Agents, Mechanisms, And Other Minds Douglas c. Long

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AGENTS, MECHANISMS, AND OTHER MINDS

Douglas C. Long

D. F. Gustafson and B. L. Tapscott !ds.", Body, Mind, and Method , #$%&#'(.

)p. #$%*

On! of t+! goals of p+s-olog-sts +o stud t+! d!ta-l!d p+s-cal, c+!/-cal,and n!u0olog-cal

/!c+an-s/s op!0at-ng -t+-n t+! +u/an 1od -s to und!0stand t+! -nt0-cat! causal p0oc!ss!s

+-c+ und!0l-! +u/an a1-l-t-!s and act-2-t-!s. It -s dou1tl!ss p0!/atu0! to p0!d-ct t+at t+! -ll

!2!ntuall 1! a1l! to !3pla-n t+! 1!+a2-ou0 of a pa0t-cula0 +u/an 1!-ng as ! /-g+t no !3pla-n

t+! 1!+a2-ou0 of a p!ndulu/ cloc4 o0 !2!n t+! -n2-s-1l! c+ang!s occu00-ng -t+-n t+! +a0da0! of

a /od!0n !l!ct0on-c co/put!0. Non!t+!l!ss, -t s!!/s fa-0 to sa t+at +o2!0-ng -n t+! 1ac4g0ound

of -n2!st-gat-ons -nto +u/an p+s-olog -s t+! p0o/-s! o0 t+0!at, d!p!nd-ng upon +o on! loo4s

at t+! /att!0 t+at +u/an 1!-ngs a0! co/pl!t! p+s-cal&c+!/-cal sst!/s and t+at all !2!nts ta4-ng

plac! -t+-n t+!-0 1od-!s and all /o2!/!nts of t+!-0 1od-!s could 1! account!d fo0 1 p+s-cal

caus!s -f ! 1ut 4n! !noug+. I a/ not conc!0n!d at t+! /o/!nt -t+ +!t+!0 o0 not t+-s

5/!c+an-st-c5 +pot+!s-s -s t0u!, assu/-ng t+at -t -s cl!a0 !noug+ to 1! -nt!ll-g-1l!, no0 -t+

+!t+!0 o0 not ! could !2!0 4no t+at -t -s t0u!. I -s+ to cons-d!0 t+! so/!+at /o0!

acc!ss-1l! !t !6uall -/po0tant 6u!st-on +!t+!0 ou0 co/-ng to 1!l-!2! t+at t+! +pot+!s-s -s t0u!

ould a00ant ou0 0!l-n6u-s+-ng ou0 conc!pt-on of ou0s!l2!s as 1!-ngs +o a0! capa1l! of act-ng

fo0 0!asons to ac+-!2! !nds of ou0 on c+oos-ng. I us! t+! o0d 5a00ant5 to -nd-cat! t+at I -ll

not 1! d-scuss-ng t+! poss-1-l-t t+at 1!l-!2-ng t+! /!c+an-st-c +pot+!s-s /-g+t l!ad us, as a

/att!0 of psc+olog-cal fact, to t+-n4 of +u/an 1!-ngs as /!0! auto/ata, as o17!cts +os!

/o2!/!nts a0! to 1! !3pla-n!d onl 1 caus!s 0at+!0 t+an 1 0!asons, as a0! t+! act-ons of a



Ag!nts, M!c+an-s/, and Ot+!0 M-ndsDouglas C. Llong $

p!0sonal su17!ct. I -nt!nd to cons-d!0 onl +!t+!0 t+! acc!ptanc! of /!c+an-s/ ould -n fact

7ust-f suc+ a c+ang! -n conc!pt-on.

T+! t+oug+t t+at /!c+an-s/ confl-cts -t+ ag!nc -s s!duct-2!. Fo0-nstanc!, C+a0l!s Talo0 +as

a0gu!d t+at -f ou0 1!+a2-ou0 can 1! !3pla-n!d 1 nont!l!olog-cal las, -n t+! a ant-c-pat!d 1

t+os! !ngag!d -n c1!0n!t-cs 0!s!a0c+, t+!n ! a0! not 1!-ngs to +-c+ t+! conc!pts ! us! -n

!2!0da act-on accounts of 1!+a2-ou0 8can 1! appl-!d -t+out c+ang! of /!an-ng9 and ou0

1!+a2-ou0 do!s not 0!all const-tut! pu0pos-2! act-on aft!0 all.# Ou0 cas!

)p. #:;*

ould 1! co/pa0a1l! to t+at of a /!c+an-cal dog t+at -s 8p0og0a//!d9, as ! /-g+t sa, 8to

c+as! 0a11-ts9. S-nc! -ts appa0!ntl goal d-0!ct!d /o2!/!nts can 1! g-2!n a /!c+an-cal

!3planat-on t+at do!s not us! t+! conc!pt of pu0pos!, t+-s ould, acco0d-ng to Talo0, s+o t+at

t+! 1!+a2-ou0 of t+! cont0-2anc! as not 0!all pu0pos-2!.$ S-/-la0l, !0! /!c+an-s/ t0u! of

+u/an 1!-ngs t+-s ould -/pl t+at ou0 1!+a2-ou0 -s not, as ! no suppos!, to 1! !3pla-n!d 1

ou0 f!!l-ngs, d!s-0!s, -nt!nt-ons, pu0pos!s, and goals, 1ut 1 0!f!0!nc! to ant!c!d!nt p+s-cal

cond-t-ons and !2!nts 0!ga0d!d as d!t!0/-n-ng caus!s. Succ!ss -n g-2-ng a co/pl!t! account of

1od-l /o2!/!nt -n t!0/s of t+! so0ts of caus!s 0!cogn-<!d 1 p+s-cal sc-!nc! ould s+o t+at

pu0pos!s +a2! no plac! -n t+! !3planat-on of +u/an 1!+a2-ou0. It ould 1! l-4! d-sco2!0-ng t+at

!a0t+6ua4!s can 1! account!d fo0 -n t!0/s of c+ang!s -n t+! !a0t+5s c0ust and flu-d /antl! +-c+

a0! pa0t of a cont-nuous st0!a/ of !2!nts !3t!nd-ng f0o/ t+! t-/! of t+! plan!t5s fo0/at-on. T+!

+pot+!s-s t+at suc+ d-sast!0s a0! p!0p!t0at!d 1 an ang0 d!-t s!!/s to 1! not onl unn!c!ssa0

1ut act-2!l !3clud!d.



Ag!nts, M!c+an-s/, and Ot+!0 M-ndsDouglas C. Llong :

As plaus-1l! as -t /a app!a0 to !3t!nd t+-s a0gu/!nt to -nclud! +u/an 1!+a2-ou0, t+! g!n!0al

0-2al0 1!t!!n causal and pu0pos-2! !3planat-ons of !2!nts do!s not t+0!at!n +u/an ag!nc.

T+! -d!a t+at -t pos!s suc+ a t+0!at a0-s!s f0o/ -/po0tant confus-ons +-c+ co/! to l-g+t -f !

ca0!full !3plo0! t+! cont0ast 1!t!!n s-tuat-ons -n +-c+ causal accounts of +u/an 1!+a2-ou0 do

and t+os! -n +-c+ suc+ accounts do not !3clud! !3planat-ons -n t!0/s of p!0sonal ag!nc.

Mo0!o2!0, suc+ !3plo0at-on l!ads to an -/po0tant count!0&t+!s-s t+at +as 0!c!-2!d l-ttl! att!nt-on

-n d-scuss-ons of ag!nc and /!c+an-s/. I 0!f!0 to t+! cla-/ t+at assu/pt-ons and 1!l-!fs a1out

t+! co/pl!t!n!ss of /!c+an-s/s und!0l-ng +u/an 1!+a2-ou0, fa0 f0o/ confl-ct-ng -t+ ou0 2-!

of +u/an 1!-ngs as ag!nts, actuall +a2! a c!nt0al 0ol! to pla -n suppo0t-ng ou0 con2-ct-ons t+at

+u/an o0gan-s/s a0! capa1l! of -nt!ll-g!nt ag!nc. =0op!0 app0!c-at-on of t+-s fact can cont0-1ut!

su1stant-all to a 0!solut-on of long&stand-ng p+-losop+-cal 6u!st-ons a1out ou0 4nol!dg! t+at

t+!0! a0! 8ot+!0 /-nds9.

II

In a us!ful and p0o2ocat-2! !ssa, No0/an Malcol/ +as a0gu!d t+at -f +at +! calls 8/!c+an-s/9

!0! t0u!, and t+! +u/an 1od !0! 8as co/pl!t! a causal sst!/ as a gasol-n! !ng-n!9, t+-s

ould 0ul! out all poss-1-l-t of !3pla-n-ng ou0 act-ons -n t!0/s of d!s-0!s, -nt!nt-ons, o0 pu0pos!s.

T+! t0ut+ of a 8n!u0o&p+s-olog-cal t+!o0 +-c+ -s ad!6uat! to !3pla-n and p0!d-ct all /o2!/!nts

)p. #:#* of +u/an 1od-!s !3c!pt t+os! caus!d 1 outs-d! fo0c!s9 ould !3clud! altog!t+!0 t+!

poss-1-l-t of asc0-1-ng act-ons to p!0sons.: E2!n t+! act of ass!0t-ng t+at /!c+an-s/ -s t0u! of

+u/an 1!-ngs ould 1! -/poss-1l! fo0 us !0! /!c+an-s/ t0u!. But -t could 1! t0u!, of cou0s!,

!2!n -f t+!0! !0! no ag!nts capa1l! of sa-ng so.



