AFRICA GROWTH INITIATIVE - Brookings Institution...africa growth initiative 2013 annual report 2 EXPANDING TRADE for Africa’s Growth and Development U.S. Trade Representative Michael

2013ANNUALREPORT

A F R I C AGROWTHINITIATIVE

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he headlines about Africa are changing. More and more, stories about conflict and insecurity in Africa are being replaced by reports of

record-high growth rates, a vibrant and growing middle class, and a technological revolution that is not only changing the way Africans work and live, but also improving the lives of millions. New discoveries of oil and natural resources in several African countries are providing opportunities for greater economic development and inclusive growth.

Increasingly, there is a broad consensus that Africa could be on the verge of a development tipping point. With 6 of the 10 fastest growing economies in the world, Africa is now more frequently mentioned in relation to its untapped markets and economic promise than

as a passive recipient of foreign aid. After decades of poor performance and missed opportunities, Africa is now poised to take charge of its own development and growth.

However, with this new narrative of Africa, we must not ignore some realities that continue to shape the lives of millions of Africans. The continent still suffers from governance challenges, periodic episodes of violent conflict and instability, poor health care and education systems, and insufficient infrastructure. Even with impressive growth, the number of people in sub-Saharan Africa living in poverty remains frustratingly high. Income inequality continues to widen across the region and youth unemployment is becoming quite worrisome. Thus, despite the rapid gains made in recent years, a lot remains to be done

by African governments and the international community to sustain real progress across the continent.

The Africa Growth Initiative (AGI) at Brookings is dedicated to helping African policymakers and the international community make informed policy decisions on issues impacting the continent’s development. By working with think tank partners based across the continent, AGI brings an African perspective to the research and policy debates that really affect Africa’s economic future.

Only sustained growth and development across the continent will fully replace outdated images of a “hopeless” Africa. We at the Africa Growth Initiative see our role as a facilitator of policy dialogues on pressing development issues and the provider of African-led research, expertise and innovative solutions. As we help set agendas, shape debates and design policies for Africa’s prosperity, we hope to catalyze sustainable and equitable development across the region.

AGI undertakes all of these challenges with a firm commitment to the Brookings ideals of quality, independence and impact. As such, I am immensely proud of AGI’s achievements from the past year, which are captured in the pages that follow, and I encourage you to learn more about our work and to support our efforts to promote inclusive growth and development in Africa.

Mwangi S. KimenyiSenior Fellow and DirectorThe Africa Growth Initiative atBrookings

DIRECTOR’S Message

afr ica growth in it iat ive 2013 annual report

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Photo by Sharon Farmer


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EXPANDING TRADE for Africa’s Growth and Development

U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman (right) speaks with AGI Director Mwangi S. Kimenyi (left) on the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, which gives African countries preferential access to the U.S. market. The act is an important piece of legislation that helps promote economic growth and development in Africa through increased trade.

new narrative of Africa is emerging, one that is focused on the continent being a dynamic engine of growth rather than a

place of constant humanitarian and security crises. Global policymakers and investors are increasingly looking toward Africa for trade

opportunities as countries across the region continue to improve governance, and the business and investment climate. During the past year, the Africa Growth Initiative (AGI) at Brookings has played a pivotal role in helping government officials and business leaders realize the significant trade and commercial

potential in Africa in order to promote greater economic prosperity across the continent.

Under the leadership of Mwangi S. Kimenyi, Brookings senior fellow and director of the Africa Growth Initiative, AGI continued its efforts to support the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)—


a landmark piece of legislation that provides duty-free access to the United States for nearly 6,400 products from sub-Saharan Africa. Since 2000, AGOA has been an important driver of economic growth and job creation in Africa. In 2012, the Africa Growth Initiative’s research and policy engagement on AGOA played a critical part in influencing Congress to extend the third country fabric provision, a key component of the U.S. legislation. In 2013, AGI partnered with researchers at the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) to develop a first-of-its-kind analysis of five possible scenarios for the future of AGOA, currently set to expire in 2015. Kimenyi presented these scenarios to U.S. policymakers and business leaders at a private roundtable in Washington in advance of the annual AGOA Forum and to senior African trade officials at the forum in Addis Ababa.

