Against History, Against Leviathan

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    M

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    L

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    !N

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    !!

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    !E

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    !J

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    W/00')+%&/..%(436(..:%6#'()3*%(#$%$'4/1*')%3(9.'3+%&*/4*%+*'$%./0*3%,#%+,7'%,5%3*'%5/)+3%7,7'#3+%,5%/71')+,#(.%/#+3/363/,#+;

    A*'%3(9.'3+%()'%/#%267')/(#P%(%.(#06(0'%3*(3%7(:%*(B'%,)/0/#(3'%/#%F'#3)(.%"+/(;%A*'%(63*,)+%()'%3*'%5/)+3%./3')(3'%7'#;%A*'%B/..(0'+%&*')'%3*':%./B'%()'%4(..'$%D)'4*P%k)P%D)/$6P%a(0(+*;%A*'%B/..(0'+%()'%.,4(3'$%/#%3*'%B(..':%9'3&''#%3*'%A/0)/+%(#$%D61*)(3'+

    )/B')+;%A*'%1.(4'%&/..%4(..'$%(%S')3/.'%F)'+4'#3%(0'+%.(3')P%3,%'b1.(/#%&*:%$,#-':+%*(B'%3(/.+;

    A*'%5/)+3%3(9.'3+%$,#j3%+1'(-%,5%3*'%1.(4'%+,%5(B,)(9.:;%A*':%$'+4)/9'%/3%(+%(%*'../+*%1.(4'%(#$%7(-'%,#'%&,#$')%&*:%3*,+'%1',1.'%+3(:%3*')';%A*':%()'%+'3%,#%5()7/#0%/#%(%U6#0.';%A*'%)/B')+%5.,,$%:'().:P%5')3/./Z'%3*'%B(..':%(#$%36)#%/3%/#3,%(%+&(71;

    8,7'#%1.(#3%+''$+;%^#'%:'()%3*'%5.,,$%/+%+,%B/,.'#3%/3%4())/'+%,55%3*'%4),1%(+%&'..%(+3*'%*,6+'+;%A*'%5,..,&/#0%:'()%3*')'j+%#,3%'#,60*%&(3')P%(#$%3*'%1.(#3+%$):%61%(#$%

    $/'%/#%3*'%96)#/#0%*'(3%,5%3*'%+6#;

    26)'.:%3*'%B/..(0')+%76+3%+3()3%3*/#-/#0%,5%)'36)#/#0%3,%3*'%7,)'%5(B,)(9.'%4,#$/3/,#+%,5%F'#3)(.%"+/(P%&*')'%3*':%$/$%#,3%*(B'%3,%+1'#$%+,%764*%3/7'%(#$%'#')0:%,#%7')'%+6)B/B(.P%&*')'%3*':%*($%3/7'%5,)%7,)'%'#U,:(9.'%(43/B/3/'+;

    C63%3*':%()'%3'#(4/,6+;%A*'%0)(#$7,3*')+%4(..%3*'%,.$%7'#%3,%(%4,6#4/.;%A*'+'%7'#%*(B'%9''#%$)'(7/#0;%A*'%&,7'#%6)0'%3*'%7'#%3,%$)'(7%,5%(%$'1'#$(9.'%&(3')%+611.:P%#'/3*')%3,,%./33.'%#,)%3,,%764*;

    A*'%7'#%()'%6#$,693'$.:%,55'#$'$%(3%9'/#0%4(..'$%(&(:%5),7%3*'/)%7'#3(.%3)(#+1,)3+%5,)%3*'%+(-'%,5%+64*%3)/B/(;%A*':%1),9(9.:%*(B'%3,%9'%4(..'$%3,%(%+'4,#$%4,6#4/.%(#$%3*'#%(%3*/)$P%3*/+%.(+3%$6)/#0%(%5(7/#';

    A*'%,.$%7'#%+.600/+*.:%)'+1,#$;%A*':%7(:%*(B'%+''#%*,&%9'(B')+%(++6)'%

    E!

  • 8/7/2019 Against History, Against Leviathan

    22/302

    3*'7+'.B'+%,5%(%$'1'#$(9.'%&(3')%+611.:;%A*':%$)'(7;%A*':%+''%3*(3%&*(3%/+%#''$'$%/+%(%$(7P%4(#(.+%(#$%$)(/#(0'%$/34*'+;%C63%&*,%/+%3,%96/.$%3*'+'V%F')3(/#.:%#,3%3*'%,.$%7'#;%A*':%()'%#,3%9'(B')+;%A*':%4(..%3*'%:,6#0%7'#%3,0'3*')%(#$%'b1.(/#%3*'%$)'(7;

    A*'%:,6#0%7'#%*(B'%9''#%$,/#0%#,3*/#0%(3%(..P%+,%3*':%()'%'(0')%3,%+*,&%3*'7+'.B'+%&/../#0%(#$%0'#'),6+%0/B')+;

    C63%#,%,#'%-#,&+%*,&%3,%1),4''$;%A*'%,.$%7'#%7(:%,)%7(:%#,3%$)'(7%61%3*'%1.(#+P%963%3*':%4')3(/#.:%$,%#,3%+61')B/+'%3*'%(436(.%$,/#0;%A*':%4*,,+'%(%+3),#0%:,6#0%7(#P%(%a60(._%3*':%3'..%*/7%3,%0,%.,,-%(3%9'(B')+;%A*'%,.$%7'#%3*'#%)'36)#%3,%3*'/)%7,)'%/71,)3(#3%1*/.,+,1*/4(.%'#$'(B,)+;

    A*'%a60(.P%&*/4*%7'(#+%+3),#0%7(#%/#%267')/(#P%7(:%,)%7(:%#,3%.'()#%5),7%3*'%9'(B')+P%(#$%*'%7(:%,)%7(:%#,3%$,%3*'%1.(##/#0;%@'%4')3(/#.:%$,'+%3*'%+61')B/+/#0;%8(+#j3%*'%$'+/0#(3'$%9:%3*'%'.$')+V

    8*'#%3*'%$/34*'+%(#$%4(#(.+%()'%$60P%3*'%a60(.%)'36)#+%(7,#0%*/+%1'')+P%1),6$%963%#,3%:'3%*(60*3:;%c,3*/#0%*(+%4*(#0'$%:'3;%264*%4,,1')(3/B'%B'#36)'+%&')'%/#5)'f6'#3%963%#,3%6#4,77,#%/#%4,776#/3/'+%,5%-/#;