Ag!nts, M!c+an-s/, and Ot+!0 M-ndsDouglas C. Llong '

Malcol/ g0ounds +-s conclus-ons upon t+! assu/pt-on t+at -nt!nt-ons a0! causal facto0s

p0oduc-ng t+! /o2!/!nts of t+! 1od ! call act-ons. As suc+ t+! 0-2al ant!c!d!nt

p+s-olog-cal caus!s as alt!0nat-2! !3planat-ons fo0 t+os! /o2!/!nts. Fo0 -nstanc!, at on! po-nt

Malcol/ 0!/a04s t+at a n!u0op+s-olog-cal !3planat-on of a /an5s cl-/1-ng a ladd!0 to 0!t0-!2! +-s

+at 8ould sa not+-ng a1out +-s -nt!nt-on 1ut ould conn!ct +-s /o2!/!nts on t+! ladd!0 -t+

c+!/-cal c+ang!s -n 1od t-ssu! o0 -t+ t+! f-0-ng of n!u0ons9>$". Alt+oug+ -t -s -nd-sputa1l! t+at

an -/p!0sonal account of t+! su17!ct5s /o2!/!nts ould /a4! no us! of t+! conc!pt of -nt!nt-on,

Malcol/ s!!/s to t+-n4 t+at t+-s 7ust-f-!s t+! /uc+ st0ong!0 and /o0! d-st0!ss-ng cla-/ t+at t+!

n!u0op+s-olog-cal t+!o0 ould 8l!a2! no 0oo/ fo0 d!s-0!s and -nt!nt-ons9 to op!0at! 8as causal

facto0s9 ?:". It -s as t+oug+ t+! !3-st!nc! of a s/oot+l a0t-culat!d c+a-n of p+s-cal !2!nts

l!ad-ng f0o/ t+! p!0c!pt-on of t+! +at to t+! /o2!/!nt of t+! /an5s l!gs on t+! ladd!0 l!a2!s no

plac! at +-c+ t+! /!ntal -nflu!nc! of t+! ag!nt +-/s!lf could 1! appl-!d.

Malcol/ off!0s t+! follo-ng 7ust-f-cat-on fo0 t+-s st0ong!0 cla-/. In o0d!0 fo0 t+! /an5s

cl-/1-ng /o2!/!nts to const-tut! an act-on t+! /ust 1! !3pla-n!d 1 an -nt!nt-on, -n t+-s cas!

t+! -nt!nt-on to 0!t0-!2! +-s +at. If so,-t /ust 1! t0u! t+at -f +! +ad not +ad t+at -nt!nt-on on t+at

occas-on +! ould not +a2! cl-/1!d t+! ladd!0 as +! d-d. But -f p+s-olog-cal ant!c!d!nts !0!

suff-c-!nt caus!s of t+! /an5s /o2!/!nts, so t+at t+os! ant!c!d!nts !3pla-n!d +-s /o2!/!nts

co/pl!t!l, t+!n +-s -nt!nt-on could +a2! +ad not+-ng to do -t+ +-s /o2!/!nt up t+! ladd!0. H!

ould +a2! /o2!d up t+! ladd!0 !2!n -f +! +ad not +ad t+! -nt!nt-on and d!s-0! to 0!t0-!2! +-s +at.

T+!0!fo0!, +-s /o2!/!nts !0! not act-on /o2!/!nts >:".

S!2!0al l-n!s of 0!pl to t+-s a0gu/!nt a0! cons-d!0!d and 0!7!ct!d 1 Malcol/, -nclud-ng on!

+-c+ ould 1! off!0!d 1 a p0opon!nt of t+! 0!c!ntl popula0 psc+op+s-cal -d!nt-t t+!s-s.





Ag!nts, M!c+an-s/, and Ot+!0 M-ndsDouglas C. Llong ?

of +-s 10a-n, alt+oug+ -t s!!/s unl-4!l t+at a pa0t-cula0 ant-ng o0 -nt!nd-ng could 1! assoc-at!d

!2!n so n!atl as a sp!c-f-c /!/o0 -t+ so/! a00ang!/!nt of p0ot!-n /ol!cul!s, a d!ta-l of

n!u0al c+!/-st0, and t+! l-4!. N!2!0t+!l!ss, -f ! call acc!pt t+-s /-n-/al p+s-cal-s/, -t -s

poss-1l! to sugg!st t+at +ad t+! /an not ant!d +-s +at, c!0ta-n c0uc-al p+s-olog-cal !2!nts

ould not +a2! occu00!d +-c+ d-d -n fact ta4! plac!, and +ad t+! not ta4!n plac! +-s l!gs and

a0/s ould not +a2! /o2!d on t+! ladd!0 as t+! d-d. H!nc!, alt+oug+ t+! n!u0olog-cal account

6u-t! p0op!0l do!s not /!nt-on +-s -nt!nt-on, -t -s not accu0at! to sa, as Malcol/ do!s, t+at -t

!3pla-ns t+! /o2!/!nt 8-t+out 0!ga0d to +-s -nt!nt-on9 >(".>

Do!s 0!cogn-t-on of t+-s 0!lat-on 1!t!!n a pa0t-cula0 -nt!nt-onal act-on on a pa0t-cula0 occas-on

and a su17!ct9s n!u0olog-cal p0oc!ss!s 0!6u-0! us to acc!pt a 2!0s-on of p+s-cal-s/ t+at pos-t-2!l

-d!nt-f-!s t+! p0op!0t 8-nt!nd-ng to g!t on!9s +at9 -t+ t+! p0op!0t 81!-ng -n n!u0al cond-t-on N9

Ans!0-ng t+-s 6u!st-on -s co/pl-cat!d 1 t+! fact t+at p+-losop+!0s d-sag0!! a1out t+! cond-t-ons

fo0 suc+ -d!nt-t. If snon/ of t+! 6uot!d p0!d-cat!s -s 0!6u-0!d, t+!n t+! p0op!0t-!s cannot 1!

-d!nt-cal. T+! f-0st -s !3p0!ss!d 1 a )p. #::* p0!d-cat! t+at -s appl-ca1l! onl to su17!cts of

!3p!0-!nc! as suc+, +-l! t+! s!cond can 1! us!d of a p+s-cal sst!/ -t+out -/pl-ng t+at t+!

sst!/ -s a p!0sonal su17!ct. E2!n -f t+-s cond-t-on -s unn!c!ssa0-l st0ong fo0 p0op!0t -d!nt-f,

+o!2!0, -t -s not -ncu/1!nt upon t+! p+s-cal-st to -ns-st t+at t+!0! -s a g!n!0al co00!lat-on -n

+u/an 1!-ngs 1!t!!n a p!0son5s ant-ng to g!t a +at +-c+ +! 1!l-!2!s to 1! +-s and +-c+ +as

1!!n ta4!n f0o/ +-/ and a pa0t-cula0 cond-t-on of +-s 1od +-c+ -s d!sc0-1a1l! -n t+! 2oca1ula0

a2a-la1l! to a p+s-olog-st. It -s d-ff-cult !noug+ to p0o2-d! a g!n!0al p+s-cal account of

so/!t+-ng as st!0!otp!d as 1!-ng -n pa-n.





Ag!nts, M!c+an-s/, and Ot+!0 M-ndsDouglas C. Llong (

p+s-olog-cal account of /o2!/!nts 8s+o0ts out9 t+! -nt!nt-on and t+!0!1 canc!ls act-on

asc0-pt-ons.

)p. #:'* It /a 1! o17!ct!d t+at to 0!ga0d 1od-l act-ons as /o2!/!nts caus!d 1 -nt!nt-ons -s

/!0!l an -n!3cusa1l! dual-st-c +ango2!0 -n an cas!, and t+at ! /-g+t 1!tt!0 sa t+at -n act-on

t+! /an +-/s!lf caus!s +-s +and to /o2!. But -f so, ould he not 1! co/p!t-ng -t+ n!u0al

caus!s of +-s /o2!/!nts -n suc+ a a t+at a suff-c-!nt p+s-olog-cal account ould !3clud! +-/

as a caus! of +-s /o2!/!nts T+! ans!0 -s 5No5, 1!caus! +-s ag!nc -s not a 0-2al alt!0nat-2! to

n!u0al !3planat-ons of +-s /o2!/!nts. T+! clos!st ! can co/! to t+-s -s a cas! -n +-c+ +!

/o2!s +-s 0-g+t +and 1 pus+-ng -t -t+ +-s l!ft. F-nd-ng a suff-c-!nt !3planat-on of t+! /o2!/!nt

of +-s 0-g+t +and -n t!0/s of -ts -nn!0 p+s-olog cont0asts -t+ +-s /o2-ng -t -t+ +-s l!ft. But t+-s

-s a +a0/l!ss 0-2al0 t+at Malcol/ -s o12-ousl not conc!0n!d a1out. Ind!!d, t+-s confl-ct do!s

not !2!n -n2ol2! ag!nc !ss!nt-all, s-nc! t+! n!u0al account of t+! +and /o2!/!nt co/p!t!s

-t+ any !3planat-on of t+! /o2!/!nt -n t!0/s of !3t!0nal fo0c!s at all.

T+! cas!s of 1od-l act-on, +-c+ fac! t+! g!n!0al t+0!at of /!c+an-s/ acco0d-ng to Malcol/,

a0! t+os! -n +-c+ t+! p!0son5s ag!nc -s t+oug+t to 1! !ss!nt-al to an !3planat-on of +-s

/o2!/!nt. But t+-s t+0!at -s onl an -llus-on 1!caus! -n suc+ cas!s +-s ag!nc -s not -n

co/p!t-t-on -t+ -nt!0-o0 n!u0al !2!nts. To t+-n4 ot+!0-s! -/pl-!s a 0ad-cal /-nd&1od dual-s/

acco0d-ng to +-c+ -n g!nu-n! act-on t+! /an /o2!s +-s +and 1 an act of nonp+s-cal -ll-ng, a

4-nd of psc+o4-n!s-s op!0at-ng d-0!ctl upon +-s /oto0 n!02!s, so t+at t+! /o2!/!nt of +-s +and

cannot -n t+at cas! 1! !3pla-n!d -n p+s-cal t!0/s alon!. Ho!2!0, fo0 t+! sa/! 0!ason t+at

-nt!nt-ons as suc+ cannot !3pla-n n!u0al !2!nts, n!-t+!0 can ! -nt!ll-g-1l conc!-2! of 1-olog-cal

/at!0-al l-4! n!02!s, 1!-ng aff!ct!d d-0!ctl 1 8pu0! t+oug+t9 o0 8acts of -ll9, and not 2-a an



Ag!nts, M!c+an-s/, and Ot+!0 M-ndsDouglas C. Llong %

und!0l-ng p+s-cal p0oc!ss. H!nc! a p!0sonal ag!nt -s not a 8co/p!t-ng9 caus! -t+ 0!sp!ct to

t+! p+s-olog of +-s /o2!/!nts, and, t+!0!fo0!, a n!u0al account of suc+ /o2!/!nts, +o!2!0

suff-c-!nt, cannot poss-1l und!0/-n! +-s ag!nc.

