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Chair of Energy Economics (Prof Fichtner) Research Group ‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’ www.kit.edu KIT The Research University in the Helmholtz Association Agent-based analysis of cross-border effects for Switzerland Florian Zimmermann, Dogan Keles, Wolf Fichtner The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017, Singapore

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Chair of Energy Economics (Prof Fichtner)

Research Group ‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

www.kit.eduKIT – The Research University in the Helmholtz Association

Agent-based analysis of cross-border effects for Switzerland

Florian Zimmermann, Dogan Keles, Wolf Fichtner

The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017, Singapore

2 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

Agenda

Motivation

Methodology

Preliminary results

Conclusion

3 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Motivation

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

60%

33%

4% 3%

Water Nuklear Thermal other Renewables

Source: Dehler et al. 2016, Gesamtenergiestatistik 2015

Swiss electricity production 2015

In May 2017 Swiss citizens vote

for nuclear phase-out

No investments in new nuclear

power plants

Current plan: Shut-down all

nuclear power plants until 2034

successively

Swiss electricity prices are highly

depended on the demand and

wholesale prices of neighbouring

countries (Dehler et al. 2016)

Changes of market designs in

large European electricity

markets (Germany, France and

Italy)

Strategic reserve in Germany

Capacity markets in France and

Italy

Nuclear phase-out until 2034 in

Switzerland (and in Germany by

the end of 2022)

How do the market design

changes affect the electricity

markets in Switzerland?

4 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Market simulation with integrated capacity

expansion

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

PowerACE

Input data

Agent-based

Simulation

Model results

From market simulation

Electricity production

Emissions

Spot market prices and

volumes

Exchange volume

From investment evaluation

Capacity development

Investment decisions and

Power plant decommissioning

Ex-Post analyses

Hourly simulation of the day-

ahead market (8760h/a)

Yearly investment decisions

Time horizon until 2050

Fuel and CO2-Prices

Investment options in flexible

power plants

Detailed power plant data with

techno-economical parameters

(e.g. efficiency, etc.)

Hourly RES in-feed profiles

Hourly electricity demand

profiles

Trading capacities between

market areas

Source: Genoese (2010), Keles et al. (2016)

5 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Overview of PowerACE market coupling

Agent-based simulation model for electricity wholesale markets (e.g. Genoese

2010)

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

6 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Modelling of market designs and simulation of

a wholesale market coupling

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

7 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Modelling of market designs and simulation of

a wholesale market coupling

Implemented market designs:

Strategic Reserve

Capacity Market

Energy-only-Market (EOM)

Buy-/Sell bids on the local markets

Implementation of a market coupling algorithm

Linear optimization problem

Target function: Maximizing of the total welfare

Subject to: Demand covering, balanced local energy flows,

limited exchange trading capacities

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

Day-ahead

Market Operators

Buy-/ Sell Bids

Market Coupling

Operator

Linear optimization

all bids

Results

Source: Ringler (2017)

8 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

PowerACE - Investment Modul

Long term: Investment plannerAgents represent load serving

entities

InformationCO2- and fuel price prognosis

Investment options

Wholesale market price prognosis

ProcedureNet Present Value (NPV) calculation

Investment decision in case of a

capacity gap for an agent

New power plants enter the market

with a time lag

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

9 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Modelling of the French capacity market

Market price and volume in a unit price auction (once per simulation

year)

Supplier: Power plants offer capacity reliability certificates to difference

costs

Demand: Load serving entities (LSE) need certificates depending on their

peak load prognosis in a specific year plus a given margin (2 GW)

Trading of the certificates two years in advance

Over capacities: Certificate prices can drop to 0 Euro/MW

Difference costs (bid price of the suppliers)

Costs, that can not be covered from electricity market trading activities, but

necessary for an economic operation in the long run

𝑐𝑗,𝑡𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓= max{0 , 𝐼𝑗,𝑡

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑐𝑗,𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑥− 𝐶𝐹𝑗,𝑡

𝐸𝑥𝑝} 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝐼𝑗

𝑎𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠𝑗 ∙(1+𝑖)𝑛∙𝑖

(1+𝑖)𝑛−1

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

cdiff = difference costs, cfix = fix costs, CFExp = expected cash flows, j = power plant,

Ian = annuity investments, t = year, n = economic lifetime in years, i = interest rate