With Africa now home to some of the fastest growing economies in the world, other emerging markets are increasingly looking to Africa to explore trade and investment opportunities. In particular, China’s growing economic interest in the continent is creating new opportunities and challenges for African countries. Building on the growing interest in China-Africa relations, AGI welcomed Yun Sun as a visiting fellow to examine China’s increasing role in Africa, and how it is impacting Africa’s relationship with the United States and the landscape of traditional foreign aid to the region. Brookings Nonresident Fellow Witney Schneidman has also weighed in on the issue of China’s rising influence in Africa vis-à-vis the United States. In a Brookings research paper, Schneidman comments that the U.S. “has long critiqued Chinese partnerships and business practices in Africa, fearing that differing approaches to transparency and international standards for commerce and trade damage U.S. development initiatives and diminish its role in the region.” AGI scholars continue to closely follow the evolving relationship among Africa, China and the United States in hopes to help policymakers find opportunities for mutual collaboration.

While trade with Africa has traditionally focused on natural resource extraction

Congresswoman Sheila Jackson Lee makes opening remarks at an AGI congressional briefing on reducing the barriers to trade and investment for American companies looking to do business in Africa.

Africa Growth Initiative Director Mwangi Kimenyi and Brookings Senior Fellow John Page participate in a high-level conference on inclusive and sustainable development in Africa.


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Photo by C. Stanley Photography

Photo by Stephen Wandera Ouma

of oil, gas and precious minerals, African countries have recently made significant strides to diversify their economies. Over the last few years, African governments have been creating policies to strengthen their large agricultural sectors and to boost their small industrial sectors. In a research project led by Brookings Senior Fellow John Page, AGI, the U.N. University’s World Institute for Development Economics Research, and the African Development Bank are working together to investigate the drivers of and barriers to industrial growth in Africa.

AGI scholars have also regularly championed regional trade and integration as a critical source for economic growth in Africa. Unfortunately, trade between African countries remains frustratingly low, and therefore AGI has continued to push for greater regional trade through dialogues and discussions with key African policymakers. At a Brookings event on sustaining development in Africa, Marcelo Giugale, director of

China’s growing trade interests in Africa have created new economic opportunities for the region, but also complicated Africa’s relationship with the United States. He Wenping (far left), director of African studies at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, speaks at a Brookings panel on U.S.-China-Africa cooperation. She is joined by: AGI Visiting Fellow Yun Sun (center left); Patricia Aidam (center right) from AGI’s partner think tank in Ghana, the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research; and AGI Nonresident Fellow Witney Schneidman.

Africa’s big sources of growth going forward will come from the emerging markets says Steve Radelet (right), former chief economist of USAID. Radelet is joined by Isha Sesay of CNN and leading economist Jeffrey Sachs via video conference for a discussion on the most important issues for Africa in 2013.


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Photo by Stephen Wandera OumaPhoto by Sharon Farmer


economic policy and poverty reduction at the World Bank, stressed that strengthening regional integration across the continent can help advance Africa’s growth, poverty and gender agendas. This fundamental point was driven home by AGI scholars in a report presented to African trade ministers. The findings from the Brookings report emphasized how greater intra-African trade can increase Africa’s economic competitiveness in the global market.

Mauritian Ambassador to the United States Somduth Soborun poses a question during a Brookings discussion on U.S.-African trade.

Africa is increasingly seen by American businesses as an untapped market for trade and investment. Stephanie Peters, Microsoft’s director of federal government affairs, and Bobby Pittman, managing director of Kupanda Capital, participate in a congressional briefing hosted by AGI on the changing commercial environment in Africa.


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Photo by C. Stanley Photography

Bringing African Voicesto Washington and Beyond

African Development Bank President Donald Kaberuka outlines the major priorities of his organization and why improving Africa’s infrastructure is at the top of his agenda.

Photo by Chris Maddaloni

n 2013, Africa took center stage in international affairs with several high-profile elections across the continent, official state visits by U.S. President Barack Obama and Chinese President Xi Jinping,

and the 50th anniversary of the African Union. With these and other critical issues facing the continent this year, the Brookings Africa Growth Initiative (AGI) worked to bring informed African voices to comment on these issues and to join the policy debates impacting Africa’s future prosperity.