III

On! 0!ason + p+s-cal caus!s /a app!a0 to !3clud! act-on accounts of /o2!/!nts -s t+at

ag!nc and /!0! 1od-l caus!s do p0o2-d! -nco/pat-1l! alt!0nat-2! !3planat-ons of 1!+a2-ou0

-t+-n t+! f0a/!o04 of ou0 conc!pt-on of p!0sons and act-ons. =+-losop+!0s d-sag0!! a1out t+!

a t+at t+-s d-st-nct-on 1!t!!n act-on and nonact-on -s to 1! d!f-n!d, +o!2!0. Fo0 !3a/pl!,

C+a0l!s Talo0 d!f-n!s act-on as 1!+a2-ou0, +-c+ -s 10oug+t a1out 1 -nt!nt-on o0 pu0pos!,

alt+oug+ +! t+-n4s t+! conn!ct-on -s not st0-ctl ) p. #:>* sp!a4-ng causal.? Al2-n Gold/an, on

t+! ot+!0 +and, d-st-ngu-s+!s an -nt!nt-onal act&to4!n, l-4! an a0t-f-c-al coug+, f0o/ a natu0al

coug+ 1 t+! fact t+at t+! act -s caus!d 1 a c!0ta-n ant o0 1!l-!f. H! appl-!s t+-s p0-nc-pl! to

all 81as-c act&to4!ns9, o0, 0oug+l sp!a4-ng, to an act-on t+at -s a s-/pl! /o2-ng of a pa0t of

on!9s 1od. 8In o0d!0 fo0 S5s 0a-s-ng +-s +and to 1! a 1as-c act&to4!n, +-s 0a-s-ng +-s +and /ust 1!

-nt!nt-onal. And -n o0d!0 fo0 -t to 1! -nt!nt-onal, -t /ust 1! caus!d 1 ants and 1!l-!fs of t+!

ag!nt9.(

Ho!2!0, suc+ app!als to +at Gold/an +-/s!lf so/!+at apolog!t-call calls 8/!ntal

causat-on9, s!!/ to 1! a0t-f-c-al and un+!lpful, pa0t-cula0l -n t+! cas! of 51as-c act-ons5. @+-l!

/an of ou0 1od-l act-ons 2-!!d 1 us as !l!/!nts -n a la0g!0 act-2-t" a0! a-/!d at so/!

pu0pos! ! -s+ to ac+-!2!, /an ot+!0s a0! not !as-l f-tt!d -nto t+-s n!at conc!ptual sc+!/!.

Fo0 !3a/pl!, / 0+t+/-call tapp-ng / p!n casuall +-l! t+-n4-ng -s not a /o2!/!nt t+at -s

cl!a0l -nt!nd!d o0 1o0n of ants, !3c!pt 1 post facto st-pulat-on, !t I +a2! no +!s-tat-on -n



Ag!nts, M!c+an-s/, and Ot+!0 M-ndsDouglas C. Llong #;

sa-ng t+at I a/ /o2-ng / p!n. Rat+!0 t+an -ns-st upon a co//on 8/!ntal9 f!atu0! 1 +-c+ to

d!f-n! a class of 1od-l act-ons, I p0!f!0 to c+a0act!0-<! suc+ act-ons n!gat-2!l, -n cont0ast to

/o2!/!nts +-c+ on! 5d-sons5 on 2a0-ous g0ounds, suc+ as c0a/ps, spas/s, and 0!fl!3!s, as !ll

as 1od-l !2!nts l-4! 10!at+-ng, +!a0t 1!at, and glandula0 s!c0!t-ons +-c+ 2a0 -n t+! d!g0!! to

+-c+ on! can cont0ol t+!/ 1ut +-c+ occu0 auto/at-call. In so/! cas!s on! can l!a0n to

cont0ol suc+ funct-ons as 1lood p0!ssu0! and 10a-n a2! patt!0n, +-c+ -n-t-all s!!/ 1!ond ou0

d-0!ct 4nol!dg! and cont0ol, 1 1-of!!d1ac4 t!c+n-6u!s.% Rout-n! 1l-n4-ng -s so/!+at

1o0d!0l-n! s-nc! -t -s n!-t+!0 d!l-1!0at!, l-4! a -n4, no0 1!ond on!5s cont0ol, l-4! t+! t-tc+-ng of

an !!l-d. Alt+oug+ -t -s no0/all auto/at-c and unnot-c!d, l-4! 10!at+-ng, p+!no/!nolog-call -t

-s not /uc+ d-ff!0!nt f0o/ a d!l-1!0at! 1l-n4. Cl!a0l ou0 /o2!/!nts a0! a /-3!d lot, and t+!0! -s

l-ttl! +op! of spl-tt-ng t+!/ -nto a s-/pl! d-c+oto/.

Fo0tunat!l a s+a0p d-st-nct-on at t+! p!0sonal l!2!l -s unn!c!ssa0 fo0 ou0 pu0pos!s s-nc! t+!0!

a0! 0!lat-2!l cl!a0 cas!s of act-on and nonact-on +-c+ -llust0at! t+! d-st-nct-on 1!t!!n

/o2!/!nts t+at ! ac4nol!dg! as ou0 on and t+os! +-c+ ! sa a0! caus!d 1 so/!t+-ng,

oft!n so/! un4non 1od-l +app!n-ng. Fo0 -nstanc!, -f / !!l-d t-tc+!s uncont0olla1l, I

!3p0!ss t+-s 1 sa-ng, 8so/!t+-ng -s /a4-ng / !!l-d t-tc+9, 1 +-c+ I /!an to d!n t+at I a/

/o2-ng !-t+!0 / !!l-d o0 t+! /uscl!s -n -t. On t+! ot+!0 +and, -n t+! cas! of a -n4, I 0!7!ct t+!

-d!a t+at so/! !2!nt !3t!0nal to / ag!nc caus!s / !!l-d to /o2!, and I ac4nol!dg! t+at

0!6u!sts fo0 a 0!ason fo0 / -n4-ng a0! app0op0-at! !2!n -f a t0ut+ful 0!spons! /-g+t 1! 8No

0!ason, 7ust fo0 t+! fun of -t9. T+!s! to accounts a0! -nco/pat-1l! 1ut )p. #:?* a0! not -n confl-ct

and t+!0! -s no dang!0 t+at ou0 cons-d!0!d 7udg/!nts a1out ou0 act-ons -ll 1! su0p0-s-ngl

o2!0tu0n!d 1 ou0 7udg/!nts a1out +at counts as -nact-on at t+-s l!2!l. Att0-1ut-ng c0a/ps and



Ag!nts, M!c+an-s/, and Ot+!0 M-ndsDouglas C. Llong ##

0!fl!3!s to 1od-l caus!s t+at !3clud! 0!asons as !3planat-ons of 1!+a2-ou0 s+ould not 1! confus!d

-t+ g!n!0al p+s-olog-cal tal4 a1out t+! caus!s of ou0 /o2!/!nts. It -s t+! tas4 of p+s-olog to

d!sc0-1! t+! p+s-cal p0oc!ss!s und!0l-ng acc0!d-t!d cas!s of act-on as !ll as of nonact-on. An

-n2!st-gato0 /a t0 to und!0stand +o s-gnals f0o/ / 10a-n p0oduc! t+! clos-ng of / !!l-d

+!n I -n4, 1ut cl!a0l t+! /!0! fact t+at +! f-nds t+at !2!nts -n / 10a-n p0oduc! t+! /o2!/!nt

do!s not s+o t+at I do not.

Appl-ng t+!s! l!ssons to t+! cas! of Talo05s /!c+an-cal dog, ! call s!! t+at -t -s not s+on to

1! a nont!l!olog-cal d!2-c! /!0!l 1 t+! fact t+at -ts /o2!/!nts can 1! !3pla-n!d nont!olog-call

1 -ts -nt!0nal /!c+an-s/s and !3t!0nal -nputs. @+at -s c0uc-al -s t+at -t -s a d!2-c! 0at+!0 t+an a

su17!ct of !3p!0-!nc! -t+ 0!sp!ct to +-c+ t+! d-st-nct-on 1!t!!n act-on and nonact-on can

s!0-ousl ta4! +old. S-/-la0l, alt+oug+ a t0ul co/pl!t! and suff-c-!nt p+s-cal account of an

!a0t+6ua4! !3clud!s -ts -n-t-at-on 1 a co/p!t-ng ag!nt, +-c+ -s !3t!0nal to t+at c+a-n of !2!nts,

t+-s do!s not 1 -ts!lf s+o t+at -t -s a nonpu0pos-2! !2!nt. It /-g+t 1! pu0pos-2! -f t+! !a0t+

!0! t+! 1od of a su17!ct of !3p!0-!nc! and t+! 6ua4! !0! t+! p+s-cal asp!ct of -ts act-ons.

T+! -/plaus-1-l-t of suc+ a +pot+!s-s s+ould not 4!!p us f0o/ app0!c-at-ng -ts s-gn-f-canc! fo0

t+! ant-&t!l!olog-cal a0gu/!nt. In cont0ast to t+!s! cas!s -n2ol2-ng nonsu17!cts, +o!2!0, t+!

d-st-nct-on 1!t!!n act-on and nonact-on +as, f0o/ ou0 po-nt of 2-! as su17!cts, an -00!2oca1l

l!g-t-/at! appl-cat-on to 1!-ngs l-4! ou0s!l2!s +o a0! capa1l! of d0a-ng t+! d-st-nct-on and

appl-ng -t to ou0 /o2!/!nts.

