ae-bm-f- km-lnXyw IIIuniversityofcalicut.info/SDE/Malayala_Sahithyam_III... · 2015. 11. 24. · ae-bm-f- km-lnXyw III ska-Ì À þ III Common Course in Malayalam for BA/BSc (CUCBCSS

ae -bm -f - km -lnXyw III

ska-ÌÀ þ III

Common Course in Malayalam for BA/BSc

(CUCBCSS – 2014 Admn.onwards)

UNIVERSITYOFCALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONCALICUT UNIVERSITY PO, MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635

511

School of Distance Education

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 2

UNIVERSITYOF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONSTUDYMATERIAL

III Semester

(CUCBCSS – 2014 Admission onwards)

Common course in Malayalam for BA/BScae - b m - f - k m -l n X y w III

X-¿m-dm-¡nbXv

{io. I-a-dp-±o³ ]-c- nÂA-kn-Ìâv s{]m- kÀa-ebm-f hn- mKw^m-dq-Jv tIm-tfPvtIm-gn-t¡mSv

Layout: Computer Section, SDE©

Reserved



CONTENTS PAGE No

Module - I 5

Module - II 2 6

Module - III 39

Module - IV 5 3





Module - 1

"\m-Sy-im-kv{Xw' F-¶ \m-S-I-{K-Ùw c-Nn¨Xv?

D. `-c-X-ap-\n

2. [-\-Rv-P-b³ c-Nn-¨sX-¶v I-cp-X-s¸-Sp-¶ \m-S-I-kw-_-Ônbm-b Ir-Xn-?

D. Z-i-cq]-Iw

3. a-e-bm-f- n-se B-Zy-s¯ K-Zy-\mSIw?

D. I-e-ln-\n Z-a\-Iw

4. 'A- nÚm-\ im-Ip´-fw \m-SIw' a-e-bm-f- m-j-bn-te-¡v XÀ-Ö-a sN-bvXXv?

D. tI-c-f-hÀ-½ henb tIm-bn- -¼p-cm³ (1882)

5. 'I-e-ln-\n Z-a-\Iw' \mS-Iw c-Nn¨Xv?

D. I-- nÂ h-dp-Ko-kp am¸nf

6. a-ebm-f `m-j-bnÂ c-Nn-¡-s¸-« {]-Ya tkmt±-i km-aqln-I \m-S-I-w?

D. a-dn-bm-½ \mS-Iw

7. ap³-jn cm-a-¡p-dp- v c-Nn-¨ B-t£-]-lmkyw \n-d-ª \mSIw?

D. N-¡o-N¦-cw

8. A-Ôam-b \m-S-Im-\pI-c-W {`m-ń-s\-bpw AÀ-°-iq-\yam-b \m-S-I-c-Nm-\mk-{¼-Zm-b-s¯-bpw \n-in-X-am-bn ]-cn-l-kn-¡m-\m-bn hn-c-Nn-Xam-b \mSIw?

D. N-¡o-N¦-cw

9. Im-hyw, \m-S-Iw Xp-S§n-b I-em-hn-jv¡m-c am-Xr-II-sf ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-¶ {]mNo-\Ir-Xn-?

D. A-án-]p-cm-Ww

10. a-e-bm-f- n-se B-Zy kz-X-{´ \m-S-I-§-fn-sem¶m-b "BÄ-am-dm«w'c-Nn¨Xv?

D. IÃqÀ D-½³ ^n-en-t¸m-kv

11. a-e-bm-f- nÂ B-Zy-am-bn {]-l-k-\-§Ä c-Nn-¨Xv

D. kn.hn cm-a³-]nÅ

12. a-e-bm-f- n-se B-Zy-s¯ N-cn-{X \mSIw?

D. ko-Xm-e-£v-an

13. 'ko-Xm-e-£van' F-¶ N-cn-{X \mS-Iw c-Nn¨Xv?

D. C.hn Ir-jv-W- n-Å

14. 'A-Sp-¡-f-bnÂ \n-¶v A-c-§-t¯¡v' F-¶ \m-S-I-w c-Nn¨Xv?



hn.Sn `-«-Xn-cn- m-Sv

15. 'a-d-¡p-S-¡p-Ån-se a-lm-\-cIw' F-¶ \mS-Iw F-gp-Xn-bXv

D. Fw.BÀ._n

16. 'E-Xp-aXn' F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-sâ IÀ- mhv?

D. t{]w-Pn

17. "`q-Xw' F-¶ t]-cnÂ C-_vksâ "tKm-kv-än'sâ a-ebm-f XÀ-Ö-a \nÀ-h-ln- -Xv?

D. kn.sP tXma-kv

18. "]m-«-_m¡n' F-¶ \mS-Iw c-Nn- -Xv?

D. sI. Zm-tam-Z-c³

19. "k-a-Xz-hmZn' F-¶ \mS-Iw F-gp-Xn-b-Xv?

D. ]p-fn-a-\ ]-c-ta-iz-c³ ]n-Å

20. "tI-c-f-¯n-sâ C-kv_³' F-¶p hn-ti-jn- n-¡-s¸-Sp¶Xv?

D. F³. Ir-jv-W- n-Å

21. Hm-kv-IÀ sshÂ-Unsâ "k-teman' F-¶ \m-SIs¯ "i-tem-an' F-¶ tdUntbm \m-S-I-am-bn A-h-X-cn- n¨Xv?

D. kn.sP tXma-kv

22. {Ko-¡v \m-S-I k-¦Â- -¯nÂ kn.sP tXma-kv c-Nn- \mSIw?

D. B a-\p-jy³ \o X-s¶

23. B-ß-{]-Imi-\w km-[y-am¡n-b kn.sP tXm-a-kn-sâ \m-S-I-w?

D. 1128 Â ss{Iw 27

24. Bân-t¹ F-¶v A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶ kn.sP tXm-a-kn-sâ \mSIw?

D. 1128Â ss{Iw 27

25. a-e-bm-f- n-se B-Zy Po-h-N-cn-{X \mSIw?

D. kz-tZ-im- n-am-\n-bp-sS \m-Sp-I-S-¯Â

26. kz-tZ-im- n-am-\n-bp-sS \m-Sp-I-S-¯Â F-¶ Po-h-N-cn-{X \mS-Iw c-Nn- Xv?

D. ]q-P- p-c Ir-jv-W³ \m-bÀ

27. "Iq-«p-Irjn' F-¶ \m-S-I- n-sâ IÀ-¯mhv?

D. C-S-tÈ-cn tKm-hn-µ³ \m-bÀ

28. a-e-bm-f- n-se B-Zy-X\-Xp \mSIw?

D. I-en

29. 1970 Â Ip-«n-IÄ-¡m-bn sh-ªm-d-aq-«nÂ sIm-¨p-\m-cm-b-W-]n-Å-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-¯nÂB-cw- n-¨ \m-S-I-thZn?



cw-K-{]- m-Xv

30. a-e-bm-f- n-se B-Zy G-Im-¦ \m-S-Iam-b 'ap-¶m-«p-hoc³' c-Nn¨Xv?

D. A- ³ X-¼p-cm³

31. a-e-bm-f- n-se B-Zy-s¯ \m-S-I hn-Úm-\-tImiw?

D. a-e-bm-f \m-S-I kÀ-hkzw

32. "a-e-bm-f \m-S-I-kÀ-hkzw' X-¿m-dm-¡nbXv?

D. a-S-hqÀ `m-kn

33. a-e-bm-f- nÂ \mS-Iw c-Nn- B-Zy h-\n-X?

D. Ip-«n-¡p-ªn X¦-¨n

34. "a-e-bm-fkm-ln-Xy N-cn{Xw' c-Nn¨Xv?

D. Pn. i-¦-c- n-Å

35. "a-ebm-f \m-S-I {]-Øm\w' F-¶ Ir-Xn-bp-sS IÀ- mhv?

D. Im-«p-am-Sw \m-cm-b-W³

36. "\m-S-I {]-thin-I' F-¶ \mSI ]T-\ {KÙw X-¿m-dm-¡nbXv?

D. F.Un l-cn-iÀ-½

37. "]u-c-kv-Xy \m-S-I ZÀ-i\w' F-¶ Ir-Xn c-Nn¨Xv?

D. ]p- ³-Im-hv am-¯³ X-c-I³

38. "\m-S-I \n-L-p' X-¿m-dm-¡nbXv?

D. s{]m- . sI. hn-P-b³ \m-bÀ

39. "tI-c-f kwKo-X \m-S-I N-cn-{Xw' c-Nn¨Xv?

D. tUm. sI. {io-Ip-amÀ

40. "a-ebm-f \m-S-I-th-Zn-bp-sS I-Y' F-¶ Ir-Xn c-Nn¨Xv?

D. a-S-hqÀ `m-kn

41. "Bân-KWn' F-¶ \m-S-I- n-\v a-ebm-f ]-cn`m-j \Â-InbXv?

D. kn.sP tXma-kv

42. kn.sP tXma-kv hn-hÀ -\w sNbv-X tkm- m-¢n-kn-sâ \m-S-I-w?

D. Cu-Un¸-kv

43. "D-b-cp-¶ b-h-\n-I' F-¶ {K-Ùw c-Nn¨Xv?

D. kn.sP tXma-kv

44. tam-fn-b-dp-sS "Z ssakÀ' F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n\v "]n-ip¡-sâ I-eym-Ww' F-¶ XÀ-Ö-aD-m-¡nbXv?

D. kn.sP tXm-akv



kn.sP tXma-kv P-\n¨-Xv F-hnsS?

D. Iq- m-«p-Ipf-¯v

46. hn-tam-N-\k-a-cIme- v kn.sP tXma-kv F-gpXn-b I-½y-Wn-kv-äv hn-cp-² cm-jv-{So-b\m-S-I-w?

D. hn-j-hr-£w

47. kn.sP tXma-kv A- -cn -Xv F¶v?

