
PI-R, and the Sensation Seeking construct and its sub-scales, measured
through the Sensation Seeking Scale, form V (SSS-V).The sample
comprised 1006 non-psychology undergraduates doing di erentff
degrees.In general, relationships among the SSS total scale and the four
sub-scales (TAS, ES, Dis, BS) are mainly accounted for by the E5-
Excitement Seeking facet of the NEOPI-R.The other Extraversion facets
as well as those of Openness, except O4-Actions, explain little variance.
Taking together E5, O4 and O1, 85% of the higher and lower scorers on
SSS-V are classified properly.
Eagleton et al. (2007) studied scores on Extraversion and on
Neuroticism as measured by the Eysenck Personality Inventory were
compared for 90 undergraduate team sport participants, individual sport
12
participants, and nonparticipants (43 men, 47 women, M age = 20.3 yr.).
From past research and Eysenck's biological theory of personality, it was
hypothesized that sport participants would score higher on Extraversion
and lower on Neuroticism than nonparticipants, and that team participants
would score higher on Extraversion and perhaps higher on Neuroticism
than individual sport participants. By comparing scores for students in
first year and final year, it was also investigated whether pre-existing
personality differences drew people to sport (the gravitational hypothesis)
or whether personality changed as a function of sport participation (the
developmental hypothesis). The main findings were that team participants
scored higher on Extraversion than both individual sport participants and
nonparticipants, and that test scores did not change over time, supporting
the gravitational hypothesis for Extraversion.
Ingledew et al. (2004) studied personality traits are associated with
health-related behaviours, but less evidence regarding the underlying
mechanisms. In this study, we examined the relationships between
personality and self-determination of exercise behaviour. Users of a
sports centre completed personality scales (the NEO Five Factor
Inventory supplemented with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
Psychoticism scale) and exercise self-determination scales (Behavioural
Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire which measures extrinsic,
13
introjected, identified and intrinsic forms of regulation). Analyses were
restricted to 182 individuals in the maintenance stage of exercise
participation. Partial correlation analysis was used to examine the
relationships between each personality scale and the self-determination
scales, controlling for other personality scales, gender and age.
Neuroticism was associated with more introjected regulation,
extraversion with more identified and intrinsic regulation, openness with
less external regulation, conscientiousness with less external regulation
and more intrinsic regulation, and psychoticism with more external
regulation. Relating these findings to self-determination theory (Deci &
Ryan, 2000), it is speculated that extraverted individuals are able to feel
self-determined because exercise can satisfy the need for relatedness,
conscientious individuals because exercise can satisfy the need for
competence. Furthermore, conscientious individuals may have greater
wherewithal to advance along the continuum of behavioural regulation.
Rhodes and Smith (2006) this review aimed to combine the
literature on major personality traits and physical activity alongside
providing some meta-analytic summaries of the findings. Overall, 33
studies containing 35 independent samples, ranging from 1969 to 2006,
met the inclusion criteria. Extraversion (r=0.23), neuroticism (r=0.11) and
conscientiousness (r=0.20) were identified as correlates of physical
14
activity using random effects meta-analytic procedures correcting for
sampling bias and attenuation of measurement error. The five-factor
model trait of openness to experience/intellect and agreeableness, as well
as Eysenck’s psychoticism trait, were not associated with physical
activity. Potential moderators of personality and physical activity
relationship such as sex, age, culture/country, design and instrumentation
were inconclusive given the small number of studies. Still, the existing
evidence was suggestive that personality and physical activity
relationships are relatively invariant to these factors. Studies examining
personality and different physical activity modes suggested differences by
taits such as extraversion, but more research is needed to make any
conclusions. Future research using multivariate analyses, personality-
channelled physical activity interventions, longitudinal designs and
objective physical activity measurement is recommended.
McKelvie et al. (2003) Two groups (n = 86) of university athletes
(contact, no contact) and two matched groups (n = 86) of non-athletes
completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck & Eysenck,
1968). Extraversion did not vary significantly between athletes and non-
athletes or between contact and no contact athletes, but it was higher for
athletes compared to American college norms. For neuroticism, athletes
scored significantly lower than non-athletes. Because neither extraversion
15
or neuroticism changed over time (four years of study), these results are
consistent with the gravitational hypothesis that people higher in
extraversion and lower in neuroticism are attracted to university sports.
Slabbert and Ukpere (2010) Rugby and football (soccer) are both
international sports, and economic entities in their own right, as
evidenced by the growth in attendance and television viewership at the
respective World Cups. The issue of sport as catharsis, or conversely, as
aggression-generating event, has always been controversial. In order to
assess the orientation of rugby and football spectators towards violence,
404 spectators were surveyed. Results indicate significant differences
between rugby and football spectators, with football spectators exhibiting
higher levels of aggression towards the referee and opposing players. It
emerged that the concept of sport as catharsis is not a reality when the
spectators’ side loses a match. A call is made for extensive education of
all role players in football if the sport is not to be negatively affected.
Khan et al. (2011) compare the psychological variable upon health
beliefs (Health Locus of Control) among female University level athletes.
A total numbers of 100 athletes (50 track athletes and 50 field athletes)
were selected from all India University athletics championship completed
the Multidimensional health locus of control questionnaire containing
measures of study variables, validated inside the country. After
16
distributing and collecting the questionnaires among the athletes,
independent sample t-test was used to find out the significance of
difference among the high and low performers female athletes on above
mentioned psychological variables. The findings of the statistical analysis
revealed that high and low performance female athletes show significance
difference (P< 0.05) on internal health locus of control. It has been
observed that there was no difference between powerful health locus of
control and chance health locus of control among high and low
performers’ female athletes.