    C63%3*/+%/+%D)'4*P%(%1.(4'%&*')'%3*'%0,$+%,9B/,6+.:%$,#j3%&(#3%1',1.'%3,%./B';%"%+/#0.'%5.,,$%4())/'+%3*'%&*,.'%&,)-+%/#3,%3*'%+'(;%A*'%&,7'#%4(..%3*'%,.$%7'#%3,%(#,3*')%4,6#4/.;%A*/+%3/7'%3*'%'.$')+%4*,,+'%(%:'3%+3),#0')%:,6#0%7(#%(#$%6)0'%*/7%3,%+36$:%3*'%9'(B')+%7,)'%4,#+4/'#3/,6+.:%,)%$)'(7%7,)'%1),5,6#$.:;%"#$%3*/+%3/7'%

    3*'%9(#-+%(#$%$/-'+%*,.$P%(3%.'(+3%/#/3/(..:;

    C63%D)'4*%)'7(/#+%(%7(3')/(..:%&)'34*'$%1.(4'P%(#$%9'5,)'%.,#0%3*'%9(#-+%9'0/#%3,%4)679.';%A*'%'b1')/'#4'$%a60(.%/+%4(..'$%3,%)'1(/)%3*'%9(#-+%(#$%$/-'+;%A*'%a60(.%(#$%*/+%4,6+/#+%4,71.(/#%3*(3%3*':%+*,6.$%*(B'%4(..'$%(%7,,#%+,,#')P%&*'#%3*'%9(#-+%&')'%+3/..%)'1(/)(9.'_%#,&%3*':%*(B'%3,%96/.$%3*'%'#3/)'%&,)-+;%A*/+%*(11'#+%3&/4'P%(3%7,+3%3*)''%3/7'+%9'5,)'%3*'%a60(.%/#+/+3+%,#%*(B/#0%(%+'(3%/#%3*'%4,6#4/.%'.$')+P%+,%(+%3,%*(B'%(%+(:%/#%4*,,+/#0%3*'%3/7'%3,%)'1(/)%$/-'+;

    21)/#0+%1(++%(#$%&/#3')+%1(++P%5/..'$%&/3*%5'(+3+P%5'+3/B(.+P%$(#4'+%(#$%0(7'+;

    A*'%'.$')+%,5%k)P%(#$%'B'#%3*,+'%,5%a(0(+*P%$'+/0#(3'%a60(.+%3,%0,%+36$:%3*'%/))/0(3/,#%&,)-+%,5%D)'4*;

    ^#'%'.$')%,5%D)'4*%(#$%3*'#%(#,3*')%$/'%,5%,.$%(0'_%3*':%()'%)'1.(4'$%,#%3*'%4,6#4/.%

    EE

  • 8/7/2019 Against History, Against Leviathan

    23/302

    9:%#'&4,7')+;

    C:%#,&%3*'%a60(.%/+%(%7,)'%'b1')/'#4'$%'.$')%3*(#%3*'%#'&4,7')+P%(#$%*'%'b1)'++'+%*/7+'.5%(9,63%,3*')%3*/#0+%3*(#%$/-'+;%@'%9'4,7'+%*(60*3:P%(#$%*/+%4,6+/#+%+3(#$%9'*/#$%*/7;%@'%(#$%3*':P%(53')%(..P%()'%3*'%,#'+%&*,%1),B/$'%D)'4*%&/3*%(%$'1'#$(9.'%&(3')%+611.:;%A*'%a60(.%'B'#%$()'+%3,%3'..%(#%,.$%0)(#$7,3*')%&*')'%#,3%3,%1.(#3%*')%+''$+;

    ^#'%$(:%3*'%a60(.%/+%5,6#$%$'($P%76)$')'$%9:%(%$'/3:P%(%$'/3:%-#,%3,%9'%/#%4.,+'%4,#3(43%&/3*%3*'%/#+6.3'$%0)(#$7,3*');%"%#'&%a60(.%/+%4*,+'#P%(%.'++%*(60*3:%,#'P%(#$%3*'%'.$')+%()'%7,)'%4()'56.%3,%-''1%*/7%,63%,5%3*'/)%4,6#4/.;

    A*')'%/+%#,%1,+/3/B'%'B/$'#4'%5,)%(#:%,5%3*/+;%A*'%5(43%/+%3*(3%3*'%267')/(#%3(9.'3+%7:+3')/,6+.:%+/.'#3%(9,63%3*'%$''$+%,5%3*'%&,7'#%(#$%'.$')+%(3%3*'%3/7'%,5%3*'%5/)+3%a60(.+;%"#$%(+%3/7'%0,'+%,#P%3*'%3(9.'3e+4)/9'+%*'.1%1',1.'%5,)0'3%3*(3%267')/(#%&,7'#%&')'%/71,)3(#3P%3*(3%'.$')+%,#4'%+(3%/#%4,6#4/.P%3*(3%3*')'%&(+%(0'%9'5,)'%

    3*'%5/)+3%a60(.;

    ?%?%?

    C63%Rj..%)'36)#%3,%7:%+3,):;

    A*'%1',1.'%,5%k)%(#$%3*,+'%,5%a(0(+*%*(B'%4,71.'3'$%3*'/)%&(3')%&,)-+;%A*'+'%0),&%7,)'%'b3'#+/B'%'B'):%:'();

    ^#'%:'()%3*'%$)(/#(0'%$/34*'+%,5%a(0(+*%,B')5.,&%/#3,%k)j+%4(#(.+P%5.,,$/#0%(#$%)6/#/#0%k)j+%&,)-+;

    A*/+%+,%/#56)/(3'+%3*'%a60(.%,5%k)P%4(..'$%k).60(.P%3*(3%*'%.'($+%*/+%+1'()e()7'$%4,6+/#+%(0(/#+3%3*,+'%,5%a(0(+*;%A*'%'#)(0'$%:,63*%,5%k)%$'+3),:%3*'/)%#'/0*9,)+j%&(3')%&,)-+%(#$%16)+6'%5.''/#0%a(0(+*%1',1.'%3,%3*'%$'+')3;%R#%3*'/)%)(0'%3*':%76)$')%+'B')(.%5,)'/0#')+P%$'+')3%#,7($+%&*,+'%1(3*+%3*':%4),++;