T+-s last po-nt /a t!/pt us to assu/! t+at p+s-olog-cal f-nd-ngs could n!2!0 1! us!d to

o2!00-d! co//on s!ns! 7udg/!nts conc!0n-ng +u/an ag!nc on t+! g0ounds t+at +at!2!0

p0oc!ss!s sc-!nc! d-sco2!0s und!0l-ng ou0 act-ons const-tut!s a p+s-cal 0!p0!s!ntat-on of ag!nc.





Ag!nts, M!c+an-s/, and Ot+!0 M-ndsDouglas C. Llong #:

N!2!0t+!l!ss, ! do +a2! a 0-g+t to !3p!ct c!0ta-n funda/!ntal f!atu0!s of ag!nc to +a2!

0!p0!s!ntat-on -n p+s-cal t!0/s and to conn!ct -t+ on! anot+!0 -n a a t+at /a4!s s!ns! to us

as !l!/!nts of act-on.

Fo0 -nstanc!, ! 0!ga0d a no0/al p!0son as a s-ngl!, 0!lat-2!l autono/ous and un-f-!d

consc-ousn!ss +os! p!0c!pt-ons and /!/o0-!s -nflu!nc! +-s 1!l-!fs and d!s-0!s, +-c+, -n tu0n

s+ap! +-s pu0pos!s and act-ons. @! ould !3p!ct to f-nd, t+!0!fo0!, t+at a p!0son5s s4-ll!d

2olunta0 /o2!/!nts a0! -n fact cont0oll!d and coo0d-nat!d 1 a c!nt0al un-t !nco/pass-ng

-nt!g0at-2! p0oc!ss!s +-c+ /a4! us! of p+s-olog-cal co00!lat!s of /!/o0, s!nso0 -nfo0/at-on,

and t+! l-4!. Sst!/at-c co//un-cat-on a/ong t+!s! p0oc!ss!s -s !ss!nt-al to ou0 funct-on-ng as

-nt!ll-g!nt ag!nts, and -f t+-s co//un-cat-on -s -/pa-0!d, t+! un-ta0 c+a0act!0 of consc-ousn!ss

/a 1! ad2!0s!l aff!ct!d as -n a/n!s-a o0 as +!n t+! n!02! 1undl!s conn!ct-ng t+! to c!0!10al

+!/-sp+!0!s a0! cut, pa0t-all 1-fu0cat-ng t+! su17!ct5s aa0!n!ss -nto d-st-nct pa0ts. #; On t+! ot+!0

+and, t+os! 1od-l /o2!/!nts t+at at t+! p!0sonal l!2!l ! do not cons-d!0 to 1! act-ons of a

su17!ct tu0n out -n g!n!0al not to 1! cont0oll!d 1 5+-g+!05 -nt!g0at-2! c!nt0!s 1ut -nst!ad a0!

p0!c-p-tat!d and cont0oll!d 1 0!fl!3 a0cs and ot+!0 0!lat-2!l s-/pl!, -nd!p!nd!nt su1sst!/s.##

)p. #:(* Ad/-tt!dl act-ons a0! not -n !2!0 cas! !as-l /a04!d off5 -n p+s-cal t!0/s f0o/

-nact-ons, a d!2!lop/!nt +-c+ t+! d-ff-cult -n p0o2-d-ng a n!at d-c+oto/ at t+! p!0sonal l!2!l

s+ould +a2! l!d us to !3p!ct. =+s-olog-sts t!ll us, fo0 !3a/pl!, t+at as l!a0n-ng p0og0!ss!s,

cont0ol of s4-ll!d /o2!/!nt -s 0!l!gat!d /o0! and /o0! to t+! c!0!1!llu/ and to local f!!d1ac4

c-0cu-ts so t+at onc! t+! 5+-g+!05 c!nt!0s -n t+! co0t!3 +a2! -n-t-at!d /o2!/!nt, -nd-2-dual /oto0

ad7ust/!nts a0! ac+-!2!d /o0! o0 l!ss auto/at-call.#$ !t ! count suc+ coo0d-nat!d /uscula0

/o2!/!nts as pa0t of t+! su17!ct5s 2olunta0 act-2-t, so long as t+! a0! of a 4-nd t+at -s g!n!0all



Ag!nts, M!c+an-s/, and Ot+!0 M-ndsDouglas C. Llong #'

und!0 +-s consc-ous cont0ol. T+! gu-d-ng p0-nc-pl! +!0! -s t+at -nsofa0 as -s poss-1l! ! -ll t0 to

-nt!0p0!t ou0 /-c0o&t+!o0 of act-on so t+at -t do!s not confl-ct -t+ t+! p!0sonal data to 1!

!3pla-n!d.

Fo0 ou0 p0!s!nt d-scuss-on t+! /ost s-gn-f-cant -/pl-cat-on of t+-s p0-nc-pl! -s t+at,

cont0a0 to t+! f!a0s of t+os! +o cla-/ t+at ag!nc and causat-on a0! -n g!n!0al co/p!t-to0s as

!3planat-ons of +u/an 1!+a2-ou0, t+! cont!3ts -n +-c+ a p+s-olog-cal sto0 !3clud!s t+!

-nflu!nc! of an ag!nt and +-s p0o7!cts a0! clos!l 0!st0-ct!d. A p+s-olog-cal, account of 1!+a2-ou0

!3pla-ns t+! !3clus-on of an ag!nt5s -nflu!nc! on a /o2!/!nt onl -f t+at account confo0/s to a

l!g-t-/at! p+s-olog-cal 0!p0!s!ntat-on of nonag!nc, on! t+at -s p0op!0l d!0-2!d f0o/ ou0

p!0sonal&l!2!l conc!pt-on of act-on. Fo0 -nstanc!, l!t us suppos! fo0 t+! sa4! of s-/pl-c-t t+at

p+s-olog-sts f-nd t+at ou0 act-on /o2!/!nts a0! g!n!0all und!0 co0t-cal cont0ol +-l! /!0!

1od-l /o2!/!nts a0! not. @! can t+!n -n a a und!0stand +o a su17!ct5s t+oug+ts and

-nt!nt-ons +a2! not+-ng to do -t+ +-s /o2!/!nts -n, fo0 !3a/pl!, t+! cas! of t+! 4n!! 7!04. 8T+-s

0!fl!3 do!s not -n2ol2! t+! 10a-n t+! n!02!s so0t -t out 1!t!!n t+!/s!l2!s, at t+! 1as! of t+!

sp-nal co0d5.#: But t+-s p+s-olog-cal 0!/a04, +-c+ of cou0s! /a4!s no /!nt-on of a su17!ct o0

+-s -nt!nt-ons, could not 1 -ts!lf t!ll us +!t+!0 suc+ a /o2!/!nt as und!0 t+! ag!nt5s full

cont0ol o0 not -t+out ou0 +a2-ng /app!d out t+! p+s-cal t!00a-n 1!fo0!+and -n t!0/s of t+!

p!0sonal&l!2!l d-st-nct-on 1!t!!n act-on and nonact-on. Onc! t+! p+s-olog-cal 0!p0!s!ntat-on of

t+-s d-st-nct-on -s a2a-la1l!, +o!2!0, a /!ans -s p0o2-d!d 1 +-c+ -t call !2!n 1! a0gu!d t+at !

a0! -n so/! -nstanc!s /-sta4!n a1out ou0 on ag!nc. Cons-d!0 t+! follo-ng cas!. @+!n I

acc-d!ntall touc+ a +ot sto2!, I a/ -ncl-n!d to sa t+at I 7!04!d / +and aa, not t+at / +and

7!04!d 1ac4. =!0+aps t+-s -s 1!caus! t+! pa-n -s a2a-la1l! to 1! t+oug+t of as a 0!ason fo0 /



Ag!nts, M!c+an-s/, and Ot+!0 M-ndsDouglas C. Llong #>

-t+d0a-ng / +and 6u-c4l. !t, p+s-olog-call t+-s cas! -s s-/-la0 to t+! /!c+an-s/ of t+!

0!fl!3 4n!! 7!04. In 1ot+ cas!s t+! s-gnal go!s f0o/ t+! n!u0al p!0-p+!0 to t+! sp-nal n!02!s )p.

#:%* and s!ts t+! 0!spons! -n /ot-on. In fact, / +and sta0ts to 7!04 1ac4 1!fo0! t+! s-gnal

0!ac+!s t+! 10a-n +!0! -t g-2!s 0-s! to / aa0!n!ss of pa-n. #'

Ha2-ng l!a0n!d t+-s, I no f-nd /s!lf -ncl-n!d to call -nto 6u!st-on / untuto0!d cla-/

t+at I -t+d0! / +and. T+-s -s so 1!caus! und!0 clos! sc0ut-n t+! /!c+an-s/ of t+! /o2!/!nt

loo4s /o0! l-4! pa0ad-g/s of -nact-on t+an -t do!s pa0ad-g/s of act-on -n +-c+ !2!nts -n t+!

10a-n a0! !ff!ct-2! pa0ts of t+! causal c+a-ns and a0! not, as -t !0!, !p-p+!no/!nal. Appa0!ntl,

t+! 0!act-on -s not co/pl!t!l cut off f0o/ t+! o2!0s-g+t of c!0!10al /on-to0-ng sst!/s, s-nc!, -f

/ +and +old-ng an !3p!ns-2! c+-na cup -nad2!0t!ntl touc+!s a +ot t!apot I a/ 6u-c4l a1l! to

10-ng t+! 0!fl!3 /o2!/!nt und!0 cont0ol.#> Non!t+!l!ss t+! patt!0n of5 t+! p!0-p+!0al c-0cu-t0

-n-t-at-ng / 0!spons! und!0/-n!s t+! cla-/ t+at I 7!04!d / +and aa and -t+ -t t+! t+!s-s t+at

/ 4nol!dg! of / on ag!nc -s -nco00-g-1l!. It suppo0ts t+! count!0t+!s-s t+at 4nol!dg! of

p+s-olog-cal d!ta-ls can 1! us!d to co00!ct ou0 p!0sonal asc0-pt-ons of ag!nc. H!nc! t+! l-st of

causal d!sc0-pt-ons of 1!+a2-ou0 +-c+ a0! ac4nol!dg!d 0-2als of ag!nc !.g. spas/s, t-tc+!s,

!tc." app!a0s to 1! su17!ct to !3t!ns-on to an 1-ts of 1!+a2-ou0 +-c+ ! /-g+t -n-t-all 0!ga0d as

act-ons 1ut +-c+ tu0n out to 0!s!/1l! -n s-gn-f-cant p+s-olog-cal 0!sp!cts t+os! 0!act-ons +-c+

! cont0ast -t+ +at -s 0!ga0d!d as act-on -t+out 6u!st-on.