D. 1960 Pq-sse 14 \v

48. kn.sP tXm-a-kn-sâ `m-cy B-cv?

D. Fw.]n t]m-fn-sâ a-IÄ tdm-kn

49. tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv kÀ-Æ-I-em-im-eb-¡p Io-gn-ep-Å "kvIqÄ Hm- v {Um-a'bp-sS Øm-]-IU-b-d-ÎÀ?

D. Pn. i-¦-c- n-Å

50. I-dp- -ssZ-h-s -t¯-Sn, ]q-Pm-apdn, i-c-i-b-\w F-¶o \m-S-I-§Äc-Nn¨Xv?

D. Pn. i-¦-c- n-Å

51. 1964 se tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an ]p-c-kv-Im-cw t\Sn-b Pn. i-¦-c- n-Å-bp-sS\mSIw?

D. sd-bnÂ- m-f-§Ä

52. "\m-S-I-k-Z-ÊnÂ Cu tNmZyw hn-e-¡-s¸-« H-¶mWv' þ G-Xv tNmZyw?

D. \mSIw ImW-s\-¯p-¶-h-cnÂ F-{X-t]À \m-SI-s¯ \m-S-I-am-bn I-v B-kz-Zn-¡p-¶pv.

‘The Demand of Audience' F-¶ Ir-Xn c-Nn¨-Xv?

slm-hmÀ-Uv en³-tU Howord Lindesy

FÂ. tXm-a-kp-Ip-«n-bpsS "a-ebm-f \m-S-I-N-cn-{X- n-\v H-cp B-ap-Jw' G-Xp Ir-Xn-bn-se te-J-\-amWv?

D. t^m-Ivtemdpw a-ebm-f \m-S-Ihpw

55. a-ebm-f \m-S-I-s¯-¡p-dn- p-Å NÀ-¨ F-hn-sS ap-XÂ B-cw- n-¡-W-sa-¶m-Wv FÂ.tXm-a-kp-Ip-«nbpsS A`n-{]mbw?

D. a-t\m-taml-\w I-¼-\n-bn-se Xn-cp-h-«mÀ \m-cm-b-W-]n-Å-bp-sS \m-S-I kw-cw- -§Äap-XemWv a-ebm-f \m-S-I-s¯-¡p-dn- p-Å NÀ-¨ Bcw- n-t¡-sX¶mWvtXmakvIp«n-bpsS A`n-{]m-bw.

56. B-Zym-h-X-c-W-¯nÂ X-¶ "s{]m-ko-\n-bw tÌ-Pn'Â \n¶pw B-«n-bn-d-¡-s¸-«"I-en' F-¶ X\-Xp \mS-Iw c-Nn¨-Xv Bcv?

D. kn.F³ {io-I-WvT³ \mbÀ



`m-cXo-b I-em-k-¦-ev-] {]-Im-cw Zr-iy-I-e-IÄ F-{X-X-cw? G-sXms¡?

D. aq-¶v Xcw; \m-Syw, \r-¯yw, \r- w

58. Z-i-cq-]-I-§Ä G-sXÃmw?

D. \m-SIw, A¦w, {]-Im-cWw, Cu-lm-arKw, Unaw, k-a-h-Imcw, `mWw, {]-l-k\w,hoYn, hym-tbm-Kw

59. a-ebm-f \m-S-I-§Ä-¡v amÀ-K-\nÀ-t±-iw Im-Wn-¨ Nn-e X-an-gv \m-S-I§Ä?

D. tImh-e³ N-cnXw, A-cy½m-e \m-SIw, h-Ån-b-½mÄ \m-SIw, \Ã-X-¦mÄ N-cn-Xw, Kp-te-_-¡mh-en

60. B-ZyIm-e kzX-{´ kw-Ko-X \m-S-I§Ä?

D. kwKoX ss\-j[w, kwKo-X l-cn-Ý-{µw, k-Zm-cm-a, kw-Ko-X-im-Ip-´fw,cp-Ümw-K-N-cnXw, tZ-h-bm-\n N-cnXw, Ip-tN-e-tKm-]mew, ]m-¡-\mÀ N-cnXw.

61. B-ZyIm-e kw-kvIr-X \m-S-I hn-hÀ- -\§Ä?

D. Pm-\-Io-]-cn-W-bw, am-f-hn-Im-án-an-{Xw, D- -c-cm-a- N-cnXw, hn{I-tamÀ-Æ-iobw, am-e-Xo-am-[hw, B-Ý-cy-Nq-Vm-aWn, th-Wo kw-lmcw, kz-]v-\-hm-k-h-Z¯w, Nm-cp-Z¯³

62. kn.F³ {io-I-WvT³ \m-b-cp-sS cm-am-b-W \m-S-I-{Xbw?

D. Im-©-\-ko-X, km-tIXw, e-¦-e-£v-an

63. sI.Sn ap-l-½-Zn-sâ \m-S-I-{X-bw F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶Xv?

D. krãn, ØnXn, kw-lm-cw

64. X\-Xp \m-S-I th-Zn-bn-se {][m-\ \m-S-I§Ä?

D. Ien ({io-I-WvT³ \m-bÀ), In-cm-Xw (Pn. i-¦-c- nÅ), ssZ-h-¯mÀ, A-h-\-h³IS-¼, km£n, I-cn-¦p-«n (Im-hm-ew \m-cm-b-W-¸-Wn¡À)

\m-S-I-¯n-se {XnXzw Three As B-scms¡?

\m-S-I-Ir-¯ Author \-S³ Actor t{]-£-I³ Audience

kn.sP tXm-a-kn-sâ {][m-\ \m-S-I-§Ä?

D. A-bmÄ hopw h-cp¶p, hn-j-hr£w, cqYv, ]n-ip¡-sâ I-eym-Ww, 1128 Â ss{Iw27, B a-\p-jy³ \o X-s¶

67. kwkvIrX \m-S-I-¯n-sâ C-Xn-hr- -¯n-se A-©p k-Ôn-IÄ G-sXms¡?

D. apJw, {]-Xn-apJw, KÀ`w, hn-aÀiw, \nÀ-Æ-l-Ww

68. N-XpÀ-hn-[m- n\-bw F-¶mÂ F´v?

D. "\m-Sy-im-kv-{X'-{]-Im-cw A- n\-bw \m-ep-hn-[-amWv. t\-{Xm-Zn-i-co-cm-h-b-h-§ÄD-]-tbm-Kn-¨p-sIm-p-Å A- n\-bw Bw-KnIw. kw- m-j-W-cq-]-

¯n-epÅ-Xv hm-NnIw. k-hn-ti-jam-b th-j- q-jm-Zn-I-fp-sS A-I-¼Sn-tbm-sS-bpÅ-XvB-lm-cyw. tkzZw, kv-tXm`w, th-]Yp, A-{ip, tcm-am©w, kz-c- wKw, {]-fbw,ssh-hÀv-Wyw Xp-S§n-b hn-Im-c-§-fnÂ \n-¶p-m-Ip-¶ `m-hm- n\-bw km-Xzn-Iw.



'1128 Â ss{Iw 27' F-¶ \m-S-I- n-se I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS t]-sc-gpXpI?

D. Kpcp, in-jy³ am-Xyq, amÀ-t¡mkv, hÀ¡n, F-dp- p-¡m (amÀt¡m-knsâ `mcy)In-gh³ (amÀt¡m-knsâ A¸³), N¡n, kÀ-¡mÀ h-¡oÂ, {]-Xn-h-¡oÂ, P-UvPv,k-J-dn-b, cm-a-Ir-jv-W³,tIm¬-kv-ä-_nÄ 303, 316, im-kv-{Xn, tKm-]n

70. Nq-f-bnÂ hoWp-t]m-b amÀ-t¡m-kn-\p F-´p kw- -hn¨p?

D. Nq-f-bnÂ hoWp-t]m-b amÀ-t¡m-kn-\v Im-cy-am-b ]-cn-s¡m¶pw D-m-bnÃ. Nq-f-bnÂ

\Ã C-cp«m-b Imc-Ww A-bm-sf BÀ¡pw Im-Wm-³ I-gn-ªnÃ. X-sâ F-Xn-cm-fnbm-

b hÀ-¡n-sb H-cp ]mTw ]Tn- n-¡m³ A-bmÄ h-b-\m-«n-te¡p-t]mbn. \m-S-Im-ý-

¯nÂ hÀ-¡n a-cn- -Xn-\p- ti-jw am{X-amWv Xn-cn-sI \m-«n-te-¡p h-¶Xv.

71. \m-S-I-c-N-\-bp-sSbpw \m-S-Im-h-X-c-W-k-{¼-Zm-b-¯n-sâbpw ]p-tcm-K-Xn-¡v {]-[m-\-amÀ-

K-X-S-Ê-am-bn Pn. i-¦-c-¸n-Å I-s- p-¶ Im-cy-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

D. \mS-Iw H-cp P-\Io-b I-e-bm-sW¶pw kÀ-Æ-P-\o-\-am-Wv F¶pw A-Xp-sIm-v A-Xv

B-kz-Zn-¡p-hm³ {]-tXy-I ]-cnN-bw B-h-iy-an-sÃ-¶pw ]-d-b-s¸-Sp-¶ C-¡me- v

\m-SI-s¯ A-Xn-sâ ]qÀ-WmÀ-°-¯nÂ DÄ-s¡m-Åm³ I-gn-bp-¶ k-lr-Z-b-cp-sS

F-®w Ip-d-hmWv. C-Xm-Wv Pn. bp-sS A- n-{]m-b- nÂ \m-S-I- n-sâ ]p-tcm-K-Xn-¡v

{][m-\ amÀ-K-X-S-Êw.