In March, Kenya held its first presidential election since 2007, when problems with election results ended in brutal violence between rival ethnic groups. AGI made it a priority to build a dialogue around how to heal the wounds of 2007, bring together Kenyans, and move the country forward with free, fair and credible elections. The initiative hosted a public discussion on the 2013 Kenyan elections with Professor Karuti Kanyinga from the University of Nairobi and AGI Director Mwangi S. Kimenyi, both of whom witnessed the 2007 post-election violence. AGI Africa Research Fellow Anne Kamau also shared her experiences as a Kenyan living through the post-election violence and her hopes for the country’s future.

The circumstances surrounding the March elections in Kenya were further complicated by the fact that two of the leading candidates running for president were under


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South African entrepreneur Tokyo Sexwale and his associate Meloney Van Eck speak with AGI Nonresident Senior Fellow Vera Songwe (left) about emerging markets investing in Africa during the Brookings International Advisory Council meetings.

South African Minister of Trade and Industry Rob Davies reflects on the successes and failures of South African trade agreements with the European Union and the United States in a Brookings video interview.

Photo by Andrew Snow


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indictment by the International Criminal Court (ICC) for their alleged roles in inciting ethnic violence in 2007. Kimenyi wrote a series of articles on the ICC indictments, explaining how Africans and Kenyans in particular feel that these indictments threaten Kenya’s relationship with the international community and create a sense of encroaching colonialism across the continent.

During the Spring Meetings of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, AGI brought South African Finance Minister Pravin Gordhan to Brookings for a public address. Minister Gordhan was joined by Brookings Vice President Kemal Derviş, Brookings Senior Fellow Homi Kharas, and World Bank Chief Economist for Africa Shanta Devarajan for a discussion on inequality and inclusive growth in South Africa, two issues that have become increasingly important in the rest of Africa as well.

AGI Africa Research Fellow Julius Agbor and Darius Jonker (left) from the South African Embassy discuss U.S.-South Africa relations at a networking event on Capitol Hill.

South Africa hosted this year’s Summit of the BRICS —a term used to describe a group of leading emerging market economies that include Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Ebrahim Rasool, South Africa’s ambassador to the United States, shares his insights from the summit and how his country is becoming a gateway for investment in Africa by BRICS countries.

Senegalese President Macky Sall speaks with AGI Director Mwangi Kimenyi (left), emphasizing the need to change the negative image of Africa in the West as well as the often exaggerated perceptions of Africa as a risky place to do business.

Photo by Sharon Farmer Photo by Sharon Farmer



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Celebrating the 50th anniversary of the African Union (AU), the initiative hosted AU Ambassador to the United States Amina Salum Ali to discuss the next 50 years of the African Union, and how the organization can work with its member countries to better seize opportunities and confront challenges in order to help Africa become an integrated, competitive, peaceful continent and dynamic force in the global community.

In an effort to expand the voice of African scholars in Washington, Brookings welcomed Amadou Sy as a new senior fellow with expertise in banking, finance and macroeconomics in Africa. Temesgen Deressa and Josephine Kibe also

joined AGI as guest scholars working on improving agriculture and mobile banking across the continent.

Beyond Washington, scholars from the Africa Growth Initiative were actively involved in regional forums and discussions on Africa. During this past year, AGI Director Mwangi S. Kimenyi attended the AGOA Forum in Addis Ababa, the World Economic Forum on Africa in Cape Town, and the African Development Bank’s policy dialogue in Marrakesh on structural transformation. Brookings Senior Fellow Amadou Sy attended a private sector forum hosted by the United Nations Global Compact Leaders’ Summit in New York and the Atlantic Dialogues in Rabat.

AGI Africa Research Fellow Anne Kamau listens to her colleagues discuss how African countries can work to develop better economic partnerships with emerging economies like China, Turkey and Indonesia.

Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Augustin Matata Ponyo Mapon poses for a photo with Brookings Senior Fellows Mwangi S. Kimenyi (left) and Rebecca Winthrop. The prime minister participated in a Brookings roundtable discussion on overcoming development challenges in education and growth in the DRC.Photo by Sharon Farmer


Perspectives on the U.S.-Africa Relationship

Ambassador Johnnie Carson, former U.S. assistant secretary of state for African affairs, speaks with Mwangi Kimenyi. Ambassador Carson spoke at Brookings about why stability in Africa is critically important for U.S. national security.