    8*'#%(3%.(+3%3*'%9'+/'0'$%a(0(+*/(#+%9'0%5,)%(#%'#$%3,%3*'%B/,.'#4'P%3*'%B/43,)+P%

    k).60(.%(3%3*'/)%*'($P%/71,+'%(%5/'#$/+*.:%*'(B:%96)$'#%,#%3*'%$'5'(3'$;%A*'%7(#%,5%k)%$'7(#$+%)'1()(3/,#+%5),7%3*'%a(0(+*/(#+P%&*,%()'%3,%)'96/.$%3*'/)%,%&(3')&,)-+%(#$%3*,+'%,5%k)%(+%&'..;%a(0(+*/(#+%6#&/../#0%,)%6#(9.'%3,%+611,)3%+64*%(%96)$'#%()'%/#B/3'$%3,%9)/#0%.()0'%0/53+%3,%3*'%7(#%,5%k)P%(3%+1'4/5/'$%1')/,$+;

    k).60(.%/+%$'3')7/#'$%3,%-''1%3)(4-%,5%(..%3*'%3)/963'%0/53+%,&'$%3,%*/7P%5,)%*'j+%(+%

    EI

  • 8/7/2019 Against History, Against Leviathan

    24/302

    3'#(4/,6+%(+%3*,+'%(#4'+3,)+%,5%*/+%&*,%$/$%#,3%(9(#$,#%3*'%S')3/.'%F)'+4'#3;%A,%-''1%3)(4-%,5%3*'%0/53+%(#$%0/B')+P%*'%+'#$+%,#'%,)%3&,%,5%*/+%4,6+/#+%3,%D)'4*%3+36$:%3*'%7()-+%+,7'%,5%D)'4*.60(.j+%7'#%*(B'%9''#%7(-/#0%,#%4.(:%3(9.'3+%3,%-''1%3)(4-%,5%3*'%9'+3%3/7'+%3,%)'1(/)%$/-'+;%k).60(.j+%7'#%+,,#%7(-'%4.(:%3(9.'3+%,5%3*'/)%,P%(#$%,#3,%3*'+'%3(9.'3+%3*':%4*/+'.%&'$0'e+*(1'$%7()-+%3,%+/0#/5:%3*'%#(7'+%,5%3*,+'%/#%a(0(+*%&*,%+3/..%,&'%3)/963'%0/53+P%(#$%3*'%(7,6#3+;

    "..%3*'+'%'B'#3+%$,%#,3%*(11'#%&/3*/#%(%+/#0.'%k).60(.j+%./5'3/7';%k).60(.%/+%,#.:%,#'%,5%3*'%#(7'+%,5%k)j+%a60(.+;%A*'%267')/(#+%*(B'%*6#$)'$+P%1')*(1+%3*,6+(#$+%,5%a60(.+PP%(#$%3*'%+4)/9'+%/#B'#3%:'3%7,)'%#(7'+%,5%a60(.+%3,%5/..%3*'%3/7'%9'3&''#%3*'7+'.B'+%(#$%3*'%5/)+3%$(%S,)%3*'%267')/(#+P%3*'%/#3')B(.%9'3&''#%3*'7+'.B'+%(#$%3*'%C'0/##/#0%/+%#,3%(+%9)/'5%(+%/3%&/..%.(3')%9'4,7'%5,)%F*)/+3/(#+;%A*'%3'#(4/,6267')/(#+%)'4-,#%/#%7/../,#+;

    R%.(34*'$%,#%3,%k).60(.%9'4(6+'%,5%*/+%3'../#0%#(7'P%+,%Rj..%+3/4-%&/3*%*/7;%@'j%+34,..'43/#0%3)/963'%5),7%a(0(+*;%@/+%#'1*'&+%()'%+3/..%*(B/#0%(%9(..%+61')B/+/#0%3*'%

    4(#(.%&,)-%,5%3*'/)%#'/0*9,)+%/#+3'($%,5%$,/#0%/3%3*'7+'.B'+;

    c,&%(.()7/#0%#'&+%())/B'+;%2,7'%,5%k).60(.j+%4,6+/#+%&'#3%*6#3/#0P%1')*(1+%/#%3*'%5,)'+3+%,5%a'9(#,#;%^#'%,5%3*'7%)'36)#+P%&/3*%9()'.:%'#,60*%./5'%/#%*/7%3,%3'..%3*'%3(.';%A*'%*6#3')+%&')'%(33(4-'$%9:%+1'()e()7'$%#,7($+_%(..%&')'%-/..'$%963%3*'%3'..');%A*'%(33(4-')+%()'%1),9(9.:%-/#%,5%3*'%5,)'/0#')+%-/..'$%9:%k).60(.j+%7'#%$6)/#0%3*'%5,)(:%(0(/#+3%a(0(+*;

    k).60(.%/77'$/(3'.:%1)'1()'+%*/+%+3),#0'+3%4,6+/#0+%(0(/#+3%3*'%76)$'),6+%

    5,)'/0#')+;%A*'%'.$')+%3):%3,%4,,.%3*'%*,3*'($+P%+600'+3/#0%3*(3%3*'%5,)'/0#')+%&')'%(B'#0/#0%3*'%B/43/7+%,5%k).60(.j+%/#/3/(.%)(/$P%(#$%(#,3*')%)(/$%&/..%,#.:%.'($%3,%7,)'%)'1)/+(.+;%C63%3*'%*,3*'($+%&/..%#,3%9'%+3,11'$;

    k).60(.%(#$%*/+%4,6+/#+P%+3/..%5.6+*'$%9:%3*'/)%B/43,):%,B')%a(0(+*P%+'3%,63%3,&()$+a'9(#,#%5,)'+3;%A*':%(436(..:%5/#$%(%4(71%,5%5,)'/0#')+;%A*':%)(Z'%/3%3,%3*'%0),6#$%(#$%76)$')%7,+3%,5%3*'%#,7($+;%^#%3*'/)%&(:%9(4-%&/3*%3*'%4(136)'$%(#/7(.%*')$+P%3*'%7'#%,5%k)%()'%(33(4-'$%9:%(#,3*')%9(#$%,5%5,)'/0#')+;%A*'%5,)'+3%+''7+%3,%3''7%&/3*%5,)'/0#')+;

    k).60(.%(#$%7(#:%,5%*/+%4,6+/#+%()'%-/..'$;%A*'%+6)B/B,)+%(9(#$,#%3*'/)%.,,3%(#$%5.''%9(4-%3,%k)%/#%$/+())(:;

