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City Futures Research Centre
Age Friendly Cities Prof Bruce Judd, City Futures Research Centre
ACS State Conference, 2015
Photo: Martin Godwin, The Guardian http://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/feb/08/retailers-older-shoppers-study Photo: http://shrewsburyurc.co.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/
Overview
What is an age friendly city?
Where did the idea originate?
Why do we need age friendly cities?
Key elements of an age friendly city
Housing
Neighbourhoods
Transport infrastructure
How age friendly are Australian cities?
Implications for:
Policy makers
Design and planning practitioners
The housing industry
City Futures AHURI Funded Studies
Dwelling, Land and
Neighbourhood Use by
Older Home Owners
(2010) (Co-funded by DoHA)
With Diana Olsberg, Joanne
Quinn, Lucy Groenhart and
Oya Demirbilek
Downsizing Amongst
Older Australians
(2014)
With Edgar Liu, Hazel
Easthope, Laura Davy and
Catherine Bridge
“An age-friendly city encourages active
ageing by optimizing opportunities for
health, participation and security in order
to enhance quality of life as people age..” (WHO, 2007)
“In practical terms, an age-friendly city
adapts its structures and services to be
accessible to, and inclusive of, older
people with varying needs and
capacities.” (WHO, 2007)
“Age friendly communities are ones with
accessible town centres and facilities
which all contribute to maintaining social
connectedness for our ageing
population.” (Andrew Constance NSW Minister
for Ageing, 2012)
What is an Age Friendly City?
Age Friendly Cities Program (2007)
WHO Active Ageing Framework (2002)
International conference, Brazil (2005)
Alexandre Kalache & Louise Plouffe
Initial network of 33 participating cities
2 in Australia (Melville WA, Melbourne VIC)
Current Australian Members:
Boorondara (VIC, inner-east Melbourne)
Canberra (ACT)
Clarence (NSW, Grafton and region)
Lane Cove (NSW, lower north shore Sydney)
Melville (WA, suburban Perth)
Rockingham (WA, coastal regional)
Unley (SA , inner-south Adelaide)
Warnambool (VIC, western regional)
World Health Organisation Initiative
outdoor spaces and
buildings
transportation
housing
social participation
respect and social inclusion
civic participation and
employment
communication and
information; community
support and health services (WHO, 2007)
Aspects of Age Friendly Cities
Population ageing
Ageing in place
Housing types
Size
No of storeys
Affordability
Housing design
Accessibility
Maintenance
Housing Location
Community services
Social networks
Why do we need age friendly cities?
Neighbourhood design Accessibility
Participation
Safety
Security
Public transport Availability
Accessibility
Frequency
Convenience
Safety/security
Equity and Social inclusion
Health and wellbeing
Population Ageing
14.2
16.4
19.4
21.6 23.2
25.0
28.9
1.9 2.1 2.7 4.0
5.1 5.9
9.3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2012 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2100
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Year
65+
85+
Source: Productivity Commission 2013
Community Care & Ageing in Place
Initiative Focus
1985: HACC Program • Assistance in the home to reduce residential aged care
• Home modifications to enable ageing in place
1987:Community Options
Projects (COPs)
• More intensive home-based support
• Highly dependent people with complex care needs
• Available to people of all ages (majority 80+)
1992: Community Aged
Care Packages (CACP)
• Specifically for older people
• Tailored to individual needs (capped fees can apply)
1998: Extended Aged
Care at Home program
(EACH)
• For frail aged people
• Flexible high level care package with capped fees
1998: Extended Aged
Care at Home (Dementia)
Program (EACH-D)
• Older people with dementia with behaviours of concern
• High level of care for those capable of living at home
with assistance
2013: Home Care
Packages
• Living Longer Living Better aged care reforms
• Four levels of care replacing CACP, EACH & EACH-D
• From community care to high residential care
Importance of the Built Environment
“As the population ages, the suitability and affordability of
housing for older people will become increasingly
important for governments. …the degree to which ‘ageing
in place’ is an option for older people depends on the
suitability of the design features of their dwelling and the
neighbourhood, as well as the availability of services.”
