After the Terror

8/13/2019 After the Terror

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December 14, 2002After the Terror:an inquiry

by TED HONDERIH

Te! Hon!erich i" #reat $ritain%" out"tan!in& 'ro&re""i(e 'hi)o"o'her, recent)y inter(ie*e! forounter+unch by +au) !e Rooi- One of hi" 'a"t boo." *a" +uni"hment, The /u''o"e! u"tification"-Another *a" the funny an! !ea!)y eamination of a 'o)itica) tra!ition, on"er(ati"m, an! a thir!io)ence for Equa)ity: Inquirie" in +o)itica) +hi)o"o'hy- Hi" ne* boo. i" After the Terror 3E!inbur&hni(er"ity +re"", o)umbia ni(er"ity +re""5- After the Terror ha" not, in the *or!" of the 'hi)o"o'herDa(i! Hume, fa))en !ea!6born from the 're"", fai)e! e(en to ecite a murmur amon& the 7ea)ot"- Onthe contrary, Ofam #reat $ritain 'ub)ic)y refu"e! to acce't a !onation of 89,000 in roya)tie" from it-The charity e!ica) Ai! for +a)e"tinian" !i! ta.e the money, an! "ai! *hy- ;hat fo))o*" here i" "omeof the "equence of ar&ument in the boo.-

Thi" i" an inquiry in *hich you are a".e! to 'artici'ate- It i" an inquiry into our"e)(e" an! terrori"m an!*hat to !o, brou&ht on by the "hoc. of /e'tember 11, *hen a)) *ith te)e(i"ion "et" *ere 're"ent for the.i))in&- There *a" a)"o an after"hoc.- It *a" quiet)y "ai! aroun! the *or)! that the American" ha! itcomin&- They *ou)! ha(e to )earn an! chan&e, &ro* u'- It *a" "ai! that it *a" the treatment of the+a)e"tinian" by the e*" in +a)e"tine an! a)"o the one" in Ne*


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other", an! the "ati"faction" of cu)ture, inc)u!in& re)i&ion an! !i(er"ion-

$a! )i(e", to come to them, are )i(e" )ac.in& the &reat &oo!" or "ome of them- The !efinition of ba!)i(e" i" of cour"e a matter not on)y of !i"co(ery but a)"o !eci"ion-

In 'articu)ar, con"i!er the *or"t6off tenth of 'o'u)ation in the four African countrie" of a)a*i,o7ambique, /ierra >eone an! ?ambia- They !o not ha(e a(era&e )ifetime" of about @0 year", )i.e thebe"t6off tenth in America- They ha(e a(era&e )ifetime" of about 0 year"- ;e cou)! ha(e chan&e! that-The )o"" of )i(in&6time becau"e *e !i! not try i" immen"e-

To "horten )i(e" or )ea(e )i(e" "hort i" not the "ame a" to .i))- It i" not )i.e .i))in&- ;e .no* that before*e be&in to thin. more about it- It i" "ti)) true that the )i(in&6time )o"t to the innocent 'eo')e un!ercon"i!eration i" "uch a" to ma.e a)) !eath" by terror6i"m, con"i!ere! on)y in term" of )i(in&6time )o"t,in"i&nificant- Thi" i" not a con&enia) i!ea, but it i" an i!ea that "ome 'artie" to a rea) inquiry *i)) ta.e tobe re)e(ant- They may ta.e it to be more re)e(ant than anythin& e)"e- They *i)) "ay they are not f)ie"-

They *i)) "ay it too *hen "omeone &et" more 'arti6cu)ar an! ar&ue", ri&ht)y, that there i" "o)i! e(i!enceto "ho* *e cou)! ha(e )en&thene! the )i(e" in que"tion by u"t fi(e year" 66 an! !ra*" the conc)u"ionthat there *a" a )o"" of )i(in&6time of 20 mi))ion year"- Do you "ay that thi" i" unrea)B ra7y "tuffB It*ou)! be &oo! to .no* *hat you mean- ertain)y the conc)u"ion i" har! to face- $ut ho* cou)! it bemi"ta.en to thin. of itB

Thi" inquiry you are in can ha(e it" e""entia) ba"i" in "uch *e))6e"tab)i"he! &enera) fact"- They brin& tomin! our 'o""ib)e omi""ion" before our 'o"iti(e act" 66 omi""ion", *hether ri&ht or *ron&, rather thancommi""ion"- $ut *e a)"o nee! to &i(e "ome attention to another 'o""ib)e ba"i" for u!&e6ment 66 thecommi""ion"- The"e, the main or on)y concern of other "tron& )ine" of inquiry, ha(e to be .e't in min!by u"-

In 1C00 there *ere 900,000 Arab" an! on)y 90,000 e*" in +a)e"tine- any of the )atter ha! arri(e! a"a re"u)t of the ?ioni"t "tru&&)e for a home)an! be&un "hort)y before- Thi" mo(ement *a" the re"u)t ofanti6/emiti"m, ho"ti)ity to an! 'reu!ice a&ain"t e*", a unique hi"tory of contem't, en(y, an!'er"ecution-

The !e"truction of Euro'ean e*" by Hit)er an! the #erman" !urin& the /econ! ;or)! ;ar !i! noti""ue, a" in u"tice it ou&ht to ha(e, in a e*i"h "tate car(e! out of #ermany- It e(entua))y i""ue!, rather,in the nite! Nation" ri&ht)y re"o)(in& on a certain 'artition of +a)e"tine, to the !etriment of the Arab"-

There *ere 4C,000 Arab" an! C,290 e*" in *hat *ou)! become the Arab "tate if the 'artition *entahea!- There *ere 4C,000 Arab" an! 4C@,000 e*" in *hat *ou)! be the e*i"h "tate-

/uch number", )i.e the 1C00 one" an! a)"o other", o(er*he)m an! "ubmer&e fami)iar contro(er"y about*ho !i! *hat in *hat year in term" of ma""acre", ne&otiation" an! the )i.e- The +a)e"tinian" ha(e been(io)ate!- They are ri&ht to )oo. bac. to #ermany in ;or)! ;ar T*o an! "ay they are the e*" of thee*"-

>i(e" are ba! if they are cut "hort 66 ha)f6)i(e", quarter6)i(e" an! "ti)) "horter )i(e"- /o are )i(e" ba! thatare )on& enou&h but ha(e in them no "i&nificant amount of the materia) &oo!" that ma.e for bo!i)y*e))6bein&- >i(e" are ba!, to ta.e another eam')e, if they )ac. the &reat "ati"faction of free!om, 'o*eran! "afety in a home)an!- Thi" i" the main fact in the ca"e of the +a)e"tinian"-


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our" to concentrate on "ome6thin& other than the omi""ionB A mur!er !oe"n%t become ri&ht becau"e it%"rea))y in my intere"t- ertain)y it !oe"n%t fo))o* from the fact that "omethin& i" &oo! for me, or &oo!for a maority, or &oo! for American", or rather "ome American", that it i" ri&ht-

A". "ome other que"tion" too if you *ant- i&ht it be that one 'er"on%" omi""ion" aren%t "eriou")y*ron& becau"e one 'er"on !oin& better *ou)! har!)y he)' at a)) 66 u"t be a !ro' in an em'ty buc.etB;hat about )oo.in& out for our o*n chi)!renB I" your &ui!e in thi" inquiry not "eriou", becau"e he i"on)y *ritin& a boo.B I" he a hy'ocriteB

;e)), a #erman rai)*ayman )oo.in& at the bocar" *ith 'eo')e in them mi&ht ha(e ma!e him"e)f morecomfortab)e in 1C4 by a".in& "uch que"6tion" after he ha! the thou&ht that he ou&ht to be !oin&"omethin& 66 a&ain"t the &enoci!e of the e*" an! the #y'"ie" an! the +o)e" an! the ommuni"t" an!the re"t- He ou&ht to ha(e been !oin& "omethin&, ho*e(er-

=or&et a 'hi)o"o'her%" ha)f6technica) "tuff about act" an! omi""ion" if you *ant-


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)i(e"- They are con!emne! by a main 'o)icy of thi" humanity, a 'rohibition on *oun!in&, attac.,.i))in& an! other (io)ence an! near6(io)ence- Thi" con!emnation i" not qua)ifie! by the 'o)icy%" notbein& "im')e, a" the con!emnation of .i))in& in entire)y con(entiona) mora)ity i" not qua)ifie! by thatcon!emnation not bein& "im')e-

It i" not unthin.in&, either, in "u''o"in& that it i" 'o""ib)e to !o the ri&ht thin& *ithout "tru&&)in& tocome to the be"t u!&ement a" to the 'robab)e effect" of an action or )ine of action- There can be no"u"tainab)e 'rinci')e that )ift" u" out of the *or)!, out of the nee! to try to "ee *hat *i)) or *ou)!ha''en in it- Any mora)ity that ma!e thin&" "im')e *ou)! be *ron&- ;e .no* thin&" are not "im')e-

The "econ! *ron& mentione! a moment a&o, that of the .i))er" at the T*in To*er", *a" in "ome *ayo*e! to the fir"t, our omi""ion" *ith the ba! )i(e"- Their *ron& *a" in a *ay o*e! to our"- ertain)ythat !oe" not ab"o)(e them- It i" in!ee! a certainty that t*o *ron&" !o not ma.e a ri&ht-

$ut, to be ')ainer, the atrocity at the T*in To*er" !i! ha(e a human nece""ary con!ition in *hat 're6ce!e! it: our !ea!)y treatment of tho"e out"i!e our circ)e of comfort, tho"e *ith the ba! )i(e"- ;ithoutthat !ea!)y treatment by u", the atrocity at the T*in To*er" *ou)! not ha(e ha''ene!- Our omi""ion"*ere a nece""ary contet for the 'articu)ar intention" on the 'art of the .i))er" ha(in& to !o *ith+a)e"tine, Iraq an! /au!i Arabia-

;hether or not it can be qua)ifie!, it i" har! to "ee ho* the im6')icit conc)u"ion can be a(oi!e!- It i"that *e *ere 'art)y re"'on6"ib)e an! can be he)! 'art)y re"'on"ib)e for the ,000 !eath" at the T*inTo*er" an! at the +enta&on- ;e are ri&ht)y to be he)! re"'on"ib)e a)on& *ith the .i))er"- ;e "hare inthe &ui)t- Tho"e *ho con6!emn u" ha(e rea"on to !o "o- Di! *e brin& the .i))in& at the T*in To*er" onour"e)(e"B Di! *e ha(e it comin&B Di! *e a". for itB Tho"e offen6"i(e que"tion", an! their offen"i(ean"*er" ye", !o contain a truth- ;e !i! ')ay a 'art, our 'o)itician" at our hea!-

=or the ,000 !eath" there are )ine" of re"'on"ibi)ity into the 'a"t, a" rea) a" chain" of comman!,containin& ear)ier an! )ater 'er'e6trator"- ;e in our !emocracie" are in them, an! in 'articu)ar tho"e ofu" *ho ha(e &ot them"e)(e" into our &o(ernment"- ;e are there *ith tho"e *ho ai!e! the .i))er" an!*ith O"ama bin >a!en- ;e ha(e to e"ca'e the )on& i))u"ion that tho"e of u" *ho are or!inary areinnocent-

If bombin& Af&hani"tan, to come to that, cou)! be ta.en a" )i.e)y to )e""en the chance of more I")amicattac." on u", it cou)! not concei(ab)y be our on)y ri&ht re"'on"e to /e'tember 11- In a)) of )ife, frombe!room" an! .itchen" to hemi6"'here" of the &)obe, *e )earn of the !i"tre"" of other", after *or!" ha(efai)e! to teach u", from their action", or from action" by other" on their beha)f- ;e )earne! or cou)!ha(e )earne! "omethin& from the attac. on the T*in To*er"- Or, *e !i! or cou)! ha(e rea)i7e!"omethin& more fu))y- ;e cou)! ha(e come to an actua) rea)i7ation of our actua) re"'on"ibi)ity for theba! )i(e", an! a)"o for that "ame attac. of /e'tember 11-

;e *ere require! by /e'tember 11, in my (ie*, to "ee our"e)(e" an! reform our"e)(e"- ore than that,a confe""ion *a" ca))e! for, an! a re"o)ution of chan&e- Are you "o *or)!)y a" to "u''o"e ta). ofconfe""ion i" unrea)i"tic an! a matter of re)i&ion at be"tB I ha(e a "en"e of your 'o""ib)e rea"on", but I!o not a&ree- onfe""ion i" 'o""i6b)e- ountrie" an! 'eo')e" ha(e confe""e! before no*- #ermany !i!-There i" a)"o confe""ion to one"e)f, in 'ri(ate- A 'eo')e can !o it- It i" "omethin& im'ortant for thefuture rather than the 'a"t-

There are "ti)) a fe* que"tion"-


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The 'rinci')e of humanity, bein& "eriou" an! ar&uab)e, !oe" not &i(e an automatic (er!ict on a))terrori"m- It i" a 'rinci')e that ta.e" account of the *or)! in it" !ifference"- It "tru&&)e" *ith fact" an!'robabi)itie", *ith the !ifficu)ty of rationa)ity- To my min!, "ti)), it !oe" i""ue in one conc)u"ion of acertain &enera)ity, thi" bein& about )iberation6terrori"m, terrori"m to &et free!om an! 'o*er for a'eo')e *hen it i" c)ear that nothin& e)"e *i)) &et it for them-