10 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Preliminary results – Electricity wholesale

prices

Energy only markets vs. planned

market designs

Increasing prices in CH and DE

lead to investments in the

particular market areas

Increasing prices of capacity

certificates lead to investments in

France

Investments in France and

Germany drop the prices in

Switzerland

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

CH IT FR DE

Avg. electricity price change -7% -1% -6% -8%

-25%

-15%

-5%

5%

15%

2018 2028 2038 2048

Pri

ce c

han

ge

Year

CH DE FR IT

Swiss electricity wholesale prices

are still highly depended on the

prices in the neighbouring countries

11 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Summary and conclusion

Market design changes in Switzerland‘s neighbouring markets

Germany (Strategic Reserve in 2018)

France (Capacity obligations in 2017)

Italy (Centralized capacity market to be implemented)

Preliminary results

Changing electricity market designs influences

Local wholesale electricity market prices

Investments

Wholesale electricity market prices in neighbouring markets

The capacity mechanisms around Swiss decrease the wholesale

electricity prices in Switzerland

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

12 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Critical Reflection

Some effects might be overestimated

Investments

Boom and bust cycles of the capacity prices in France

Austria is not yet modelled

Pump storage and seasonal hydro power should be implemented with

regard to Switzerland

Storage systems and demand response could highly influence the

system in future

Validating model results of the French capacity certificates regarding

long term market prices

Adjust the investment methodology to improve the consideration of

cross-border effects

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

13 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

THANK YOU FOR YOUR

ATTENTION

[email protected]

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

14 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

BACKUP

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

15 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Quellen

RÉSEAU DE TRANSPORT D’ÉLECTRICITÉ [RTE]: French Capacity Market – Report accompanying the draft rules. 09.04.2014

KELES, Dogan ; BUBLITZ, Andreas ; ZIMMERMANN, Florian ; GENOESE, Massimo ; FICHTNER, Wolf: Analysis of design

options for the electricity market : The German case. In: Applied Energy 183 (2016), S. 884–901

GENOESE, Massimo (2010): Energiewirtschaftliche Analysen des deutschen Strommarkts mit agentenbasierter

Simulation. Zugl.: Karlsruhe, Univ., Diss., 2010. 1. Aufl. Baden-Baden: Nomos-Verl.-Ges.

RINGLER, Philipp; KELES, Dogan; FICHTNER, Wolf (2017): How to benefit from a common European electricity market

design. In: Energy Policy 101, S. 629–643. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2016.11.011.

ENTSO-E: Ten-Year Network Development Plan (TYNDP) 2016. URL https://www.entsoe.eu/major-projects/ten-year-

network-development-plan/ten%20year%20network%20development%20plan%202016/Pages/default.aspx

VITA, A. de ; TASIOS, N. ; EVANGELOPOULOU, S. ; FORSELL, N. ; FRAGIADAKIS, K. ; FRAGKOS, P. ; FRANK, S. ; GOMEZ-

SANABRIA, A. ; GUSTI, M. ; CAPROS, P. ; HAVLÍK, P. ; HÖGLUND-ISAKSSON, L. ; KANNAVOU, M. ; KARKATSOULIS, P. ;

KESTING, Monika ; KOUVARITAKIS, N. ; NAKOS, Ch ; OBERSTEINER, M. ; PAPADOPOULOS, D. ; PAROUSSOS, L. ;

PETROPOULOS, A. ; PUROHIT, P. ; SISKOS, P. ; TSANI, S. ; WINIWARTER, W. ; WITZKE, H. P. ; ZAMPARA, M.: EU reference

scenario 2016: Energy, transport and GHG emissions: trends to 2050. Luxembourg: Publications Office, 2016

FEIX, Olivier ; WIEDE, Thomas ; STRECKER, Marius ; KÖNIG, Regina (2016): Szenariorahmen für die

Netzentwicklungspläne Strom 2030 (NEP 2030). Entwurf der Übertragungsnetzbetreiber. Online verfügbar unter

https://www.netzentwicklungsplan.de/nep-file-download?file=160108_nep_szenariorahmen_2030.pdf.