(Major Cities Unit, State of Australian Cities, 2013)
Older People and Their Housing, 2011
Household Size: Private Dwellings (65+)
27.8
55.8
16.4
48.4
38.2
13.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 Person 2 Persons 3+ Persons
Perc
en
tag
e
No of Residents
65+
85+
Source: ABS Custom Tables, 2011 Census
65+
84% 1 or 2
residents
85+
87% 1 or 2
residents
Older People and Their Housing, 2011
Dwelling Structure (65+ and 85+)
Source: ABS Custom Tables, 2011 Census
70.9
9.1 9.6
2.1
8.3
50.4
10.3 10.9
0.5
27.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
SeparateHouse
Semi, Row,Terrace
Flat,Apartment
OtherDwelling
Non PrivateDwelling
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Dwelling Structure
65+
85+
Older People and Their Housing, 2011
Number of Bedrooms (65+ and 85+)
Source: ABS Custom Tables, 2011 Census
5.7
21.2
49.3
23.8
7.6
32.4
44.4
15.6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0-1 2 3 4+
Pe
rce
nta
ge
No of Bedrooms
65+
85+
65+
73% 3+
bedrooms
85+
60% 3+
bedrooms
Older People and Their Housing, 2011
Tenure (65+ and 85+)
Source: ABS Custom Tables, 2011 Census
67.3
9.1 4.8 6.9
3.1
8.9
48.5
3.8 4.0 3.5
12.3
27.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Owners Purchasers PublicRental
PrivateRental
Other NonPrivate
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Tenure
65+
85+
Housing Types
Lack of suitability of much of the existing and new housing stock
for ageing in place
Most older people’s homes are regarded as ‘underutilised’
according to the CNOS measure (84% in 2006)
Yet most older people (91%) regard the size of their house as
suitable for the needs of their household
30% have considered moving (Adair et al 2014, Productive Ageing Centre)
Only 18% of over 55s move within a five year period (ABS)
Half of these (9%) downsize into smaller dwellings
20% who downsize move into retirement villages
Most do so for lifestyle and maintenance reasons
The majority stay put
Why this disconnect?
Moving and Downsizing
Barriers to Downsizing (Judd et al 2014)
Type Barriers Policy Options
Dwelling &
Locational
Barriers
• Difficulty finding suitable (smaller),
affordable, accessible dwellings in
suitable locations (close to retail,
transport and other services)
• Age friendly planning &
urban design controls
• Mandated accessible
housing design
Financial
Barriers
• Cost associated with moving:
• Stamp duty
• Removalists fees
• Temporary accommodation
• Estate agent’s fees
• Impact on age pension eligibility
• Housing market fluctuations
• Stamp duty exemptions/
concessions (4 states) or
replacement with land tax
• Age pension assets test
exemption (2013/14 budget
• Older home owners grants
Psychological
& Practical
Barriers
• Emotional attachment to home
and neighbourhood
• Stress of preparation for sale
• Stress of moving
• Difficulty of sorting, packing
disposing of belongings
• More effective information,
advisory & assistance
services by government &
NGO providers
• Age-specific financial
advisors & removalists
National Policy Initiatives
Initiative Key Themes
1992: National Housing
Strategy
• Howe (1992) Housing for Older Australians:
Affordability, Adjustments and Care
• Housing preferences, mobility
1994: Australian Urban and
Regional Development
Review
• Increase housing choice
• Encouraging more efficient use of housing stock
2002: National Strategy for
an Ageing Australia
• Long-term, whole of government approach needed
• Independence and ageing in place, or moving to more
appropriate accommodation
2003: Prime Ministers
Science Engineering and
Innovation Council
• Healthy/positive ageing
• Need for technical innovation in housing,
neighbourhoods, transport and urban planning
2006: DoHA National
Speakers Series
• ‘A Community for All Ages’: Building the Future
• Need for age-friendly housing and communities
National Policy Initiatives
Initiative Key Themes
2009: National Rental
Affordability Scheme
• Affordable housing
• Accessibility for older people and those with
disabilities
2009: National Rental
Affordability Scheme
• Affordable housing
• Accessibility for older people and those with
disabilities
2009: National Dialogue on
Universal Housing Design
• Consultation with wide range of stakeholders
• Strategic Plan, aspiring to 100% of new housing
accessible by 2020
2010: Access to Premises –
Buildings Standards,