I ha(e no "eriou" !oubt, to ta.e the out"tan!in& ca"e, that the +a)e"tinian" ha(e eerci"e! a mora) ri&htin their terrori"m a&ain"t the I"rae)i"- They ha(e ha! a mora) ri&ht to terrori"m a" certain a" *a" themora) ri&ht, "ay, of the African 'eo')e of /outh Africa a&ain"t their *hite ca'tor" an! the a'arthei!"tate- Tho"e +a)e"tinian" *ho ha(e re"orte! to nece""ary .i))in& ha(e been ri&ht to try to free their'eo')e, an! tho"e *ho ha(e .i))e! them"e)(e" in the cau"e of their 'eo')e ha(e in!ee! "anctifie!them"e)(e"- Thi" "eem" to me a terrib)e truth, a truth that o(ercome" *hat *e mu"t remember about a))terror6i"m, an! a)"o o(ercome" the thou&ht of hi!eou"ne"" an! mon"tro"ity-

I my"e)f ha(e near)y run out of "team in thi" inquiry, but not quite-

There are t*o thin&" about a)) of u" on thi" earth- One i" that *e a)) ha(e !e"ire" an! nee!"- In myboo., they are !e"ire" an! nee!" for the "i &reat &oo!"- The "econ! thin& i" that *e%re not a)) ninnie"-Har!)y any of u" are, in fact- ;e can "ee throu&h thin&"- Tho"e *ith the ba! )i(e", to "'ea. u"t of them,can "ee throu&h the "ham" of our mora)ity- They can "ee *hat *e ha(e !one to them an! *hat *e are!oin& to them- /o our que"tion of *hat to !o, an! a)"o their que"tion of *hat to !o 66 neither of the"e*i)) e(er &o a*ay-

;hat are *e to !oB >ea(in& a"i!e the que"tion of 'articu)ar mean", there i" a que"tion of a &enera)mean", a &enera) re"o)ution- It cannot 'o""ib)y be that our 'o)icy "hou)! be the e'ortin& of ourhierarchic !emocracy an! our ca'ita)i"m a" *e ha(e them- On the contrary, *e nee! to try to rai"e u'our "ocietie"- Our "ocietie" a" they are, if you *i)) 'ut u' *ith "ome )a"t ')ain "'ea.in&, are i&norant,"tu'i!, "e)fi"h, mana&e! an! !ecei(e! for &ain, "e)f6!ecei(e!, an! !ea!)y-

;hat *e nee! more than anythin& i" a .in! of inte))i&ence- ora) inte))i&ence- ;hat *e a)) nee! abo(ea)) from American", on account of their 'o*er, i" mora) inte))i&ence- ;e an! they "hou)! "ee the nee!for e"ca'e from a )ot of un., a )ot of mora)ity *ith too many !i"tinction" in it- ;e an! they nee! to "eeho* ba! thin&" are, an!, in 'articu)ar, ho* much they are o*e! to tho"e of u" on to'-

/u''o"e you ma.e it to one of tho"e coc.tai) 'artie" that "ome of u" !ream about, *ith famou" 'eo')eat it-


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Thi" i" a further re(i"ion a" of C December of a 'a'er that *a" &i(en aroun! 11 /e'tember 2002 ato)umbia ni(er"ity an! the Ne* /choo) ni(er"ity in Ne*


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=ina))y, *e *ant the &oo!" of cu)ture- A)) of u" *ant at )ea"t "ome of them- any of u" *ant the'ractice an! rea""urance of a re)i&ion, or the cu"tom of a 'eo')e- A)) of u" *ith a &)immer of.no*)e!&e *ant the &oo! of .no*)e!&e an! thu" of e!ucation- A)) *ith a &)immer of *hat i" *ritten!o*n *ant to be ab)e to rea!- ;e a)"o *ant !i(er"ion if not art-

Thi" i" no "im')e taonomy of "ati"faction or *e))6bein&- ertain)y "e(era) of the !e"ire" "ha!e into oneanother- There i" room for !eci"ion rather than !i"co(ery a" to *here to )ocate a 'articu)ar rea)6)ife!e"ire 66 "omethin& you ha! thi" mornin&, "ince !e"ire" are of cour"e "e(era)6"i!e!- Other .in!" ofque"tion" can be rai"e! about the taonomy, more than are an"*ere! in the boo.2 from *hich thi"'a'er main)y come", but I thin. they can be an"*ere!- It *i)) !o a" an account of our "hare! an!fun!amenta) human !e"ire"-

It i" by it" nature an account of certain rea"on" for action", 'o)icie", 'ractice" an! the )i.e- That anaction "ati"fie" "omeone%" !e"ire to &o on ei"tin&, or for a bo!i)y qua)ity of )ife that i" !ecent, or forfree!om an! 'o*er *here they ha(e )i(e! in their o*n memory an! that of their 'arent" an!&ran!'arent" 66 the"e are rea"on" for an action or *hate(er- /o too i" an action%" "ati"fyin& "omeone%"!e"ire to &et o(er a thre"ho)! *ith re"'ect to each of the other three &reat &oo!" a rea"on for it-

;e may ca)) a)) the"e "i rea"on" fir"t6or!er rea"on"- They are of cour"e &enera), )i.e a)) rea"on"- Theyare a)"o of (ery &reat *ei&ht- That !oe" not im')y that they cannot be mi"u"e!, or that one of themcannot be o(ercome by another "uch rea"on or concei(ab)y by a )ot of rea"on" of "ome other "ort-

In connection *ith fir"t6or!er rea"on", an! )ar&e que"tion" that ari"e by *ay of them, )et u" turn ourattention to )i(e"- >et u" turn our attention to ba! )i(e" in 'articu)ar but a)"o &oo! )i(e"-

A ba! )ife, *e ta.e it, i" to be !efine! in term" of the fru"tration of "ome or a)) of the"e !e"ire" for &reat&oo!"- A &oo! )ife i" !efine! in term" of "ati"faction of them- Other &ra!e" of )ife *ou)! be !efine!"imi)ar)y- ncertainty about "uch a que"tion a" *hether a &oo! )ife mu"t ha(e in it the &oo!" of cu)ture"ho* thi" i" 'art)y a matter of !eci"ion- $ut it i" not on)y that- >et u" a''roach the matter by *ay of the*or)! it"e)f-

2- $AD >IE/, #OOD >IE/

Ta.e the nine countrie" of nite! /tate", ana!a, the nite! in&!om, =rance, #ermany, Ita)y, /'ain,Denmar. an! a'an- om'are them *ith the four African countrie" of a)a*i, o7ambique, /ierra>eone an! ?ambia- The in!i(i!ua)" in the fir"t &rou' of countrie", our &rou', ha(e )ife6e'ectancie" ora(era&e )ifetime" of about @ year"- Tho"e in the "econ! &rou' )i(e for an a(era&e of 40 year"-

That mean" that many in!i(i!ua)" in the "econ! &rou', tho"e *ho 'u)) the a(era&e !o*n to 40, ha(e

*hat *ith rea"on can be ca))e! ha)f6)i(e" at be"t-

Thi" i" on)y 'art)y o*e! to a certain fact, but it i" a fact that nee!" attention for it"e)f- In the nite!/tate" an! )i.e countrie", for e(ery 1,000 )i(e birth", the number of chi)!ren *ho !ie un!er the a&e offi(e year" i" about fi(e or "i- The number of !yin&" for the "econ! &rou' i" about 200-

The 'roimate or imme!iate e')anation of thi" !ifference, an! the fu)) )i(e" a" a&ain"t the ha)f6)i(e",an! of other thin&" to be mentione!, i" materia) mean" to *e))6bein&- ;e in our &rou' of countrie" ha(emean" *orth an a(era&e of 24,000 a year- The in!i(i!ua)" in the African countrie" ha(e mean" *orth


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an a(era&e of 220 a year-

om'are the economica))y be"t6off tenth of 'o'u)ation in our &rou' of countrie" *ith the *or"t6offtenth of 'o'u)ation in the four African countrie"- The a(era&e )ifetime" in our be"t6off tenth are about@0 year"- The in!i(i!ua)" in the *or"t6off tenth in the other &rou' )i(e for an a(era&e of about 0 year"-

/o mo"t of tho"e in the )atter tenth *ho brin& the a(era&e !o*n to 0 ha(e *hat can rea"onab)y beca))e! quarter6)i(e" at be"t-

on"i!er the in!i(i!ua)" in the *or"t6off African tenth, an! the que"tion of *hether their a(era&e)ifetime" mi&ht ha(e been increa"e!- o"in& )i(in&6time i" not the "ame a" bein& .i))e!- No one ma.e" that mi"ta.e about the)o""- No one nee!" to ma.e it in or!er to ref)ect on the ma&nitu!e of it-

In thin.in& after /e'tember 11 of our 'art in the "tory, if any, an! of other thin&", it "eem" to me thatthe fir"t an! )ar&e"t "ubect mu"t be our omi""ion", be they ri&ht or *ron&- ;e ha(e omitte! to he)'tho"e *ho !ie ear)y- Ho*e(er, there are a)"o our 'o"iti(e act", "o6ca))e!, our commi""ion", a )e""tractab)e "ubect, certain)y )e"" tractab)e *hen treate! brief)y- Or rather, "ince the !i"tinction i" not"im')e an! commi""ion" "ha!e into omi""ion", there i" the "i!e or en! of the *ho)e ran&e of our action"con"i!ere! in term" of con"ciou" intentiona)ity 66 the "i!e or en! that con"i"t" of commi""ion"-

Here i" one ca"e, no* the mo"t "a)ient one, a ca"e *here it i" not 'o""ib)e to )ea(e o'en the que"tion ofri&ht or *ron& e(en for a *hi)e-

In 1C00, *ithin "omethin& c)o"e to )i(in& memory, there *ere about 900,000 Arab" an! 90,000 e*" in+a)e"tine- any of the )atter ha! arri(e! recent)y on account of the barbari"m of anti6/emiti"m- The"ub"equent horror of the ma"" mur!er of Euro'ean e*" in the /econ! ;or)! ;ar !i! not i""ue, a" inu"tice it ou&ht to ha(e, in a 'rotecte! e*i"h "tate car(e! out of #ermany-

After the *ar, accor!in& to a nite! Nation" re"o)ution, +a)e"tine *a" to be !i(i!e! into t*o "tate"-There *ere about 4C,000 Arab" an! C,290 e*" in *hat *ou)! be the Arab "tate- There *ere 4C,000Arab" an! 4C@,000 e*" in *hat *ou)! be the e*i"h "tate- It *a" a mora) nece""ity, in my mora)ity,that a e*i"h "tate be foun!e! "ome*here- #i(en thin&" a" they *ere, that it be maintaine! a" an!*here it *a" foun!e!, 'art)y by *ay of ?ioni"t terrori"m, an! certain)y to the !etriment of the

+a)e"tinian", *a" a)"o "uch a nece""ity-

There ha" "ince been no +a)e"tinian "tate but rather 90 year" of ob"truction an! the ra'aciou"occu'ation of more an! more )an! by I"rae), im'ortant)y ai!e! by a !i"tinction bet*een officia) or "tate.i))in& on the one han! an! non6officia) .i))in& on the other han!- o"t Arab" ha(e been !ri(en out oftheir home"- In the year" 1C@C to 1CC1, there *ere bet*een 290,000 an! 400,000 e*" "ett)e! on Arab)an!- Of about ,000,000 +a)e"tinian", about ha)f are no* out"i!e of +a)e"tine-

A)) thi" hi"tory, an! the action" by I"rae) an! it" army after /e'tember 11, ha(e been im'ortant)y o*e!


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to the 'o)icie" an! action" of the nite! /tate" in 'articu)ar- The re"o)ution" of the nite! Nation"a&ain"t I"rae), un)i.e other re"o)ution", ha(e come to nothin& 'rinci'a))y becau"e of the nite! /tate"-

The"e account" of !e'ri(ation by omi""ion an! by commi""ion, our 'art" in Africa an! +a)e"tine, &i(eri"e to )ar&e que"tion"- Our 're"ent concern, ho*e(er, you may remember, *a" to be the &enera)un!er"tan!in& an! !efinin& of ba! )i(e" an! &oo! )i(e"-

$ut )et u" not "tru&&)e *ith the matter, "ay, of *hether a )ife can be ba! in (irtue of bein& fru"trate! u"tin term" of the &oo! of cu)ture- >et u" rather re"o)(e, if that i" the ri&ht (erb, that tho"e *ith ha)f6)i(e",!yin& chi)!ren, tho"e *ith quarter6)i(e", tho"e *ho )o"e 20,000,000 year" of )i(in&6time 66 that the"ein!i(i!ua)" !o ha(e ba! )i(e"- It i" *orth noticin& in 'a""in&, in connection *ith the nature of mora)ityan! mora) u!&ement", that thi" u!&ement "eem" to be both in!i"'utab)e, a matter of fact, an! yet're"umab)y in the o)! cate&ory of (a)ue6u!&ement"-

/o too, *e can ta.e it, !o the +a)e"tinian" ha(e ba! )i(e", fir"t becau"e of bein& !enie! the &reat &oo!of free!om an! 'o*er in a home)an!-

- THE +RINI+>E O= HANITi.e a)) "uch 'o)icie"ca))e! rea)i"tic, it i" not ab"o)ute or com')ete)y &enera)- It accommo!ate" "ome 'o""ibi)ity of u"tifie!*ar an! other "uch action- A)"o the nee! for 'o)ice force", "ome "e)f6!efence, an! "o on- It &i(e" a)imite! ro)e to the !i"tinction bet*een officia) an! non6officia) .i))in&-