72. Pn. i-¦-c- n-Å-bp-sS {][m-\ \m-S-I-§Ä G-sXÃmw?

D. I-dp- -ssZ-h-s -t¯Sn, ]q-Pm-apdn, kv-t\-l-ZqX³, sd-bnÂ- m-f§Ä, hn-hm-lwkzÀ-K-¯nÂ \-S-¡p¶p, i-c-i-b\w, `-c-X-hm-Iyw, _-µn, C-Sm³ a-d-¶ C-g, I-gp-I-·mÀ

73. Pn. i-¦-c- nÅ-sb e-Lp-hm-bn ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯pI.

D. 1930 Pq¬ 22 \v Nn-d-bn³-Io-gn-em-Wv Pn. i-¦-c-¸n-Å P-\n- Xv. \m-S-I-c-N-\bpw ]T-

\hpw \m-S-I-hn-aÀ-i-\-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p A-t±-lw G-sd {]m- [m-\y-]qÀ-Æw ssI-Imcyw

sN-bv-Xn-cp-¶Xv. \m-tSm-Sn km-ln-Xyw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ K-th-j-W-ta-J-e-bm-bn-cp¶p.

tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv kÀ-Æ-I-em-im-e-bnse "kv-IqÄ Hm- v {Um-a-'bp-sS Øm-]-I U-b-dÎÀ,

a-lm-ßm-Km-Ôn kÀ-Æ-I-em-im-e-bnse "kv-IqÄ Hm- v se-tä-gvvkv' hn-`m-Kw U-b-dÎÀ,

tI-c-f kwKo-X \m-S-I A-¡mZ-an sN-b-À-am³ F-¶o Øm-\-§Ä A-e-¦-cn-¡p-Ibpw

Ip-«n-I-fp-sS \m-S-I-th-Zn-¡m-bn A-tlm-cm{Xw ]-cn-{i-an-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp; Pn. 1989

P-\p-h-cn 1 \v At±lw a-c-W-a-Sªp.

74. \m-S-I-¯nÂ B-h-iy-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-e-[n-Iw B-Jym-\mw-i- n-\v {]m-[m\yw D-m-Im-\n-

Sbm-b km-l-N-cy-§Ä F-s´ms¡?

D. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ cq-]c-N-\ hm-Nm-e-am-bXpw A-an-Xam-b kw-Ko-Xm- n-ap-Jyhpw \mS-Iw

H-cp kw-Çn-ã I-em-cq-]-am-sW-¶ [mc-Ww th--hn-[-¯nÂ D-d- p-h-cp-¯m-¯Xpw

\m-S-I-¯nÂ B-Jym-\mw-i-¯n-\v {]m-[m\yw D-m-Im³ km-l-N-cy-sam-cp-¡n.

75. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ aq-¶v aÀ-½-L-S-I-§-fm-bn Pn. i-¦-c- n-Å Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¡p¶-Xv

F-s´ms¡?

D. \m-S-I-c-N-bn-Xmhv, \m-S-I-thZn, \m-S-I-k-lr-Zb³

76. "a-ebm-f \m-S-I-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v hn-Nm-cn-¡m-s\m-cp-s¼-Sp-¶-h-scÃmw `-c-X-kq-{X-§-fp-²-

cn-¡p-I-bpw `m-c-Xo-bþkw-kvIr-X \m-S-]m-c-¼-cy- nÂ A- n-am-\w sIm-Åp-Ibpw



sN-¿p¶-Xv sXäm-b N-cn{X-t_m-[w H-¶p-sIm-v am-{X-amWv'.þ FÂ. tXm-a-kp-Ip-«n-

C§-s\ A- n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶-Xv F-´p-sImv?

D. C-ý-bn-se H¶mw N-{I-hÀ- n-sb-¶p I-cp-Xp-¶ au-cy-km-{am-Py-Øm-]-I\m-b N-{µ-

Kp]v-X au-cy\pw ]n-¶o-Sv km-{am-Py-§Ä XoÀ-¯ ap-K-fcpw a-dmT-i-àn-I-fp-sam-s¡

D- -c-{]-tZ-iw am-{X-am-Wv `-cn- n-cp-¶Xv. H-cp C-ý³ `-c-W hy-h-Ø-bnepw s]-Sm-sX

`q-an-im-kv-{X-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fmÂ H-ä-s¸-«p-In-S-¶n-cp-¶ tZ-i-am-bn-cp-¶p

tI-cfw. i-àam-b hn-tZ-io-bm-{I-a-W-§Ä GÂ-t¡-n-h-cm- , kmw-kv-Imcn-I

hnkv-t^m-S-\-§Ä-s¡m¶pw hn-t[-b-am-tI-n-h-cm-¯ P-\-X-bm-bn-cp-¶p tI-c-f-

¯nÂ. \m-a-am-{X-am-bn tI-c-f-]-cm-aÀ-i-ap-s-¶v I-cp-X-s¸-Sp-¶ A-tim-I-imk-\w

t]mepw C¶-s¯ tI-c-f-¯nÂ \n-¶Ã I-s-Sp- Xv. Sn- p-hn-sâ B-{Ia-Ww `m-Kn-

Ihpw XmÂ-¡m-en-Ihpw B-bn-cp-¶p. bq-tdm-]y³ i-àn-IÄ C-ý cq-]-s¸-Sp-¯p-

t¼mÄ t]mepw tI-c-f-¯n-sâ `q-cn- mKw {]-tZ-ihpw A-h-cp-sS t\-cn-«p-Å `-c-W-

¯n-\p Io-gn-em-bn-cp-¶nÃ. `-c-W-]-cam-b G-Io-Ic-Ww \-S-¶n-«nÃm-¯, hf-sc tem-

eam-b kmw-kv-Imcn-I hn-\na-bw am{Xw C-X-c `m-cXo-b P-\-X-I-tfm-Sp-m-bn-cp-¶-

Xpam-b k-hnti-j P-\-X-bm-bn-cp-¶p tI-c-f-¯nÂ D-m-bn-cp-¶Xv. A-Xn-\mÂ a-e

bm-f \m-S-I-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å NÀ- Xn-cp-h-«mÀ \m-cm-b-W- n-Å-bp-sS \m-S-I kw-cw- -

§Ä ap-X-em-Wv \mw B-tem-Nn-t¡--Xp-Åp F-¶m-Wv FÂ. tXm-a-kv-Ip-«n-bp-sS A-

`n-{]m-bw.

F³. Ir-jv-W- n-Å-bp-sS \m-S-I-§Ä G-sXÃmw?

D. `-á- -h\w, I-\y-I, _-em-_ew, A-\p-c-Rv-P\w, a-cp¸- , A-gn-ap-J-t¯¡v, ZÀ-i\w,

Ip-S- n-se hnf-¡v

78. Fw. tKm-hnµ³, kn.F³ {io-I-WvT³ \mbÀ, Pn. i-¦-c- n-Å, Im-hm-ew F-¶n-hÀ-¡v

a-ebm-f \m-S-I {]-Øm-\- nÂ FÂ. tXm-a-kp-Ip-«n IÂ-]n-¡p-¶ Øm-\-sa´v?

D. kyq-tUmþs{]m- -WÂþsIm-ta-gv-kyÂ an-{in-X-am-bn ]-cn-W-an- n-cp-¶ \-½p-sS cw-K-th-

Zn-sb B-im-ky-aÃm-¯ NnÃ-d A-hX-c-W ]-cn-jv-I-c-W {i-a-§-fnÂ \n-¶p am-dn

\n-¶p t\m-¡n-¡m-Wm³ {i-an- -h-cnÂ {]-[m-\n-IÄ F-¶ \n-e-bn-em-Wv

Fw. tKm-hnµ³, kn.F³, Pn., Im-hm-ew F-¶n-hÀ-¡v te-J-I³ a-ebm-f \m-S-I

km-ln-Xy N-cn-{X- nÂ C-Sw \Â-Ip-¶Xv.

79. kn.F³ {io-I-WvT³ \m-b-cp-sS cm-am-b-W \m-S-I-{X-bw G-sXms¡?

D. Im-©-\ ko-X, e-¦m-e-£van, km-tI-Xw

80. "1128 Â ss{Iw 27' F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-eq-sS kn.sP {i-an-¡p¶-Xv F- n-\m-sW-¶m-Wv

FÂ. tXm-a-kp-Ip-«n A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv?

D. Xm-Xzn-I-ambpw {]m-tbm-Kn-I-ambpw {In-bm-ß-I-X-bnÂ \n¶pw \n-jv-{In-b-Xz-¯n-te-¡p-

Å H-fn-t¨m-«-am-bn-cp-¶ kz-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ AÀ-°m-\À-°-§-sfbpw s]m-Åbpw Zp-ã-

hpam-b N-«-§-fmÂ lnw-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ kzm-X-{ý-s¯bpw a-c-W-s¯bpw Po-hn-X-

s -bpw ]-än-bp-Å ZmÀ-i-\n-Iam-b B-i-b-¡p-g- -§-sfbpw H-scm-¯p-XoÀ- p-anÃm-

¯ FÃm k-¦oÀ-WX-I-tfmSpw Iq-Sn th-Zo-ap-J-t -¡v C-d-¡n-sh¡p-I am-{X-am-Wv

"ss{Iw' Â kn.sP tXma-kv sN-¿p-¶Xv. AXo-h k-¦oÀ-®am-b Im-en-I-Po-hn-X-¯n-



sâ I-em-cq-]w am{Xw A-Xn-E-Pp-hm-Ip-¶-sX§-s\ F¶v B [nj-Wm-im-en \ym-b-

ambpw kw-i-bn-¨n-cn-¡mw. \n-e-hn-ep-Å FÃm aq-ey-§-sf-bpw (a-cWw, \n-baw,

Zpx-Jw) l-kn-¡p-¶ A- -c-sam-cp \mSIw L-S-\-sIm-v \m-S-I-am-Ip-t¼mÄ X-s¶

\m-S-I-cq-]-s -bpw kzbw ]-cn-l-kn-¡p¶p. A-Xn-\mÂ am-{X-am-Wv \m-S-I-hn-cp²

Anti-play \m-S-I-¯n-te-¡v ss{Iw 27 kzm- m-hn-I-ambpw F-¯n-t¨-cp-¶Xv.

kµÀ- hpw Bi-bhpw F-gpXpI

X-sâ ]Ãv Z- -ssh-Zy³ X-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw ]t£, F-sâ sN-cp- v X-sâ-sbm-s¡

ap-J-¯n-«v sXm-gn-¡m-\p-m-¡n-bXÃ'.

kn.sP tXm-a-kn-sâ "1128 Â ss{Iw 27' F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-sâ {]-th-in-I-bnÂ A-c-§n-

se- p-¶ Kp-cp-hpw tÌ-Pv am-t\-Pdpw X-½nÂ \mS-Iw B-cw- n-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-s¨mÃn

I-e-ln-¡p-¶p. tÌ-PnÂ \n-¶v Cd§n Hm-S-W-sa-¶v Kp-cphn-t\m-Sv kv-tä-Pv

am-t\-PÀ B-Úm-]n- -t¸mÄ in-jy-sâ {]-Xn-I-c-W-amWv Cu hm-Iy-§Ä.