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

16 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Objective function: Welfare maximizing of all corresponding market areas

max𝑞𝑖

𝑚∈ℳ

𝑑∈𝒟𝑚

𝑃𝑑𝑄𝑑𝑞𝑑 −

𝑠∈𝒮𝑚

𝑃𝑠𝑄𝑠𝑞𝑠

Subject to

0 ≤ 𝑞𝑑 ≤ 1 ∀𝑑 ∈ 𝒟𝑚, 0 ≤ 𝑞𝑠 ≤ 1 ∀𝑠 ∈ 𝒮𝑚

𝑑∈𝒟𝑚

𝑄𝑑𝑞𝑑 +

𝑚′∈ℳ′

𝑄𝑚→𝑚′𝑒𝑥 =

𝑠∈𝒮𝑚

𝑄𝑠𝑞𝑠 +

𝑚′∈ℳ′

𝑄𝑚′→𝑚𝑒𝑥 ∀𝑚 ∈ ℳ

𝑄𝑚1→𝑚2𝑒𝑥 ≤ 𝑄𝑚1→𝑚2

𝑒𝑥,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∀𝑚1,𝑚2 ∈ ℳ

For every time step

Possible sensitivities

Without market coupling (isolation)

Unlimited interconnection capacities (compare ELIX - European Electricity Index)

Formal description of market coupling

Variables

𝑞𝑖 Accepting Rate Bid i

𝑄𝑚1→𝑚2𝑒𝑥 Flow from Node (Market Area)

𝑚1 to Node (Market Area) 𝑚2[MWh]

Parameters

𝑃𝑖 Price Bid i [EUR/MWh]

𝑄𝑖 Quantity Bid i [MWh]

𝑄𝑚1→𝑚2𝑚𝑎𝑥 Maximal Flow from Node

(Market Area) 𝑚1 to Node

(Market Area) 𝑚2 [MWh]

Indices/Exponents

𝑚 Market Area

𝑑 Demand Bid

𝑠 Supply Bid

𝑒𝑥 Exchange

Set

ℳ Market Areas

ℳ′ Coupled Market Areas

𝒟 Demand Bids

𝒮 Supply Bids

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

17 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Overview about CRM

Capacity remuneration mechanisms (CRM)

Reserve Central procurement of strategic reserve (about 5%

of the peak load) by TSO

Usage only if market does not clear

No way back for power plants

Central Capacity

Market

„Reliability Options“

Secured power plant capacity is prequalified

Regulator determines demand for capacity

RES receive capacity credits according to their

availability

Decentral Capacity

Market

Decentralized procurement of capacity certificates

by supply companies (sales departments)

Penalty for missing certificates

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

18 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Simulation of a centralized capacity mechanism

• Determination of conventional capacity demand ConCap :

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑡+𝑥 = 1 + 𝑅𝑡+𝑥 ∗ 𝐷𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 ,𝑡+𝑥 − 𝐸𝐸𝑡+𝑥 − 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑡+𝑥

• Determination of power required by each energy supply company (Capacity Obligation

CO): 𝐶𝑂𝑡+𝑥 = 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑡 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝐶𝑎𝑝 𝑡+𝑥

• Calculation of Peak Energy Rent: Contribution margin of a reference gas turbine;

deducted each year from the capacity revenues

Preparing offers for the capacity auction

• Descending Clock Auction

• Floor and starting price based on the Cost of New Entry (CONE) of a reference gas turbine

Step 1: Regulator

Step 2:Generators

Step 3: Capacity auction

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

19 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Central capacity mechanism (II)

Different offer types

OfferExistent: existing capacity, used to satisfy CO

→ offer price: 0 €/kW

OfferNew: New power plants,

→ any offer price between floor and starting price

Determination of capacity price for new power plants

NPV = −𝐼0 + 𝑡=1𝑛 (𝑑𝑏−𝑐𝑓𝑖𝑥)

(1+𝑧)𝑡+ (𝑎𝑓 ∗ 𝑝𝑐𝑎𝑝) ∗ 𝑡=1

𝑡+𝑥 1

1+𝑧 𝑡+ (𝑎𝑓 ∗ 𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑔) ∗

1

(1+𝑧)𝑡= 0

Highest net present

value so fary years fix price

z years predicted price

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

20 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Descending Clock Auction

Surplus

Start price

P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

P7MCP

Round 1

Volume (MW)

Price (€/MW)

Round 2

Round 3

Starting price = 2 * CONE

MCP: Market clearing price

Central capacity mechanism

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

21 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Strategic Reserve

Auction

Yearly auction for upcoming year

Volume 5 GW

(about 5% of the total thermal capacities in Germany )

Single-price auction, selection of bids via capacity price

Maximum price equals CONE

Usage

If day-ahead market cannot be cleared, full capacity of strategic reserve is

offered at maximum market price (3000 Euro/MWh)