It -s !as to o2!0loo4 t+-s c0uc-al po-nt, t+at onl 2!0 sp!c-al p+s-olog-cal accounts a0!

p!0/-tt!d to !3t!nd t+! scop! of nonact-on, -f on! -s al0!ad p!0suad!d 1 t+! g!n!0al a0gu/!nt

t+at /!c+an-s/ 0-2als ag!nc. T+-s -s 2-2-dl -llust0at!d 1 on! of t+! p0-nc-pal !3a/pl!s Malcol/

off!0s -n suppo0t of +-s 2-!. H! as4s us to -/ag-n! a s-tuat-on -n +-c+ a /an app!a0s to +a2!



Ag!nts, M!c+an-s/, and Ot+!0 M-ndsDouglas C. Llong #?

tu0n!d a 4no1 to op!n a doo0 1ut ! f-nd t+at an !l!ct0-cal /!c+an-s/ -n fact tu0n!d t+! 4no1

-nd!p!nd!ntl of t+! /ot-on of t+! /an5s +and. In pa0all!l fas+-on, +! sas, -f /!c+an-s/ -s

co00!ct 8t+! n!u0op+s-olog-cal t+!o0 !nt!0s t+! sc!n!, p0o2-d-ng a co/pl!t! causal !3planat-on

of t+! /ot-on of +-s +and, -t+out 0!ga0d to +-s -nt!nt-on9, and, t+!0!fo0!, ! cannot sa t+at he

/o2!d +-s +and >(". ust as t+! !l!ct0-cal /!c+an-s/ 0!nd!0s -n!ff-cac-ous +-s +and tu0n-ng, t+!

n!u0al !2!nts 0!nd!0 -n!ff-cac-ous +-s -nt!nt-ons.

Ho!2!0, t+!s! cas!s a0! not pa0all!l -n t+! a Malcol/ all!g!s. T+! doo04no1 !3a/pl!

-llust0at!s t+! p0-nc-pl! t+at -f on! f-nds all !3planat-on fo0 so/! occu00!nc! -n +-c+ t+!

/o2!/!nts of a g-2!n p!0son play no role, t+!n t+at occu00!nc! -s not so/!t+-ng don! 1 t+!

-nd-2-dual -n 6u!st-on. @+!n ! f-nd t+at t+! doo0 latc+ -s 0!t0act!d 1 an !l!ct0-cal /!c+an-s/

t+at -s -n no a conn!ct!d -t+ t+! /o2!/!nts of t+! doo04no1 o0 of t+! /an +-/s!lf, ! sa

t+at t+! /an +o tu0n!d t+! 4no1 d-d not /o2! t+! latc+. But to )p. #';* !sta1l-s+ t+at +-s

/o2!/!nts d-d not op!0at! t+! latc+, ! /ust do /o0! t+an unco2!0 a c+a-n of p+s-cal !2!nts

l!ad-ng to t+! /o2!/!nt of t+! latc+. @! /ust !sta1l-s+ t+at t+! /o2!/!nts of t+! su17!ct a0! not

causall conn!ct!d -t+ t+! /!c+an-s/ t+at op!0at!s t+! latc+. In t+-s cont!3t !3planat-on 1

ag!nt and 1 d!2-c! a0! cl!a0 0-2als.

T+-s -s not so -n t+! +and cas! 1!caus! t+! p+s-cal account of t+! /o2!/!nt -s not cl!a0l

a p+s-olog-cal 0!p0!s!ntat-on of nonag!nc. H!nc!, -t cannot !sta1l-s+ t+at t+! /an +ad no

causal conn!ct-on -t+ t+! /o2!/!nt of +-s +and. It /a app!a0 t+at ! +a2! not found an ag!nt

p0oduc-ng t+! /o2!/!nts s-nc!, no /att!0 +o t+o0oug+l ! !3plo0! t+! 1od-l 8d!2-c!9, !

f-nd onl a 8/!c+an-s/9, 1ut t+-s -s 8not to f-nd t+at t+! ag!nt d-d not p0oduc! t+! /o2!/!nts o0

t+at +-s -nt!nt-ons and pu0pos!s +ad not+-ng to do -t+ +at +app!n!d. So long as t+!



Ag!nts, M!c+an-s/, and Ot+!0 M-ndsDouglas C. Llong #

p+s-olog-cal 0!p0!s!ntat-on of t+! cont0ast 1!t!!n ag!nc and /!0! /o2!/!nt -s -gno0!d,

not+-ng can 1! sa-d at t+! p+s-olog-cal l!2!l conc!0n-ng t+! 8!ff!ct-2!n!ss9 of !-t+!0 t+! /an o0

+-s -nt!nt-ons.

Ha2-ng a0gu!d t+at t+! so&call!d /!c+an-st-c +pot+!s-s do!s not 0!p0!s!nt a t+0!at to p!0sonal&

l!2!l accounts of 1!+a2-o0, I tu0n no to / d!f!nc! of t+! count!0t+!s-s t+at a p+s-cal account

of 1od-l /o2!/!nts of t+! 4-nd !n2-sag!d 1 p+s-olog-sts -s !ss!nt-al to a sat-sfacto0

und!0stand-ng of +u/an ag!nc. T+! cont!3t of !3pla-n-ng +o to d!f!at p+-losop+-cal

sc!pt-c-s/ conc!0n-ng ou0 4nol!dg! of ot+!0 /-nds s!02!s !sp!c-all !ll to -llust0at! t+-s t+!s-s.

Suc+ sc!pt-c-s/ c+all!ng!s us to ans!0 t+! 6u!st-on 8Ho can on! 7ust-f t+! 1!l-!f t+at ot+!0

-nd-2-duals +a2! /-nds o0 a0! consc-ous su17!cts capa1l! of pu0pos-2! act-2-t g-2!n t+at t+!-0

/-nds and !3p!0-!nc!s a0! not o1s!02a1l! All ! s!!/ to 1! a1l! to asc!0ta-n -s t+at t+! a0!

1od-!s /o2-ng t+0oug+ spac!, off!0-ng c!0ta-n no-s!s5.

T+! t0ad-t-onal !p-st!/olog-cal 7ust-f-cat-on off!0!d 1 p+-losop+!0s -n ans!0 to t+-s

6u!st-on, t+! a0gu/!nt f0o/ analog -t+ on!9s on cas!, as 1!!n -ng!n-ousl adapt!d 1 H. H.

=0-c! to p0o2-d! sp!c-al 0!cogn-t-on to t+! -/po0tant 0ol! t+at co//un-cat-on plas -n ou0

4nol!dg! of5 ot+!0 /-nds. Fo0 !3a/pl!, +! a0gu!d t+at -f t+! 0ustl-ngs of t+! l!a2!s of an oa4

fo0/!d -nt!ll-g-1l! o0ds con2!-ng n! -nfo0/at-on to /! ... I s+ould +a2! !2-d!nc! t+at t+! oa4

. . . as an-/at!d 1 an -nt!ll-g!nc! l-4! / onJ.#? H! cla-/s t+at +-s 7ust-f-cat-on fo0 t+-s

conclus-on 0!sts upon t+! fact t+at -nt!ll-g-1l! no-s!s of t+! so0t /ad! 1 t+! /o2-ng l!a2!s

f0!6u!ntl funct-on as )p. #'#* -nst0u/!nts of t+oug+t -n +-s on cas!. @+!n +! +!a0s anot+!0

51od5 p0oduc-ng s-/-la0 sounds +-c+ +a2! s/1ol-c c+a0act!0 and +-c+ con2! n! and



Ag!nts, M!c+an-s/, and Ot+!0 M-ndsDouglas C. Llong #(

2!0-f-a1l! -nfo0/at-on, +! can conclud! t+at t+! a0! p0o1a1l funct-on-ng as -nst0u/!nts of

t+oug+t -n t+at cas! as !ll. It -s -/po0tant to not! t+at +! do!s not -nt!nd t+! a0gu/!nt /!0!l

as a /!ans of !3t!nd-ng ou0 1!l-!fs a1out +u/an 1!-ngs as a class to ot+!0 so0ts of c0!atu0!s t+at

0!s!/1l! us -n 1!-ng a1l! to us! languag!. T+! a0gu/!nt -s -nt!nd!d to p0o2-d! a sp!c-al

p+-losop+-cal 7ust-f-cat-on fo0 +-s on 1!l-!f t+at ot+!0 +u/an 1!-ngs +a2! /-nds 1!caus! t+!

utt!0 -nt!ll-g-1l! no-s!s t+at con2! n! -nfo0/at-on to +-/, +-c+ p0!su/a1l +! could not 1!

unconsc-ousl 0!ad-ng -nto t+! no-s!s.