    "..%k)%/+%/#%(%)(0';%2,7',#'%)'7/#$+%3*'%(#0):%4),&$%,5%3*'%'.$')+j%1)'$/43/,#%(#$%*'j%/77'$/(3'.:%-/..'$;%A*'%+6)B/B,)+%(#$%3*'/)%4,6+/#+%4.(7,)%5,)%3*'%(11,/#37'#3%

    EG

  • 8/7/2019 Against History, Against Leviathan

    25/302

    ,5%3*'%+3),#0'+3%(#$%7,+3%$'3')7/#'$%(7,#0%3*'7%(+%a60(.;%A*'%B/43,)+%,B')%a(0(+*%&/..%#,3%9'%9'+3'$%9:%7')'%5,)'/0#')+P%3*':%&/..%#,3%9'%5./'+%3,%+1/$')+%&*,%./B'%/#%#4/3/'+%(#$%1.(#3%#,%+''$+;%A*'%4,6#4/.%,5%'.$')+P%9'+'3%9:%3*'%'#3/)'%3,j+%)(0'P%*'+/3(#3.:%(11,/#3+%3*'%#'&%a60(.;

    A*'%'#)(0'$%&())/,)+%+'3%,63%(0(/#+3%3*'%5,)'/0#')+;%A*':%+'#$%+4,63+%(*'($%+,%(+%#,3%3,%9'%3)(11'$%/#%(#,3*')%(796+*;%A*':%3)(#+1,)3%3*'/)%+611./'+%(+%&'..%(+%a60(.%

    */7+'.5%,#%&*''.'$%4())/(0'+_%3*'%a60(.%4(#%3*6+%+(B'%*/+%+3)'#03*%5,)%3*'%(436(.%9(33.'P%(#$%3*'%7'#%5),7%k)%4(#%7,B'%5(+3')%3*(#%(#:%5,)'/0#')+;%A*':%5/#$%+'B')(.%4(71+%,5%#,7($+%(#$%)(Z'%'B'):%,#'%3,%3*'%0),6#$;

    A*':%)'36)#%3,%k)e%3*/+%3/7'%#,3%,#.:%&/3*%4(13/B'%*')$+%963%&/3*%4(13/B'%5,)'/0#')(+%&'..;%A*'%)'36)#/#0%&())/,)+%()'%'79)(4'$%9:%3*'/)%&,))/'$%-/#;%S,)%(%5,)3#/0*3%(..%k)%/+%3(-'#%61%&/3*%5'(+3+P%$(#4'+P%4'.'9)(3/,#+;%A*'%'.$')+P%7'#%(#$%&,7'#P%1)'1()'%0'#'),6+%,55')/#0+%3,%3*'%+1/)/3+%(#$%1,&')+%&*,%7($'%B/43,):%1,++/9.';%21'4/(.%,55')/#0+%()'%7($'%3,%3*'%a60(.j+%$'/3:;

    8*'#%3*'%4'.'9)(3/,#+%'#$P%3*'%5.6+*'$%&())/,)+P%3*'%*'),'+P%()'%#,3%(9,63%3,%)'36)#%3,%)'1(/)/#0%3*'%4(#(.+;%A*'%+3/#3%,5%3*'%a(0(+*/(#+%/+%(9,63%3,%'#$;%R#%5(4a(0(+*/(#+%()'%4,71.(/#/#0%3*(3%3*':jB'%(.)'($:%$,#'%7,)'%5,)%k)%3*(#%3*':%'B')%(0)''$%3,%$,;%8*,j..%$,%3*'%)'1(/)/#0%#,&V%A*'%a60(.j+%4,6+/#+%*($%.,#0%9''#%+61')B/+/#0%$'5'(3'$%a(0(+*/(#+%(#$%3*':j)'%#,3%1.'(+'$%9:%3*'%1),+1'43%,5%)'1.(4/#0%3*'%$'5'(3'$;

    A*'%4(136)'$%5,)'/0#')+%()'%163%3,%&,)-%,#%3*'%4(#(.+;%D(4*%,5%3*'%a60(.j+%4,6+/#+%

    #,&%(%a60(.P%(%+61')B/+,);%A*'%267')/(#%&,)$%/+%D#+/;%A*/+%/+%(%+69ea60(.P%(#%(+3,%3*'%a60(.P%(%9,++%963%#,3%3*'%9,++;

    c,7($+%4,#3/#6'%3,%*()(++%k)j+%*6#3')+%(#$%3)(B'.')+;%C63%#'&+%,5%3*'/)%)(/$+%/+%#,.,#0')%(.()7/#0;%A*'%a60(.%.'($+%5)'f6'#3%'b1'$/3/,#+%(0(/#+3%3*'%6#/#3'../0/9.'%2'7/3/4e+1'(-/#0%5,)'/0#')+;

    A*'%'.$')+%#,%.,#0')%,9U'43%3,%3*'+'%'b1'$/3/,#+P%1)6$'#3.:%4,#5/#/#0%3*'7+'.B'+%3,%B/+/,#():%(#$%1*/.,+,1*/4(.%(43/B/3/'+;%^44(+/,#(..:%3*'%a60(.%4,#+6.3+%(#%,.$%7(#%,)%

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    EJ

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    26/302

    (0(/#+3%#'&%)(/$')+;

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    EK

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    27/302

    4,#3(43%&/3*%3*'%+1/)/3+%,5%3*'%&/#$+P%3*'%4.,6$+P%'B'#%,5%3*'%+-:%/3+'.5;%R#%5($'B,3'%3*'7+'.B'+%3,%3*'/)%+'()4*'+%7,)'%4,71.'3'.:%3*(#%3*':%'B')%4,6.$%9'5,)';%c,&%(..%3*'/)%'#')0/'+%()'%$'B,3'$%3,%3*'%$(#4'+P%5'+3/B(.+%(#$%4')'7,#/'+;%A*':%#,%.,#0')%*(B'%3,%4,#4')#%3*'7+'.B'+%&/3*%3*'%3)/B/(%,5%7(3')/(.%+6)B/B(.;%A*'%3)/B/(%()'%(..%$,#'%5,)%3*'7;