4- +RO+O/ITION/

The +rinci')e of Humanity an! the fact" of ba! )i(e" can )ea! u" to contem')ate or con"i!er certain'ro'o"ition" ha(in& to !o *ith /e'tember 11 an! *ith our 'a"t, 're"ent an! future- Or rather,/e'tember 11 can 'rom't u", by *ay of the +rinci')e of Humanity, to thin. of our o*n mora) "ituationan! then, 'ro'er)y an! nece""ari)y, of a)) of that "ituation, not on)y *hat i" mo"t re)e(ant to /e'tember11, not on)y "ome of the ba! )i(e"- et me "tate a)) of the 'ro'o"ition" an! not u"t "ome of them *ithout (ei)in&, eu'hemi"m an! cant,*hich common thin&" 'er(a!e mo"t *ritin& on the matter" in que"tion an! a)mo"t a)) the "tuff of our'o)itician"- Ob"curin& con(ention" that "tan! in the *ay of or are 'ut in the *ay of thin.in& are no 'artof the +rinci')e of Humanity-

315 ;e ha(e !one o(er*he)min& *ron&, an! continue to !o o(er*he)min& *ron&, in fai)in& to he)'tho"e African" an! other" *ho"e )i(e" are cut "hort- Thi" *ron& by omi""ion i" i" a" c)ear an!in!ubitab)e a" that of the 'o"iti(e action of an airforce comman!er *ho for rea"on" of internationa)'o)itic" "to'" foo! from &ettin& throu&h to the "tar(in&- Our *ron& i" a" c)ear an! in!ubitab)e too a""eua))y abu"in& a chi)!-

325 To be on an air)iner an! )oo. aroun! an! "ee the 'eo')e an! be ab)e to "tic. to the ')an of f)yin& itinto a ".y"cra'er i" to !o hi!eou" *ron&- To 'er"i"t if they come to .no* that ')an i" to !o mon"trou"*ron&- Nothin& can be thou&ht that *i)) ta.e a*ay from "uch u!&ement" of *ron&, from *hat "eem tobe mora) !ata, *hate(er more nee!" to be "ai!- Nothin& *i)) ta.e a*ay from the u!&ement", *hate(ernee!" to be "ai! of "omethin& e)"e, *hich i" mora) re"'on"ibi)ity for /e'tember 11-

35 The *ron& *e ha(e !one an! continue to !o by omi""ion, *ith re"'ect to Africa in 'articu)ar, i"mo"t im'ortant for it"e)f an! for en"uin& ri&ht" an! ob)i&ation"- Ho*e(er, it *a" a)"o a nece""ary


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contet for the horror" of /e'tember 11- The horror", !e"'ite their 'articu)ar connection *ith the&rie(ance of +a)e"tine an! a)"o tho"e of /au!i Arabia an! Iraq, *ou)! not ha(e ha''ene! "a(e for thecontet- No "uch 'ro'o"ition i" !emon"trab)e, but thi" one i" at )ea"t 'robab)e- To "ee that it i", thin. ofthe *or)! in *hich our" 'art" in +a)e"tine, /au!i Arabia an! Iraq *ere )a'"e", rare an! momentary,from an eem')ary mora) recor!- /o for /e'tember 11 there are )ine" of mora) re"'on"ibi)ity into the'a"t, a" rea) a" chain" of comman!- ;e are in them *ith the .i))er", our )ea!er" ahea! of u"- ;e nee! toe"ca'e the i))u"ion that to be or!inary i" to be innocent-

345 Our counter6attac. in Af&hani"tan after /e'tember 11 *a" to an etent human)y ine(itab)e- It i" toan etent ecu"e! from u!&ement by the 'ro'o"ition that to "ay *e ou&ht to ha(e refraine! im')ie" *ecou)! ha(e- To the etent that the counter6attac. *a" not nece""ary, on)y "omethin& con!itiona) can be"ai!- The counter6attac. *a" ri&ht if it *a" accom'anie! by "e)f6rea)i7ation *ith re"'ect to ouromi""ion" an! our o*n "hare of re"'on"ibi)ity for /e'tember 11, an! a)"o "e)f6rea)i7ation *ith re"'ectto other thin&"- It *i)) ta.e more time to te))-

395 The in(a"ion an! occu'ation of +a)e"tine by I"rae), beyon! it" 're61CK bor!er", i" a mora) crime-Thi" too can "eem to be a !atum- /o can *hat fo))o*" imme!iate)y from it, about the re!re"" of the+a)e"tinian"- In their terrori"m, their on)y 'o""ib)e mean" of re!re"", the +a)e"tinian" !o ha(e *hatI"rae) c)aim" ec)u"i(e)y on it" o*n beha)f in it" "tate6terrori"m an! 'erha'" *ar, *hich i" a mora) ri&ht66 a mora) ri&ht to .i))in&- 4 =or our 'art, our "u''ort of the (io)ation of +a)e"tine contribute! mo"t toour "hare of re"'on"ibi)ity for /e'tember 11- It i" "omethin& e)"e about *hich *e nee! "e)f6rea)i7ation-

3K5 ;hat i" to be !one *ith re"'ect to our omi""ion" an! commi""ion" i" fir"t to try to chan&e our o*n"ocietie", our mere)y hierarchic !emocracie" an! our (iciou" economic "y"tem" 66 an! our )ea!er"*ho"e ei"tence an! "en"e of mora) 'o""ibi)ity i" boun! u' *ith them- Thi" *e can attem't to !o byma"" ci(i) !i"obe!ience- It i" no* the on)y 'o""ibi)ity, an! it ha" ha! "ucce""e" in American an! otherhi"tory- In the en! it he)'e! to brin& !o*n a *a)) of the Ru""ian em'ire-

9- A>TERNATIE/ TO THE +RINI+>E O= HANITibera)i"m i" a mora)ity in that it 'ur'ort" to an"*er the que"tion of ho* the &reat &oo!" ou&ht to be


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!i"tribute! an! *hat rea"on" there are for thi"- In it" be"t formu)ation, by ohn Ra*)", a 'hi)o"o'her of&oo! intention", it remain" (a&ue- Thi" may be it" e""entia) nature-

The (a&uene"" i" a matter of *hat it "ay" an! fai)" to "ay of materia) incenti(e6re*ar!"- A)"ouncertainty about tra!itiona) )ibertie" an! their 'riority an! "anctity- An!, on account of both of tho"euncertaintie", a )ar&e uncertainty about a certain 'rinci')e ha(in& to !o *ith the ba!)y6off, theDifference +rinci')e- Of *hat effect i" thi" 'rinci')e of a))o*ab)e inequa)itie"B It i" c)ear that on!ifferent a""um'tion", notab)y a""um'tion" about !eman!" ma!e for incenti(e6re*ar!", the 'rinci')ecou)! "anction !e&ree" of "ocio6economic inequa)ity from none to hitherto unrea)i7e! amount"-

The tra!ition of con"er(ati"m, an! the "'ecia) form of it that i" )ibertariani"m, i" )i.e )ibera)i"m in'retty much con"i"tin& in mora)itie" for "in&)e "ocietie"- That i", ho*e(er much the"e tra!ition" ho)!them"e)(e" u' a" eam')e", they concern them"e)(e" *ith !i"tribution" of the &reat &oo!" *ithin one"ociety-

Robert No7ic.%" )ibertariani"m actua))y ha" the con"equence that e(en "tar(in& 'eo')e *ithin it"'erfect)y u"t "ociety can ha(e no mora) ri&ht to foo!-9 Thi" i" (iciou", but )et u" concern our"e)(e"*ith "omethin& e)"e 66 "omethin& common to )ibera)i"m, con"er(ati"m in a)) it" form", an! a)"o otherthin&"- It may be an e)ement in *hati" ca))e! 'o)itica) rea)i"m or nationa) "e)f6intere"t- It can a)"o "tan!on it" o*na" a .in! of mora)ity-

>et me "'ea., "im')y, of mora)ity of re)ation"hi'- It brin&" *ith it a &enu" of *hich it i" a "'ecie" an!from *hich it ta.e" "u''ort, thi" &enu" bein& mora)ity of "'ecia) ob)i&ation-

To cut throu&h the cac.)e quic.)y, mora)ity of re)ation"hi' i" eem')ifie! by a *oman *ho &oe" furtherin fa(ourin& her chi)! o(er other chi)!ren that "ome other mother" !o 66 "ay tho"e *ith a fee)in& for the+rinci')e of Humanity or for a certain c)ear hri"tian 'rinci')e- K Her rea"on, "he "ay", i" that it i" herchi)!- ora)ity of re)ation"hi' i" a)"o eem')ifie! by a rea"on that i" &i(en for bein& ta.en u' to acertain &reat etent *ith "ome 'eo')e rather than other" 66 the rea"on that they are of your o*n countryor .in!- Thi" &oe" beyon! re&ar!in& re)ation"hi' to tho"e aroun! u" a &reat &oo!, an! &oe" beyon! the"u"tainin& of thi" re)ation"hi'

A" for the *i!er mora)ity of "'ecia) ob)i&ation, thi" )ar&e mie! ba& inc)u!e" &enera) rea"on" of (erymany other "ort" 66 more or )e"" the "tuff of ortho!o mora) 'hi)o"o'hy- The"e &enera) rea"on" ha(e to!o *ith &oo! intention" in action", ba! an! &oo! !e"ert or retributi(e u"tice a" the"e thin&" are u"ua))yun!er"too!, certain ri&ht" of in!i(i!ua)" an! 'eo')e", certain c)aim" of recent or ancient hi"tory, the'o"iti(e )a* of a )an!, internationa) )a*, a&reement" ma!e, an! "uch (a)ue" a" autonomy an! inte&rity-A)) of the"e, a)on& *ith rea"on" of re)ation"hi', *e may ca)) "econ!6or!er rea"on", *ithout therebybe&&in& any que"tion-

ora)ity of re)ation"hi', an! a)) mora)ity of "'ecia) ob)i&ation, ha" been contra"te! *ith the +rinci')eof Humanity an! re)ate! mora)itie"- The )atter are "ai! to be con"equentia)i"m", mora)itie" that ta.eri&ht thin&" to be "uch on)y becau"e they are the one" *ith the be"t effect" or con"equence"- Rea"on" ofre)ation"hi' an! other "econ!6or!er rea"on" are "ai! to be !ifferent in one *ay in 'articu)ar-

To cut the cac.)e a&ain, *e may hear that the *oman%" rea"on for fa(ourin& one chi)! ha" at )ea"t a 'artthat !oe" not ha(e to !o *ith effect" or con"equence" of her action- Her rea"on", to "'ea. !ifferent)y,inc)u!e at )ea"t one that !oe" not ha(e to !o *ith benefit" to the chi)! or any other effect"- It can behear! in her "ayin& that it i" her chi)!-


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It "eem" to me that too much re"'ect ha" been 'ai! to thi" "ort of thin&- Thi" mora) 'hi)o"o'hy i" at)ea"t in thi" one *ay more than "u"'ect- It" "u''o"e!)y non6conh"equentia)i"t nature ca))" out foreamination- It i" u"efu) to brin& "ome 'hi)o"o'hy of min! onto the "cene- ery )itt)e may be enou&h-

;hat i" an actionB It i" a mo(ement or "ti))ne"" in a *ay o*e! to a rea"on- A rea"on, a" a)) a&ree,*hether &oo! or ba!, i" "omethin& that contain" a !e"ire, maybe a !e"ire for a &reat &oo!, "omethin&ca'ab)e of bein& "ati"fie! by "ome e(ent or "tate of affair"-

>ea(in& a"i!e "ome unnece""ary !i"tinction", "ure)y *e no* ha(e an ab"ur!ity- A" *e ha(e hear!,"ome mora) 'hi)o"o'hy offer" u" *hat it ca))" rea"on" for action" that ha(e nothin& to !o *ith effect" ofthe action"- The"e rea"on" are thin&", therefore, "uch that it ma.e" no "en"e to "'ea. of "ati"faction orfru"tration in connection *ith them- No effect" an! hence no "ati"faction" or fru"tration" are re)e(ant tothem- In *hich ca"e they are rea"on" that contain no !e"ire"-

$ut rea"on" u"t are or u"t !o inc)u!e !e"ire", thin&" ca'ab)e of bein& "ati"fie! by effect" of action"- /othe conc)u"ion ha" to be that in fact there are no rea"on" of the .in! officia))y recommen!e! in the ca"eof the mother an! in the ca"e of your 'eo')e rather than other"- In &enera), there are no rea"on" of the.in! recommen!e! in mora)ity of re)ation"hi', a" *e are "u''o"e! to un!er"tan! it, an! in!ee! inmora)ity of "'ecia) ob)i&ation &enera))y- /econ!6or!er rea"on" a" officia))y un!er"too! are not rea"on"-

Of cour"e the mother%" thin.in&, fee)in& or "ayin& in a certain *ay that it%" my chi)! !oe" &i(e a rea"onfor action- It mu"t then be "omethin& e)"e than i" officia))y maintaine! by the mora)i"t" of re)ation"hi'-It mu"t ha(e to !o *ith "ome e(ent or "tate of affair" that "ati"fie" or cou)! "ati"fy a !e"ire of her"- It i"ob(iou" *hat it i"-

It i" no hi&her rea"on, a" i" "u''o"e!, or anythin& !ee'er either- It i" the !e"ire that her chi)! "hou)!ha(e "ti)) more than it *ou)! ha(e if "he *ere to fa(our her chi)! to the etent a))o*e! by the +rinci')eof Humanity or a certain hri"tian 'rinci')e- Thi" i" yet more ob(iou" in the other ca"e, *here one i" a)itt)e )e"" !i"tracte! by 'er"ona) fee)in& 66 the rea"on for a 'o)icy or *hate(er that 'eo')e it benefit" areof your country or "ociety-

