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Agenda: Sept 22nd
• Review for Test (tomorrow)– Cell Structure and Function – Types of Cells– Cell’s molecules
• Measuring Very Small Volumes with a Micropipet – Basics– Prepare for Lab after test
Study for Cell Test!Tables
Inside the Cell
Cell Structure & Function
http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
Eurkaryotic Cell (Eukaryote)
Cell Video
Cell Theory
• All living things are made up of cells.
• Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.
• All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.
Links
• Animation: Center of the cell
• Centre of the Cell
• Cell Biology Animation
• cell structure
Definition of Cell
A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life
functions.
Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
Bacteria
Two Types of Cells
•Prokaryotic–Bacteria
•Eukaryotic–Animal–Plant–Yeast (fungus)
Prokaryotic
• Do not have structures surrounded by membranes
• Few internal structures
• One-celled organisms, Bacteria
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
Typical Bacterial Cell
Eukaryotic• Contain organelles surrounded by membranes• Most living organisms
Plant Animal
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
“Typical” Animal Cell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
“Typical” Plant Cell
Yeast Cell
Cell Parts
Organelles
Surrounding the Cell
Cell Membrane
• Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell
• Double layer
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cell Wall
• Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria
• Supports & protects cells
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Inside the Cell
Nucleus
• Directs cell activities
• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane
• Contains genetic material - DNA
Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus• Made of two layers• Openings allow
material to enter and leave nucleus
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chromosomes
• In nucleus• Made of DNA• Contain instructions
for traits & characteristics
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus• Contains RNA to build
proteins
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cytoplasm
• Gel-like mixture
• Surrounded by cell membrane
• Contains hereditary material
Endoplasmic Reticulum• Moves materials around
in cell• Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes• Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in surface
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Ribosomes
• Each cell contains thousands
• Make proteins• Found on
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) & floating throughout the cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Mitochondria
• Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Golgi Bodies
• Protein 'packaging plant'
• Move materials within the cell
• Move materials out of the cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Lysosome• Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
• Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal
• Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
• Contains water solution
• Help plants maintain shape
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chloroplast
• Usually found in plant cells
• Contains green chlorophyll
• Where photosynthesis takes place
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Structure Membrane-bound?
Plants, animals or both?
Function
Nucleus Yes Both Houses chromosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Yes Both Lipid synthesis
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Yes Both Protein synthesis
Golgi complex Yes Both Sorts contents from the ER and routes them to their appropriate locations
Lysosomes Yes Both Contain digestive enzymes that break down items that the cell doesn’t need
Central vacuole Yes Plants Storage of water and nutrients
Chloroplasts Yes Plants Photosynthesis
Mitochondria Yes Both Energy producer - ATPAerobic cellular respiration
Structure Membrane-bound?
Plants, animals or both?
Function
Cell membrane No Both Outer boundary of the cell
Ribosomes No Both Protein synthesis
Cytoplasm No Both Liquid portion of the cell
Cell wall No Plants A rigid layer on the surface of the cell membrane – Not the same structure as bacteria!
Flagella No Animals (MAYBE)
A “tail”
Cytoskeleton No Both A series of fibers that runs through the cell. Used to support the shape of the cell, for reproduction, and for tracks for other organelles to move along in the cell
Cilia No Only found on certain types of cells – not a standard structure
Microscopic “hairs” on the cell surface
Typical Animal Cell
Human Cell
Typical Plant Cell
Plant Cells
Yeast
Eukaryotic Cell
(Fungus)
Yeast reproduce by budding
Prokaryotic Cells: Required Structures
Structure Function
Cell (plasma) membrane Outer boundary of the cell
Nucleoid Area where single loop of DNA is located
Ribosomes Produces proteins
Cytoplasm Liquid portion of the cell
Bacteria- Some Optional StructuresStructure Function
Cell wall An extra layer (usually made of peptidoglycan) on the surface of the cell
Flagellum (a) A “tail”
Capsule A gooey layer of the surface of the cell
Pili Microscopic “hairs” on the bacterial cell surface
Plasmid An extra loop of DNA
Endospores Bacterial cells can convert themselves to spores as a survival strategy
Typical Bacterial Cell
Microscopic View of Bacteria
Genome Size
• The total genome size differ quite considerably in different organisms.
Organism Number of Chromosomes Genome size in base pairs
• Bacteria 1 ~400,000 - ~10,000,000
• Yeast 12 14,000,000• Worm 6 100,000,000• Fly 4 300,000,000• Weed 5 125,000,000• Human 23 3,000,000,000
OrganismThe number of predicted genes
Part of the genome that encodes proteins (exons)
E.Coli (bacteria) 5000 90%
Yeast 6000 70%
Worm 18,000 27%
Fly 14,000 20%
Weed 25,500 20%
Human 30,000 < 5%
Genes & % of DNA