Former U.S. Ambassador to the Congo Alan Lukens and Brookings Senior Fellow Amadou Sy talk about the importance of the U.S.-Africa relationship.

Education can help mitigate violence, especially in parts of Africa with rising extremism. Prominent tweeter, blogger and Africa expert Laura Seay of Morehouse College explains the links between poor education systems and the growth of militant groups in Africa.


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xpectations in African countries for deeper engagement with the United States were high this year. Especially with the re-election of President Barack Obama, many in Africa felt

that the president would make enhancing relations with African countries a U.S. foreign policy priority. With the narrative on Africa changing and many countries in the region now engines of growth and economic opportunity, the Africa Growth Initiative (AGI) at Brookings focused its efforts during this past year on developing policy proposals for the United States to better support the continent’s development success and to pursue mutually beneficial partnerships with African countries.

However, while countries like China and India have shown growing interest in deepening investment in Africa, the U.S. has unfortunately not demonstrated the same type of commitment. Over this past year, AGI scholars and their think thank partners based in the region have offered critical appraisals of Washington’s outdated approaches to engaging with Africa. As AGI Director Mwangi S. Kimenyi argued in a Foreign Policy op-ed on President Obama’s trip to the region this past summer, “Africans have grown increasingly critical of Obama’s limited interest in the continent—an interest that seems confined to security. …Unfortunately, this trip is unlikely to change the prevailing view among Africans that Obama is out of touch with the new realities of an emerging Africa.”

Indeed, President Obama’s visit to Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania was a major development in U.S.-African relations, and scholars from the Africa Growth Initiative helped set the narrative and context of the president’s historic visit to the region. AGI organized a media briefing for White House reporters on the president’s trip, featuring Brookings scholars Mwangi S. Kimenyi and Witney Schneidman, and Haroon Bhorat of the Development Policy Research Unit, AGI’s partner think tank in South Africa. Together, the three presented a comprehensive overview of expectations in Africa for Obama’s trip, and provided different perspectives and opinions on the state of U.S.-African relations. The briefing resulted in over 250 media citations



The United States has a stake in ensuring peace and stability in Africa according to former U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Jendayi Frazer, who spoke to a Brookings audience about her experiences during the 2007 post-election violence in Kenya.


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and interviews in top-tier media outlets, including NPR, The New York Times, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, Financial Times and the BBC.

While Obama’s first extended trip to the continent was certainly newsworthy, the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) remains the bedrock of the U.S.-Africa trade and commercial relationship. In August, AGI hosted U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman for a discussion on the present and future opportunities of AGOA. During his speech at Brookings, Ambassador

Froman highlighted the legislation’s successes in doubling two-way trade and in helping create 1.3 million jobs in Africa. He also remarked that the initiative’s research on AGOA is exactly the kind of analysis that the White House is looking for in helping them understand how to improve the legislation moving forward.

Building a mutually beneficial partnership between the U.S. and Africa requires an understanding of why such a relationship is not only important to African countries but also to the United States. With

the inauguration of the 113th U.S. Congress, AGI took the opportunity to make the case to congressional policymakers that Africa is critically important to the United States. Scholars from the initiative prepared and presented a collection of policy briefs to members of the U.S. House and Senate Subcommittees on Africa explaining why the continent matters for U.S. national security, American geopolitics, trade, energy and the economy, and U.S. development assistance.

Peace, security, and the advancement of democracy remain


The African continent matters to the United States according to Greg B. Simpkins (left) of the House Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health and Human Rights. Simpkins provides opening remarks during a congressional briefing hosted by AGI and the Congressional African Staff Association.

AGI Nonresident Fellow Witney Schneidman argues that the U.S. relationship with Africa would be enhanced through greater trilateral dialogue and cooperation with China during a discussion on the rise of new players in the continent.