One conc)u"ion of a)) thi" i" that mora)ity of re)ation"hi' i" "e)fi"h- Thi" conc)u"ion nee! not be& theque"tion by circu)ar)y a""umin& "omethin& )i.e the +rinci')e of Humanity- The conc)u"ion *i)) ta.einto account, inci!enta))y, that the *oman%" true rea"on inc)u!e" her o*n antici'ate! "ati"faction inha(in& !one better by her chi)!-

K- THE NDENIA$I>IT< O= THE +RINI+>E O= HANITa*3A"h&ate 20025, Richar! Norman, Ethic", i))in& an! ;ar 3ambri!&e ni(er"ity +re"", 1CC95, Ro*an;i))iam", ;ritin& in the Du"t 3Ho!!er L /tou&hton, 20025

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Ha(e a )oo. if you *ant at the fir"t cha'ter of After the Terror an! a)"o an inter(ie* about it by +au) !eRooi, A +hi)o"o'her in the Trenche" -=or the matter mentione! in the intro!uction an! footnote @ &o to Ofam #$, 89,000, ?ioni"m, Afterthe Terror, an! e!ica) Ai! for +a)e"tinian"-

HOE to Te! Hon!erich front 'a&e-HOE to =ree!om an! Determini"m ;eb"ite

by Te! Hon!erich

Here i" the fir"t cha'ter of the boo. After the Terror , 'ub)i"he! in /e'tember 2002 by E!inbur&hni(er"ity +re"" in $ritain an! by *ay of o)umbia ni(er"ity +re"" in America- The boo. ha" to !o

*ith terrori"m, not on)y the terrori"m of /e'tember 11 but a)"o other 'o""ib)e an! concei(ab)eterrori"m a" *e)) a" "tate6terrori"m- It ha" a" much to !o *ith our"e)(e", tho"e of u" in America, $ritainan! )i.e ')ace" *ho )i(e *e)) an! enoy the &reat &oo!"- In 'articu)ar it ha" to !o *ith our omi""ion"- Itha" to !o too *ith our counter6attac. after /e'tember 11 in Af&hani"tan an! e)"e*here, an! *ith *hati" to be !one no*- It i" mora) 'hi)o"o'hy o''o"e! to *hat can "eem to be "e)f6"er(in& !i"tinction"-Thi" fir"t cha'ter i" ca))e! M#oo! >i(e", $a! >i(e"%- Tho"e that fo))o* are MNatura) an! Other ora)ity%,*hich ha" to !o *ith the or!inary fact an! 'ractice of mora)ity an! 'hi)o"o'her"% *or.e!6outmora)itie", MDi! ;e ;ron& ThemB Do ;e ;ron& ThemB%, *hich com'are" our omi""ion" to a certainterrib)e act, %The T*in To*er", an! Democracy%, 'art)y about *hy /e'tember 11 *a" *ron& an!


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!efinition" of terrori"m, an! %Our Re"'on"ibi)ity, an! ;hat To Do%, about our o*n mora) "tan!in& an!the au&mentin& of our hierarchic !emocracy- The )a"t cha'ter a)"o touche" on a commi""ion a" a&ain"tour omi""ion", the 'ro)on&e! (io)ation of the ei"tence of the +a)e"tinian"-

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HA+TER 1: #OOD >IE/, $AD >IE/

>i(in& >on&er

;hat i" a &oo! )ifeB =or a "tart, a &oo! )ife i" one that &oe" on )on& enou&h- A "hort )ife may be&oo! *hi)e it )a"t", may be a "*eet thin& in the memory of other"- $ut if it i" on)y ha)f the )en&th it"hou)! ha(e been, if it i" cut !o*n to that, it i" not a &oo! )ife- A &oo! )ife mi&ht be a" )on& a" one you.no* that come" bac. to min!, maybe )i.e the )ife of my father, *ho !e'arte! !urin& hi" afternoonna'- It mi&ht be 9 year"-

>a"tin& 9 year", of cour"e, cannot by it"e)f ma.e a )ife a &oo! one- If it *a" fi))e! *ith!i"a''ointment", )et a)one !ra&&e! !o*n by "orro*" or !efeat", it *ou)! not be a &oo! )ife-


24/51

your "hou)!er" or a ha''y con(er"ation or ha(in& "omethin& off your min! after a cou')e of year"- It%" a(ery )ar&e thin&, "o )ar&e that you can "ay thi" e)ementary )i(in&6of6a6)ife, in the ab"ence of anythin&e)"e, can fi)) a min!, fi)) a )ife- ;e *ant it a )ot- ;e fi&ht for it, u"ua))y quiet)y- It i" not on)y an intrin"icbut a &reat &oo! -

$ein& rationa), at )ea"t in thi" matter, *e in a *ay *ant "omethin& e)"e a" much- Thi" i" themean" to the en!, the mean" to )i(in& )on&er- The mean" to )i(in& )on&er are "he)ter, "ati"factory foo!an! !rin., hea)th, "afety an! the )i.e, not too much rea) "tre"" an! "train- +art of their im'ortance, if nota)), i" that they are nece""ary mean" if I am to a(oi! that a)ternati(e to )i(in& that i" nothin& at a))- $ut iti" not on)y that my o*n )i(in& )on&er i" a )ar&e intrin"ic &oo! or "ati"faction to me, an! that therefore I&reat)y (a)ue the mean" to the en!-

Here i" another fact- /omeone e)"e%" )i(in& )on&er may be the "ame to me- It may e(en be moreto me- It i" our or!inary nature to *ant our chi)!ren to )i(e )on&er, an! of cour"e to *ant them to ha(ethe mean" to that en!- Do I not .no* a )ot of 'eo')e *ho &i(e u' a )ot in their )i(e" for their chi)!ren,'erha'" for their )on&6term )o(er"B To "tic. to eact)y the "ubect, !o I not .no* a )ot of 'eo')e *ho*ou)! "ecure more )i(in&6time for their chi)!ren at the co"t of "horter )i(e" for them"e)(e"B They *antmore of ei"tence for their chi)!ren more than they *ant more of it for them"e)(e"-


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Other #reat #oo!"

There i" a "econ! truth, of the "ame "i7e- It i" that )i(in& )on&er i" not on)y an en! or intrin"ic&oo!, an! a &reat &oo!, but a)"o it"e)f a mean" to other thin&" 66 to thin&" that ma.e for a &oo! )ife-ertain)y *e !o not on)y *ant to )i(e )on&er- A &oo! )ife i" a)"o one that ha" in it *hat )i(in& )on&er&i(e" u" more of 66 *e))6bein&, ha''ine"", fu)fi))ment, contentment, or "omethin& on the *ay to the"e-A &oo! )ife in(o)(e", more 'articu)ar)y, &reat &oo!" in a!!ition to )i(in& )on&er- =or you, the"e arethin&" 'o""e""e! by your"e)f an! tho"e *ho are c)o"e to you- They are "ati"faction" !ifferent from thee)ementary one of ei"tin&- The"e too are intrin"ic &oo!", *hate(er further u"e they a)"o are-

One i" a qua)ity of )ife in "omethin& )i.e the "en"e 'ut a"i!e in 'a""in& abo(e- Thi" i" a &enera)qua)ity of )ife that can be "ecure! by, an! more or )e"" !efine! by, the 'o""e""ion of fami)iar materia)mean"- It i" 'hy"ica) *e))6bein& tie! to certain materia) &oo!"- /ome of the"e mean" are near)y a" o)! a"our .in!, "ay a 'ri(ate ')ace to )i(e, an! more an! !ifferent foo! than i" nece""ary to "u"tain )ife- A')ace to "it, maybe a cu"hion- /omethin& to !rin. other than *ater- Other thin&" that ma.e for a !ecentqua)ity of )ife in thi" "en"e are mean" of a))e(iatin& 'ain, or "ome of it, an! he)' in !ea)in& *ith!i"abi)ity, an! 'rotection from common !an&er", an! maybe the mean" of tra(e))in& a bit- There area)"o the *e))6a!(erti"e! mean" that no* ha(e the name of bein& con"umer6&oo!"- They can come to"eem to be nece""itie"- They are ea"ier to be "u'erior about if you ha(e a )ot of them-

In a!!ition to thi" 'hy"ica) *e))6bein& ba"e! on certain materia) &oo!", there are four other &reat&oo!" to *hich )i(in& )on&er i" a)"o a mean" 66 at any rate by my *ay of countin&- One, *hether or notmore im'ortant than the other" to fo))o*, or more im'ortant than 'hy"ica) *e))6bein&, ha" to !o *ithfree!om an! 'o*er of (ariou" .in!", to *hich can be a!!e! "afety- There i" a)"o re"'ect an! "e)f6re"'ect, an! 'ri(ate an! 'ub)ic re)ation"hi'" *ith other", an! the "ati"faction" of cu)ture, inc)u!in&re)i&ion an! !i(er"ion- Thi" i" one *ay of &ettin& much of a &oo! )ife into focu"- ore of the"e fi(e&reat &oo!" i" better than fe*er of them, an! more of each one i" better than )e""- That i" "o, at any rate,for the o(er*he)min& maority of u" *ho ha(e not reache! rea) "atiety-

A" you ha(e hear!, )i(in& )on&er i" a mean" to the"e other 'art" of a &oo! )ife, a nece""arycon!ition- It i" nece""ary for you to )i(e )on&er in or!er to ha(e a &oo!)y amount- That amount, I &ue"",i" one fami)iar in a .in! of )ife .no*n to me an! many other", in a'artment" an! hou"e" in ')ace" )i.e>on!on, Ne* Ha(en, $roo.)yn, Toronto an! /omer"et- et u" no* )oo. at the etent to *hich the"e human !e"ire" are rea)i7e!, "ome !etai)", both inthe a'artment" an! hou"e" *e .no* about an! a)"o e)"e*here-

Ha)f6>i(e" an! n!er6=i(e"

/ome 'eo')e, becau"e of their "ocietie", ha(e a(era&e )ifetime" of about @ year"- /ome other


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'eo')e, becau"e of their !ifferent "ocietie", )i(e on a(era&e about 40 year"- That i" to "ay that the fir"t&rou' ha(e )i(e" of (ery !ifferent )en&th", of *hich the a(era&e i" about @- /ome in!i(i!ua)" brin& thea(era&e u', "ome brin& it !o*n- /o *ith the "econ! &rou' 66 they ha(e !ifferent )en&th" of )ife,a(era&in& about 40-

It i" of cour"e nece""ary not to !rift to*ar!" thin.in& in"tea! of t*o &rou'" of 'eo')e, one *itha)) it" member" !yin& at @ an! one *ith a)) it" member" !yin& at 40- The t*o &rou'" !efine! by thea(era&e" can ha(e in them 'eo')e !yin& at e(ery a&e- ;hat it come" to, you can "ay, i" that fe*ermember" of the "econ! &rou' &et throu&h each "ta&e of )ife, "ay boyhoo!, youn& *omanhoo!,'arenthoo!, *or.in& )ife, ear)y retirement-

;hat the thin& come" to, you can a)"o "ay, more to the 'oint, i" that many 'eo')e in the "econ!&rou', tho"e 'eo')e *ho 'u)) it" a(era&e !o*n to 40 rather than )ift it u' to that, ha(e ha)f6)i(e" at be"t -That i" a 'ro'er "ummary of their !ifference from the fir"t &rou'-

The !i"tance bet*een the t*o a(era&e" i" &reat, an! con(ey" a &reat !ea) about )i(in&6time- Thea(era&e )ifetime" of @ an! 40 cou)! "u&&e"t to "omeone o(erhearin& thi" ta). of )ifetime", but not.no*in& eact)y our "ubect, that *e are concerne! *ith t*o !ifferent "'ecie"- The e)e'hant an! thehor"e, if you .no* about that "ort of thin&- The number" of 'eo')e in(o)(e! are a)"o (ery )ar&e- About44 mi))ion in the un)uc.y &rou' that inc)u!e" ha)f6)i(e"- About K mi))ion in the fir"t &rou'-

The fir"t &rou' are in fact the 'o'u)ation" of the nite! /tate", ana!a, the nite! in&!om,=rance, #ermany, Ita)y, /'ain, Denmar. an! a'an- The "econ! &rou' are the 'o'u)ation" of theAfrican countrie" of a)a*i, o7ambique, ?ambia an! /ierra >eone-

A certain "tati"tic about a fir"t "ta&e of )ife i" "ometime" &i(en attention- It i" ta.en to be a )ar&eor (ery "i&nificant 'art of the e')anation of the a(era&e" of @ an! 40 year" for the t*o &rou'"-/ometime" it i" ta.en to be more of the e')anation than it i"- In any ca"e, you may thin. thi" fact i" of"i&nificance for it"e)f- It i" a !ifference ha(in& to !o *ith chi)!ren-

;ith re"'ect to the fir"t &rou' of 'eo')e, the American" an! the re"t of u", the number ofchi)!ren *ho !ie un!er the a&e of fi(e, for each 1,000 )i(e birth", i" on)y about fi(e or "i - Another&oo! thin& in it"e)f, you mi&ht "ay- ;ith re"'ect to the "econ! &rou' of 'eo')e, tho"e in a)a*i,o7ambique, ?ambia, an! /ierra >eone, thin&" are !ifferent- Ha(e a )oo. at the tab)e of fi&ure"- =ore(ery 1,000 chi)!ren born a)i(e, no )e"" than about 200 !ie un!er the a&e of fi(e- A !ar. fact- An e(i), toma.e )e"" contentiou" u"e of a term than "ome !o-

