Open Government in Law Enforcement: Assisting the

Publication of Crime Occurrences in RDF from Relational Data

Júlio Alcântara Tavares, Vasco Furtado, Henrique OliveiraUniversity of Fortaleza

November, 2011

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Agenda

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Context and Motivation

Assisting the mapping of crime relational data to RDF

The D2RCrime tool

Future Work

Conclusion

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Transparency

Underreporting more than 50% for thefts and robberies in big metropolis

Prevention through Access to information “Is here dangerous?” “Beware of pickpocketing”

Collaborative Crime Mapping

Motivation Difficulties to open crime data

WikiCrimes

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Prevention through Access to information

“Is here dangerous?” iPhone and Android

“Beware of pickpocketing” QR-Code

Receive email about a particular area

Stats about crime in the World

Safe route

Filter information by time, day, type, etc.

WikiCrimes Services

Semantic WikiCrimes

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Crime ReportProvenanceTrust and Reputation

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New trend in e-gov: Raw data on crime occurrence

Each police department to define its own way to open its data by creating intermediary representations (typically spreadsheets). Alternatively, they develop their own APIs. See http://www.atlantapd.org/crimedatadownloads.aspx in AtlantaSee http://sanfrancisco.crimespotting.org/api for San Francisco

Several proposals in the industry and academia for mapping RDB to RDF

Lack of a standard for crime representation

Open Crime Data

D2R Server

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Data on-demand (on-the-fly) No need for replications W3C working group - R2RML

D2R Server and D2RQ Mapping File

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Mapping File To express the mapping between an ontology and a RDB.

Uses the D2RQ language, (in N3).

Main structures: ClassMap PropertyBridge TranslationTable JavaClass

Steep learning curve !

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# TranslationTable generated to implement a mapping 1xN (1 Tabela x N Classes) map:TypeofCrimeBridge a d2rq:PropertyBridge;

d2rq:belongsToClassMap map:CrimeOccurrence;d2rq:uriColumn "tb_cri_crime.TCR_IDTYPE_CRIME";d2rq:translateWith map:TypeofCrimeTranslator;.

map:TypeofCrimeTranslator a d2rq:TranslationTable;

d2rq:translation [ d2rq:databaseValue "1"; d2rq:rdfValue wm:AttemptRobbery; ];d2rq:translation [ d2rq:databaseValue "2"; d2rq:rdfValue wm:AttemptTheft; ];d2rq:translation [ d2rq:databaseValue "3"; d2rq:rdfValue wm:Theft; ];d2rq:translation [ d2rq:databaseValue "4"; d2rq:rdfValue wm:Robbery; ];d2rq:translation [ d2rq:databaseValue "5"; d2rq:rdfValue wm:Murder; ];.

The Mapping File Example

The D2RCrime Tool Motivation

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Easy to use

SQL metaphor

To generate automatically the Mapping File

TARGET: The designer/DBA of Police Departments

Proposing a common representation

Crime and Crime Report ontology

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D2RCrimeThe Approach

CRIME ONTOLOGY

D2RCrimeThe Approach

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An interactive and iterative process that guides the automatic construction of the mapping file in D2RQ based on the metaphor of SQL

SQL is a declarative language widely known by DBAs and System Analysts.

The basic premise is that the mapping can be automatically done from questions to the DBA about how to define the tuples of a DB that describe a certain class (or property) in the Crime Ontology.

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1. Configuration of DB

2. Mapping of crime

occurrences based on the

Crime Ontology

3. Preview at Google Maps

D2RCrimeSteps to publish RDF crime data

Step 2 is executed for every class of the ontology

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D2RCrimeMapping Crime Occurrences

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D2RCrimeCorrespondence RDB2RDF

• Class Information• pmlp:hasPrettyString

ColumnOCCURRENCE_DESCRIPTION

• Class DateTimeDescription• time:hour, time:day, time:month, time:year

ColumnOCCURRENCE_DATE_TIME

• Class Point• wgs84_pos:lat, wgs84_pos:long

ColumnOCCURENCE_LATITUDE/

OCCURRENCE_LONGITUDE

• Class specialization• d2rq:translationTable

ColumnOCCURRENCE_TYPE

Finalization

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Research Challenges

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Integration official data to citizen-direct data Trust, reputation, credibility

Entity disambiguation / Identifiers Same Crime?

The meaning is the same (e.g. burglary, "roubo a residencia")

Is there a right level of granularity to use in the representation ?

Conclusion

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Open Crime Data is already there but not linked and not standardised.

To easy the work of “liberators”(of data) is necessary