Alt+oug+ -t -s to =0-c!5s c0!d-t t+at, unl-4! /an ot+!0s +o +a2! d-scuss!d t+! ot+!0

/-nds p0o1l!/, +! ta4!s s!0-ousl t+! -/po0tant 0ol! pla!d 1 fo0/s of -nt!ll-g-1l!

co//un-cat-on, t+!0! -s !t an a-0 of a0t-f-c-al-t a1out +-s -nco0po0at-on of -nt!ll-g-1l! sp!!c+

-nto a la1ou0!d a0gu/!nt f0o/ analog. T+! 4-nds of !3t!nd!d d-alogu!s t+at ! 0out-n!l

!ngag! -n -t+ ou0 f!llo /!n a0! fa0 too !3p0!ss-2! of t+oug+t and und!0stand-ng to 1! class!d

as /!0! !2-d!nc! a00ant-ng an -nf!0!nc! to t+! !3-st!nc! of a /-nd. @+!n I f-nd /s!lf -n

con2!0sat-on -t+ anot+!0 +u/an 1!-ng t+!0! -s no 6u!st-on of / !3pla-n-ng 5t+! cu0-ous fact

t+at c!0ta-n no-s!s not o0-g-nat!d 1 /! n!2!0t+!l!ss +a2! fo0 a s/1ol-c c+a0act!05 ''?", 1

p0opos-ng to /s!lf t+at / co/pan-on +as a /-nd. T+! data -n 6u!st-on a0! not /!0! 5no-s!s5,

1ut a0!, aft!0 all, o0ds, s!nt!nc!s, -nt!ll-g-1l! 0!spons!s to 6u!st-ons. T+!s! a0! not natu0al

s-gns 1ut a0!, as =0-c!, +-/s!lf !3p0!ss!s -t, s/1ol-c, l-ngu-st-c 2!+-cl!s of t+oug+t and /!an-ng,

t+! -/po0t of +-c+ I und!0stand. I can no /o0! dou1t t+at I und!0stand t+! /!an-ng of suc+ an

utt!0anc! t+an I can dou1t t+at I und!0stand / on o0ds. But t+! fact t+at a 1!-ng utt!0s

-nt!ll-g-1l! l-ngu-st-c !3p0!ss-ons s+ould, -t+out app!al to analog, count as a prima facie



Ag!nts, M!c+an-s/, and Ot+!0 M-ndsDouglas C. Llong #%

0!ason fo0 1!l-!2-ng t+at -t -s an -nd-2-dual +o -s capa1l! of at l!ast so/! /!asu0! of t+oug+t

and und!0stand-ng.

Fu0t+!0/o0!, +u/an 1!-ngs const-tut! t+! c!nt0al pa0ad-g/ of -nt!ll-g!nt p!0sonal ag!nc

-n ou0 !3p!0-!nc!. If suc+ an -nd-2-dual sp!a4s to /!, !sp!c-all -n a /ann!0 t+at /a4!s

p!0f!ctl good s!ns! -n t+! cont!3t of d-scou0s!, I /-g+t sa t+at +! +ad a /-nd, not so /uc+ to

account fo0 +-s a1-l-t to sp!a4 as to ac4nol!dg! t+at +! +as t+! a1-l-t to sp!a4 and to

und!0stand +at -s sa-d 1 +-/ and to +-/. =0-c! -s capt-2! of t+! 8g+ost -n t+! /ac+-n!9 /od!l

of +u/an ontolog acco0d-ng to +-c+ t+! -nt!ll-g!nt 1!+a2-ou0 of +u/an 1!-ngs -s to 1!

!3pla-n!d 1 t+! sp!culat-2! +pot+!s-s t+at t+!0! -s an uno1s!02a1l! /-nd at t+! 1od5s cont0ols.

But t+! poss-1-l-t of us-ng languag! to co//un-cat! ou0 t+oug+ts and pu0pos!s /a4!s -t s!!/

g0ot!s6u! )p. #'$* to suppos! t+at sc!pt-c-s/ a1out t+! !3-st!nc! of ot+!0 /-nds 0!p0!s!nts a

g!n!0al t+0!at, +-c+ -s to 1! alla!d onl 1 a sop+-st-cat!d p+-losop+-cal a0gu/!nt f0o/

analog.

L!st t+-s c+!!0full opt-/-st-c 0!spons! to t+! t0ad-t-onal sc!pt-c-s/ a1out ot+!0 /-nds 1!

d-s/-ss!d as 1!-ng -/poss-1l na-2!, I s+all cons-d!0 10-!fl t+! so0ts of dou1ts a1out ot+!0s t+at

=0-c! /-g+t t+-n4 +! fac!d d!sp-t! t+! o12-ous facts of -nt!0su17!ct-2! co//un-cat-on. T+!

t+!o0!t-cal poss-1-l-t-!s g0ound-ng p+-losop+-cal dou1t a0! al/ost !ndl!ss, 1ut I can /a4! /

g!n!0al po-nt a1out co/1at-ng sc!pt-c-s/ -t+ 8/!c+an-s/9 1 a s-/pl! d!2!lop/!nt of =0-c!5s

oa4 t0!! !3a/pl!.

=0!su/a1l +!n =0-c! conclud!s t+at t+! oa4 -s 8an-/at!d 1 an -nt!ll-g!nc!9 +! /!ans

t+at t+! t0!! -ts!lf -s an -nt!ll-g!nt !nt-t as oppos!d to -ts 1!-ng /!0!l /an-pulat!d 1 so/!on!

so as to p0oduc! +at s!!/ to 1! utt!0anc!s. H-s p0o1l!/ conc!0ns not so /uc+ t+! existence



Ag!nts, M!c+an-s/, and Ot+!0 M-ndsDouglas C. Llong $;

of an -nt!ll-g!nc! as -t do!s -ts locus. Engl-s+ o0ds can -ssu! f0o/ an-/als o0 /ac+-n!s 1!caus!

of p0-o0 +u/an -nput. Alt+oug+ t+! l-ngu-st-c data 7ust-f 1!l-!f -n t+! op!0at-ons of a /-nd, t+at

/-nd -s not !/1od-!d -n t+! o0gan-s/ o0 d!2-c!, +-c+ -s -//!d-at!l p0oduc-ng t+! sounds

+!a0d. H!nc!, t+! p0o1l!/ of ot+!0 /-nds -n t+-s cont!3t -s on! of t0ac-ng t+! causal c+a-n 1ac4

to t+! -nt!ll-g!nc! o0 -nt!ll-g!nc!s, +-c+ -n-t-at!d -t. =0-c! +-/s!lf ac4nol!dg!s as /uc+ +!n

+! 0!/a04s t+at -f I +!a0 a pa00ot 5sa5 so/!t+-ng +-c+ -/pa0ts n! -nfo0/at-on to /! 8t+-s

c!0ta-nl g-2!s /! !2-d!nc! fo0 t+! !3-st!nc! of a /-nd somewhere, an -nt!ll-g!nt /-nd l-4! /

on. But I s+ould usuall assu/! t+at t+! /-nd -n 6u!st-on do!s not an-/at! t+! pa00ot&

o0gan-s/ -ts!lf9 ':?&':". @+ B!caus!, sas =0-c!, ! 4no f0o/ o1s!02at-on of ot+!0

pa00ots t+at t+! a0! not -n g!n!0al 8t+! o0-g-nal sou0c!s of t+!s! no-s!s, 1ut a0! /!0!l 0!p!at-ng

t+! utt!0anc!s +-c+ so/! +u/an 1od +as /ad! -n t+!-0 n!-g+1o0+ood9 ':". It -s not t+!

pa00ot 1ut -ts t0a-n!0 +o +as t+! capac-t to sp!a4 a languag!.

On! ould !3p!ct =0-c! to +a2! s-/-la0 0!s!02at-ons a1out t+! -nt!ll!ct of5 +-s oa4 t0!!,

s-nc!, g-2!n +at +! 4nos a1out t0!!s, +! ould not +a2! /uc+ 0!ason to t+-n4 t+! oa4 -ts!lf

as -nt!ll-g!nt. It ould +a0dl 1! su0p0-s-ng to f-nd upon -n2!st-gat-on -0!s -n t+! und!010us+

l!ad-ng to t+! +-dd!n cont0ol pan!l of a 0!t-0!d D-sn!land !ng-n!!0 o0 a +ollo t0un4 f0o/

+-c+ a conc!al!d da0f as a1l! to /an-pulat! 10anc+!s and l!a2!s cl!2!0l so as to -/-tat!

+u/an +-sp!0s. In !-t+!0 cas!, an -nt!ll-g!nt ag!nc 5!3t!0nal5 to t+! t0!! ould +a2! 1!!n

d-sco2!0!d and an t!/ptat-on to 0!ga0d t+! oa4 -ts!lf as +a2-ng a /-nd ould 1! 0!/o2!d.

Non!t+!l!ss, -t -s at l!ast conc!-2a1l! t+at =0-c!5s oa4 -s no o0d-na0 sp!c-/!n of t+! g!nus

Quercus. T+!0! -s no )p. #':* o12-ous a priori 0!ason + -nt!ll-g!nc! could not 1! !/1od-!d

-n an unfa/-l-a0 fo0/. Ind!!d =0-c! cons-d!0s -t a 2-0tu! of +-s 2!0s-on of t+! analog-cal



Ag!nts, M!c+an-s/, and Ot+!0 M-ndsDouglas C. Llong $#

a0gu/!nt t+at, unl-4! t0ad-t-onal fo0/ulat-ons, t+! 0!l!2ant data a0! not 0!st0-ct!d to t+!

1!+a2-ou0 and utt!0anc!s of +u/anl-4! 1od-!s. H-s 0!ason-ng -s g!n!0all appl-ca1l! to suc+

fanc-ful cas!s as t+! fo0/at-on of C+-n!s! -d!og0ap+s 1 clouds o0 !2!n t+! sp!!c+ of an

5un!/1od-!d /-nd5 ':>".