Nece""ary Inquiry

The !ar. fact an! the ha)f6)i(e" "hou)! mo(e you, an! "o it i" not too "oon, rea!er, to "ay *hati" bein& a".e! of you no*- ;hate(er our e(entua) conc)u"ion", it i" not that you "hou)! a)rea!y becontem')atin& certain u!&ement" ha(in& to !o *ith the !yin& chi)!ren an! the )o* a(era&e )ifetime"-


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in"titution" of tho"e of u" in the fir"t &rou' a" a&ain"t the "econ!- eibni7 bra(e)y "u''o"e!, that of a)) the 'o""ib)e *or)!" that there mi&ht ha(e been, thi" i" the be"t one66 our *or)! i" the be"t 'o""ib)e *or)!- That the many "horter )i(e" are not the a(oi!ab)e )itt)e u'"hot"of our cho"en forei&n 'o)icie" an! our economic or&ani7in&- There i" a )on& tra!ition of 'o)itica)thou&ht, inci!enta))y, a .in! of con"er(ati"m, that inc)u!e" an! re"t" on u"t tho"e thou&ht"-

Thi" boo. i" an inquiry in *hich you are a".e! to 'artici'ate- It i" an inquiry into terrori"man! our"e)(e", a)thou&h one brou&ht on by the "hoc. of /e'tember 11, 2001, *hen a)) *ith te)e(i"ion"et" *ere 're"ent for the .i))in&- An e(i) of another .in! 66 "ome "ay mora) rather than natura)- A)"o theafter"hoc." of /e'tember 11- One *a" that the thin& "een on the "creen *a" 'o""ib)e, the me!iae(a)horror *ithout any of the re"'ectabi)ity *e attach to our *ar", or our "i!e in our *ar"- A)"o, e(en more

of the "ame *a" 'o""ib)e, "ince "ome re"trainin& &o! *a" !ea!-

Another after"hoc. *a" hearin& *hat *a" "ai! quiet)y aroun! the *or)!, !e"'ite the horror an!the automati"m of our )ea!er"- It *a" "ai!, not u"t in co"mo'o)itan >on!on but in /omer"et too, thatthe American" ha! it comin&, that they *ere &ettin& "ome of their o*n bac.- They *ou)! ha(e to )earnan! chan&e, &ro* u'- It *a" "ai! that it *a" the treatment of the +a)e"tinian" by the e*" in +a)e"tinean! a)"o the one" in Ne*


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Inquiry i" nee!e!, mora) inquiry, near to mora) 'hi)o"o'hy- Thi" i" not the on)y .in! of ")o* an!carefu) thin.in& about terrori"m that i" nee!e!- /uch boo." of re)e(ant 'o)itic" an! economic" arenee!e!, an! of the recor!" of &o(ernment", an! of hi"tory an! internationa) re)ation", an! boo." by&oo! ourna)i"t"- $ut ar&uab)y &enera) mora) inquiry i" the main .in! of inquiry that i" nee!e!, any*ayone main .in!- Other .in!" )ea! to*ar!" it, or 're"u''o"e it, or b)uff about it, or ta.e it to be ea"y, ortry to !o it on the *in&-

It i" true on thi" !ay, a" the"e *or!" are *ritten, that the en!in& of thi" boo. i" un.no*n to me-/omethin& ha" ha''ene! that ca))" for ne* ref)ection on the !ecency an! in!ecency of human )i(e",our" a" *e)) a" their", an! ma.e" it har!er- Thi" !oubt i" not u"t a minority%"- It cannot be concea)e! byour bra(e )ea!er" in their "eemin& "in&)e6min!e!ne"" an! u'ri&htne"" an! our .in!" an! !e&ree" ofcom')iance *ith them- It )in&er" in their "entence" an! in our ne*"'a'er" an! on our "creen", in an!bet*een an! un!er the )ine"- It i" "ti)) the "tate of min!, a" it "eem" to me, of mo"t of u" *ho *ere're"ent for the .i))in& at the T*in To*er" an! ha(e fo))o*e! *hat ha" come after-

>et u" ma.e our inquiry a" rea) a" *e can- A" I "ay, )et u" not ru"h to ta.e any of u" in the *e))6hee)e! *or)! a" ha(in& !one *ron& *ith re"'ect to the )o* a(era&e )ifetime" an! the !yin& chi)!ren,been re"'on"ib)e, been inhuman in our )i(e"- There are &reat tra&e!ie" that at )ea"t "eem to be *ithout*ron& action", cu)'ab)y re"'on"ib)e a&ent", ba! or a*fu) character"- /ome are the natura) !i"a"ter", "ayf)oo!" an! fire"- They are thin&" of *hich a)) of u" .no*, nonethe)e"", that it i" ba! or *or"e that theyha''en-

It i" ba! in thi" *ay that many 'eo')e )i(e )e"" )on& than they cou)!, that "o many of theirchi)!ren !ie- The"e, to "ay the )ea"t, are ba! )i(e"- There i" no 'oint in tryin& to 'ut a"i!e fee)in& aboutthat- ;e are not the one or t*o !e""icate! ca)cu)atin& machine" that the fee)in&fu) Aneurin $e(anthou&ht he notice! amon& hi" fe))o* member" in En&)an!%" o)! >abour +arty bac. in about 1C90- That*a" the one, by the *ay, that foun!e! the Nationa) Hea)th /er(ice, becau"e it cou)! !o more thancount- /ti)), our obect no* i" to come to ha(e a &ri' on fact" of "e(era) .in!", for the fir"t time in theca"e of "ome of u", once a&ain in the ca"e of other"- The fact" mu"t be a)) the re)e(ant fact"- Ofnece""ity, then, they mu"t inc)u!e *hat i" "ai! by tho"e *ho are a&ain"t u"-

$ut one more *or! fir"t on the nature of thi" mora) inquiry- It *a" in!ee! brou&ht on byfee)in&" about /e'tember 11 an! the !ay" after*ar! in Af&hani"tan- $ut it *i)) be more &enera) thanother in(e"ti&ation", a" 'hi)o"o'hy an! near6'hi)o"o'hy by their nature are- It *i)) not &et near)y "ofar into hi"tory, 'o)itic" an! economic" a" other in(e"ti&ation" 66 not "o far into 'ro'o"ition" ta.en by"ome of u" a" bein& of !eniab)e .in!"- It can ha(e it" e""entia) ba"i", if certain)y not it" on)y ba"i", in*e))6e"tab)i"he! &enera) fact", tho"e in the tab)e -

It *i)) a)"o be more &enera) not on)y in con"i!erin& &enera) mora)itie" an! in "'en!in& "ometime on the &enera) !efinition of terrori"m an! on other )ar&e thin&", but a)"o in ha(in& to !o not on)y

*ith actua) terrori"m but a)"o *ith "ome 'o""ib)e an! "ome concei(ab)e terrori"m a&ain"t u" 66 an! ofcour"e ha(in& to !o *ith u", thin&" *e can )earn about our"e)(e"-


29/51

te)) u" more about 'reci"e)y /e'tember 11 an! *hat fo))o*e! it, by 'uttin& thi" in a contet or ran&e ofcom'ari"on"- A)"o, in the "ame *ay, the &enera)ity *i)) te)) u" more about 'reci"e)y our o*n mora)"ituation *ith re"'ect to /e'tember 11-


30/51

The nite! /tate", ho*e(er it "hare" out it" money amon& it" citi7en", of *hich you *i)) hear"omethin& in a moment, ha" ha! 2C,240 'er citi7en each year- /ierra >eone, tran")atin& into the "amecurrency, ha" ha! 140- The a(era&e for the *ho)e &rou' *ith the nite! /tate" in it i" about 24,000 ayear- The a(era&e for the African &rou' i" about 220 a year- The co"t of a "'ecia) )unch for me an! my'ub)i"her- The 'eo')e to thin. of fir"t, a&ain, are tho"e *ho brin& the annua) a(era&e !o*n to 220-

There i" an immen"e !ifference, then, in mean" to *e))6bein&, a !ifference that e')ain" ha)f6)i(e", !yin& chi)!ren, "ic. )i(e"-

Rea""urin& Our"e)(e"

There i" "omethin& e)"e that ha" to !o *ith *ea)th or 'o(erty- In a *ay, you may "ay, it can &i(eu" a better con"cience- The nite! /tate" come" at the hea! of a )i"t a&ain, in thi" ca"e the mentione!*ea)thy countrie" )i"te! in term" of the !i"tribution of thin&" *ithin each of them- The *or"t6off tenthof American" ha" ha! 1-@J of the country%" tota) income or con"um'tion- Not a )ot- The riche"t tenth ofthe 'o'u)ation ha" ha! 0-9J- The "harin&6out in the other *ea)thy countrie" i" "imi)ar- $ut to turn tothe African &rou', the fi&ure" for the bottom an! the to' tenth" in /ierra >eone are 0-9J an! 4-KJ-The inequa)itie" in thi" &rou' are a )itt)e &reater than the inequa)itie" in our"-

eone, to the etent that it ma.e" "en"e to "'ea. of it a" anentity after 'ro)on&e! ci(i) *ar, i" not !oin& *e)) for the bottom tenth of it" o*n 'eo')e- If the ;or)!$an. ha" "omethin& to !o *ith their "tate, "o !oe" it" ca'ita) of =reeto*n or maybe it" &enera)"- /o*ith the other African countrie"- There may be an occa"ion )ater for the thou&ht that the con!ition" of"ocia) a)trui"m, accor!in& to the fi&ure", are a )itt)e better in ana!a 66 that the African countrie" are not"o concerne! *ith their o*n im'o(eri"he! a" they mi&ht be- Thi" may a)"o be the occa"ion for thethou&ht that a)) of u" un!er the "un, a)) human.in!, ana!a or /ierra >eone, ha(e "omethin& incommon-

If you are unea"i)y 're'arin& your"e)f for mora) ar&ument, 're'arin& to !efen! your"e)f a&ain"t*hat may be comin&, another contra"t can be notice! by you- ;e ha(e it "o far that the four Africancountrie" ha(e a(era&e )ifetime" of about 40 year", an! re)ate! a(era&e hea)thy )ifetime", an! !eath" ofchi)!ren at the rate of 200 'er e(ery 1000 chi)!ren born, an! are "o 'oor a" to ha(e an a(era&e ofmere)y about 220 'er 'er"on a year a" a&ain"t 24,000 for u"-

The "ituation of the four African countrie" i" therefore *or"e than that of a &rou' of I")amiccountrie" "a(e for Af&hani"tan 66 Af&hani"tan before the *ar on the Ta)iban an! O"ama bin >a!en an!hi" fo))o*er" by the nite! /tate" an! it" a))ie" an! *hat came after- =or the"e I")amic countrie" of

Tur.meni"tan, +a.i"tan, Iraq, Iran, /au!i Arabia an! the nite! Arab Emirate", the a(era&e )ifetime i"about K@ year"- The !eath" of chi)!ren before fi(e are about K 'er 1000- The income or con"um'tion i"an a(era&e of "omethin& o(er 4,000-

/o if anyone "hou)! *i"h to thro* a to)erant )i&ht on terrori"m by citin& )ifetime6re)ate! fact",an! in 'articu)ar a to)erant )i&ht on I")amic terrori"m, can they not ri&ht)y be &i(en 'au"e by the Africanfact" an! the ab"ence of African terrori"t"B an they not ha(e it con(eye! to them that it "eem" not tobe actua) !e'ri(ation or "ufferin& that &i(e" ri"e to .i))in&, but "omethin& e)"e )e"" un!er"tan!ab)e, )e""ea"y to "ym'athi7e *ithB Re)i&ion in at )ea"t it" out*ar! formB +ri!eB Racia) 'ri!eB The .in! of 'ri!e


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that a))o*" >ebane"e bu"ine""men to mi"treat their b)ac. "er(ant &ir)" from /ierra >eoneB

Another contra"t, another 'o""ibi)ity of rea""urance for u", i" a.in to *hat *a" remar.e! amoment a&o about the be"t6off tenth" *ithin the African 'o'u)ation" an! their (ery )imite! a)trui"m*ith re"'ect to their )e"" fortunate fe))o*" in the *or"t6off tenth"- Thin&" are in a *ay "imi)ar in theI")amic *or)!- The circum"tance" of /au!i Arabia an! the nite! Arab Emirate" are "i&nificant)y!ifferent from tho"e of the other I")amic countrie", "ay +a.i"tan an! Tur.meni"tan- /ee the fi&ure"- Thet*o oi)6rich "tate" "eem not to be !oin& a &reat !ea) to a))e(iate the har!er con!ition" of )ife amon&other o")em"-

uarter6>i(e"

$ut )et u" return to brute fact" about )ifetime", "ome !ifferent one"- They ha(e a !ifferentten!ency, the "ame a" before, not rea""urin&-

In the nite! /tate" or $ritain or /'ain or a'an, !oe" the the financia))y be"t6off tenth of'o'u)ation )i(e )on&er than any other tenthB The American an! $riti"h fi&ure" for the"e tenth" of'o'u)ation "eem not to be co))ecte!, any*ay accor!in& to the &o(ernmenta) "tati"tic" 'eo')e- $ut therecan be no !oubt, *hate(er )itt)e qua)ification" there are of the fact, that the be"t6off tenth in our &rou'of countrie" !oe" )i(e )on&er than mo"t of the other tenth" an! of cour"e the bottom one- It ha" morechi)!ren ma.in& it throu&h to the a&e of fi(e too-