82. "I-Åp Ip-Sn- Ip-c-§n-sâ hm-enÂ tX-fp-Ip-¯n!'

D. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ {]-th-in-I-bnÂ cw-K-s¯¯n-b Kp-cphpw in-jy\pw tÌ-Pv am-t\-P-dp-

am-bn \mS-Iw B-cw- n-¡p-¶-Xn-s\ sNmÃn I-e-ln-¡p-¶p. \mS-Iw Xp-S-§n-bn«pw tÌ-

PnÂ kÃ-]n- p \nÂ-¡p-I-bm-Wv Kp-cphpw in-jy\pw F-¶ tÌ-Pv am-t\-P-dp-sS ]-cn-

lm-kt¯mSvv Kp-cp i-à-am-bn {]-Xn-I-cn-¡p¶p. tÌ-Pv hn«p-t]m-tI-Xv am-t\-PÀ

B-sW¶pw t]m-bn-sÃ-¦nÂ in-jy-sâ Im-ep-sIm-v Xm³ C-\n kw-km-cn-¡p-sa¶pw

Kp-cp ]-d-ª-t¸mÄ \n-cm-i-tbm-sS ssI-a-eÀ-¯n Ac-§v hn-Sp-¶ kv-tä-Pv am-t\-P-dp-

sS hm-¡p-I-fm-Wn-Xv.

83. "F-tSm, ac-Ww H-cp ^-en-X-amWv. {]-tXy-In¨pw A-h-\h-sâ acWw'.

D. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ {]-th-in-I-bnÂ A-c-§n-se-¯p-¶ Kp-cphpw in-jy\pw X-½nÂ \-S-¯p-

¶ kw- m-j-W-am-Wv k-µÀ`w. Xsâ Kp-cp a-cn-¨p F-¶ hmÀ-¯ in-jy³ tI-«n«pv.

A-Xn-sâ hm-kv-X-hw F-´m-Wv F-¶v A-dn-bm³ in-jy-³ {ian-¡p-¶p. F-¶mÂ ]-{X-

{]-hÀ-¯-I\m-b in-jy³ te-ä-Ìv i-h-hp-am-bn H-cp A- nap-J kw- m-j-Ww \S- n

]-{X-¯n-\v dn-t¸mÀ-«v F-gp-Xm-sa-¶v D-t±-in-¨p. Xs¶ Xnc¡n h-¶-Xm-Wv F-¶v kwi-

bn¨ Kpcp injys\ ]cn-l-kn-¡p¶p. F-¶mÂ C¯-cw Im-cy§-sf F-§-s\-bm-Wv

X-am-i-bm-bn Im-Wp-I F¶v in-jy³ k-¦-S-s¸-Sp¶p. Cu k-µÀ- -¯n-em-Wv ac-Ww

H-cp ^-en-X-am-sW¶pw {]-tXy-In¨pw A-h-\h-sâ a-c-W-sa¶v Kp-cp ]-d-bp¶p.

X-sâ a-c-Whpw A-§-s\bmtWm F-¶ in-jy-sâ kw-i-b-¯n-\v "taÂ]-Sn X-s¶'

F-¶v Kp-cp a-dp]-Sn \Â-Ip¶p. in-jy³ a-cn-¨mÂ A-h-s\-{X sIm-Å-cp-Xm- -h-\m-

sW-¦nepw A-h-s\-¡-cp-Xn Nn-e hn-Im-c-§Ä D-m-bn- F¶p-hcmw. ]-t£ a-cn- h-

s\ kw-_-Ôn- n-S-t¯m-fw A-sXm-cp \nÊm-c kw- -h-am-bn-cn-¡pw. shdpw H-cp

^-en-Xw am{Xw F-¶v Kp-cp hy-à-am-¡p-¶p.

84. "Rm³ IrXyw tI-« km-£n-bmWv. Rm-\-Xn-s\¸-än H-cp hn-i-Zo-Ic-Ww X-cmw.'

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

85. "H-cp Z-cn-{Z-hm-kn c-m-a-sXm-cp Z-cn-{Z-hm-kn-sb sImÃp¶p. aq-¶m-a-sXm-cp Z-cn-{Z-hm-

kn A-Xn-s\¸-än {]-kv-Xm-\-bn-d-¡p-¶p!'

A-sÃ-¦nÂ



86. hy-h-km-b-im-e-bn-se sIm-e-]m-X-I-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v {]-kv-Xm-h\- X¿m-dm-¡m³ Xp\nª

im-kv-{Xn-sb k-J-dn-bm ]-cn-l-kn-¡m³ Imc-Ww F´v?

D. kn.sP tXm-a-kn-sâ 1128 Â ss{Iw 27 F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-sâ B-Zy-cw-Kw H-cp ]-{X-

Øm-]-\-¯nsâ Hm- o-kv BWv. A-c-§nÂ ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-IÀ A-Sp-¯ Zn-h-k-t -

¡p-Å ]{X-hmÀ-¯-IÄ F-s´m-s¡ F-¶ B-tem-N-\-bn-emWv. A¶-t¯¡v

{]-tXy-In- v H-cp hmÀ- -bp-anÃm-Xn-cn-¡p-t¼m-gm-Wv hy-h-km-b-im-e-bn-se Ip½m-bNq-

f-bnÂ H-cp sIm-e-]-mX-Iw \-S-¶ Imcyw t^m¬ h-gn A-dn-bp-¶-Xv. {]-kvXp-X kw`-

hw \-S-¶nS-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨v tI-« km-£nbm-b Xm³ H-cp hn-i-Zo-Ic-Ww X-cm-sa-¶v

]{X-tam- n-kn-se- nb im-kv-{Xn-bp-sS hm-Kv-Zm\-s¯ dn-t¸mÀ-«À k-Jdn-b ]-cn-l-kn-

¡p¶p. GXp-Im-cyhpw AXn-I-Tn-\-amb ae-bm-f-]-Z-§-fpsS klm-b-¯mÂ am{Xw

Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-bm-fmWv imkv{Xn. \-sÃm-cp \nL-p X-sâ ]-¡Â CÃm- -Xn-

\mÂ im-kv-{Xn-bp-sS hÀ-W-\ XÂ-¡m-ew B-h-iy-an-sÃ-¶v k-Jdn-b A-dn-bn-¡p¶p.

F-¦nÂ, {]-kv-Xm-h-\ BImw F-¶p ]d-ªp im-kv{Xn {]-kv-Xm-h-\ \-S- m-s\m-cp-

§p-t¼mÄ k-J-dn-bm ]-d-bp-¶-Xm-Wv Cu hm-Iy§Ä "H-cp Z-cn-{Z-hm-kn c-m-a-sXm-cp

Z-cn-{Z-hm-kn-sb sImÃp¶p. aq-¶m-a-sXm-cp Z-cn-{Z-hm-kn A-Xn-s\¸-än {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bn-d-

¡p-¶p.' am[ya temIs¯ acym-Z-tI-Sp-I-fn-te¡v hncÂ Nqp¶ Xc- n-emWv

kn.-sP. ]{X-Øm-]-\s¯bpw AhnsS \S-¡p¶ kw`m-j-W-§-sfbpw \mS-I- nÂ

Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv.

87. "{]-Êv \n-dp-¯m³ ]-d. I-t¼m-knwKpw am-Xyp, \yq-kpvþ F-´m-bn-cp-¶p \yqkv?

D. hy-h-km-b-im-e-bn-se sIm-e-]m-X-I-s¯- -än-bp-Å \yq-kv {]-kv-Xm-h-\ k-ln-Xw

A- -Sn-¡m³ ]-{X-Øm-]-\-¯n-se Po-h-\-¡mÀ X-¿mdm-b th-f-bn-em-Wv A-äâÀ tKm-

]n H-cp \o-e-¡-h-dp-am-sb- p-¶-Xv. I-hÀ s]m-«n-¨p t\m¡n-b k-J-dn-bm D- -¯nÂ

hn-fn- v tKm]n-tbm-Sv ]-d-bp-¶XmWv kµÀ`w. a-e-{¼-tZ-i-§-fnÂ Xm-dm-hp Ir-jn \-S-

¯p-¶-Xn-s\- -än [-\-Im-cy-a-{ń-bp-sS {]-Êv tIm¬- -d³-kv B-Wv I-h-dnÂ h-¶

{][m-\ \yqkv. Nqf-bnse sIm-e-]m-X-I-t¯-¡mÄ {]m[m\yw Iev]n-¡- -¡-XmWv

\oe-I-h-dnÂ h¶ Irjnsb kw_-Ôn¨ hmÀ¯ F¶ Imcyw Nncn¡pw Nn´¡pw

Ah-kcw Hcp¡p-¶p.