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    EH

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    28/302

    A*'+'%A'71.'%0()$'#+%()'%7:+3')/,6+.:%.6+*%5,)%+7(..%3,+%+6)),6#$'$%9:%#,#e6)9(#%B/+3(+%(#$%/#%&(.-/#0%$/+3(#4'%5),7%5,)'+3+%(#$%7,6#3(/#+%(#$%3*'%267')/(#+%()'%+64*%0,,$%&(.-')+;%F,6.$%/3%9'P%(+%A6)#')%&/..%+600'+3P%3*(3%3*'%&,).$%,63+/$'%4/3:%/+%(.)'($:%9'4,7/#0%(%&/.$')#'++V

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    EM

  • 8/7/2019 Against History, Against Leviathan

    29/302

    A*'%267')/(#+%*(B'%#,3%:'3%1),0)'++'$%3,%3*'%*/0*')%+3(0'%,5%*')'$/3():%7/+'):;%DB'#%+,P%3*'%.,3%,5%3*'%267')/(#%Z'-+%/+%/#%#,%+'#+'%0,.$'#;

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    EL

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    30/302

    ^#'%,5%3*'%D#+/j+%$/+3(#3%$'+4'#$(#3+%/#%(%764*%.(3')%k)P%(%+4)/9'%4(..'$%A*,7(+%@,99'+P%&/..%-#,&%3*(3%3*'%D#+/%/+%3):/#0%3,%6#$')+3(#$%F/B/./Z(3/,#%&/3*%3*'%/$'(3*(3%4,7'%5),7%3*'%+3(3'%,5%#(36)';%A*/+%@,99'+%&/..%-#,&%3*(3%k)%/+%#,%.,#0')%/#+3(3'%,5%#(36)'P%/3%/+%#,%.,#0')%(%4,776#/3:%,5%+'.5e$'3')7/#'$%*67(#%9'/#0+;

    ?%?%?

    @,99'+%&/..%-#,&%3*(3%k)%/+%#,%7')'%4/3:;%k)%/+%(%23(3'P%7(:9'%'B'#%3*'%5/)+3%23("#$%(%+3(3'P%@,99'+%&/..%+(:P%/+%(#%l()3/5/4/(.%(#/7(.;m%R3%/+%+,7'3*/#0%9)(#$%#'&+,7'3*/#0%#'/3*')%=(#%#,)%c(36)'%$)'(73%,5;%R3%/+%l3*(3%0)'(3%a'B/(3*(#%4(..'$%(%F,77,#&'(.3*P%,)%23(3'P%/#%a(3/#%F/B/3(+P%&*/4*%/+%963%(#%()3/5/4/(.%7(#;m

    a/-'%3*'%3*/#-/#0%D#+/P%@,99'+%&/..%-#,&%3*(3%3*/+%()3/5/4/(.%7(#%*(+%#,%./5'%,5%/3(#$%*'%&/..%(+-P%l7(:%&'%#,3%+(:P%3*(3%(..%(63,7(3(%%*(B'%(#%()3/5/4/(.%./5'Vm

    A*'%D#+/%4(##,3%:'3%B/+6(./Z'%(%&(34*;%A*'%7,)'%($B(#4'$%@,99'+%&/..%#,%.,#0')%9'%(9.'%3,%B/+6(./Z'%#(36)'%,)%*67(#%9'/#0+;%@'%&/..%(+-%l&*(3%/+%3*'%*'()3P%963%(%+(#$%3*'%#')B'+P%963%+,%7(#:%+3)/#0+_%(#$%3*'%U,/#3+P%963%+,%7(#:%&*''.+oVm%R#&,).$%,5%&(34*'+P%3*'%a'B/(3*(#%&/..%#,3%(11'()%(+%+3)(#0'%3,%@,99'+%(+%/3%(11'()+%3,%3*'%D#+/;

    @,99'+%&/..%1/436)'%3*'%a'B/(3*(#%(+%(#%()3/5/4/(.%D#0./+*%7(#O%7(+46./#'P%9.,#$P%&/(%4),%,#%/3+%*'($P%(%+4'13')%/#%,#'%*(#$%(#$%(%+&,)$%/#%3*'%,3*')P%/3+%9,$:%4,71,+'$%,5%7:)/($+%,5%5(4'.'++%*67(#%9'/#0+P%Z'-+;

    @,99'+%&/..%/#+/+3%3*(3%3*'%a'B/(3*(#%*(+%3*'%*'($%,5%(%7(#;%@'%7/0*3%(0)''%&/3*%:'3%.(3')%1,'3%['(3+%3*(3%3*'%9'(+3%*(+%l(%./,#%9,$:%(#$%3*'%*'($%,5%(%7(#;m%C63%*&/..%/#+/+3%,#%3*'%7(#+%*'($;%@'%&/..%-#,&%3*(3%3*'%Z'-+%()'%*'($.'++P%3*(3%3*':%(3*'%+1)/#0+%(#$%+3)/#0+%3*(3%,1')(3'%3*'%9,$:;%@'%&/..%3*/#-%3*'%7,#+3')%4,#3(/#+%,#'%5)''%(#$%&*,.'%7(#P%3*'%a60(.;%@,99'+%&/..%9'%(9.'%3,%4(..%3*'%a60(.%(%h/#0P%=,#()4*P%Q6.3')%(#$%,3*')%#(7'+%9'+/$'+P%9'4(6+'%*/+%.(#06(0'%&/..%*(B'%9''#%'#)/4*'$%9:%3*'%/#3')B'#/#0%1),./5')(3/,#%,5%a'B/(3*(#+;