;e *i)) be noticin& "ome nearby nationa) "tati"tic" )ater about b)ac." an! *hite" an! "ocia)c)a""e" 3'- 005 that confirm the fact about the be"t6off tenth, but *e a)) .no* *ithout the ai! of"tati"tic" about the connection bet*een rea))y &oo! me!ica) attention, to "ay nothin& of foo!, an! )i(in&)on&er- ;e .no* about 'o(erty an! 'oor hea)th too- There are many other re)e(ant fact", inc)u!in& onenotice! a )itt)e *ay bac., that 'eo')e in &enera) )i(e a )ot )on&er in *e))6off countrie" than in 'oor one"-

/o if the a(era&e )ife e'ectancy for one of our countrie" a" a *ho)e i" about @ year", *hat i"the a(era&e )ife e'ectancy of the be"t6off tenthB

The "ame que"tion ari"e" about a )ot of other 'eo')e 66 the bottom tenth of 'eo')e in a)a*i,o7ambique, ?ambia an! /ierra >eone- If the a(era&e )ifetime" for a)) ta.en to&ether in tho"e ')ace"are about 40, ho* )on& !o the bottom tenth )i(eB

;e)), I ha(e to )ea(e you to fin! your o*n an"*er", not ea"y to come by, or to "'ecu)ate *ithme- I" it not (ery 'robab)e that the to' tenth in the nite! /tate" an! )i.e ')ace" )i(e" for about @0 year"on a(era&eB Do the bottom tenth in /ierra >eone an! the )i.e ')ace" ha(e a(era&e )ifetime" of about 0

year"B On the ba"i" of the (ery &reat inequa)ity of income or con"um'tion bet*een bottom an! to'tenth" 66 0-9J an! 4-KJ 66 an! (ariou" other com'arion" an! con"i!eration", "ome mentione! abo(ein connection *ith the nite! /tate" or the )i.e, it i" a "afe conecture, to my min! a certainty-

It *a" note! at the "tart, about the t*o &rou'" of "ocietie" ta.en a" *ho)e", that the a(era&e)ifetime" of @ an! 40 year" meant that many 'eo')e in the "econ! &rou', tho"e that brin& it" a(era&e!o*n, ha(e ha)f6)i(e" at be"t- In term" of hea)thy year", many ha! con"i!erab)y )e"" than ha)f6)i(e" atbe"t- ;hat i" to be "ai! about our com'ari"on no*, bet*een the be"t6off tenth amon& u" an! the *or"t6off tenth amon& themB One thin& i" that many 'eo')e in the )atter tenth, tho"e that 'u)) it" a(era&e


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!o*n to 0, ha(e quarter6)i(e" at be"t , "ome*here aroun! 20 year"-

It i" ea"i)y "ai!- $ut the !i"'arity in )i(in&6time bet*een the"e t*o *e))6!efine! "et" of humanbein&" i" not "omethin& *e "ee c)ear)y- ;e are not face! *ith it- ;e !o not "ee it a" *e "a* the a*fu).i))in& at the T*in To*er"- $y *ay of our "creen", *e *ere there, an! *e brou&ht our o*n e'eriencean! .no*)e!&e *ith u"- It *a" 'eo')e )i.e u" on the ')ane"- /eein& an emaciate! chi)! on te)e(i"ion i"not the "ame- Another *or)!- ;e *i)) come bac. to the "ubect, or near to it- $ut it i" u"efu) to .ee' inmin! no*, about tho"e four mi))ion *ho"e )i(e" a(era&e! 0 year", an! tho"e amon& them *ith thequarter6)i(e" at be"t, that each of them ha! a name an! ho'e"-

I" there a rea"on, from the 'oint of (ie* of mora) inquiry, to re"train my o*n fee)in&" in *hatfo))o*"B ;e)), it i" not a" if o'enne"" about them *i)) !e'ri(e you of your"- Nor mu"t the be"t 'o)icya)*ay" be *hat "eem" to be mo!eration, or e(en *hat rea))y i" mo!eration- A)"o, "ome o'enne"" *i)))et you .no* the nature of your &ui!e- ore boo." "hou)! be e')icit about their author", a" more'o)itician", notab)y more American 'o)itician", "hou)! be e')icit about their !ua) a))e&iance"-

An!, fina))y, actua) attitu!e", a" !i"tinct from *hat can "eem to be "ai! for or a&ain"t them atfir"t, are a" 'ro'er a 'art of an inquiry at the be&innin& a" at any other time- /omebo!y%" firmne"" offee)in& on a "ubect can &i(e ri"e to more ref)ection on the 'art of "omebo!y e)"e- It *i)) !o no harm toyour un!er"tan!in&, either, to ref)ect that "ome fee)in&" you encounter in the"e 'a&e" may be ha! by(ery many more 'eo')e than your o*n-

>ar&er Number"

A fina) ref)ection about )i(in&6time may not be 'o'u)ar- It may "tri.e "ome a" contentiou",!i"ta"tefu) or *or"e- ontentiou", they *i)) "ay, becau"e *hat it come" to i" "ome*hat unc)ear-Di"ta"tefu) becau"e it may be ta.en to im')y an equi(a)ence bet*een !yin&" an! .i))in&"- /omethin&*i)) be "ai! of that too, *hen *e are more concerne! *ith inter'retation" of fact"- =or the moment,remember that 'o'u)arity i" not the aim of an inquiry *orth the name, a" it i" not the aim of a court*orth the name-

The *or"t6off tenth of 'o'u)ation in the four African countrie", to re'eat, ha(e a(era&e )ifetime"of about 0 year"- Thu" they )i(e for an a(era&e of "omethin& )i.e 90 year" )e"" than the a(era&e of thebe"t6off tenth in the *ea)thy countrie"- The eact fact" !o not matter for a certain que"tion- If thin&"ha! been !ifferent for a &oo! *hi)e, *ou)! they ha(e )i(e! a" )on& a" the be"t6off tenth in tho"e (ery!ifferent ')ace"B Or "omethin& )i.e thatB

/u''o"e *e in the nite! /tate", the nite! in&!om an! "o on ha! 'ut in "omethin&

equi(a)ent to a *ar6effort on their beha)f, or u"t rea))y *or.e! at it- The +rime ini"ter r- $)air inone or t*o of hi" "'eeche" mi&ht ha(e been ta.en a)mo"t to "'ea. of "uch a thin& for the future- +eo')e*ere mo(e!- If *e ha! rea))y *or.e! at it, *ou)! the *or"t6off tenth ha(e &aine! 90 year" of )ife ona(era&eB

Do you "ay in"tea!, for *hate(er rea"on, 'erha'" a "u'eriority to uto'ian "'ecu)ation, that thebe"t that cou)! ha(e been !one by our human eertion" to im'ro(e the con!ition" of the *or"t6off tenth*ou)! ha(e re"u)te! in their &ainin& on)y 0 year" of )i(in&6time on a(era&eB Or !o you "ay, out ofmore caution, or an a""um'tion about our common human nature or *hate(er, that e(en if *e ha! trie!,


33/51

the African tenth" *ou)! ha(e &aine! on)y 19 year" on a(era&eB Or on)y 10B Or on)y fi(eB

Do you "ay that it i" irre)e(ant that bet*een 1C20 an! 1C40, American *hite" came to )i(e)on&er )i(e" by about 10 year"B An! in the net t*o !eca!e" by another "i year"B An! bet*een 1CK0an! 1C@0 by about four year", an! bet*een 1C@0 an! 1CC@ by another three year"B

It actua))y !oe" not matter a )ot to the ar&ument *hether you "ay the African tenth cou)! ha(e&aine! 90 year" of )ife on a(era&e or on)y fi(e- In the African tenth of 'o'u)ation, you nee! toremember, there are o(er four mi))ion 'eo')e- It !oe" not matter a )ot to the ar&ument ho* fe* moreyear" of )ife they *ou)! ha(e been ha! on a(era&e if *e ha! trie!- The )o"" of )i(in&6time becau"e *e!i! not try i" "ti)) immen"e- To "horten )i(e" or )ea(e )i(e" "hort i" not the "ame a" to .i))- It i" not )i.e.i))in&- ;e .no* that before *e be&in to thin. more about it- It i" "ti)) true that the )i(in&6time )o"t tothe 'eo')e un!er con"i!eration i" "uch a" to ma.e a)) !eath" by terrori"m, con"i!ere! on)y in term" of)i(in&6time )o"t, in"i&nificant- Thi" i" not a con&enia) i!ea, but it i" an i!ea that "ome 'artie" to a rea)inquiry *i)) ta.e to be re)e(ant- They may ta.e it to be more re)e(ant than anythin& e)"e- They *i)) "aythey are not f)ie"-

They *i)) "ay it too *hen "omeone on their "i!e &et" more 'articu)ar an! ar&ue", ri&ht)y, thatthere i" "o)i! e(i!ence to "ho* *e cou)! ha(e )en&thene! the )i(e" in que"tion by u"t fi(e year" 66 an!!ra*" the conc)u"ion that there *a" a )o"" of )i(in&6time of 20 mi))ion year" - Do you "ay that thi" i"unrea)B ra7y "tuffB It *ou)! be &oo! to .no* *hat you mean- ertain)y the conc)u"ion i" har! to face-$ut ho* cou)! it be mi"ta.en to thin. of itB

They *i)) a)"o "ay they are not f)ie" *hen they remin! u" that *e are !ea)in& *ith a "am')e,on)y a bottom tenth of 'o'u)ation of four countrie"- They *i)) "ay they are not f)ie" *hen "omeone'ro'o"e" &oin& on to other "im')e ca)cu)ation", inc)u!in& one ha(in& to !o *ith the fi&ure mentione! atthe "tart, that 40 year" i" the a(era&e )ifetime for the entire 'o'u)ation" of the four African countrie"-They may "ay that the main thin& about .i))in& i" the "hortenin& of )ife, an! that there i" "omethin& a.into intentiona)ity on our 'art, any*ay a.in to re"'on"ibi)ity, in the )o"" of )i(in&6time in the Africancountrie"-

;e *i)) be )oo.in& at that )ar&e matter in !ue cour"e- $ut no* )et u" turn from thi" fir"t 'art of a&oo! )ife if you ha(e one 66 )i(in& )on& enou&h 66 to the "econ! 'art- Thi", a" remar.e! ear)ier, ha" to !o*ith *hat can be &i(en the name of *e))6bein& an! can be concei(e! in term" of the "ati"faction" of thefi(e &reat !e"ire" other than the !e"ire for a !ecent )en&th of )ife- The"e are for a qua)ity of )ife re"tin&on an! !efine! by certain materia) &oo!", an! for free!om an! 'o*er, re"'ect an! "e)f6re"'ect,re)ation"hi'" both 'ri(ate an! 'ub)ic, an! the "ati"faction" of a cu)ture-

#reat #oo!" A&ain

A)) thi" can be 'ut !ifferent)y, in term" of *hat ha(e a)rea!y been in (ie*, an! can a&ain mi)!)ybe ca))e! ba! )i(e" -


34/51

;e ha(e a "tart on thi" "ubect in the "hort )i(e"- It i" not on)y that )i(in& )on&er i" a nece""arymean" to other 'art" of a &oo! )ife- >i(in& )on&er i" a)"o "omethin& !ifferent, a 'retty &oo! in!icator ofha(in& the fi(e other thin&" or any*ay "ome of them- A "hort )ife i" a 'retty &oo! in!icator of notha(in& the fi(e other thin&" or a)) of them, fir"t of a)) a qua)ity of )ife connecte! *ith certain materia)&oo!"- $ut *e can come to "ee more than thi" &rim &enera)i7ation about "ome of the ba! )i(e" inque"tion-

To &)ance a&ain acro"" the tab)e, the !ifference" in the fi&ure" bet*een the "econ! an! thir!co)umn", about )ifetime" an! hea)thy )ifetime", &i(e you the a(era&e year" of ba! hea)th for a country-In term" of ?ambia, the a(era&e year" of ba! hea)th are about ten- If you are a ?ambian man or *oman*ho 'u))" the a(era&e !o*n to ten 66 'erha'" "omeone *ith 20 year" of "e(ere !ebi)ity 66 the que"tionbare)y ari"e" of your !oin& to)erab)y in your )ife in term" of the mentione! &reat &oo!"-


35/51

$ut *i)) the ha''y 'oor not be a "ma)) fraction of tho"e mother", "ay, *ho"e chi)!ren are (erythin, )i.e the one" in the Ofam 'hoto"B ;i)) the ha''y 'oor be numerou" amon& tho"e 'eo')e *ho.no* the "ti&ma that they are un!er, their bein& beneath the a*arene"" of the 'eo')e in the car"B ;i))there be many ha''y 'oor amon& tho"e *ho e"'ecia))y *ou)! )i.e to be ab)e to rea! the 'rinte! *or!"they )oo. at e(ery !ayB Or amon& tho"e !yin& *ith AID"B

ore Rea""uranceB

/ome )a"t ref)ection" on the tab)e- It i" true that "e(era) of the be"t6off tenth" ha(e etraor!inary"hare" of *hat i" a(ai)ab)e in their "ocietie" 66 )oo. at $ra7i) an! eico, an! a)"o /ierra >eone- /ti)),there i" a con"i!erab)e )i.ene"" bet*een a)) the )i"te! countrie" in thi" re"'ect 66 a)) the &rou'" in thetab)e, u" an! a)) of them- Each of the be"t6off tenth" ha" (ery rou&h)y 0J of *hat there i", an! each ofthe *or"t6off tenth" ha" "omethin& )i.e 2J or J-