Variable costs are reimbursed to power plant owners, profits remain with

regulator

Participating power plants

Technical requirements: Power plants need to be available 10 h after

request

Power plants once in the strategic reserve are not allowed to participate in

other markets (no-way-back)

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

22 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Strategic Reserve

Bidding

Power plants that have been unprofitable for several years bid their fixed

costs in order to avoid decommission

Power plants that have been profitable bid fixed costs + yearly profit from

past (opportunity costs) No strategic bidding (Price agreement or volume

manipulation)

Currently no consideration of option value

(enter the strategic reserve in the future and not being able to enter other

markets again)

Regulator offers gas turbine at CONE

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

23 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Decentralized capacity mechanism

Auction

Price and volume determined by market players

Willing to pay for certificates depends on expected penalty and scarcity

expectation

In case of surplus capacities, price can drop to zero

Regulator

Issue certificates to power plant owners

Check if consumers have enough certificates, in case of trigger event e.g.

price or market scarcity reaches a certain predetermined level

If customers require more electricity than their certificates allow them to

do, they have to pay a fine (a multiple of the certificate price)

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

24 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Modelling of decentralized capacity market

Determine demand agents into 3 groups according to the personal risk (risk-

averse, -neutral, -taker)

Demand

Creating bids for demand agents and learning effects

Price prognosis corresponds to the CONE

Every demand agent has a risk factor according to the personal risk propensity

Majority is risk neutral

Number of years without scarcity reduces the willingness to buy certificates

Risk factor: 0.8–1.2; more risk => lower value

Learning factor: 0–0.3; higher factor => higher learning abilities

Supply

Power plants bid to difference costs (missing profits) in the capacity market

))YearsFactor (LearningFactor(Risk Price PrognosisPrice Bid Scarcitywithout

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

25 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Status Capacity Mechanisms, Jan 2016

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

Source: Eurelectric 2016

26 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Supply TradersPower plants

Investment

planerLoad profile

TSO

Renewable

load profiles

Supply

Prices

Supply

(RES)

LSE/

Consumers

Day-ahead market

Futures market

Reserve markets

Capacity market

Demand

Regulator

Supply

Capacity payments

Demand

Demand

PowerACE structure

27 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Electricity

utilities

Electricity

sellersPower plants

Investment

planerLoad profile

TSO

Renewable

load profiles

Supply

Prices

Supply

(RES)

LSE/

Consumers

Day-ahead market

Futures market

Reserve markets

Capacity market

Demand

Regulator

Supply

New power plants

Capacity payments

Demand

Demand

PowerACE structure

28 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Ergebnisse nach Einführung des französischen

Kapazitätsmarkts

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

DE NL BE FR

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

202

0

202

2

202

4

202

6

202

8

203

0

203

2

203

4

203

6

203

8

204

0

204

2

204

4

204

6

204

8

205

0

Zert

ifik

atep

reis

[T.E

UR

/MW

p.a

.]

Jahr

Kapazität

Zertifikatspreise

DE NL BE FR

9,21% -0,32% 0,84% -15,91%

Durchschnittliche Preisänderung am Spotmarkt

Vergleich zu EOM

Durchschnittliche Spotmarkt-

preise reduzieren sich deutlich

in Frankreich und erhöhen sich

in Deutschland

Zusätzliche Kosten für

Kapazitätszertifikate in

Frankreich

Investitionen stark erhöht in

Frankreich durch

Kapazitätszertifikate

Jedoch geringere Investitionen

in Deutschland

29 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Ergebnisse bei Einführung aller beschlossenen

Marktdesignänderungen

DE NL BE FR

-6,3% -0,8% 0,2% -16,2%

Vergleich zu EOM

Zukünftige Kombination der

Elektrizitätsmarktdesigns

Strategische Reserven in

Deutschland und Belgien

Französischer Kapazitätsmarkt

Höhere Investitionen in

Frankreich und Deutschland

Dadurch Senkung der

Spotmarktpreise

Aber zusätzliche Kosten durch

Mechanismen

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

DE NL BE FR

Kapazität

Durchschnittliche Preisänderung am Spotmarkt

30 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Ausblick

Weitere Analysen und Modellanpassungen notwendig

Manche Effekte möglicherweise überschätzt (Investitionen in

Frankreich)