88. "A-hn-sS A\p-tim-N-\-sam-¶p-ap-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. hÃ-Xp-ap-m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ X-s¶

A-Xv A-\p-tam-Z-\-amWv".

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

89. "H-cp i-h-¯q-¡w \yq-kw A-tÃ?'

D. kn.sP tXm-a-kn-sâ "1128 Â ss{Iw 27' F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-sâ H¶mw cm-K-¯nÂ A-¨-

Sn-¡- -¡ {]m-[m-\y-ap-Å hmÀ- -I-sfm¶pw e- n-¡m-sX H-cp ]-{X-am-¸o-kn-sâ Ah-

Ø-bmWv A-h-X-cn- n-¡p-¶Xv. hy-h-km-b-im-e-bn-se Nq-f-bnÂ H-cmÄ sImÃ-s¸-«

hnh-cw e- n-¡p-¶-tXm-sS A-Xv F-§-s\-sbm-s¡ hmÀ- -bm-¡-sa-¶ B-tem-N-\ F-

Un-äÀ-amÀ-¡n-S-bnÂ \-S-¡p¶p. {]-kv-Xmh-\, A- nap-J kw- mj-Ww F-¶n-h-tbm-sS

sIm-e-t¡-kv hmÀ- -bm-¡m-\n-cp-¶-XmWv. A-t¸m-gm-Wv a-e-{¼-tZ-i-§-fnÂ Xm-dm-hp-

Ir-jn \-S-¯p-¶-Xn-s\¸-än [-\-Im-cy-a-{ń-bp-sS {]-Êv tIm¬- -d³-kv e- n-¡p-¶Xv.

A-tXm-sS sIm-e-t¡-kn-sâ {]-[m\yw cmw t]-PnÂ Ip-am-cn ]nÂ-kn-sâ Xm-sg

H-cp Ip-dn- n-te-¡v H-Xp-§n. C-sXÃmw I-p apjn-ª-Xn-\mÂ ]n-dp-]n-dp-¯p-h-cp-¶



injy-t\m-Sv sIm-e-]m-XI-s¯ Xp-SÀ-¶p ]{X-Øm-]-\-¯nÂ A\p-timN-\tam a-täm

D-m-bn-cpt¶m F-¶v A-t\z-jn-¡p¶p. ]-{Xm-am- n-knÂ A\p-tim-N-\-sam¶pw

D-m-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ¶pw hÃ-Xp-ap-m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ X-s¶ A-Xv Ign-ªn«v Hcp

hmÀ¯ Hcp¡m³ Ah-kcw Hcp¡n-b-Xn\v ih- n\v A\p-tam-Z-\-w \ÂI-em-bn-

cp¶p F-¶p in-jy³ a-dp-]-Sn- ]-d-bp¶p. C-Xp-tI-« Kp-cp-]-cn-lm-k-cq-]-¯nÂ tNm-Zn-

¡p-¶-XmWv. H-cp i-h-¯q-¡w \yqkv. A-tÃsb¶v? ac-Ww F-¶ X-am-i-sbbpw A-

XnÂ a-äp-Å-hÀ-¡p-Å hy-Xykv-X Xm-Xv-]-cy-§-sfbpw kn.sP \m-S-I-¯n-sâ B-Zy-cw-

K-w aXpÂ X-s¶ A-h-X-cn- n-¡m³ {i-an-¡p¶-Xv Im-Wmw.

90. "A-kv-a-Zr-i³ amÀ-t¡m-kv sXm-gn-em-fn-bp-sS A-ý-Im-e-§-fn-se th-X-\-hp-am-bn

B-K-X-\m-bn-cn-¡p-I-bmWv'-þ BcmWv BK-X-\m-bXv?

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

91. "A-ht\m N¯p. C-\n-sb-¦nepw R§-sf I-fn-¸n-¡-tÃ"

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

92. "km-td, km-dn-sXm¶pw t\m¡-þ C-sXm-s¡ I-gn-tª- n-s¶ A-h-bv-¡v X-e-bv-¡v

¨n-sc-tb-Xm-smcp. . . . km-dm Im-i-§p-sIm-Sp-t¯- m- aXn.'

D. Nq-f-¡-f-¯nÂ ho-Wp sImÃs¸«p-sh¶v Icp-X-s¸-Sp¶ amÀ-t¡m-kv sXm-gn-em-fn-

bpsS ho-Sm-Wv \m-S-I-¯n-sâ cmw cw-K- n-ep-ÅXv. I-dp- p Xn-¶m³ Im-inÃm-sX

£p- n-X-\m-bn-¡-gn-bp-¶ In-g-h\pw Ip-ªp-§Ä-¡v Im- n D-m-¡n-s¡m-Sp-¡m³

h-gn-bnÃm-sX {]-bm-k-s¸-Sp-¶ F-dp-¸p-¡bpw ]W-s -s¨mÃn X-½nÂ I-e-ln- n-cn-

s¡-bm-Wv im-kv{Xn B ho-«n-se-¯p-¶Xv. X-sâ BK-a-t\m-t±iyw A-kv-am-Zr-

i³ amÀ-t¡m-kv sXm-gn-em-fn-bp-sS A-ý-Im-e-§-fn-se thX-\w B ho-«nÂ GÂ- n-

¡-em-Wv F-¶v A-t±-lw sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. I-en-hÀ-jw 1128 Ipw- -am-kw 16, 17 Xn-¿-

Xn-I-fn-se Iqentb C-\n \Â-Im-\pÅq F-¶v im-kv-{Xn- IW-¡p-]-d-ª-t¸mÄ In-g-

h\pw F-dp- p-¡mbpw tZ-jy-s¸-Sp¶p. Ip-td Zn-h-k-t¯-¡v amÀ-t¡m-kv Iq-en hm-§n-

bn-«n-sÃ-¶v In-g-h³ ]-d-ª-t¸mÄ A-sXm-s¡ ap-t¼ sIm-Sp- -Xm-sW¶pw ]-Ww

sN-e-hm-bn-t¸m-bn-¡m-Wp-sa¶pw im-kv{Xn A-dn-bn¡p¶p. "A-ht\m N¯p. C-\n-

sb-¦nepw R§-sf I-fn- n¡-tÃ F-¶p amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ A- ³ ]-dª-Xp im-kv-{Xn-

sb sNm-Sn-¸n-¡p¶p. amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ a-cW-s¯ Xp-SÀ-¶pm-b Ip-Spw-_- n-sâ Xo-

{h-Zpx-J-¯nÂ X-§Ä-¡p hf-sc k-l-Xm-]-w D-s¶pw F-¶mÂ X-§-fp-sS k-Xy-

k-ÔX-sb tNmZyw sN-¿p-¶ X-c-¯n-ep-Å In-gh-sâ {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bnÂ {]-Xn-tj-[n-

¡p-¶p F-¶pw im-kv{Xn Xpd-¶-Sn-¡p¶p. im-kv-{Xn- ]d-ª-Xnsâ AÀ°w a-\-Ên-em-

Im-ªv In-g-h-\pw F-dp-¸p-¡mbpw ]-c-kv]-cw an-gn-¨v t\m-¡p¶p. I-e-I-em-¶p sN-e-

¡m-sX Iq-en X-cm³ F-dp- p-¡ B-h-iy-s¸-Sp¶p. Xm³ ]-d-bp¶-Xv hn-iz-kn-¡pI-

tb amÀ-¤-ap-Åq F¶pw kw-i-b-ap-s-¦nÂ B-ôknÂ h-¶p IW-¡v t\m-¡-W-sa-

¶pw im-kv{Xn A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. A-§-s\-sb-¦nÂ amÀ-t¡m-kv H-Sp¡-s¯ IpSow Ip-Sn-

¨p ap-Sn- -Xm-bn-cn-¡p-sa-¶v F-dp- p-¡ ]-d-ª-t¸mÄ "h-tÃmcpw \n-¡pt¼m A-Xp-

anXpw ]-d-b-tÃ-Sn' F-¶v In-g-h³ F-dp- p-¡m-sb im-kn-¡p¶p. AhÄ ]d-bp-

¶-sXm¶pw Im-cy-am-¡-cp-sX¶pw ]-Ww A-hÄ-¡p \Â-In-bmÂ aXn. sIm-e-]m-X-I-

¯n-\p-ti-jw A-h-fp-sS X-e-¡v C¯n-cn-tb-Xm-sm-cp A-h-Ø-bm-sW¶pw In-g-h³

A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. im-kv{Xn ]-W-saÃmw F-®n-s¡m-Sp- v A-hn-sS \n-¶p t]m-Ip-¶p.



93. _Ôp-hmb N-¡n amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ `m-cy F-dp- p¡-sb Im-Wm³ ho-«nÂ h¶Xnsâ

ImW-sa´v?

D. th--s¸-«-h-cp-a-cn- n-«v H-¶p tI-dn-h-¶nÃtÃm F-¶v \m-«p-Im-cp ]-d-bp-atÃm F-¶p

I-cp-Xn-bm-Wv N-¡n sIm-Ã-s¸-s«¶v Icp-Xs¸Sp¶ amÀt¡m-knsâ ho«n-te¡v Ibdn

hcp-¶-Xv. kµÀ`- n-\-\p-k-cn¨v Ic-bm\pw ]d-bm\pw s]cp-am-dm\pw N¡n¡v Ign-

bp-¶p. acWw Hcp ên-X-am-sW¶v Kpcp \mS-Im-Zy- nÂ {]kvXm-hn-¨Xv Cu

kµÀ`-¯nÂ A\zÀ°-am-Ip¶p F¶p ImWmw.