It *ou)! be mi")ea!in& to u"e the"e fi&ure" ca"ua))y *ith the matter of 'hy"ica) *e))6bein& tie!to certain materia) &oo!"- Thi" i" "o "ince the *or"t6off tenth in Au"tra)ia, "ay, ha" 2J or J of a )ar&etota) for the "ociety, an! the *or"t6off tenth in o7ambique ha" that "hare of a (ery "ma)) tota)- $utthin. in"tea! of the &oo! of free!om an! 'o*er, an! the &oo! of re"'ect an! "e)f6re"'ect- The"e are bytheir nature re)ati(e &oo!" 66 ho* much I ha(e of free!om in our "ociety !e'en!" on ho* much youha(e- /o too, rou&h)y, *ith re"'ect an! "e)f6re"'ect-

ou)! thi" turn out to be a "ource of comfort to u"B /ha)) *e be ab)e to "ay that there i" a &oo!rea"on for "u''o"in& that the (ery 'oor in the four African countrie" an! other" are no more "hort onfree!om an! 'o*er *ithin their "ocietie", an! a)"o on re"'ect an! "e)f6re"'ect, than the (ery 'oor in thenite! /tate" an! the )i.eB It i" *orth thin.in& about- /o i" "omethin& e)"e-

A" remar.e!, a)) of the be"t6off tenth" in a)) the countrie" in the tab)e 66 tho"e *here the fi&ure"are a(ai)ab)e an! 'ub)i"he! 66 ha(e (ery rou&h)y about 0J of *hat i" &oin&- Thi" i" a" true of the fourAfrican countrie" an! "ome of the I")amic countrie" a" it i" of our o*n &rou' of countrie" *ith thenite! /tate" at it" hea!- It i" true of the three /outh American countrie", an! In!ia an! Au"tra)ia, an!a)"o the e6ommuni"t "tate" of Ru""ia, +o)an! an! hina- I" thi" a )a* of nature, any*ay a )a* ofhuman natureB I" it "omethin& that it i" or *ou)! be futi)e to 'rote"t about or fi&ht a&ain"tB

;hat *ou)! thi" )a* of human nature come toB ;e)), a)) of the be"t6off tenth", *here(er theyare, ha(e a )ot in common an! a)"o, you mi&ht thin., a common intere"t- /uch a common intere"t i"!ifferent from the common intere"t of each be"t6off tenth *ith the re"t of the 'eo')e of it" o*n country-Ta.e the intere"t of a eican eecuti(e of a tran"nationa) cor'oration "ettin& u' a further )o*6*a&e

a""emb)y ')ant in eico acro"" the bor!er from America- I" hi" intere"t not an intere"t that conf)ict"*ith the intere"t" of the eican *omen in the ')antB An! coinci!e" *ith the intere"t of hi" Americanco))ea&ue"B

/o i" the )a* of nature u"t an or!inary factB I" it the or!inary fact, about *hich "omethin&mi&ht be !one, that 'eo')e ma.e 'rofitab)e a&reement" that ha(e a !ar. "i!eB


36/51

&rou'" of *ho)e 'o'u)ation"- Not a)) !i"'aritie" are bet*een u", a)) of u", in the nite! /tate", thenite! in&!om an! "o on, an! a)) of them in the four African countrie" or the I")amic countrie"- /omeinequa)itie" are bet*een 315 u"t "ome of u" in each of the fortunate countrie" to&ether *ith u"t "ome ofthem in the African an! I")amic countrie" on the one han!, an!, on the other han!, 325 other" of u" inthe fortunate countrie" an! other" of them in the African an! I")amic countrie"- Natura) a))iance", not)imite! to on)y the (ery to' tenth", cou)! enter into e')anation" of the fact of (ery many ba! )i(e"-

>i.e it or not, an inquiry into u" *ith re"'ect to terrori"m *i)) ha(e to be an inquiry e"'ecia))yinto "ome of u", *on%t itB aybe inc)u!in& me, an! you-

Not An Omi""ion

A)) of *hat ha" been notice! "o far, about )i(e" that are ba! becau"e they are "hort, an! )i(e"that are ba! becau"e of !e'ri(ation, an! of cour"e )i(e" that are ba! for both rea"on", rai"e" a que"tionabout u" an! "ome of u" e"'ecia))y an! the )ea!er" *e ha(e- The que"tion come" u' e(en if *e ta.ethin&" ")o*)y- It ha" to !o *ith the ri&htne"" of our not chan&in& thin&", )ea(in& the *or)! a" it i"- It ha"to !o, that i", )ar&e)y or any*ay 'rimari)y, *ith the ri&htne"" of *hat are ca))e! our omi""ion" 66 an!*ith our re"'on"ibi)ity in them an! the !ecency of our )i(e"-

$ut it i" not on)y a que"tion of our omi""ion" that i" rai"e! by our critic"- Our critic" "ay more,that *e !o not mere)y )ea(e thin&" *ron&, but a)"o 'ut them *ron&- They "ay 'o"iti(e action" of our",our commi""ion", are a" re)e(ant to ba! )i(e" a" our omi""ion"- They ma.e 'articu)ar accu"ation" aboutour 'o"iti(e action" an! "o on, 'a"t an! 're"ent- There are 'o"iti(e action" of the nite! /tate" *ithre"'ect to /outh America, into *hich it ha" intru!e! many time"- A &oo! recor! ha" been .e't by ab)eu!&e"- There are 'o"iti(e action" of $ritain too, *ith re"'ect to co)onie" an! e6co)onie"- There area)"o the action" of our tran"nationa) cor'oration", no* a" im'ortant in "ome *ay" a" our &o(ernment"an! a!mini"tration"-

A" remar.e! ear)ier 3'- 115 our inquiry *i)) ha(e it" e""entia) ba"i" in certain *e))6e"tab)i"he!&enera) fact", tho"e in the tab)e- They brin& to min! our 'o""ib)e omi""ion" before our 'o"iti(e action"-$ut our inquiry *i)) in!ee! nee! to &i(e "ome attention to another 'o""ib)e ba"i" for u!&ement 66 our'o"iti(e action"- The"e, the main or on)y concern of other "tron& )ine" of inquiry, ha(e to be .e't inmin!- If *e !o not ha(e to ta.e u' thi" a&en!a of our critic", *e cannot i&nore it-

>et u" atten! to it a )itt)e- It *ou)! be at )ea"t !ifficu)t, an! 'robab)y not en)i&htenin&, to try to'rocee! in a &enera) *ay about our commi""ion"- The char&e" a&ain"t u" are more 'articu)ar than in theca"e of our omi""ion"- In"tea! of tryin& to a""emb)e a tab)e of fi&ure", it *i)) be better to )oo. at a'articu)ar ca"e- There i" the a!!itiona) rea"on that it ha" been ta.en, *ron&)y or ri&ht)y, a" theout"tan!in& cau"e of the terrori"m that "ei7e! our concentration on /e'tember 11 an! "ub"equent)y

&a(e ri"e to our counter6attac. on I")amic terror- The ca"e i" that of +a)e"tine, an! thu" of I"rae) an! thenite! /tate"-

Here it *i)) not be 'o""ib)e to a(oi! mo(in& c)o"er to mora) u!&ement on &rou'" an!in!i(i!ua)" an! on their act"- /ti)), our bu"ine"" no* i" main)y or in the fir"t in"tance factua)- A" for thefact", maybe there i" a )itt)e more room for mi"ta.e an! "e)f6!ece'tion here than in thi" inquiry u' unti)no*- I "ha)) ta.e care to )imit my"e)f to 'ro'o"ition" that "eem to me more or )e"" in!i"'utab)e- A" forthe choice of 'ro'o"ition", choo"in& *hat to )ea(e out, thi" cannot be ea"y- /ti)), you can try to 'ut in*hat each "i!e ta.e" to be of &reate"t re)e(ance- De"'ite the chance of mi"ta.e an! "e)f6!ece'tion,


37/51

im'artia)ity an! in!e'en!ence of min! are 'o""ib)e- It i" u"ua))y a 'iece of "trate&y on one "i!e or theother to !eny thi"-

The re&ion that inc)u!e" *hat i" no* +a)e"tine, !e"'ite the contribution of the $ib)e tomi"conce'tion", *a" a )an! of /emite" from the Arabian 'enin"u)a in the be&innin& 66 /emite" bein&"'ea.er" of a certain fami)y of )an&ua&e" 66 an! ece't for a )on&er an! a "horter inter)u!e, brief interm" of it" )on& hi"tory, it remaine! "uch a )an! unti) (ery recent)y- That i", it *a" "ett)e! aroun! 4,000$- an! remaine! /emitic rather than Hebre* in 'articu)ar ece't for a fe* centurie" aroun! 00 $an! a "horter time aroun! the birth of hri"t- It *a" "uch !e"'ite E&y'tian, Roman an! other em'ire"ha(in& "*ay o(er it- It *a" con"ecrate! for u!ai"m an! hri"tianity, "o to "'ea., by the hi"tory of theO)! Te"tament an! the birth an! !eath of hri"t- It *a" con"ecrate! for I")am by uhamma!%"(eneration of it a" a re"u)t of hi" embracin& of the other t*o re)i&ion" in hi" o*n-

;hat i" the re)e(ance of thi" ancient 'a"tB Are *e concei(ab)y to !eci!e &reat matter" of )i(in&"'ace an! home)an!" no* by ancient re)i&ion an! it" myth"B /ha)) *e "tart u' a)) the *or)! a&ainby "tu!yin& ho)y boo."B Do ri&ht an! *ron& no* !e'en! at a)) on *hat ha''ene! bac. thenBora)ity i" about the )i(in& an! tho"e to come, i"n%t itB I" the remote 'a"t *hat the )i(in& rea))ycare aboutB They may "ay "o, but i" it rea))yB

In 1C00 there *ere 900,000 Arab" an! 90,000 e*" in +a)e"tine- any of the )atter ha! arri(e!a" a re"u)t of the ?ioni"t "tru&&)e for a home)an! be&un "hort)y before- Thi" mo(ement *a" the re"u)t ofanti6/emiti"m, ho"ti)ity to an! 'reu!ice a&ain"t e*", a unique hi"tory of contem't, en(y, an!'er"ecution- The cu)ture of the Arab" in 1C00, u!&e! from a ;e"tern 'oint of (ie*, *a" ru!imentary-/o too *a" their commercia) acti(ity- They cou)! be an! *ere "'o.en of a" 'ea"ant"- Their tra!ition" of&o(ernin& or "ocia) coo'eration !i! not amount to a mo!ern "tate- In 1C1 $ritain%" forei&n mini"ter,Arthur $a)four, !ec)are! "u''ort for a nationa) home)an! for the e*" in +a)e"tine, *ithout 'reu!ice tothe ri&ht" of the o(er*he)min&)y )ar&er non6e*i"h 'o'u)ation- Arab o''o"ition to further e*i"himmi&ration, inc)u!in& (io)ence an! a &enera) "tri.e in 1CK, *a" !i"re&ar!e!- ;hat i" the re)e(ance ofthi" c)o"er 'a"tB

The !e"truction of Euro'ean e*" by Hit)er an! the #erman" !urin& the /econ! ;or)! ;ar !i!not i""ue, a" in u"tice it ou&ht to ha(e, in a e*i"h "tate car(e! out of #ermany- It e(entua))y i""ue!,rather, in the nite! Nation" re"o)(in& on a certain 'artition of +a)e"tine- There *ere 4C,000 Arab"an! C,290 e*" in *hat *ou)! become the Arab "tate if the 'artition *ent ahea!- There *ere 4C,000Arab" an! 4C@,000 e*" in *hat *ou)! be the e*i"h "tate-

66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666The"e fi&ure", )i.e other" in the"e 'a&e", come from the be"t of brief account" .no*n to me of+a)e"tine an! I"rae), in The ;or)! #ui!e, 2001G2002, 3Ofor!: Ne* Internationa)i"t +ub)ication"5, anannua) internationa) "ur(ey of notab)e in!e'en!ence of min!-

66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666

;hat ha''ene! in"tea! of the a&ree! 'artition *a" 'art)y the re"u)t of action" by e*i"hterrori"t", 'art)y the re"u)t of internationa) 'o)itic" an! fami)iarity *ith it, 'art)y of "ym'athy, an! 'art)yof finance main)y from American an! other e*"- ;hat ha''ene! *a" I"rae)%" human)y un!er"tan!ab)e'roc)amation of it"e)f a" an in!e'en!ent country in 1C4@, an! it" 'rom't reco&nition a" "uch by u"-

Thi" *a" fo))o*e! by it" u"e of force an! of terrori"m, inc)u!in& the ma""acre of an entire(i))a&e, )e! by enachem $e&in, "ub"equent)y 'rime mini"ter of I"rae)- In the en"uin& 1C4@ *ar be&un


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by Arab countrie", in *hich they "ou&ht to rec)aim )an!, I"rae) too. more )an!, near)y ha)f a" mucha&ain a" re"o)(e! by the nite! Nation"- The +a)e"tinian" remaine! "tate)e""-

In the K6!ay *ar of 1CK, *hich fo))o*e! action" by Arab terrori"t", the e*i"h "tate "ei7e! the*ho)e of +a)e"tine- It !i! "o *ith the u"e of American arm", an! ha" "ince !e'en!e! on America- $ythi" time more than ha)f of the +a)e"tinian" ha! been !ri(en out of their home" or aban!one! them infear- They *ent to refu&ee cam'", 'en" *here they remaine!- The nite! Nation" re"o)ution ca))in&I"rae) to *ith!ra* from the occu'ie! territorie" *a" i&nore!, by *ay of the ar&ument that it nee!e!"ecure bor!er", an! *ith the nece""ary com')iance of the nite! /tate" an! other 'o*er"-