Räumliche Auflösung erhöhen: Schweiz sowie Italien integrieren,

aufgrund hoher Kuppelkapazitäten (CH->DE 5,7 GW in 2030 (NEP

2016))

Speicher und DSM in allen modellierten Ländern abbilden

Methodik und Ergebnisse der französischen Kapazitätsobligationen

validieren anhand langfristiger Marktergebnisse

Investitionsmethodik/Preis-Forecast anpassen, um

grenzüberschreitende Wechselwirkungen bei den Investitionen besser

zu berücksichtigen

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

31 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Modellergebnisse

Aus der Marktsimulation

Spotmarktpreise aus Gleichgewicht zwischen Angebot und Nachfrage

Emissionen

Aus dem Investitionsmodul

Entwicklung von Kapazitäten, CO2-Emissionen, Strompreisen

Kapazitäten werden zeitverzögert auf dem Spotmarkt angeboten

Fragestellungen

Marktmachtanalyse

Marktdesignanalyse

Unsicherheiten

Bietstrategien

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

32 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Modellaufbau PowerACE

Kraftwerks-

betreiber

Stromverkäufer

Kraftwerke

Investitions-

planer

Lastprofile

Netzbetreiber

EE Lastprofile

Gebot

Ergebnisse

Nachfrage

Nachfrage Strom-

käufer

Spotmarkt

Terminmarkt

Reservemarkt

Angebot

Kapazitätsmarkt

EVU

Nachfrage

Nachfrage

Erlöse

Strom-

käufer

Regulator

Gebot

Nachfrage

Kraftwerks-

neubauten

Kapazitätszahlungen

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

33 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Modellstruktur - Marktsimulation

EnergieversorgungsunternehmenÜberregionale EVU

Regionale und Industrielle Betreiber

aggregiert

InformationPreisdaten, verfügbare Kraftwerke,

Strompreisprognosen

AufgabeVerkauf der Kapazitäten auf den

Märkten

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

34 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Modellierung des dezentraler Kapazitätsmarkts

Aufteilung der Nachfrageagenten in 3 Gruppen (risikoavers, -neutral, -freudig)

Gebotserstellung der Nachfrageagenten und Lerneffekte:

Prognosepreis entspricht dem CONE einer Gasturbine

Jeder Nachfrageagent hat einen persönlichen Risikofaktor, der die

Risikoeinstellung ausdrückt

Überwiegender Teil der Nachfrage ist risikoneutral

Anzahl der Jahre ohne Triggerereignis (Knappheit) senkt die Bereitschaft,

Zertifikate zu beschaffen und damit den Gebotspreis

)*( rohneTriggeJahreLernfaktororRisikofakteisPrognoseprsGebotsprei

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

35 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Stärken der Modellierung

Agentenbasiertes Modell PowerACE ermöglicht …

Abbildung der Akteursperspektive:

Kraftwerksinvestitionsentscheidungen mittels erwarteter

Zahlungsströme und Kapitalwertansatz - kein „Perfect-Foresight“

Stilllegung unwirtschaftlicher Kraftwerke

Nachfrageunterdeckung möglich bei zu geringen Investitionen

Ex-post-Analysen: Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung für einzelne Kraftwerke

Analyse von Wechselwirkungen zwischen Marktsegmenten

Neue Märkte und Akteuren sind modular integrierbar

Einsatz von abschaltbaren und verschiebbaren Lasten

Demand-Side-Management (DSM)

Kraftwerksbetreiber bieten zum Teil oberhalb von variablen Kosten (Peak-

load-pricing/Markup)

Durch geringere Rechenzeiten hohe zeitliche Auflösung möglich

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

36 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Aktuelle Modellweiterentwicklungen

Anbindung weiterer Länder (Frankreich, Benelux, Schweiz,

Italien,…)

Entwicklung eines gesamteuropäischen Modells

Implementierung weiterer Kapazitätsmechanismen

Abbildung einer elastischen Nachfrage

Implementierung der Regelenergiemärkte

Implementierung eines Intradaymarkts

Endogene Abbildung von erneuerbaren Energien

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

37 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Grenzen der Modellierung

Unsicherheiten der Modellrechnungen in PowerACE:

Datengrundlagen, insbesondere für zukünftige Jahre, unterliegen

Unsicherheiten bspw. Brennstoffpreisentwicklung oder DSM-

Verfügbarkeiten

Neue Marktsegmente (wie dezentraler Kapazitätsmarkt) erfordern

Annahmen, die sich derzeit noch nicht validieren lassen

Unterstelltes Akteursverhalten ist unsicher, ihre Investitionsentscheidungen

beruhen auf wissenschaftlich fundierten Methoden, wobei bspw. die

Risikoneigung nicht bekannt ist

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

38 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Anwendungen

Marktdesignanalyse

Merit-Order-Effekt durch Einsatz erneuerbarer Energien

Analyse dezentraler Energiesysteme mit regionaler

Marktstruktur

Analyse von Versorgungssicherheit auf Kapazitätsebene

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

39 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Modellergebnisse

Aus der Marktsimulation

Spotmarktpreise aus Gleichgewicht zwischen Angebot und Nachfrage

Emissionen

Aus dem Investitionsmodul

Entwicklung von Kapazitäten, CO2-Emissionen, Strompreisen

Kapazitäten werden zeitverzögert auf dem Spotmarkt angeboten

Fragestellungen

Marktmachtanalyse

Marktdesignanalyse

Unsicherheiten

Bietstrategien

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

40 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Stärken der Modellierung

Agentenbasiertes Modell PowerACE ermöglicht …

Abbildung der Akteursperspektive:

Kraftwerksinvestitionsentscheidungen mittels erwarteter

Zahlungsströme und Kapitalwertansatz - kein „Perfect-Foresight“

Stilllegung unwirtschaftlicher Kraftwerke

Nachfrageunterdeckung möglich bei zu geringen Investitionen

Ex-post-Analysen: Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung für einzelne Kraftwerke

Analyse von Wechselwirkungen zwischen Marktsegmenten

Neue Märkte und Akteuren sind modular integrierbar

Einsatz von abschaltbaren und verschiebbaren Lasten

Demand-Side-Management (DSM)

Kraftwerksbetreiber bieten zum Teil oberhalb von variablen Kosten (Peak-

load-pricing/Markup)

Durch geringere Rechenzeiten hohe zeitliche Auflösung möglich

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

41 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Grenzen der Modellierung

Unsicherheiten der Modellrechnungen in PowerACE:

Datengrundlagen, insbesondere für zukünftige Jahre, unterliegen

Unsicherheiten bspw. Brennstoffpreisentwicklung oder DSM-

Verfügbarkeiten

Neue Marktsegmente (wie dezentraler Kapazitätsmarkt) erfordern

Annahmen, die sich derzeit noch nicht validieren lassen

Unterstelltes Akteursverhalten ist unsicher, ihre Investitionsentscheidungen

beruhen auf wissenschaftlich fundierten Methoden, wobei bspw. die

Risikoneigung nicht bekannt ist

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

42 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Modellergebnisse

Aus der Marktsimulation

Spotmarktpreise aus Gleichgewicht zwischen Angebot und Nachfrage

Emissionen

Aus dem Investitionsmodul

Entwicklung von Kapazitäten, CO2-Emissionen, Strompreisen

Kapazitäten werden zeitverzögert auf dem Spotmarkt angeboten

Fragestellungen

Marktmachtanalyse

Marktdesignanalyse

Unsicherheiten

Bietstrategien

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

43 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Zielfunktion: Maximierung der Wohlfahrt aller verbundenen Märkte

max𝑞𝑖

𝑚∈ℳ

𝑑∈𝒟𝑚

𝑃𝑑𝑄𝑑𝑞𝑑 −

𝑠∈𝒮𝑚

𝑃𝑠𝑄𝑠𝑞𝑠

unter den Nebenbedingungen

0 ≤ 𝑞𝑑 ≤ 1 ∀𝑑 ∈ 𝒟𝑚, 0 ≤ 𝑞𝑠 ≤ 1 ∀𝑠 ∈ 𝒮𝑚

𝑑∈𝒟𝑚

𝑄𝑑𝑞𝑑 −

𝑠∈𝒮𝑚

𝑄𝑠𝑞𝑠 +

𝑚′∈ℳ′

𝑄𝑚→𝑚′𝑒𝑥 −

𝑚′∈ℳ′

𝑄𝑚′→𝑚𝑒𝑥 = 0 ∀𝑚 ∈ ℳ

𝑄𝑚1→𝑚2𝑒𝑥 ≤ 𝑄𝑚1→𝑚2

𝑒𝑥,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∀𝑚1,𝑚2 ∈ ℳ

Durchführung in jedem Zeitschritt

Bestimmung von Sensitivitäten der Marktkopplung

ohne Marktkopplung (isolierter Fall)

unlimitierte Übertragungskapazitäten (vgl. ELIX - European Electricity Index)