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important pillars of the U.S.-Africa relationship. Through events and commentary, Brookings scholars have provided recommendations to U.S. policymakers on how to support African countries in dealing with terrorism in Mali, the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Boko Haram in Nigeria, the escalating fighting in the Central African Republic, the recent terrorist attack in Nairobi, and piracy in West and East Africa. An overarching theme from AGI scholars on Africa’s security challenges is the need for U.S. foreign assistance to support the development of democratic institutions and investment in the region to create economic opportunities and improve livelihoods.

Africa Policy Dialogue on the HillLooking to further engage with legislators on Capitol Hill and U.S. government agencies, AGI continued a series of monthly congressional briefings on African policy issues. The briefings bring together experts from Washington, Africa and around the world to educate U.S. policymakers on how the United States can strategically collaborate with African countries.

Issues covered this past year include:

■ Kenya’s New Leadership: Opportunities and Challenges for the U.S. Government

■ Is Africa Rising? A Discussion of Economic Opportunities and Development Challenges

■ BRICS Investing in Africa: Geopolitical and Economic Ramifications

■ Crisis in Mali and North Africa: Past and Present



Effective communications and outreach to achieve policy impact was the theme of this year’s AGI conference with its think tank partners. Scholars and staff from Brookings and its partner think tanks gather for a group photo during the sidelines of the conference.

African Partnershipsthat Inform Policymaking

or Africa to truly achieve transformative growth and development, innovative solutions and policies must be informed by research

and analysis that come from the region. Therefore, the Africa Growth Initiative (AGI) at Brookings works with leading African think tanks to tap into the latest trends and data from the continent, to access local expertise, and to elevate the voice of African scholars in policy discussions in Washington, Africa and around the world.

In 2013, AGI and its think tank partners embarked on a major joint research project on the management of natural resources for sustainable development. Unfortunately, most natural resource-rich countries in Africa have been unable to translate their natural resource wealth into real and significant poverty alleviation. Recent discoveries of oil and gas in East and West Africa have created new opportunities for growth and improving livelihoods in the region. However, these discoveries present a host of challenges and

governance questions. In response, AGI hosted a regional symposium in Kampala on managing oil and natural gas wealth for inclusive growth with its think thank partners in East Africa, the Economic Policy Research Center in Uganda and the Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis. The symposium brought together a variety of stakeholders, including senior African officials, business leaders from multinational oil and mineral companies, civil society members and academics.


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Photo by Blake Woodhams

Avoiding the resource curse was a major of topic of discussion during a conference AGI hosted with its think tank partners in East Africa. During the conference, Sarah Sewanyana, director of the Economic Policy Research Center, spoke about new discoveries of oil and natural gas in Uganda and the challenges of translating this natural resource wealth into inclusive growth.

Tackling corruption and pushing for governance reforms are top issues that Senegal must address in order for the country to achieve better growth says Francois Cabral in a Brookings video interview. Cabral is from AGI’s partner think tank in Senegal, the Center for Economic and Social Research.


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Photo by Stephen Wandera Ouma


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Haroon Bhorat of the Development Policy Research Unit at the University of Cape Town speaks to a group of U.S. government officials on the growing influence of the BRICS nations in Africa, as AGI Visiting Fellow Yun Sun listens.

Western media coverage of Africa has changed drastically over the last decade. From left to right: Peter Wonacott of the Wall Street Journal, Andrew Harding of the BBC, and Lydia Polgreen of The New York Times discuss their on-the-ground experiences of reporting in Africa, and how the rise of social media across the region has changed they way they work.

The initiative also collaborated with its Ghanaian think tank partner, the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER), and the Chinese Academy for Social Sciences to host a joint conference at Brookings on the trilateral relationship among the United States, China and Africa. Joined by high-level U.S. government officials, the conference explored potential U.S.-China-Africa collaboration on development, foreign policy and trade. Scholars from the United States, China and Africa debated the merits of the differing approaches between the U.S. and China in providing development assistance to African countries.

In August, AGI and its partner think tanks came together for an annual meeting in Johannesburg. The meeting served as an

opportunity to discuss ongoing research collaborations, and for training and capacity building. Scholars and staff from the partner think tanks learned about the changing media landscape in Africa, strategic communications, and leveraging digital and social media to promote research and policy ideas. The Brookings communications team also visited several of the partner think tanks to provide further training on communications and outreach for policy impact.