=o))o*in& I"rae)%" %O'eration +eace for #a)i)ea% in 1C@2, *hich *a" an in(a"ion of >ebanon,a''a))in& ma""acre" of Arab ci(i)ian" *ere in"ti&ate! in refu&ee cam'"- =or thi" terrori"m another"ub"equent +rime ini"ter of I"rae), Arie) /haron, *a" he)! 'er"ona))y re"'on"ib)e by an inquiry force!on the I"rae)i &o(ernment" an! con!ucte! by it- In 1C@ 'er"i"tent terrori"m by Arab" a&ain"t I"rae)i"*a" be&un, 'art of the intifa!a or u'ri"in&- ;ith inter)u!e" of ne&otiation an! ho'e, there *a" "ma))6"ca)e conf)ict thereafter bet*een the I"rae)i army an! +a)e"tinian ci(i)ian" an! arme! or&ani7ation"-The ca"ua)tie" *ere o(er*he)min&)y on the Arab "i!e- There *a" 'rote"t by a number of I"rae)i"a&ain"t their country-

Ece't for one 'erio!, the bui)!in& of "ett)ement" on Arab )an! in the occu'ie! territorie"continue!, *hich 'o)icy *a" officia))y con!emne! by the nite! Nation" but not 're(ente!- $et*een290,000 an! 400,000 /o(iet e*" *ere re"ett)e! on Arab )an! bet*een 1C@C an! 1CC1- A thir! of the+a)e"tinian" in the occu'ie! territorie" *ere )i(in& in refu&ee cam'"- To the e*i"h !ia"'ora ha! beena!!e! a +a)e"tinian !ia"'ora- Of about "e(en mi))ion +a)e"tinian", about ha)f *ere no* out"i!e of+a)e"tine-

Officia) ai! from the nite! /tate" to I"rae) from 1C4C ha! reache! 40 bi))ion in 1CK, thi"bein& 21-9J of a)) American forei&n ai!- $y 1CC1, a)"o accor!in& to American fi&ure", the amountreache! 89 bi))ion- nite! Nation" re"o)ution" a&ain"t I"rae) ha(e come to nothin& becau"e of theAmerican (eto in the /ecurity ounci)- The +a)e"tinian re"i"tance, by com'ari"on, ha" ha! to re)y noton tan." an! ')ane" but main)y on "tone", "ni'er" an! "uici!e bomber"-

In the "'rin& of 2002, a" a re"u)t of 'ro(ocation by +rime ini"ter /haron an! then rene*e!"uici!e .i))in&" by +a)e"tinian", an! *ith the terrori"m of /e'tember 11 a" a further cau"e or 'retet,I"rae) a&ain ma!e u"e of it" army an! airforce- Tan." encirc)e! (i))a&e", the )ea!er of the +a)e"tinian"*a" humi)iate!, roc.et" an! armoure! bu))!o7er" *rec.e! home", Re! ro"" ambu)ance" tryin& to &etto *oun!e! an! !yin& +a)e"tinian" *ere "to''e!, bo!ie" of (ictim" *ere !i"'o"e! of by tho"e *ho.i))e! them, uncounte! by their o*n "i!e- It horrifie! the *or)!, "a(e for many American" )eftuninforme! by their me!ia-

Thi" *a" "ai! to be I"rae)%" *ar on terrori"m- ;a" it terrori"m it"e)fB ;ou)! ca))in& it terrori"mbe )oo"e ta).B A .in! of ea&&erationB Emotiona)B >i.e the +a)e"tinian !i')omat%" rememberin& theHo)ocau"t on the te)e(i"ion ne*" an! "ayin& hi" 'eo')e *ere no* the e*" of the e*"B That que"tion*i)) ha(e to *ait a *hi)e-

Hi"tory i" a 'roof that 'eo')e" !eman! the free!om that i" their runnin& of their o*n )i(e" in a')ace to *hich their hi"tory an! cu)ture attache" them- It i" a free!om for *hich o''re""e! 'eo')e ha(ea)*ay" fou&ht- It i" a free!om "uch that a threat a&ain"t it in 1CC unite! a)mo"t a)) of u" a&ain"t#ermany- It ha" been !enie! to the +a)e"tinian"- Their bitterne"" i" o*e! not on)y to bare fact of the


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)o"" of their home)an!, "o to "'ea., but to their ha(in& ha! it ta.en from them-

+a)e"tinian" ha(e been !enie! by their enemy eact)y the ri&ht of a 'eo')e that ha" been "ecure!an! !efen!e! by that enemy for it"e)f- No fear or ha)f6fear or 'reten!e! fear on the 'art of the I"rae)i",*ho are a nuc)ear 'o*er, )et a)one ta). of terrori"m a&ain"t !emocracy, can touch the enormity of thi"mora) incon"i"tency- The e""entia) American 'art in it i" not )e""ene! by it" ha(in& been ')aye!, bymo"t non6e*i"h American", in a .in! of ab"ent6min!e!ne"", "ometime" *i)fu)-

The terrib)e incon"i"tency i" ')ain to a)) *ho are unb)in!e!, ')ain to (ery many e*" in an! outof I"rae)- No hair6"')ittin& *i)) he)'- It i" a" ')ain to tho"e of u" *ho a)"o "ee that it *a" a mora)nece""ity after the "econ! *or)! *ar that the e*" come to ha(e a home)an!, in +a)e"tine if note)"e*here- A!! in about the incon"i"tency, if you *ant, that it i" not the fir"t one in the ei"tence of a'eo')e or a 'er"on- /ay there are incon"i"tencie" in my ei"tence, an! in your", an! on the Arab "i!e-No !oubt- $ut "ome con"i"tencie" matter more- To mention another one, bein& con"i"tent about "a(in&)i(e" i" !ifferent from bein& con"i"tent about "a(in& e*i"h )i(e"-

It i" not on)y the free!om of a 'eo')e that ha" been !enie! to the +a)e"tinian"- Another thin&,*hich can in!ee! be !i"tin&ui"he!, i" re"'ect an! "e)f6re"'ect- Ha(in& been amon& the 'rinci'a)(ictim" of raci"m in hi"tory, e*" no* "eem to ha(e )earne! from their abu"er"- ?ioni"m a" it i" ha"ri&ht)y been con!emne! a" raci"t by the nite! Nation", *hate(er further ana)y"i" of the fact i"attem'te!- A" for the materia) &oo!" that "er(e to 'ro(i!e a qua)ity of )ife, they are in "hort "u'')y in arefu&ee cam'- /o too i" the cu)ture of a 'eo')e- ;ith re"'ect to the &oo! of human re)ation"hi'", nomore nee!" to be remar.e! on than )ar&e number" of *rec.e! fami)ie"- The"e thin&" are in"u)t", too,in!ee! inurie", to the re"t of the Arab *or)!-

The bottom fact of it a)), if not the on)y fact, i" that the )i(e" of "e(era) mi))ion 'eo')e ha(e beenma!e *hat *e are ca))in& ba! by *ron&fu) action" of 'eo')e *ho "uffere! unique)y before them an! oftheir "u''orter" e)"e*here, main)y in America- It i" inconcei(ab)e that the e'erience of the+a)e"tinian" !oe" not o'en que"tion" about the en"uin& terrib)e action" by them an! on their beha)f, an!about *hat *e are to thin. an! !o- A" much a" *hat *e *ere thin.in& about before, )en&th" of)ifetime" in !ifferent ')ace", +a)e"tine o'en" que"tion" about ri&ht an! *ron& in &enera), about ourre"'on"ibi)ity for *hat ha" &one *ron&, about *hat rea))y can be "ai! in con!emnation of the terrori"mof /e'tember 11, an! about our o*n mora) re)ation"hi' to that !ay an! after*ar!" an! *hat i" to be!one no*-

=or a "ub"equent 'a'er, &o to After the Terror: A $oo. an! =urther Thou&ht", an! for contro(er"ie"about the boo. to Ofam #$, 89000, Neo6?ioni"m, After the Terror, an! e!ica) Ai! for +a)e"tinean! to The =a)) an! Ri"e of a $oo. in #ermany- There i" a)"o an artic)e by A)ean!er oc.burn an! an

inter(ie* by +au) !e Rooi-

Omi""ion" L Terrori"m

Te! Hon!erich e')ain" *hy he thin." that *e in the ;e"t are 'art)y to b)ame for the terrori"t attac. on/e'tember 11-

The 'oore"t tenth" of the 'o'u)ation" of the African countrie" of a)a*i, o7ambique, /ierra >eone


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an! ?ambia *ant *hat *e *ant- ;hat they &et i" a(era&e )ifetime" of about 0 year"- They )i(e ana(era&e of about 90 year" )e"" than the be"t6off tenth" in *ea)thy countrie"- $a! )i(e"- r Tony $)air, in"ome of hi" "'eeche", "ho*" he i" concerne!- any are mo(e!- In fact *e in the nite! /tate", $ritainan! "o on cou)! ha(e chan&e! the ba! )i(e", an! "ti)) cou)! !o "omethin&-

There are four mi))ion in!i(i!ua)" in the *or"t6off African tenth"- /u''o"e "omeone ar&ue", ri&ht)y, thatthere i" &oo! e(i!ence that *e cou)! ha(e )en&thene! their )i(e" by an a(era&e of fi(e year" P an!conc)u!e" there i" a )o"" of )i(in&6time of 20 mi))ion year"- Do you "ay that thi" i" cra7y "tuff, unrea)B It*ou)! be &oo! to .no* *hat you mean- ertain)y the conc)u"ion i" har! to face- $ut ho* cou)! it bemi"ta.en to thin. of itB They *i)) "ay they are not f)ie"-

The )i(in&6time )o"t to thi" "am')e of in!i(i!ua)" i" "uch a" to ma.e a)) !eath" by terrori"m, con"i!ere!in term" of )i(in&6time )o"t, in"i&nificant- Thi" i" not a con&enia) i!ea either- $ut it i" an i!ea that "ome'artie" to a rea) inquiry into /e'tember 11 an! thereafter *i)) ta.e to be re)e(ant, a" much a" anythin&e)"e-

It i" a)"o true that to be on an air)iner an! )oo. aroun! an! "ee the 'a""en&er" an! be ab)e to "tic. to the')an of f)yin& it into a ".y"cra'er i" to !o hi!eou" *ron&, an! to 'er"i"t in the ')an if they come to.no* it i" to be mon"trou"- Nothin& can be thou&ht that *i)) ta.e a*ay from "uch u!&ement"- Theterm" Qhi!eou" an! Qmon"trou", by their u"e in connection *ith the .i))in&" of /e'tember 11, arereca))e! from meta'hor an! )oo"e ta). to ori&ina) meanin&"-

/ome "ay that *e nee! not be affecte! by the )o"" of the 20 mi))ion year"- The #erman 'hi)o"o'her=rie!rich Niet7"che of the 1Cth entury *a" of their min!, an! he &et" more attention than he !i!-ertain)y he !i"!aine! or *ou)! !i"!ain a mora)ity of humanity P a" comin& from an! i""uin& in*ea.ne"", mee.ne"", re"entment an! other in"ufficient)y (iri)e con!ition"-

Do you your"e)f thin. of the 'o""ibi)ity of bein& "u'erior to a certain con!ition, an ece"" of em'athyBDo I in(ite you to fee) too much about the ba! )i(e"B I" it a)"o fa)"e fee)in&, hy'ocri"yB I" it a betteri!ea to !o a" more "en"ib)e an! rea)i"tic 'er"on" !oB =ee) that *hi)e it ha" to be a!mitte! that a )ot ofAfrican" an! other" ha(ent &ot *hat *e ha(e, that" the )uc. of the !ra*, the *ay the *or)! i"B

Do you "ay it" a)) "ubecti(e, that there are no mora) fact"B There i" "ome recent 'hi)o"o'hy *ith thename of ora) Rea)i"m- It be&in" from the 'remi"e that *e ma.e a "ubecti(e or 'er"ona) contributionto the ei"tence of co)our" by *ay of our 'erce'tua) a''aratu" P our eye" an! (i"ua) cortee" P but thatQTho"e ro"e" are re! can "ti)) be rea))y true- The conc)u"ion i" that "uch a 'ro'o"ition a" Q/ocia)i"m i"ri&ht can be u"t a" obecti(e an! true, no more a matter of 'er"ona) o'inion- ;ho cou)! be)ie(e itout"i!e a "eminarB


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No, I am ')ea"e! to "ay, !e"'ite the unbe)ie(abi)ity of ora) Rea)i"m, f)yin& the air')ane" into theto*er" !oe" not become on)y uncertain)y *ron&- There i"nt any !oubt about it- It i", in"tea!,"omethin& *ho"e *ron&fu)ne"" i" "omeho* rea)- It *a" "o *ron& that it *a" "omethin& that "omeAmerican men an! *omen *ou)! ha(e .i))e! them"e)(e" to 're(ent-

An! *hat about the 20 mi))ion year" of )i(in&6time )o"tB Tho"e year" *ou)! ha(e ha! human time" inthem, affection an! !e"ire, )earnin& thin&", "ome "ati"fyin& *or., .in!" of "ucce"", "eein& chi)!ren&ro* u'- I" thi" )o"" not rea))y *ron&B I" it a)"o uncertain that it *a" *ron& that on the

Documents

After the Terror