    A*'%1*/.,+,1*/4(.%D#+/%(.)'($:%-#,&+%9'33')%3*(#%@,99'+%3*(3%3*'%9'(+3%*(+%#'/3*')%3*'%9,$:%#,)%3*'%*'($%,5%(%7(#P%&*'3*')%D#0./+*%267')/(#;%A*'%D#+/%-#,&+%3*(3%'B'#%3*'%a60(.P%3*'%5)''+3%7(#%/#%k)P%4(##,3%0,%*6#3/#0%/#%3*'%7,)#/#0P%5/+*/#0%/#(53')#,,#%(#$%$(#4/#0%(3%#/0*3P%(+%*/+%,%+1/)/3%7,B'+%*/7;%@'%-#,&+%,5%(%a60(&*,%&'#3%,55%*6#3/#0%,#.:%3&/4'P%(#$%3*'%+'4,#$%3/7'P%&*/.'%3*'%a60(.%&(+%/#%3*&,,$+P%*/+%5(B,)/3'%D#+/%*($%)'1.(4'$%*/7%(+%a60(.P%(#$%3*'%5,)7')%a60(.%*($%3,%9'0

    IN

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    31/302

    5,)%(+:.67%/#%3*'%#'/0*9,)/#0%4/3:;%A*'%D#+/%-#,&+%3*(3%(%a60(.%&*,%.'3%*/7+'.5%9'%$'3')7/#'$%9:%*/+%,%+1/)/3%&,6.$%f6/4-.:%9'%,B')3*),%9:%D#+/+%,)%'B'#%Z'-+P%(#$%3*(3%'B'#%3*'%A'71.'%&,6.$%9'%/#%(#%61),();

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    (#%()3/5/4/(.%(#/7(.P%963%#,%(#%(#/7(.%(+%0)(4'56.%(#$%./79')%(+%(%./,#;

    @'%7/0*3%3*/#-%,5%/3%(+%(%&,)7P%(%0/(#3%&,)7P%#,3%(%./B/#0%&,)7%963%(%4()4(++&,)7P%(%7,#+3),6+%4($(B')P%/3+%9,$:%4,#+/+3/#0%,5%#67'),6+%+'07'#3+P%/3+%+-/#%1/71.'$%&/3*%+1'()+%(#$%&*''.+%(#$%,3*')%3'4*#,.,0/4(.%/71.(#3+;%@'%-#,&+%5),7%*/+%,%'b1')/'#4'%3*(3%3*'%'#3/)'%4()4(++%/+%9),60*3%3,%()3/5/4/(.%./5'%9:%3*'%7,3/,#+%,5%3*'%*67(#%9'/#0+%3)(11'$%/#+/$'P%3*'%Z'-+%&*,%,1')(3'%3*'%+1)/#0+%(#$%&*''.+P%U6+3%(+%*'%-#,&+%3*(3%3*'%4($(B'),6+%*'($%/+%,1')(3'$%9:%(%7')'%Z'-P%3*'%*'($%Z'-;

    "7,#0%3*'%+1'46.(3/,#+%3*/+%@,99'+%&/..%0/B'%6+%(+%,55')/#0+%3,%*/+%k)%&/..%9'%3*4.(/7%3*(3%3*'%Z'-+%(436(..:%4,#3)(43'$%3*'7+'.B'+%3,%/71)/+,#7'#3%&/3*/#%3*'%4()4(++P%,)%(+%*'%&/..%163%/3P%3*(3%3*'%*'($%7($'%(#%(0)''7'#3%&/3*%3*'%9,$:P%/5%/#%@,99'+j%k)%3*'#%(3%.'(+3%/#%3*'%,)/0/#(.%k);

    A*'%1*/.,+,1*/4(.%D#+/P%&*,%*(+%9:%#,&%)'3/)'$%3,%3*'%A'71.'P%(.)'($:%-#,&+%9'33');%@'%-#,&+%3*'%Z'-+%()'%5,)'/0#')+%&*,%&')'%9),60*3%3,%k)%9:%5,)4'%9'5,)'%3*':%'B'#%6#$')+3,,$%3*'%a60(.j+%.(#06(0'_%3*'%Z'-+%(0)''$%3,%#,%4,#3)(43%3*'#P%(#$%3*':%*(B'#j3%$,#'%+,%+/#4';

    A*'%D#+/%'B'#%)'7'79')+%3*(3%3*'%$'5'(3'$%a(0(+*/(#+%&*,%4,#3)(43'$%3*'7+'.B'+%3,%)'1(/)/#0%k)j+%4(#(.+%7($'%3*/+%(0)''7'#3%,#.:%(3%3*'%1,/#3%,5%+1'()+;

    S6)3*')7,)'P%#,%a60(.%'B')%($B(#4'$%@,99'+j+%4.(/7_%*'%&,6.$%*(B'%9''#%.(60*'$%,63%,5%,55/4';%A*'%a60(.%-#,&+%3*(3%3*'%'.$')+%$/$#j3%(11,/#3%*/7P%+/#4'%3*'%'.$')+%.,#0')%$,%(#:%(11,/#3/#0_%3*':%3(-'%4()'%,5%3*'%+*)/#'+;%A*'%a60(.%4.(/7+%3*(3%*/+%1,&')%4,7'+%3,%*/7%5),7%3*'%B/,.'#3%+1/)/3%&*,%.,$0'+%/#%3*'%`/006)(3%,)%()3/5/4/(.%7,6#3(/#;%A*/+%+1)(&./#0%7(#e7($'%1*(..6+%+*(1'%/+%3*'%)'($%*'($%,5%3*'%

    a'B/(3*(#P%(#$%/3%7($'%#,%4,#3)(43+;%

    I!

  • 8/7/2019 Against History, Against Leviathan

    32/302

    !"#$%&'(+A*'%+6)1.6+%1),$643P%3*'%5(7,6+%7()0/#P%$/$%#,3%0/B'%)/+'%3,%3*'%a'B/(3*(#;%^#%3*'4,#3)():P%/3%/+%3*'%a'B/(3*(#%3*(3%0/B'+%)/+'%3,%3*'%7()0/#;%F,776#/3/'+%,5%*67(#%9'/#0+%#''$'$%3*/+%7()0/#%#,%7,)'%3*(#%4,776#/3/'+%,5%&,.B'+;

    C''+%#''$%(%7()0/#%3,%5''$%3*'/)%f6''#;%A*'%a'B/(3*(#%#''$+%(%7()0/#%3,%5''$P%#,3%

    ,#.:%3*'%0,$+%(#$%3*'/)%+*)/#'%-''1')+P%963%7(/#.:%3*'%a60(.%(#$%3*'%D#+/+%(#$%3*'%24)/9'+%(+%&'..%(+%(..%3*'%+1)/#0+%(#$%&*''.+%&/3*%&*/4*%3,%7(-'%&();