But ould -t 1! poss-1l! fo0 us to !sta1l-s+ t+at an !nt-t so unl-4! t+! +u/an fo0/ as a

t0!! !/1od-!d -nt!ll-g!nc!, and, -f so, +o ould ! go a1out do-ng -t @-t+ 0!sp!ct to t+! f-0st

pa0t of t+-s 6u!st-on No0/an Malcol/ st0ongl d-sag0!!s -t+ =0-c!5s 2-!. H! +as o17!ct!d to

=0-c!5s sugg!st-on t+at t+! occu00!nc! of a st0-ng of -nt!ll-g-1l! sounds t+at ! ou0s!l2!s d-d not

/a4! ould 1! suff-c-!nt to s+o t+at t+! t+-ng /a4-ng t+!/ und!0stands t+! sounds, l!t alon!

t+at -t +as s!nsat-ons and t+oug+ts. Fo0 !3a/pl!, a t0!! /-g+t ans!0 6u!st-ons, 1ut -t could not

appl o0ds to t+-ngs. @! 0!6u-0! a c+-ld to p-c4 out o17!cts, not 7ust g-2! 2!01al d!f-n-t-ons,

+!n ! a0! 7udg-ng -ts und!0stand-ng of /an s-/pl! nouns and ad7!ct-2!s. So ! n!!d to

4no, sas Malcol/, +!t+!0 a c0!atu0! could /a4! co00!ct appl-cat-on of t+! 5o0ds5 -t s!!/s

to us! 1!fo0! ! can sa t+at -t 0!all do!s und!0stand t+!/. T+-s 0!6u-0!s t+at -t 1! capa1l! of

loo4-ng, po-nt-ng, t0-ng to g!t, f!tc+-ng, ca00-ng, and so on. And t+-s -n tu0n 0!6u-0!s

so/!t+-ng l-4! a +u/an 1od so t+at ! can t!ll +!n -t -s do-ng +at ! ould call loo4-ng

and po-nt-ng and t+! l-4!.#

Alt+oug+ Malcol/5s 0!/a04s touc+ upon an -/po0tant po-nt, +-s c0-t-c-s/ of =0-c! -s

o2!0stat!d. =0-c! -s 7ust-f-!d -n t+-n4-ng t+at ou0 +!a0-ng /!an-ngful and co+!0!nt d-scou0s!

const-tut!s apt con2!0sat-on a1out p!0sons, t+-ngs, and cu00!nt !2!nts -n t+! -//!d-at!

n!-g+1ou0+ood ould p0o2-d! 0!ason to 1!l-!2! t+at ! !0! -n co//un-cat-on -t+ anot+!0

/-nd t+at und!0stood +at -t as sa-ng and +at as sa-d to -t. It n!!d not 1! a1l! to f!tc+



Ag!nts, M!c+an-s/, and Ot+!0 M-ndsDouglas C. Llong $$

t+-ngs to con2-nc! us of -ts co/p0!+!ns-on -f -t can at l!ast d!sc0-1! ca0!full t+! locat-on of

t+-ngs to +-c+ -t 0!f!0s. Fo0 -nstanc!, )p. #''* -f -ts d!sc0-pt-2! co//!nta0 as as accu0at! as

t+at of a p0-son!0 loc4!d -n a p-llo0, ! ould not 1! l-4!l to d-sput! -ts co/p!t!nc!.

Malcol/5s 0!/a04s a1out t+! n!!d fo0 so/!t+-ng l-4! a +u/an 1od +a2! a po-nt,

+o!2!0. Fo0 unl!ss t+! t0!! as, l-4! a +u/an 1!-ng, a 0!lat-2!l s!lf&conta-n!d, autono/ous

sst!/ -n t!0/s of +-c+ -ts d-scou0s! and ot+!0 appa0!ntl pu0pos-2! act-2-t-!s could 1!

!3pla-n!d, -t ould 1! d-ff-cult to 7ust-f t+! cla-/ t+at t+! p+s-cal st0uctu0! of t+! t0!! -ts!lf

const-tut!d an -nt!ll-g!nt o0gan-s/ as oppos!d to t+! cla-/ t+at so/! -nt!ll-g!nc! d-st-nct f0o/ t+!

t0!! as /st!0-ousl /an-pulat-ng -t fo0 -ts on !nds. Fo0 -nstanc!, -ts t0un4 and l-/1s /-g+t

conta-n !la1o0at! o0gan-c /!c+an-s/s, +-c+ /a4! poss-1l! d!l-cat! 1ut pos-t-2! cont0ol o2!0 l!af

/o2!/!nts 1 a c!nt0al sst!/ t+at -nt!g0at!s s-gnals f0o/ p!0-p+!0al s!ns! o0gans -t+ acc!ss to

/!/o0 sto0ag!. Suppos! t+at -n t!0/s of t+!s! /!c+an-s/s 1otan-sts could account, not onl

fo0 t+! p0oduct-on of 8sp!!c+ sounds,9 1ut also fo0 t+! a1-l-t to p!0c!-2!, to sto0! and 0!t0-!2!

-nfo0/at-on, to coo0d-nat! l-/1 and l!af5 /o2!/!nts -t+ +at -t announc!s -t -ll do, 7ust as

p+s-olog-sts +op! to !3pla-n ou0 2a0-ous capac-t-!s. @!0! ! to d-sco2!0 t+at t+! p0oduct-on of

sound as l-n4!d to a pa0t of t+! t0!!, +-c+ +ad t+! capac-t-!s to funct-on as a cont0ol c!nt0! fo0

t+!s! co/pl!3 act-2-t-!s, as ou0 10a-ns doK t+!n ! ould +a2! 0!ason to t+-n4 of t+! t0!!

st0uctu0! -ts!lf as an autono/ous !/1od-/!nt of -nt!ll-g!nc!.

I0on-call Malcol/ o2!0loo4s t+-s us! of p+s-cal -nfo0/at-on to d!t!0/-n! t+! locus and

c+a0act!0 of -nt!ll-g!nt ag!nc +!n +! 0!/a04s n!a0 t+! !nd of +-s d-scuss-on of /!c+an-s/ t+at

a s!6u!nc! of sounds t!nds to los! t+! asp!ct of sp!!c+ languag!" +!n ! conc!-2! of t+os!

sounds as 1!-ng caus!d n!u0op+s-olog-call !sp!c-all -f ! -/ag-n! a t!c+n-c-an to 1!





Ag!nts, M!c+an-s/, and Ot+!0 M-ndsDouglas C. Llong $'

analogous 0!lat-ons a/ong t+! !l!/!nts of a p+s-olog-cal account. @! s+ould 1! g0at-f-!d, -f not

su0p0-s!d, t+!0!fo0!, to f-nd t+at p+s-olog off!0s at l!ast g!n!0al !3planat-ons of ou0 capac-t-!s -n

t!0/s of ou0 -nt!0nal sst!/s and +olds out t+! p0o/-s! of p0o2-d-ng /o0! and /o0! d!ta-ls as

t-/! go!s on.

T+! ant-&/!c+an-st-c -s 0-g+t a1out on! po-nt, +o!2!0. S/ug t+oug+ ! /a 1!

conc!0n-ng ou0 status as ag!nts capa1l! of pu0pos-2! act-on, t+! 6u!st-on -s not to 1! s!ttl!d

d!f-n-t-2!l at t+! p!0sonal l!2!l. R!c!nt p+s-olog-cal 0!s!a0c+ sugg!sts a a to -/ag-n! t+!

2uln!0a1-l-t of ou0 s!ns! of ag!nc. In /ost -nstanc!s of !l!ct0-cal st-/ulat-on of t+! +u/an

/oto0 co0t!3 t+! !2o4!d 0!spons! -s a s-/pl! /o2!/!nt 5lac4-ng pu0pos!5. T+! pat-!nt -s aa0!

t+at +-s 0!spons! -s -n2olunta0 and t+at +! cannot p0!2!nt +-s a0/ o0 l!g f0o/ /o2-ng.#%

Ho!2!0, D0. os D!lgado +as d!sc0-1!d a st0-4-ng cas! -n +-c+ !l!ct0-cal st-/ulat-on of a

pat-!nt5s 10a-n

p0oduc!d +!ad tu0n-ng and slo d-splac!/!nt of t+! 1od to !-t+!0 s-d! -t+ a !ll&

o0-!nt!d and appa0!ntl no0/al s!6u!nc!, as -f t+! pat-!nt !0! loo4-ng fo0 so/!t+-ng.

T+-s st-/ulat-on as 0!p!at!d s-3 t-/!s on to d-ff!0!nt das -t+ co/pa0a1l! 0!sults.

T+! -nt!0!st-ng fact as t+at t+! pat-!nt cons-d!0!d t+! !2o4!d act-2-t spontan!ous and

alas off!0!d a 0!asona1l! !3planat-on fo0 -t. @+!n as4!d 5@+at a0! ou do-ng5 t+!

ans!0s !0!, 5I a/ loo4-ng fo0 / sl-pp!0s5, 5I +!a0d a no-s!5, 5I a/ 0!stl!ss5, and 5I as

loo4-ng und!0 t+! 1!d5.$;

F0o/ t+-s d!sc0-pt-on t+! pat-!nt app!a0s to 1! so st0ongl und!0 t+! -llus-on of /a4-ng t+!

/o2!/!nt 2olunta0-l t+at +! 0at-onal-<!s -t. D!lgado adds, +o!2!0, t+at -t -s d-ff-cult to



Ag!nts, M!c+an-s/, and Ot+!0 M-ndsDouglas C. Llong $>

asc!0ta-n +!t+!0 t+-s -s so o0 +!t+!0 5an +alluc-nat-on +ad 1!!n !l-c-t!d +-c+ su1s!6u!ntl

-nduc!d t+! pat-!nt to /o2! and to !3plo0! t+! su00ound-ngs5.$# So, alt+oug+ t+! !3p!0-/!nt

p0o2-d!s a poss-1l! -llus-on of ag!nc, t+! -n2!st-gato0 +-/s!lf -s not a1solut!l c!0ta-n t+at t+!

pat-!nt could not +a2! 1!!n p!0fo0/-ng an act-on.

@! can +o!2!0, us! D!lgado5s cas! as a 1as-s fo0 an !3a/pl! -n +-c+ t+! !3p!0-/!nt!0

-s l!ss -n t+! da04 a1out +at -s +app!n-ng. Suppos! t+at un4non to t+! su17!ct t+! /oto0

n!02!s -n +-s 0-g+t -nd!3 f-ng!0 a0! 1loc4!d so t+at +! cannot /o2! -t, and /-c0o/-n-atu0-<!d

0ad-o&0!c!-2!0s a0! -ns!0t!d -nto +-s a0/ so t+at t+! !3p!0-/!nt!0 can /o2! t+! f-ng!0 1 0!/ot!

cont0ol. )p. #'?* No ! -/ag-n! t+at t+! su17!ct -s as4!d to 0a-s! +-s f-ng!0 +!n and onl

+!n a 0!d l-g+t co/!s on. As +! s!!s t+! l-g+t +-s f-ng!0 /o2!s -n t+! a 0!6u!st!d, and +! -s

sat-sf-!d t+at +! -s 0!spons-1l! fo0 t+! /o2!/!nt, But ! 4no t+at +! -s /-sta4!n 1!caus! t+!