94. "Ip-am-cn N-¡n-¡p-th-n F-sâ £-am]-Ww kzo-I-cn¡pI"

D. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ c-mw cw-K-¯nÂ sIm-e-]m-X-I-¯n\v C-cbm-b amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ `m-cy-

sb¡-v B-iz-kn- n-¡m³ N-¡n F- p¶p. sIm-e- ]mX-Iw kw-_-Ô-am-bn

\m-«nÂ ]-c-¡p-¶ s]m-Xp-P\m-tcm-]-Whpw amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ Iq-en kw-_-Ôam-b Im-

cy-§-fp-sam-s¡ kw-km-cn- v t]m-Im-s\m-cp-§n-b N-¡n Ip-d- p- t\-cw C\n-bp-sat´m

]d-bm-\p-s-¶-t]mse an-gn-¨p \nÂ-¡p¶p. Xp-SÀ-¶v Ing-h-t\mSpw F-dp- m-¡-tbm-

Spw "C-\n \n-§Ä C§p-t]msc, A-Xp ]-d-bm-\Ã ]-dªXv' F-¶v A-dn-bn-¡p¶p.

tÌ-PnÂ N-¡n A-_-²-sa-s´-¦nepw ]-d-bp-sa-¶v `-b-¶ t{]mw-]v-äÀ cw-K-s -¯n

N-¡n-sb ]n-Sn- p-h-en-¡p¶p. D-S³ cw-K-s¯¯n-b Kp-cp N-¡n-sbbpw an-Ên-kv amÀ-

t¡m-kn-s\bpw A- n-\-µn-¡p¶p. B-Zy-am-bn kv-tä-PnÂ Ib-dp¶ BÀ¡pw sNdn-b

A-_²sam-s¡ ]-äp-w. Ip-am-cn N-¡n-¡p-w A -c- n-semcp A_-²ta kw`hn-¨p-

Åp. AXnÂ AhÄ¡p th-n k-ZÊn-t\m-Sp Xm³ £-am]-Ww \-S-¯p-¶p F-¶p

Kp-cp A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. \nÀ-t¯-Xv F-hn-sS F-¶v N-¡n¡v HmÀ-½-bnÃm-Xm-bn-t¸m-b-

Xm-Wv A_-²-¯n\v Im-c-W-sa¶pw Kp-cp sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ ]m-c-¼-

cy- -«-¡q-Sp-I-sfbpw [m-c-W-I-sfbpw s]m-fn- p-I-f-bp-I-bm-Wv kn.sP. tXm-a-kv 1128

ss{Iw 27 F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-eq-sS sN-¿p-¶Xv. "Bân t¹'bp-sS kz- m-hw C -cw cw-K-

§-fnÂ \m-S-I-Ir-¯v {]-I-Sn- n-¡p¶p.

95. "km-sdm-cp kn-\n-¡m-sW-¶p tXm-¶p¶p'

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

96. a-äp-Å-hÀ a-cn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-hm-\p-Å k-a-c-am-WXv. a-cn-¨h-\p th-n-bÃ kz- w

Imcyw'

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

97. "X-\n-s¡m-s¡ ap-e-¡p-¸n-bm-Wv thXv'

D. ac-Ww kw- -hn-¨nS-¯v i-h-¯n-sâ Npäpw \-S-¡p-¶ _-l-f-§-sf-¡p-dn- v Kp-cphpw

injy-\pw kw-h-Zn-¡p¶p. a-c-Wm-\- -c-ap-Å th-Z-\-I-sf-¡p-dn- p Kp-cp- H¶pw ]-d-bp-

¶n-sÃ¶Xn-\mÂ Kpcp-hn-sâ hmZ-sam¶pw Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡m³ X\n¡v `m-h-an-sÃ¶v

injy³ A-dn-bn-¡p-¶p. H-cp ac-Ww \S-¶p F-¶p-I-cp-Xn {]-Ir-Xn-bnÂ \-S-t¡-

H-cp Im-cy-¯n\pw apS-¡w h-cp-¶n-sÃ-¶XmWv Kpcp-hnsâ hmZw. FÃmw ap-d-t]m-se

\-S-¡pw. C-Xp-tI-«v in-jy³ Kp-cp H-cp kn-\n-¡m-sW-¶p kw-i-bn-¡p¶p. Fs´-

¦nepw ]dªv X-s¶ ]-cn-l-kn-¡m-sX Imcyw a-\-Ên-em-¡m³ {ian-¡-W-sa-¶v Kp-cp

]-d-bp¶p. F-´m-Wv Xm³ a-\-Ên-em-t¡-Xv, _-Ôp-¡Ä a-cn- h-sâ ho«nÂ FÃp-

In«n-b ]-«n-sb-t¸m-se I-Sn-]n-Sn-Iq-Sp-¶XmtWm F-¶v in-jy³ tNm-Zn-¡p¶p. a-äp-

Å-hÀ a-cn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m-\p-Å k-a-c-am-Wv {]-kvXp-X _-l-f-§-f-§-sfm-s¡-sb¶pw



a-cn- -h-\p-th-n-bÃ A-h-sbm¶pw F-¶p Kp-cp. in-jy³ A-sXm¶pw i-cn-sh-¡p-

¶nÃ. a-c-Wm-\´-cw _-Ôp-¡Ä ]n-s¶- p-sN-¿p-sa-¶m-Wv in-jy³ {]-Xo-£n-¡p-

¶Xv. hn-em-]-Im-hy cN-\, Nn-Xm-{]-th-iw Xp-S-§n-b-h-bn-eq-sS a-cn -h-t\m-Sv Iq-dv ]p-

eÀ- p-sa-¶v in-jy³ {]-Xo-£n-¡p-¶ptm F-¶v Kp-cp tNm-Zn-¡p¶p. Kpcp-hnsâ

hmZw XnI¨pw XmXzn-I-am-sW¶v injy³ Icp-Xp-¶p. AhnsS \S-¡p¶Xv \mS-I-am-

sW¶pw \mS-I- n-\n-S-bnÂ XXz-Nn-´¡v {]k-àn-bn-sÃ¶pw B-fp-IÄ Im-ip-sIm-

Sp- p \mS-Iw Im-Wp¶-Xv c-kn-¡m-\m-Wv ^n-tem-k- n tI-«v ap-jn-bm-\Ã. AXn-

\mÂ ^n-temk- n hÃ Nm-b-¡-S-bnepw sN-¶n-cp-¶v ]-d-bm-sa¶v in-jy³ Kp-cp-hn-

s\ ]cn-l-kn-¡p¶p. At¸mÄ X-\n-s¡m-s¡ ap-e-¡p- n-bm-Wv th-s-sX-¶v Kp-cp-

in-jy-s\ ]-cn-l-kn-¨v cw-K-¯p-\n¶pw am-dn-s¡m-Sp-¡p-¶p.

98. "\n-b-a- n-\v a-c-W-¯nÂ Xm-Xv-]-cy-anÃ-; sIm-e-t¡-knÂ am-{X-ta-bpÅp'.

D. "1128 Â ss{Iw 27' F-¶ \m-S-I- n-sâ aq-¶mw cwKw Kp-cphpw in-jy\pw X-½n-ep-

Å kw-km-c-t¯m-sS B-cw- n-¡p¶p. a-cn- h-\v tIm-S-Xn-bnÂ \o-Xn e- n-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-

¸-än-bm-Wv A-h-cp-sS kw-kmcw. sIm-e-]mX-Iw sN-bv-X-h³ in-£n-¡-s¸-Sp¶-Xv \o-Xn-

bm-Wv F-¶ in-jy-sâ {]-kv-Xm-h\-sb \o-XnbÃ, \n-b-a-am-Wv F-¶v Kp-cp Xn-cp-

¯p¶p. H-cp- -s\-¡q-Sn a-cn- n- -Xp-sIm-v a-cn¨p-t]m-bh-\v b-m-sXm-cp Kp-Whpw

e- n-¡p-¶nÃ. \n-b-a- n-\v a-c-W-¯nÂ Xm-Xv-]-cy-anÃ-; sIm-e-t¡-knÂ am-{X-ta-bpÅp.

\n-b-a-amI-s« a-cn- -h-\p-th-n-bÃ Po-hn-¡p-¶-h-\p-th-n-bmWv. sIm-¶-h³ ]n-

s¶bpw sImÃp-sa-¶ `bw. A-Xp-sIm-v sIm-e-]m-X-In-sb sIm-¶p-I-f-b-W-sa-¶v

tImS-Xn hn-[n-¡p¶p. C-Xm-Wv h-[-in-£-bv-¡p ]n-¶n-se¶v Kp-cp k-aÀ-°n-¡p¶p.

H-cp I-W-¡n-\v A-Xp i-cn-bm-sW-¶v in-jy³ k-½-Xn-¡p-t¼mÄ k-I-e I-W-¡n-\pw

`q-a-im-kv-{X-¯n-\pw A-Xp X-s¶-bm-Wv icn F-¶p Kp-cp {]-Jym-]n-¡p-¶p.

99. "A-h-sbÃmw F-sâ ]m-h-I-fmWv. C-sXm-cp tIm-S-Xn-bmWv'

D. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ aq¶mw cw-K-¯nÂ Kp-cp k-Z-ÊyÀ-¡v H-cp tIm-S-Xn-sb ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-

¯n-s¡m-Sp-¡p¶p. thZn-bnÂ 1128 Â ss{Iw 27 F¶ H-cp sIm-e-t¡-kn-sâ hm-Z-am-

Wv \-S-¡p-¶Xv. X-sâ aT-b\m-b in-jy-s\ Nne-Xv ]Tn-¸n-¡m-\m-bn D-m¡n-b

]m-h-t¡m-S-Xn-bm-Wv A-c-§n-ep-Å-sX-¶v Kp-cp A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. A-Xn-\mÂ tImS-Xn

\-S-]-Sn-I-sfm¶pw A-{X-bv-¡v "Iu-S-Xn-I'-am-bn-cn-¡n-sÃ-¶v Kp-cp k-Z-ky-sc D-WÀ- n-

¡p¶p.