    A*'%5/)+3%a'B/(3*(#%$,'+%#,3%)'B,.63/,#/Z'%3*'%7(3')/(.%4,#$/3/,#+%,5%1),$643/,#P%5,)%/3%/#+3/363'+%3*'+'_%/3%/+%/3+'.5%+:#,#:7,6+%&/3*%7(3')/(.%4,#$/3/,#+%,5%1),$643/,#;%A5/)+3%a'B/(3*(#%)'B,.63/,#/Z'+%3*'%4,#$/3/,#+%,5%'b/+3'#4'%/3+'.5P%(#$%#,3%,#.:%,5%*67(#%9'/#0+%963%,5%(..%./B/#0%9'/#0+%(#$%,5%=,3*')%D()3*%*')+'.5;

    A*'%+6)1.6+%1),$643%7(-'+%/3+%(11'()(#4'%3,0'3*')%&/3*%3*'%B'++'.+%3*(3%*,.$%/3;%

    @67(#%4,776#/3/'+%*(B'%.,#0%*($%9(+-'3+%(#$%B(+'+P%(.3*,60*%)()'.:%7,)'%3*(#%3*':%4,6.$%4()):%5),7%&/#3')%3,%+1)/#0%4(71+;%A*':%$/$%#,3%#''$%3*'7;%8/3*%3*'%)/+'%,5%3*'%5/)+3%a'B/(3*(#%3*')'%/+%(%B/)36(.%3'4*#,.,0/4(.%)'B,.63/,#%/#%B'++'.%1),$643/,#;%A6)#')P%(#$%=675,)$%9'5,)'%*/7P%7'#3/,#%3*'%1),./5')(3/,#%,5%9/#+P%+3,)(0'%U()+%(#$%4.(:%B(3+%3*(3%#,&%7(-'+%/3+%(11'()(#4';

    R#%5(43%k)P%'#4.,+'$%9:%&(..+%(#$%+3,4-'$%&/3*%0)(/#P%/+%/3+'.5%(%.()0'%B(3P%(%3,+3,)(0'%9/#;

    A*'%+6)1.6+%1),$643%/+%7')'.:%(#,3*')%#(7'%5,)%a'B/(3*(#j+%7(3')/(.%4,#3'#3+P%/3+%'#3)(/.+;%R3%4(#%*()$.:%'b/+3%9:%/3+'.5P%+6+1'#$'$%/#%7/$e(/)P%l)/1'm%5,)%3*'%9'(+3.:%4()4(++%3,%5,)7%(),6#$%/3;

    F,776#/3/'+%,5%5)''%1',1.'%*($%6+6(..:%+3,)'$%'#,60*%5,,$%3,%.(+3%3*'7%3*),60*%(#%(B')(0'%&/#3')P%(#$%(.3*,60*%+,7'%,5%3*'/)%$)'(7')+%&')'%'b4'..'#3%&'(3*')7'#P%3*':%,53'#%*($%3,%+-/71%(#$%+f6''Z'%&*'#%3*'%+-:%,63&/33'$%3*'%$)'(7');

    A*'%5/)+3%a'B/(3*(#%+3,)'+%'#,60*%5,)%3*'%&,)+3%1,++/9.'%&/#3')%(#$%3*'#%+,7'P%+/#4'

    5)''%1',1.'%#,%.,#0')%$,%3*'%&,)-;%"%./B/#0%9'/#0%+,%+3655'$%&,6.$%+655,4(3'%(#$%'b1.,$';%A*')'%()'%*,()$+%,5%'B'):%4,#4'/B(9.'%1),$643;%"#$%&*')'%3*')'%()'%*,()$+P%3*')'j+%3)($';

    A)($'%/+%B'):%,.$;%R#%3*'%+3(3'%,5%#(36)'P%3)($'%/+%+,7'3*/#0%1',1.'%$,%3,%3*'/)%'#'7/'+;%A*':%$,#j3%3)($'%&/3*%-/#;

    IE

  • 8/7/2019 Against History, Against Leviathan

    33/302

    "%1')+,#%0/B'+%3*/#0+P%U6+3%(+%+*'%0/B'+%+,#0+%,)%+3,)/'+%,)%B/+/,#+%3,%*')%-/#;%)'4'/B')%7(:%,)%7(:%#,3%)'4/1),4(3'%,#%+,7'%,3*')%,44(+/,#;%A*'%0/B/#0%/+%3*'%+,6)4'%,5%+(3/+5(43/,#;%8'%&/..%9'%+,%5()%)'7,B'$%5),7%3*/+P%&'%&/..%#,3%6#$')+3(#$;%A*(3%&/..%9'%,6)%+*,)34,7/#0P%#,3%*')+;

    2*'%3)($'+%,#.:%&/3*%'#'7/'+;%R5%(%*,+3/.'%0),61P%&*'3*')%#'()%,)%$/+3(#3P%*(+%

    +,7'3*/#0%+*'%&(#3+P%+*'%(#$%+'B')(.%&'..e()7'$%4,6+/#+%0,%3,%3*'%*,+3/.'+%&/3*%+,7'3*/#0%3*'%*,+3/.'+%7/0*3%&(#3;%2*'%,55')+%*')%0/53P%(#$%3*'%*,+3/.'+%*($%9'33')%,55')%3*'%3*/#0%+*'%&(#3+%,#%3*'%+1,3%,)%+*'j..%4()):%*')%0/53%)/0*3%9(4-%3,%*')%B

    2,,#%(53')%3*'%)/+'%,5%3*'%5/)+3%k)P%3)($'%9'4,7'+%'b3'#+/B';%g/)36(..:%'B'):,#'%/+%#,&%'B'):,#'%'.+'X+%'#'7:;%8*'#%:,6%0/B'%+,7',#'%(%0/53P%:,6%'b1'43%&*(3%:,6%&'#3%5,)_%:,6%-''1%4()'56.%)'4,)$+%,#%:,6)%4.(:%3(9.'3P%(#$%&,'%3,%*/7%&*,%$'5(6.3+;

