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AFRICA & INDIA 1900-1945. COLONIAL AFRICA. Few Europeans lived in Africa BUT Built railroads, mines, companies, plantations Europeans benefitted, Africans did not Europeans brought health care – not enough Europeans brought mission schools – western ideas - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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AFRICA & INDIA1900-1945
COLONIAL AFRICA
• Few Europeans lived in Africa BUT– Built railroads, mines, companies, plantations– Europeans benefitted, Africans did not
Europeans brought health care – not enoughEuropeans brought mission schools – western ideas
Africans migrated to cities because they offered jobs, but it hurt families
AFRICA & INDIA
• Western education and the realities of racial discrimination contributed to the RISE OF NATIONALISM (both Africa and India)
• Many Africans served in WWII
• They listened to Allied propoganda in favor of liberation against Nazi’s and came back with liberation ideas against the Europeans
NATIONALISTSBlaise Diagne, Senegal•Wanted more African participation in politics and fair treatment in French army
African National Congress, South Africa•Inspired by pan-Africanists from America such as W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey•Wanted unity of African people around the world
ALGERIA VIOLENCE for Independnece
• France had control of Algeria and did not want to let it go (gas/oil fields, trade)
• Algerian Revolutionary Organization (FLN) VIOLENTLY fought and won independence, but France angry…French left but it hurt Algerian economy….Algerians went to France for jobs and were treated pooly
GHANANon-violent independence
• Britain tired after WWII• Kwame Nkrumah became leader and Ghana
first African colony to achieve independence in Africa
• Kwame a very powerful nationalist speaker, but not a great administrator….ousted by army
KENYAViolent independence
• Jomo Kenyatta was nationalist leader• Led a nationalist group called MAU MAU who
fought with the British• British charged Kenyatta and put him in prison
for 8 years• In 1961 – released him and then helped write
a constitution for independent Kenya• EFFECTIVE leader (unlike Nkrumah)
SOUTH AFRICA• Apartheid in South Africa• ANC (African National Congress) opposed it…
at first non-violent (protests, strikes)• After Sharpville shootings, violence as Nelson
Mandela organized guerrilla resistance• Sentenced to life in prison• 1986 – 2 million person general strike• International pressure to end apartheid• 1994 – Mandela freed – becomes President!
HAILE SELASSIE, Ethiopia
• Ethiopia beat Italians under Menelik – battle of Adwa – in 1889
• After Mussolini (Italy) invaded in 1935, Selassie made speech to League for help - Ignored
• Exiled in England, until war over
Rastafarian Movement
• Ras – “Duke” or “leader”, Tafari (Selassie’s name)• Jamaicans believe that Haile Selassie is the
messiah – will lead the African diaspora back• Zion is Africa, especially Ethiopia• Bob Marley is best known rastafarian
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN INDIA & AFRICAN INDEPENDENCE• Both fighting British influence and
government to obtain independence• Both had strong, nationalistic leaders and
organizations (Gandhi INC; Mandela ANC)• Both started as non-violent• Both nationalist movements that won
freedom were divided and conflicted (India – Muslim vs. Hindu’s; Africa different groups)
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INDIA & S. AFRICA
INDIA• Religious differences
between Muslim & Hindus• Leader (Gandhi) – no
violence• Country split into 2
(Pakistan and India) at Independence – many Muslims and Hindus died
AFRICA• No differences in ANC on
religious grounds• Apartheid• Leader (Mandela) resorted
to violence• Country remained intact at
independence
WHY THE BIG DIFFERENCES
INDIA• India had practice with
Western-style democracy (elections, parties, civil liberties, education etc…)
• Struggle for independence had been long giving India time to sort leadership out
• British handed over power more gradually
AFRICA• Some say not ready? • Tribal problems , traditional
culture & immense diversity led to violence and ethnic conflict
• Economic performance was poor – disappointing nationalists & causing problems
• Africa does not depend on land-owning class