Kaliba et al. (2011) High external locus of control and readiness to
conjure and believe in mystical powers has a potential in disrupting the
growing small and medium enterprises in Uganda. If small business
operators abdicate their responsibilities to mystical powers, it will worsen
the current low survival rate of start-up businesses. In this study, we use a
multilevel Rasch Rating Scale models to estimate a latent scale for locus
of control and a composite scale that combine three domains: altitude
towards wealth acquisition; paranormal beliefs; and readiness to seek
wealth from mystical powers. Correlation analysis was also conducted to
determine the association between the two latent scales. The data was
collected from a random sample of 60 business operators in Entebbe,
Uganda. Results indicate that low education and religion affiliations were
17
determining factor for high external locus of control and readiness to
conjure and believe in mystical powers. Public education through
religious organization is therefore important in addressing these negative
issues that may affect immerging entrepreneurship in
Uganda.
Wolfe (2011) Past studies have shown that internal locus of control
is closely linked to positive outcomes in life, such as sport performance,
job performance, happiness, and socio-economic status. To understand
the relationship between locus of control and academic success at the
college level, freshmen psychology students at the University of
Minnesota Duluth (UMD) were first tested using Rotter’s Locus of
Control Inventory Scale, then performed a task, and finally completed a
follow-up survey. The hypothesis for this study was that locus of control
orientation will change over time from pre-test locus of control scores to
post-test locus of control scores depending on the quality of feedback
received on the post-test. Reactions to the feedback quality (positive,
negative, or neutral) will be distinguished to determine whether positive
and negative feedback has differential effects on locus of control. Results
indicate that locus of control orientation did not change based on the
quality of post-test feedback.
18
Ramirez (2008) reviews the results of two decades of research on
moral approval of aggressive acts conducted in several countries with
different religious and cultural backgrounds. A nationally-adapted version
of the Lagerspetz and Westman questionnaire was administered to
university students in Finland, Poland, Spain, Japan, Iran and India.
Respondents had to indicate levels of justification of several aggressive
acts of different quality and intensity in the context of different social
justifications. Although slight method variations preclude the possibility
of direct comparison, the pattern of effects in the different countries leads
to interesting conclusions. In all countries: more drastic forms of
aggression (e.g., killing, torture) are less accepted than non-dangerous
forms of such behavior (e.g., hindering, being ironic); and aggressive acts
that are socially justified (in terms of protection of self or other) are
clearly more accepted than ones with no such justification (problems of
communication). However, there are also some striking differences
among the samples studied. Thus, patterns of moral approval of various
kinds of aggressive acts are only to some extent common to most
cultures, while there are some culturally bound differences in these
attitudes.
19
METHODOLOGY
SAMPLE:
For the present study 200 Sample will be selected from Andhra Pradesh State
in Boxing, Wrestling, Taekwondo and Judo. The effective sample consisted of 200
subjects, out of whom 100 subjects will be Senior and 100 subjects will be Junior
which also includes Urban and Rural Combat Sports Persons.
The age range of subjects will be juniors less than 19 Years and seniors are Above 19
Years. And Non- probability accidental and purposive sampling will be used.
TOOLS:
Aggression Scale. (A scale):
This test is developed and standardized by Km Roma Pal and Mrs. Tasneem
Naqvi. The test consisted of 30 Items and Five Alternatives. The reliability coefficient
of the test was found 0.82.
NEO Personality Scale:
This test is developed and standardized by Costa and McCrea (1989) the 60
items are rated on a five point scale. The NEO-FFI has a grade six reading level. The
subjects were required to respond to each item in terms of “Strongly disagree” ,
“Disagree”, “Neutral”, “Agree”, “strongly agree”. Reliability and Validity Internal
consistency coefficients range from .86 to .95 for domain scales, and from .56 to .90
for facet scales. Stability coefficients ranging from .51 to .83 have been found in
three-year, six-year, and seven-year longitudinal studies of the original NEO-PI
factors. The NEO PI-R has been validated against other personality inventories and
projective techniques. 20
Rotters Locus of Control Scale:
This test is constructed and standardized by Dr.Anand Kumar and Dr.
S.N.Srivastava. Internal Vs external locus of control scales was used this scale the
test consist of 29 questions. This highly reliable and valid tool, for measuring Locus
of Control.
PROCEDURES OF DATA COLLECTION:
For data collection first permission has been taken from respective sources,
each of the three instruments will be administered individuals as well as a small
group. While collecting the data for the study the later approaches will be adopted.
The subjects will be called in a small group of 20 to 25 subjects and there seating
arrangements will be made in a classroom. Prior to administration of test, through
informal talk appropriate rapport form. Following the instructions and procedure
suggested by the author of the tests. The tests will be administered and a field copy of
each test will be collected. Following the same procedure, the whole data will be
collected. And the information is used for research purpose only.
RESEARCH DESIGN: 2x2 Factorial Designs will be used.
400 Combat Sports Persons
Senior (100) Junior (100)
Urban Rural Urban Rural (50) (50) (50) (50)
21
Combat Sports Persons
Senior (A1) Junior (A2)
Urban (B1) Rural (B2) Urban (B1) Rural (B2)
50 50 50 50
A1B1 = Combat sports persons being urban A2B1 = Junior Combat sports persons
being urban
A1B2 = Senior Combat sports persons being rural A2B2 = Junior Combat sports
persons being rural
STATISTICAL TREATMENT:
Post statistical analysis 1) descriptive statistic will be used. 2) Inferential
State will be used for studying the differences among groups. Two Way ANOVA s
Factorial Design will be used.
22
ReferencesEagleton, J.R.; McKelvie, S.J.; and De, Man A. (2007). Extraversion and
neuroticism in team sport participants, individual sport participants,
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