0!6u-s-t! /oto0 n!02!s a0! 1loc4!d. T+-s -s a g!nu-n! analogu! to Malcol/5s !l!ct0on-c doo0

op!n-ng. E2!n -f5, l-4! D!lgado5s pat-!nt, ou0 su17!ct acc!pts t+! /o2!/!nt as +-s on, ! a0!

7ust-f-!d -n d!n-ng t+-s 1!caus! t+! p+s-cal 0!p0!s!ntat-on of +-s ag!nc -s !3clud!d 1 t+! facts

of t+! cas!.

B !3t!nd-ng t+-s !3a/pl!, !2!n /o0! g!n!0al -llus-ons a1out ou0 ag!nc can 1!

conc!-2!d. Suppos! t+at all of ou0 2olunta0 /o2!/!nts, !2!n s4-ll!d on!s, +a2! alas 1!!n -n

t+! cont0ol of5 /-nd&0!ad-ng !3t0at!00!st0-als +o !3p!0-!nc! -n!3pl-ca1l! d!l-g+t -n /o2-ng t+!

l-/1s, +!ad, !!s, and ot+!0 1od-l pa0ts of !ac+ of us so as to confo0/ to ou0 -nt!nt-ons&&a 4-nd

of pagan occas-onal-s/. T+! cont0ol ou0 /o2!/!nts, not 1 s+ap-ng ou0 d!s-0!s and pu0pos!s,

and t+!0!1 ou0 act-ons, 1ut 1 d-0!ct -0!l!ss cont0ol of ou0 /uscl!s. T+! cas! -s d-ff!0!nt f0o/

t+at -n +-c+ t+! 82ol-t-ons9 an -n2al-d act-2at! an a0t-f-c-al /!c+an-s/ as an a-d to +-s /o2!/!nt





Ag!nts, M!c+an-s/, and Ot+!0 M-ndsDouglas C. Llong $

/o2!/!nts to +-/ o0 to so/! un4non ag!nt t+at -s a1l! to !3!0c-s! 0!/ot! cont0ol o2!0 +-/ o0

+!t+!0 ! s+ould 0!ga0d t+!/ s-/pl as uncaus!d and -n!3pl-ca1l!.

It -ll not do to -ns-st t+at -f t+! su17!ct cla-/s t+at t+! /o2!/!nt -s an act-on of +-s o0

-f +! ants o0 -nt!nds -t to occu0, t+!n -t /ust 1! +-s do-ng, +at!2!0 t+! und!0l-ng p0oc!ss!s.

As ! +a2! s!!n, -t -s poss-1l! t+at t+! su17!ct -s und!0 an -llus-on t+at +! -s t+! 0!l!2ant ag!nt.

On t+! ot+!0 +and, suc+ dou1ts a1out +-s autono/ ould 1! !3clud!d -f +-s /o2!/!nts could 1!

co/pl!t!l !3pla-n!d -n t!0/s of !2!nts occu00-ng app0op0-at!l -t+-n +-s on st0uctu0!.

No0 -s -t to t+! po-nt to o17!ct t+at -t -s -/p0o1a1l! !-t+!0 t+at !3t!0nal ag!nts +a2! cont0ol o2!0

ou0 /o2!/!nts o0 t+at t+os! /o2!/!nts a0-s! f0o/ spontan!ous, uncaus!d !2!nts -n t+! n!02ous

sst!/. It -s t0u! t+at t+! latt!0 poss-1-l-t ould 0!6u-0! t+at +ug! nu/1!0s of p+s-cal !2!nts

-n-t-at-ng t+! sp!!c+ and act-on of +u/an 1!-ngs f-t tog!t+!0 -n a cont-nuous /-0acl! of

co-nc-d!nc! so as to const-tut! an app!a0anc! of no0/al psc+olog-cal un-t. 5T+! p+-losop+-cal

o17!ct-on to C+-s+ol/5s 2-!, +o!2!0, -s not t+at an of t+!s! poss-1-l-t-!s -s l-4!l 1ut t+at t+!

a0! -nd-st-ngu-s+a1l! f0o/ so&call!d 8ag!nt causat-on9.$'

Aga-n, -t /-g+t 1! o17!ct!d t+at ou0 fa-lu0! at a pa0t-cula0 po-nt -n t-/! to f-nd a

sat-sfacto0 p+s-olog-cal account of act-on&/o2!/!nts ould not s+o t+at no suc+ account can

1! g-2!n and +!nc! ould not s+o t+at ! a0! not -n cont0ol of t+os! /o2!/!nts, But of cou0s!

anon!, +o -ns-sts t+at, +!t+!0 ! can d-sco2!0 t+!/ o0 not, t+!0! /ust 1! sst!/at-c

-nt!0conn!ct-ons -t+-n ou0 1od-!s +-c+ ould 0ul! out 1ot+ o17!ct-ona1l! !3t!0nal cont0ol and

t+! fa-lu0! of s!lf&cont0ol -s 0!all ac4nol!dg-ng ou0 g!n!0al cont!nt-on aga-nst t+! ant-&

/!c+an-st. T+!0! -ll 1! l!ss /st!0 a1out t+! un-t, t+! autono/, and t+! locus of -nt!ll-g!nt

ag!nc -f ! f-nd a cl!a0l s!lf&suff-c-!nt !l!ct0oc+!/-cal 8auto/aton9 conta-n-ng a +-!0a0c+-call



Ag!nts, M!c+an-s/, and Ot+!0 M-ndsDouglas C. Llong $(

o0gan-<!d cont0ol c!nt0! +-c+ d-0!cts, coo0d-nat!s, and /on-to0s t+! 2a0-ous p+s-olog-cal

p0oc!ss!s assoc-at!d -t+ t+oug+t, /!/o0, p!0c!pt-on, and 2olunta0 /o2!/!nt. In t+-s 0!sp!ct,

at l!ast, a co/pl!t! p+s-olog-cal account of 1!+a2-ou0, -t+out 8loos! !nds9, s!!/s not /!0!l

co/pat-1l! -t+ +u/an ag!nc, 1ut 0!6u-0!d fo0 a co/pl!t!l sat-sfacto0 und!0stand-ng of t+at

ag!nc.



# T+! E3planat-on of B!+a2-o0, T+! Hu/an-t-!s =0!ss, N! o04, #%?', p. ';.

$ I1-d., p. $;.

: 8T+! Conc!-2a1-l-t of M!c+an-s/9, T+! =+-losop+-cal R!2-!, >, anua0, #%?(, p. '>. Su1s!6u!nt0!f!0!nc!s to t+-s a0t-cl! -ll 1! /ad! 1 add-ng pag! nu/1!0s pa0!nt+!t-call to / t!3t.

' S!! -0g-l Ald0-c+, 8D!sc0-pt-on and E3p0!ss-on =+s-cal-s/ R!st0-ct!d9, In6u-0, $;, Su//!0, #%,fo0 an !l!gant d!ta-l-ng of t+! d-st-nct-on 1!t!!n t+! 8-nt!nt-onal9 and t+! 8!3t!ns-onal -d-o/9 as appl-!dto tal4 a1out p!0sons.

> In A T+!o0 of Act-on, =0!nt-c!&Hall, Engl!ood Cl-ffs, N! !0s!, #%;, pp. #>(&#?>, Al2-n I.Gold/an u0g!s a s-/-la0 o17!ct-on to Malcol/9s a0gu/!nt 1as!d upon t+! poss-1l-t of natu0al lasco00!lat-ng a p!0son9s ants and n!u0al stat!s.

? C+a0l!s Talo0, op. c-t., p. ::.

Gold/an, op. c-t., pp. >>, #

( I1-d., p. #

% Maa =-n!s, T+! B0a-n C+ang!0s, Ha0cou0t B0ac! ano2-c+, N! o04, #%:, p. >> ff.

#; Fo0 fasc-nat-ng d!ta-ls s!! N-g!l Cald!0, T+! M-nd of Man, T+! -4-ng =0!ss, N! o04, #%%, c+ap.#:.

## S!! also Gold/an, op. c-t., p. #??.

#$ T+-s -s !3pla-n!d -n S!1ast-an =!t!0 G0oss/an, A T!3t1ooo4 of =+s-olog-cal =sc+olog, o+n @-l!and Sons, N! o04, #%?, pp. $?(&$;

#: Cald!0, op. c-t., p. #':.

#' @. . L-2-ngston, @+at -s =a-nJ Sc-!nt-f-c A/!0-can, #((, Ma0c+, #%>:, p. ?>

#> Ronald M!l<ac4, T+! =u<<l! of =a-n, Bas-c Boo4s, Inc., N! o04, #%:, p. #?>

#? H. H. =0-c!, 8Ou0 E2-d!nc! fo0 t+! E3-st!nc! of Ot+!0 M-ndsJ, =+-losop+, #:, #%:(, p. ':?. I -ll put su1s!6u!nt 0!f!0!nc!s to t+-s pap!0 -n t+! t!3t.

# No0/al Malcol/, 5nol!dg! of Ot+!0 M-nds5, T+! ou0nal of =+-losop+, >>, No2!/1!0 ?, #%>(, p.%:.

#( 5T+! Conc!-2a1-l-t of M!c+an-s/5, op. c-t., p.$.

#% os M. R. D!lgado, =+s-cal Cont0ol of t+! M-nd, Ha0p!0 and Ro, N! o04, #%?%, p.##'.



$; I1-d., pp. # #> & ##?.

$# I1-d., p. #??

$$ 5F0!!do/ and Act-on5, -n F0!!do/ and D!t!0/-n-s/, !d. !-t+ L!+0!0, Rando/ Hous!, N! o04,#%??, p. #(.

$: I1-d., p. $#.

$' S!! also Gold/an, op. c-t., p. ('.

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Agents, Mechanisms, And Other Minds Douglas c. Long