100. "\n-§-fp-sS ap-¯pI-sf ]-¶n-I-fp-sS ap-¼nÂ C-«p-I-f-b-cp-sX-¶m-Wv th-Z-hmIyw"

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

101. "A-S-Sm, C-Xp \Ã Iq-¯m-b-tÃm; Rm-\p-m¡n-b ]m-h-IÄ F-t¶m-Sv tI-dn tImÀ-

¯p-Xp-S§n-tbm"

D. aq-¶mw cw-K- nÂ, X-sâ in-jy-s\ Nn-e Im-cy-§-Ä ]Tn- n-¡m-\m-bn Kp-cp H-cp

tImS-Xn \nÀ-½n- v A-XnÂ A- n-\-bn-¡m³ Ipd- p ]m-hI-sf IYm-]m-{X-§-fmbn

Xo-cp-am-\n-¡p¶p. tIm-S-Xn-bnÂ kÀ-¡mÀ h-¡oÂ, {]-Xn-h-¡oÂ F-¶n-hÀ tNÀ-¶v

sIme]mX-I-t¡-knse km-£n-sb P-Uv-Pn-bp-sS ap-¼m-sI hn-kv-X-cn-¡p¶p. sImÃ-

s¸-« amÀ-t¡m-kn-s\ {]-Xn F-ń-\m-Wv Nq-f-bn-te-¡v X-Ånb-Xv F¶ tNm-Zy-¯n-\v

{]-Xnbpw amÀ-t¡mkpw X-½nÂ h-g-¡p-m-¡n-b-Xn-s\ Xp-SÀ-¶m-Wv sIm-e-]mX-Iw

kw- -hn- -sX-¶p km£n ]-d-bp¶p. A-hÀ X-½nÂ F-s´Ãmw ]-d-sª-¶ kÀ-¡mÀ



h-¡o-en-sâ tNm-Zy- n\v, A-sXm¶pw sIm-Åm-hp-¶-h-cp- tIÄ-t¡ ]-d-bm³

sIm-Åm- -Xm-sW¶pw th-W-sa-¦nÂ h-¡oÂ kmdn-t\m-Sv c-l-ky-am-bn ]-d-bm-

sa¶pw km-£n And-bn¡p¶p. C-Xp tI-« k-ZÊn-t\m-Sv c-lkyw ]-d-b-¶ a-«nÂ

Kp-cp ]-d-bp¶p: "\n-§-fp-sS ap- p-IÄ ]-¶n-I-fp-sS ap-¼nÂ C-«p-I-f-b-cp-sX-¶mWv

th-Z-hmIyw'. tImS-Xn-bnse Cu kw-km-cw tI-« P-Uv-Pn Np-än-I-sIm-v U-kv-¡n-e-Sn-

¨v B-cm-Wv tIm-S-Xn-bnÂ hÀ- -am-\w ]-d-bp-¶-sX-¶v B-cm-bp¶p. B k\-ZÀ`-

¯nÂ Kp-cp ]-d-bp-¶-Xm-Wv ta-ep-²-cn-¨ hm-Iyw. Xm-\p-m¡n-b ]m-h-IÄ X-t¶m-Sv

tI-dn XÀ-¡n-¨p Xp-S§ntbm F-¶v. IYm-]m-{X-§Ä \mS-I-Ir-¯ns\ \nb-{ń-

¡m\pw Xncp- m\pw X¡-{]m]vXn t\Sntbm F¶ tNmZyw \mSI \nb-a-s¯

kw_-Ôn¨ kn.sP. tXma-knsâ Btem-N-\-bpsS `mK-am-Wv.

102. amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ sIm-e-bm-fn-¡v P-bn-enÂ G-Xp-hn-[-¯n-ep-Å- kzo-I-c-W-am-Wv

e- n-¨Xv?

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

103. "hm-g-¯Sn-t]m-se In-S¶mtWm Nn-ń-¡p¶-Xv?'

D. cw-Kw aq-¶nÂ, Kp-cphpw in-jy\pw tI-kp-hn-kv-Xm-cw tIÄ-¡m³ tIm-S-Xn-bn-se-

¯p¶p. tImS-Xn e-©n-\p ]n-cn-ª-Xn-\mÂ A-hn-sS ]m-dm-hn-\p-m-bn-cp-¶ c-v

t]m-eo-kp-Im-sc A-hÀ I-pap«p-¶p. tImSXn-bn-ep--m-bn-cp¶ _m-¡n-bp-Åh-sc

tX-Sn Kp-cp A-I¯p-t]m-b-t¸mÄ in-jy³ t]m-en-kpIm-tcm-Sv kw-km-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv

k-µÀ`w. {]-Xn-sb sIm-p-h-¶Xpw kzo-I-cn- -Xp-sam-s¡ B-cm-bn-cp-¶p, F§-s\-

bm-bn-cp¶p F¶v in-jy³ A-t\z-jn-¡p¶p. Ip-fn-¡m³ _m-e-Kp-fn- ym-Zn F-®,

ta-ep-I-gp-Im³ ]n-tb-gv-kv tkm¸v, tIm-cn-sbm-gn-¡m³ Nq-Sp-shÅw, ]p-dw tX-¨p-sIm-

Sp-¡m³ t]m-eo-kp-ImÀ, km-\-t«mP³. . . sIme¸p-Ån-¡pÅ ku-I-cy-§-sfÃmw

tI-«p-I-gn-ª-t¸mÄ in-jy³ {]-Xn GtXm kv-tä-äv K-kvämtWm F-¶v kw-i-bn-

¡p¶p. {In-an-\Â{]-Xn-sb tcm-Kn-bm-bn ]-cn-K-Wn- v ssk-¡-f-Pn-¡Â tIm-km-¡n {So-

äv sN-¿p-I-bm-Wv ]-Xn-sh-¶v t]m-eo-kp-ImÀ Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. [m-c, ]n-gn- nÂ,

I-jm-bw XpS-§n Im-b-Iev-] k-Po-I-c-Ww h-sc A-hÀ {]-Xn-¡m-bn H-cp-¡n-bn-«p--

s{X. C-XpIqSn tI-«-tXm-sS in-jy³ I®pw an-gn-¨v t_m-[w sI-«v Xm-sg ho-gp-¶p.

C-Xp I-p-sIm-m-Wv Kp-cp Xn-cn- p-h-cp-¶Xv. Xsâ injy\v F-´p-]-än-sb-¶ Kp-cp-

hn-sâ tNm-Zy-¯n-\v A-t±-lw Nn-ń-¡p-I-bm-sW-¶v t]m-eo-kp-ImÀ ]-d-bp¶p.

hm-g-¯n-Sn-t¸m-e In-S¶mtWm Nn-ń-¡p-¶-sX-¶v Kp-cp tNm-Zn- -t¸mÄ A-Xp hn-j-b-

¯n-sâ Ku-c-h-¯n-\-\p-k-cn- m-bn-cn-¡p-sa-¶v t]m-eo-kp-ImÀ a-dp]-Sn ]-d-bp¶p.

\mS-I- nse Gsd Xami \ndª Hcp cw-K-amWv CXv.

104. "Cu GÀ- m-Sv A-{X kp-Nn-ń-X-am-sW-s¶-\n-¡-`n-{]m-b-anÃ' G-Xv GÀ- m-Sv? BÀ-¡m-

Wv A- n-{]m-b-anÃm¯Xv?

D. amÀt¡m-kns\ sIm¶p F¶m-tcm-]n¨v hÀ¡nsb h[-in-£bv¡v tImSXn hn[n-

¡m³ X¿m-sd-Sp-¡p-¶-XmWv kµÀ`w. H-cmÄ a-cn- -Xn-sâ ]-cn-lm-c-am-bn a-säm-cm-sf-

¡q-Sn sImÃp-I F-¶ GÀ- m-Sv A-{X kp-Nn- n-X-am-b IÀ-¯-hy-am-sW-¶v X-\n-¡v A-

`n-{]m-b-an-sÃ-¶m-Wv ]-{X-{]-hÀ- -I\m-b k-J-dn-bm ]-d-bp-¶-Xv.

105. ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-Icm-b cm-a-Ir-jv-W\pw k-J-dn-bmbpw t]m-eo-kp-Im-cp-am-bn Iq-Sn-¡mgv-

N \-S- nb-Xv F- n-\m-bn-cp¶p?



D. amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ sIm-e-]m-X-In-¡v P-bn-enÂ e- n-¡p-¶ ku-I-cy-§Ä D-d- p-h-cp-

¯m\pw hÃ- Xp-Ibpw A-Xn-te-¡v B-h-iy-sa-¦nÂ A-Xp t]m-eo-kp-Im-sc t\-cn-«v

GÂ- n-¡m-\p-am-Wv k-J-dn-bmbpw cm-a-Ir-jv-W\pw t]m-eo-kp-Im-cp-am-bn Iq-Sn-¡mgv-N

\-S-¯n-b-Xv.

106. "\-¶m-bnÃ. tam-iw Xo-sc tamiw. . . Rm³ A-t¶ ]-d-ª-Xm-Wv A-bm-fo `m-Kw

A- n-\-bn-¨mÂ \-¶m-hp-I-bn-sÃ¶v. F-gp-Xn-bXpw \-¶m-bnÃ'.