Marktkopplung – Formale Beschreibung

Entscheidungsvariablen

𝑞𝑖 Annahmerate Gebot i

𝑄𝑚1→𝑚2𝑒𝑥 Fluss von Knoten

(Marktgebiet) 𝑚1 zu Knoten

(Marktgebiet) 𝑚2 [MWh]

Parameter

𝑃𝑖 Preis Gebot i [EUR/MWh]

𝑄𝑖 Menge Gebot i [MWh]

𝑄𝑚1→𝑚2𝑚𝑎𝑥 maximaler Fluss von Knoten

(Marktgebiet) 𝑚1 zu Knoten

(Marktgebiet) 𝑚2 [MWh]

Indizes/Exponenten

𝑚 Marktgebiet

𝑑 Nachfragegebot

𝑠 Verkaufsgebot

𝑒𝑥 Austausch

Mengen

ℳ Marktgebiete

ℳ′ verbundene Marktgebiete

𝒟 Nachfragegebote

𝒮 Verkaufsgebote

Methodik

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

44 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Bietstrategien am Spotmarkt

Variable Kosten

Gebotspreis unter Berücksichtigung

von Anfahrkosten

, , ,1 , ,1 , , , ,, , , ,spot spot spot spot spot

i h i h i h i h S i h Sbid p q p q

2

fuel , j ,d fuel

var, j ,d other var, j CO , d fuel

j j

p EFc c p

,

var, , var, ,

,

, var, , var, ,

var, ,

max( , )startup j

j d h j d

u

startup j

j h j d h j d

s

j d

cc 0 p c j B

t

cp c p c j P

t

c sonst

, 1

,

0 ,

,

,

l

fix j l l l

fix j

h

h h

f sf b

markup c f b sf b

c sonst

Knappheitsabhängiger

Preisaufschlag zur Deckung

der fixen Kosten

,

toth

th h

Psf

dem

Indizes Parameter Variablen

i Agent, j Anlage, h Stunde,

S Stufe, k Gebot, d Tag, r reserviert

fuel Brennstoff

c Kosten, Einpreisefaktor, B Kraftwerke in Betrieb, P Anfahren erforderlich,

bi Schwelle, fi Fixkostenanteil, sf Knappheitsindikator, Wirkungsgrad,

EF Emissionsfaktor, tu Stunden ohne Einsatz , ts Stunden mit Einsatz, Reservefaktor ,

dem Nachfrage, P Leistung, av Verfügbarkeitsfaktor

p Preis, q Menge, x [0,1]-

gleichverteilte ZV

Knappheit

Gebot

, , , , ,

, ,max

0 sonst

net j d r j d j d j

j i

P P x avq

Angebotsmenge

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

45 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Entscheidungsregeln –

Investitionsentscheidungen

a,m h,a var,h

h

db max p c ,0

util

a,m m m cert ,ainvAdd K T BM p

n

a

0,m 0,m a,m fix,m a,m

a 1

C I db c invAdd (1 z )

0

*

*

maxa a 5a 5i imax

a

a 0,mi net ,m

demmax capacity capacity ,0

dem0.5 C 0

quantity P

0 sonst

Deckungsbeitrag pro

Kraftwerksoption m und Jahr a

Kapitalwert pro

Kraftwerksoption m

Investitionszuschuss pro Jahr

und Kraftwerk

Zubaumenge (m*) für Agent i in

Jahr a

Indizes Parameter Variablen

i Agent, m Technologieoption, h

Stunde, a Jahr, f fix, var variabelp Preis, c Kosten, EF Emissionsfaktor, Tm geschätzte Volllaststunden, z

Zinssatz, n Nutzungsdauer, K Kürzungsfaktor gemäß NAP, BM Benchmark

dem Nachfrage, Pnet Blockgröße

quantity Zubaumenge

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

46 25.06.2017 Research Group

‘Energy markets and energy systems analysis’

Überblick über PowerACE-Modell

Florian Zimmermann - The 40th IAEE International Conference, 18-21 June 2017,

Singapore

Methodischer Ansatz

agentenbasiertes Simulationsmodell für Stromgroßhandelsmärkte (z. B.

Genoese 2010)