Disability Discrimination Act
• Includes Class 2 (flat/apartment) buildings
• Level access at building entrance
• Access to at least one floor of sole occupancy units
2012: Livable Housing
Design Guidelines (Livable
Housing Australia)
• Voluntary standards for housing with Silver, Gold and
Platinum level performance/accreditation
• Aim for 100% adoption at Silver level by 2020
NSW Policy Initiatives
Initiative Key Themes
1982: SEPP 5 (Housing for
Older People or People with
a Disability)
• Age restricted to 55+ or people with a disability
• Permitted in land zoned for urban purposes
• Set aside local planning controls
• Location and accessible design requirements
2004: SEPP (Seniors
Living)
• Replaced SEPP5: Balancing growing demand with
maintaining neighbourhood character
2007: SEPP (Housing for
Seniors or People with
Disabilities)
• Amendment to SEPP (Seniors Living)
• Site compatibility certificates required
• Moratorium lifted on land adjoining ‘urban’ zone
2008: Landcom Universal
Housing Design Guidelines
• Universal Housing Design Guidelines
• Planning for all Ages in Built Form Guidelines
2011-2012: Stamp Duty
Exemptions for Seniors
• 55 years and over
• New home purchases only
• Up to a value of $600,000
2012: NSW Ageing Strategy • Greater housing choice & monitoring supply
• Grants to assist moving/downsizing to new dwellings
Peak Body Initiatives
Organisation Initiative
2002: Australian Network
for Universal Housing
Design (ANUHD)
• Top 10 Housing Universal Design Features
• Now advocates mandated Livable Housing
Guidelines to Gold level in the BCA
2012: COTA WA (with WA
Dept. of Commerce)
• Seniors Housing Centre
• Your Home Guide to housing options
• Information/seminars on housing options incl.
downsizing
2013: COTA NSW (with
NSW Government)
• Liveable Communities Project
• Creating Age Friendly Communities Workshops
• 23 NSW Councils assisted
Neigbourhood Participation National Survey of 1604 older people (Judd et al, 2010)
Frequency of Participation National Survey of 1604 older people (Judd et al, 2010)
7.6
10.2
42.1
50.4
50.9
55.8
56.7
64.1
68.1
79.2
94.9
92.4
89.8
57.9
49.6
49.1
44.2
43.3
35.9
31.9
20.8
5.1
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
Medical/Health Appointments
Theatre/Cultural Activities
Dining Out
Educational Courses
Friends/Family Visit You
Community/Social Clubs
Volunteering Activities
Visiting Family/Friends
Religious Services/Activities
Sport/Recreation
Shopping/Banking/Retail
Percentage
Ac
tivit
y T
yp
e
Monthly-Yearly
Daily-Weekly
Barriers to Participation
Paths of travel
Absent
Discontinuous
Poorly maintained
Overgrown
Lack of road crossings
Poor lighting at night
Public access to buildings
Stairs
Lack of ramps
Lack of handrails
Lack of seating
Barriers to Participation
Street Furniture & Fixtures
Lack of seating
Lack of shelter
Lack of public toilets
Poor maintenance
Public open space
Inadequate/poor provision
Poor design
Lack of paving
Lack of seating
Lack of shelter
Lack of public toilets
Age Friendly Community Initiatives
Organisation Initiative
2004: National Heart
Foundation
• Healthy by Design publication in collaboration with
Planning Institute of Australia
• Guidelines for healthy planning
2004: Seniors Living Policy
Urban Design Guidelines for
Infill Development
• Companion to SEPP (Seniors Living) by UDAS
• Contextual fit, site planning/design, impacts on
streetscape, neighbours, internal site amenity
2006: Australian Local
Government Assn. (ALGA)
• Age-friendly Built Environments publication
• Best practice examples and case studies
2006: DoHA National
Speakers Series
• ‘A Community for All Ages’: Building the Future
• Need for age-friendly housing and communities
2008:Planning Institute of
Australia
• Healthy Spaces & Places: Towards a National
Planning Guide
• Guidelines for healthy planning for all ages
2009: National Heart
Foundation ALGA & PIA
• Healthy Spaces & Places
• Active/healthy living urban planning/design guidelines
Age Friendly Community Initiatives
Organisation Initiative
2012: Local Government
Assn. of NSW (ALGA)
• Promotion of inclusive and accessible communities
• Age Friendly Community Grant Scheme (funded by
the Office of Ageing, FACS)
2012: NSW Ageing Strategy • Age-friendly local communities grants to councils
2012: Local Government
Assn. of NSW (ALGA)