Also in 2013, AGI began collaborating with its think tank partner in Nigeria, the Nigerian Institute for Social and Economic Research (NISER), to evaluate the effectiveness of bottom-up or community-driven development projects in the Niger Delta. AGI and NISER have conducted surveys in

the Niger Delta region to understand why certain development projects in the region have succeeded while others have failed. The goal is to pinpoint successful development strategies that can be scaled up across the region.

Recognizing the need for a forum to critically debate and discuss African policy issues, the initiative launched “Africa in Focus,” a new Brookings blog that features insights and perspectives from African scholars and experts. Scholars from the partner think tanks serve as regular contributors to the blog and have written on a variety of issues impacting Africa’s development, including youth unemployment in Kenya and addressing the HIV/AIDS problem in Uganda.

Photo by Sharon Farmer Photo by Blake Woodhams

Raising the voice of African research requires strong communications and outreach efforts. Communications directors from AGI’s think tank partners in Nigeria, Senegal and South Africa pose for a photo during a networking reception for African scholars and communications professionals. Pictured from left to right: Helen Odiwe from the Nigerian Institute for Social and Economic Research, Doudou Ndiaye from the Center for Economic and Social Research in Senegal, and Sarah Marriott from the Development Policy Research Unit in South Africa.

Working together to address Africa’s greatest development challenges is a critical component to AGI’s work with its research partners. Morné Oosthuizen (right) of the Development Policy Research Unit explains his research on labor markets, poverty and inequality in South Africa to scholars from AGI’s think tank network, including his counterpart at the Economic Policy Research Center in Uganda, Ibrahim Kasirye.

African Think Tank PartnersThe Africa Growth Initiative is working with the following partner think tanks based in Africa to elevate the voice of African scholars in policy discussions in Washington and around the world.

■ The Center for Economic and Social Research (CRES) in Senegal

■ The Development Policy Research Unit (DPRU) at the University of Cape Town

■ The Economic and Policy Research Center (EPRC) in Uganda

■ The Institute of Statistical, Social, and Economic Research (ISSER) at the University of Ghana

■ The Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA)

■ The Nigerian Institute for Social and Economic Research (NISER)


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AcknowledgmentsThe Africa Growth Initiative is grateful for the dedication, commitment and hard work of its scholars and staff. We would also like to thank the Brookings Global Economy and Development program for its continued guidance, especially Mao-Lin Shen, Christina Golubski, Kristina Server, Yamillett Fuentes, Jacqueline Sharkey and Aki Nemoto for their ongoing support of the initiative. We are grateful for the contributions of former Africa Research Fellows Julius Agbor and Anne Kamau as well as former AGI staff members Bryce Campbell, Annie Moulton and Zenia Lewis. The initiative would also like to thank our think tank partners in Africa: the Center for Economic and Social Research (Senegal); the Development Policy Research Unit (South Africa); the Economic Policy Research Center (Uganda); the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (Ghana); the Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis; and the Nigerian Institute for Social and Economic Research. We would like to express our gratitude to the many institutions and individuals that have supported our activities over the past year. Finally, we would like to thank Brookings President Strobe Talbott and Vice President Kemal Derviş for their commitment to the initiative.


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ScholarsRabah Arezki, Nonresident Fellow

Ernest Aryeetey, Nonresident Senior Fellow

Temesgen Deressa, Guest Scholar

Richard Joseph, Nonresident Senior Fellow

Josephine Kibe, Guest Scholar

Mwangi S. Kimenyi, Director and Senior Fellow

John Mukum Mbaku, Nonresident Senior Fellow

John Page, Senior Fellow

Witney Schneidman, Nonresident Fellow

Vera Songwe, Nonresident Senior Fellow

Yun Sun, Visiting Fellow

Amadou Sy, Senior Fellow

StaffAndrew Westbury, Assistant Director

Brandon Routman, Research Analyst

Jessica Smith, Research Analyst

1775 Massachusetts Ave., NWWashington, D.C. 20036202.797.6000www.brookings.edu/africagrowth

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AFRICA GROWTH INITIATIVE - Brookings Institution...africa growth initiative 2013 annual report 2 EXPANDING TRADE for Africa’s Growth and Development U.S. Trade Representative Michael