    "%+/#0.'%B/'&%,5%3*'%*,()$+%0/B'+%)/+'%3,%(%#'&%*67(#%f6(./3:;%A*/+%f6(./3:%9'4,7'+%

    +,%&/$'+1)'($%3*(3%&'%&/..%#,3%9'./'B'%/3%$/$%#,3%(.&(:+%'b/+3O%\)''$;

    [,6%4(#%+''%3*(3%,B')%*(.5%3*'%0)(/#%/#%3*'%+3,)(0'%9/#+%),3+%'B'):%:'()P%6#6+'$;%"#$:,6%-#,&%3*(3%/#%3*'%`()0,+%=,6#3(/#+%(#$%/#%3*'%a'B(#3%3*')'%()'%4(71+%,5%5,)'/0#')+%&*,%)()'.:%+3,)'%'#,60*%5,,$%3,%3/$'%3*'7%3*),60*%(%*()$%&/#3');%A*,+'%/#%3*'%`()0,+%=,6#3(/#+%&'()%9'(63/56.%56)%0()7'#3+P%(#$%3*,+'%/#%3*'%a'B(#3%$')/B'%(%16)1.'%$:'%5),7%+*'..+;

    [,6P%(%Y)/'+3j+%9),3*')%(#$%(#%D#+/j+%4,6+/#P%+'3%,63%3,&()$%3*'%`(0),+%=,6#3(/#+%

    &/3*%5,)3:%Z'-e$)(%4()3.,($+%,5%0)(/#P%(%:'()+%,63163%,5%5,)3:%Z'-+;%[,6%0,%(3%3*''#$%,5%(%.,#0P%*()$%&/#3');%[,6%0'3%3'#%56)%),9'+%5,)%'B'):%4()3.,($;%A*':%4.(/7%#,3%3,%*(B'%+,%7(#:%56)+;%Y')*(1+%/3%*(+%$('$%,#%3*'7%3*(3%3*':%()'%9'/#0%1.6#$')'$P%3*(3%3*'%)'.(3/,#%3*':jB'%'+3(9./+*'$%&/3*%:,6%/+%#,3%(%)'.(3/,#%9'3&''#%3*'/)%56)+%(#$%:,6%0)(/#P%963%9'3&''#%3*'7+'.B'+%(#$%3*'%Z'-+%&*,%*()B'+3%3*'%0)(/#P%(#$%3*(3%:,6%()'%(%3*/'5%&*,%/+%+3'(./#0%5),7%9,3*;

    2,%:,6%)6+*%9(4-%3,%k)%&/3*%:,6)%0)(/#%(#$%)'36)#%3,%3*'%5,)'/0#')+j%4(71%&/3*%:,6%4,6+/#%3*'%D#+/%(#$%(%9(#$%,5%&'..e()7'$%7'#;%A*'%D#+/j+%7'#%)'7,B'%3*'%),9'+%

    5),7%3*'%5,)'/0#')+j%9(4-+;%A*')'%+3/..%()'%#,3%'#,60*%),9'+P%+,%3*'%D#+/j+%7'#%)'36)#%3,%k)%&/3*%+'B')(.%,5%3*'%5,)'/0#')+j%+,#+%(#$%$(60*3')+;

    k)%*(+%1),0)'++'$%3,%3*'%+3(0'%,5%'#0(0/#0%/#%5,)'/0#%4,77')4';

    ?%?%?

    II

  • 8/7/2019 Against History, Against Leviathan

    34/302

    A*')'%/+%+,7'%'B/$'#4'%3*(3%267')/(#%3)($')+%5,..,&'$%3*'/)%0)''$%(+%5()%'(+3%,5%k)%(+%R#$/(P%(+%5()%+,63*%(+%3*'%5/)+3%,)%+'4,#$%4(3()(43%,5%3*'%c/.';%C'5,)'%+1'46.(3/#(9,63%3*'/)%3)/1+P%R%*(B'%3,%$/0)'++%/#3,%(#,3*')%7(33')P%9'4(6+'%7,$')#%1)'U6$/4'+%*(B'%7($'%(%7'++%,5%3*'%./33.'%'B/$'#4'%3*')'%/+;

    =(#:%/5%#,3%7,+3%,5%3*'%5/)+3%()4*',.,0/+3+%&/..%9'%'#./0*3'#'$P%1),0)'++/B'%(#$%

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    IM

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    39/302

    '()./'+3%5,)7%,5%4.,4-P%3,%9'%(9.'%3,%5,)'+''%3*'%$(:+%&*'#%3*'%3)/963'%4),1+%36)#%)/1';

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    -#,&%+64*%+'')+P%963%#,3%7(#:P%(#$%3*'%#'b3%0'#')(3/,#%-#,&+%'B'#%5'&');

    A*')'%()'%+3/..%+'')+%&*,%*(B'%B/+/,#+%(#$%)'B'.(3/,#+P%963%&*,%-#,&+%&*(3%5,)'/0#')+%/#+1/)'$%3*'7V%k.3/7(3'.:%,#.:%Y*()(,*j+%B/+/,#+%4(#%9'%3)6+3'$P%(#$%Y*()(,*%3(-'+%4()'%3,%4,#5/#'%*/7+'.5%3,%3*'%B/+/,#+%,5%3*'%,.$%,#'+;

    IL

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    40/302

    A*'%0,$+%+3,1%7/#0./#0%&/3*%3*'%1',1.'%5),7%3*'%$(:%&*'#%Y*()(,*%6#$')3(-'+%3,%$'5'#$%(#$%1)'+')B'%3*'%0,$+;%"#$%$'+1/3'%(..%Y*()(,*j+%'55,)3+P%3*'%0,$+%$/';%R%+6+1'43%/3%/+%9'4(6+'%,5%*/+%'55,)3+%3*(3%3*':%$/';%R%$,#j3%1)'+67'%3,%-#,&%764*%(9,63%$'/3/'+P%963%/3%+''7+%3*':%4(##,3%+611,)3%a'B/(3*(#+%(#:%9'33')%3*(#%1',1.'%+611,)3%1.(06'+_%0,$+%()'%(7,#0%3*'%4($(B')j+%5/)+3%B/43/7+_%3*'%9'(+3%/+%$'/4/$(.;

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    GN

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    41/302

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    ?%?%?

    G!

  • 8/7/2019 Against History, Against Leviathan

    42/302

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