• Promotion of inclusive and accessible communities
• Age Friendly Community Grant Scheme (funded by
the Office of Ageing, FACS)
2013: COTA NSW (with
NSW Government)
• Liveable Communities Project
• Creating Age Friendly Communities Workshops
• 23 NSW Councils assisted
2013: Advisory Note on
Streetscape, Public Outdoor
Areas, Fixtures, Fittings and
Furniture
• Human Rights Commission initiative
• Response to industry requests regarding obligations
under the Disability Discrimination Act
• Outdoor areas not covered by Access to Premises
Gunnedah Town Centre
Photos: Bruce Judd
A Central NSW Town Centre
Photos: Bruce Judd
Barriers to Participation
Transport Infrastructure
Poor provision or quality of service
(irregular/unreliable)
Waiting/transfer times, queues and
crowding
Confusing timetables and bus routes
Distance or steep topography to public
transport nodes
Lack of seating & shelter
Stair only access to stations and buses
Crime/safety concerns at transport nodes
Lower-income outer-suburban and
some regional towns usually worse
Public Transport Policy Initiatives
Initiative Key Features
2002: Disability Standards
for Public Transport (Disabil-
ity Discrimination Act 1992
• Rolled out over 30 years
• Targets in 2007, 2012, 2017 and 2022
• Covers both access, premises and vehicles
2007: Five Year Review of
Disability Standards for
Public Transport (published
2009)
• Lack of data to assess compliance
• Complaints based reporting
• Uneven improvements in accessibility
• Lack of whole of journey accessibility
• Lack of reliability of accessible transport services
• Exclusion of community bus services
2012: Ten Year Review of
Disability Standards for
Public Transport (published
2014)
• Report currently under consultation
• Only 3 of the 9 recommendations of the 2007 review
had been met
• Found majority of 2012 targets had been met
• Recommends national reporting on compliance
• Concerns raised about complaints process
• Recommends whole of journey accessibility guidelines
• Wheelchair accessible taxi compliancy by 2016
Housing
Livable Housing Guidelines need to be mandated as unlikely to
meet voluntary targets (Bringolf 2012, Ward 2013)
Greater Innovation needed in the housing industry to provide the
housing types older people will want to move/downsize into
Inclusive rather than age-specific housing emphasis
Neighbourhoods
Planning and development controls to encourage housing types
suitable for older people close to amenities and services
Need for National or State inclusive urban design guidelines
Transport
Review the slow roll-out of disability standards for public
transport as unlikely to keep pace with population ageing
Improve whole of journey accessibility
Where to From Here?
References Adair, T., Williams, R. and Menyen, T. (2014) Downsizing decisions of senior Australians: What are
the motivating and discouraging factors? Melbourne: National Seniors Productive Ageing Centre
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2012) 2011 Census of Population and Housing, customised
tables, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra.
Australian Treasury (2002) Intergenerational Report 2002-03 (Budget Paper No. 5), Canberra.
Bringolf, J. (2012) Barriers to Universal Design: Why they exist and how they might be resolved, PHD
Thesis, University of Western Sydney.
Judd, B., Olsberg, D., Quinn, J., Groenhart, L. and Demirbilek, O. (2010) Dwelling, Land and
Neighbourhood Use by Older Home Owners (Final Report), Australian Housing and Urban
Research Institute, Melbourne.
Judd, B., Liu, E., Easthope, H., Davy, L. and Bridge, C. (2014) Downsizing Amongst Older Australians
(Final Report No 214), Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, Melbourne. Major Cities
Unit (2013) State of Australian Cities 2013, Canberra: Department of Infrastructure and Transport.
Major Cities Unit (2013) State of Australian Cities 2013, Canberra: Department of Infrastructure and
Transport.
Productivity Commission (2013) An Ageing Australia: Preparing the Future (Research Paper),
Canberra.
Ward, M. (2013) Inclusive Housing in Australia: A Question of Responsibility and Distributive Justice,
PhD Thesis, School of Design, Creative Industries Faculty, Brisbane: Queensland University of
Technology.
World Health Organisation (2007) Global Age Friendly Cities: A Guide. Geneva, WHO Press.