D. Bdmw cw-K-¯nÂ sIm-e-]m-X-In-bp-sS B-ß-K-X-am-Wv A-h-X-cn- n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. C-Xn-

\m-bn Kp-cp X-s¶-bm-Wv cw-K k-Öo-Ic-Ww H-cp-¡p-¶-Xv. amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ `m-cy-bp-

am-bn X-\n-¡v _-Ô-ap-s-¶p I-cp-Xn A-bmÄ X-t¶m-Sp h-g-¡n-\p h-¶-Xm-sW¶pw

H¶pw cpw ]dªv D´pw XÅpw D-m-b-t¸mÄ A-bmÄ kzbw Nqf-bnÂ ho-W-

Xm-sW-¶pw {]-Xnbmb hÀ¡n B-ß-K-X-am-bn ]-d-bp¶p. t]m-eo-kp-Im-cp-sS

A-Snbpw C-Snbpw A-bm-sf hÃm-sX th-Z-\n- n-¡p-¶p. Xq-¡n-s¡mÃp-sa-t¶mÀ-¯p-Å

A-bm-fp-sS t]-Snbpw Cu cw-K-¯nÂ A-h-X-cn- n-¡-s¸-tS-Xm-Wv. ]-t£ B-ßK-

XcwKw A-h-X-cn- n-¨Xpw A-Xn-\m-bn F-gpXn-b kv-{In- väpw H«pw \-¶m-bn--sÃ¶v Kp-cp

A- n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

107. "{Iq-in-¡, {Iq-in-¡'þA-Xm-Wv P-\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n-sâ k-\m-X-\ a{´w. \obpw B lnw-

{k P-´p-¡-fp-sS Iq-«-¯nÂ-s¸-«-h-\m-Wv'

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

108. "H-cp X-c-¯nÂ a-c-W-¯n-sâ hm-bnÂ \n-¶p c-£-s¸-Sp- n F-¶n-«v sI-t¦-a-am-bn

hn-Nm-c-W \S-¯n B-tLm-j-am-bn Xq-¡n-s¡mÃpI'

D. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ Ggmw cw-K-¯nÂ amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ sIm-e-]mX-In B-ß-l-Xy-bv-¡v

{i-an-¨p-sh¶pw A-bm-sf a-ä-p-Å-hÀ ssh-Zy-k-lm-b-t¯m-sS c-£n-s¨-¶p-ap-Å H-cp

]-{X-hmÀ -sb Xp-SÀ-¶v Kp-cphpw in-jy\pw X-½nÂ I-e-l-¯nÂ GÀ-s¸-Sp¶p.

hmÀ-¯ A-dn-ª in-jy³ "Iãw, A-bm-fp-sS `mKy-tZmjw' F-¶p k-¦-S-s¸-Sp¶Xv

I-t¸mÄ Kp-cp t£m- n-¡p¶p. "A-bmÄ-¡p a-cn-¡m³ I-gn-bm-¯XmtWm `mKy-

tZmjw' F¶v. A-§-s\-sb-¦nÂ {]-Xn-bp-sS B-cm-¨m-cp-sS A-fn-b-\m-Wv in-jy-s\-

¶p Kp-cp. kz-bw Nm-hm-\m-ImsX, Xq-¡n sIm-¶-m-se A-¯-c-¡mÀ-¡v k-am-[m-\w

In-«q. A-bmÄ a-cn¡p-I F-¶-XÃ A-bm-sf X-§Ä X-s¶ sImÃp-I F-¶-Xm-Wv

\n-baw. B _-en-IÀ-½w \-S-¯m-\p-Å A-h-Im-iw Ip- -I-bm-¡n-sh-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-

Wv Nn-eÀ. a\p-jy\p \oXn \ÂIm¯ \nb-a-hy-h-Øsb Kpcp F¶ IYm-]m-{X-¯n-

eqsS kn.-sP. F¶ Xtâ-Sn-bmb \mS-I-Ir¯v hn-aÀi\ hnt[-b-am-¡p-¶p.

109. B-ß-l-Xy-sb-¡p-dn- v Kp-cp-hn-sâ A- n-{]m-bw F- mWv?

D. B-ßl-Xy sN-¿m³ {]-tXy-In-¨v A-h-Im-iw H¶pw BÀ¡pw B-h-iy-anÃ. B-ß-l-

Xy-¡v {i-an- p ]-cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\v in-£-bpv. A- -c-¡m-sc Xq-¡n-s¡m-¶mepw

Kp-cp-hn-\v hn-tcm-[-anÃ. B-ß--l-Xy a-c-W-¯n-sâ H-cp h-I-t`-Z-amWv. A-Xp-sIm-v X-

s¶ A-sXm-cp ^-en-X-hp-amWv. X-e- th-Z-\t`-Z-am-¡m³ X-e-sh-«n-¡-f-bp¶-X-t]m-se-

bp-Å H-cp Nn-In-Õ-bm-Wv B-ß-lXy. Bß-l-Xym-{i-aw Ip-ä-I-c-am-bn-cn-¡p¶-Xv

k-·mÀ-K-]-cam-b Im-c-W-§-sfm-¶p-w sImÃ. k-ap-Zm-b- n-\v A-§-s\-sbm-cp

t_m-[w D-m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ ¢n-tbm-]m-{S-bp-sSbpw th-ep-¯-¼n-bp-sSbpw B-ß-l-



Xy-sb hm-t\m-fw hm-gv-¯p-I-bnÃm-bn-cp¶p. C-Xm-Wv B-ß-l-Xy-sb-¡p-dn-¨v Kp-cp-hn-

\p-Å Im-gv-N- mSv.

110. h-[-in-£-sb-¡p-dn- v {]-Xn- m-Kw h-¡oem-b A-ÐpÂ k-¯m-dn-sâ hm-Z§Ä hne-bn-

cp- pI?

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

111. h-[-in-£ k-ap-Zm-bw kz-b-c-£-bv¡pw \o-Xn-\ym-b-]m-e-\-¯n\pw th-n sN-¿p-¶-

Xm-sW-¶ kÀ-¡mÀ h-¡o-en-sâ hmZ-s¯ {]-Xn- m-Kw h- ¡oÂ J-Þn-¡p¶-Xv

F-§s\?

D. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ F«mw cw-Kw 1128 ss{Iw 27 F-¶ \m-SI-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨v G-sd

{]-[m-\-s¸-«-XmWv. \m-S-I-Ir¯m-b kn.sP tXm-a-kn-sâ \m-S-I-e£yw hyà-amb

coXn-bnÂ A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp- p-¶ cw-K-am-WnXv. h-[in-£ k-ap-Zm-bw kz-c-£-bv¡pw

\o-Xn-]m-e-\-¯n\pw th-n sN-¿p-¶-Xm-Wv F-¶m-Wv kÀ-¡mÀ h-¡o-en-sâ A`n-

{]mbw. F-¶mÂ AXpw h-[w X-s¶- F-¶m-Wv {]-Xn- m-Kw h-¡o-en-sâ hmZw. B-cp

sImÃp-¶p F-¶-Xn-\-\p-k-cn- v sIm-e-bp-sS kz-`m-hw am-dp-¶nÃ. sImÃ-s¸-Sp-¶-bm-fn-

s\ kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw hràn-tbm, k-ap-Zm-btam sIm-e-bm-fn F-¶ {]-iv-\w

{]-k-à-ta-bÃ. F-¦nÂ P-\-¡q-«w A-hÀ-¡n-ã-aÃm- {]-hm-N-I-·m-scbpw

Ip-ä-¡m-scbpw hn-tZ-in-I-sfbpw ]n- n-¡o-dp-t¼mÄ A-Xn-s\bpw \o-Xo-I-cn-t¡-n-

h-cpw. Xq-¡p-in-£-bv-¡v \n-b-a-¯n-sâ k-½-X-apv. \ym-bhpw \o-Xnbpw A-\p-k-cn-

¨v sImÃm-sa-¶m-Wp hm-Z-sa-¦nÂ {]-Xn-bp-sS Ip-ä-¯n-sâ ]p-d-In-ep-Å km-am-\y\o-X

Iq-Sn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡-W-sa-¶-Xm-Wv {]Xn- mKw A-ÐpÂ k-¯m-À Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

112. "C-sXm-s¡ F-sâ B-im-\p-m¡n-b GÀ- m-SmWv. A-t±-l¯n-t\m-Sp ]-d-ªmÂ

aXn, Im-cy-saÃmw i-cn-bm-¡pw'þ F-´m-Wv Im-cyw?

D. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ H-¼Xmw cw-K-¯nÂ amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ sIm-e-]m-XIn-bp-sS h-[in-£

HmÀ-¯v ]{X-tam- o-knÂ Jn-¶-\m-bn-cn-¡p-¶ am-Xyq-kv F-¶ in-jy-sâ hmIy-am-

WnXvv. Nm-hm³ t]m-Ip-¶h-s\ c-£-s¸-Sp-¯m-\p-Å D-]m-b-am-Wv am-Xyq-kv k-l-{]-

hÀ- -Icm-b k-J-dn-b, cm-a-Ir-jv-W³ F-¶n-h-tcm-Sv B-tem-Nn-¡p-¶Xv. A- o-ep-sIm-

Sp-¡m³ ]-W-anÃ, cm-jv-{So-b sIm-e-]mX-Iw AÃm- -Xn-\mÂ ]-W- n-cnhpw \-S-¡nÃ.

]-{X-¯n-eq-sS hn-aÀ-in-¨mÂ k-_v-Pp-Uo-kv {]-iv-\w A§-s\ H-cp h-Ibpw sN-¿m-\n-

sÃ-¶p h-¶-t¸m-gm-Wv k-J-dn-bm am-Xyqkn-t\m-Sv tNm-Zn-¡p-¶Xv. "C-¡m-cy-¯nÂ C-{X

t£m- n-¡m³ F-´m-WpÅ-Xv?' C-Xv H-cp I-Y am-{X-atÃ. H-cp shdpw A-´À-\mS-Iw?'

D-S-³ Hcmibw Xe-bn-ep-[n¨ am-Xyq-kv Nm-Sn F-gp-t¶-äv ]-d-bp-¶-Xm-Wv k-µÀ`w.

"A-¿t¿m Rm-s\- v aT-b-\mWv. C-sXm-cp \m-S-I-atÃ? C-sXm-s¡ F-sâ B-im-\p-

m¡n-b GÀ- m-SmWv. A-t±-l- n-t\m-Sv ]-d-ªmÂ aXn; Im-cy-saÃmw i-cn-bm-¡pw'.

PohnXw Xs¶ \mS-I-ambn ]cn-W-an-¡p-¶-Xnse lmkyw Cu cwKs¯ tNtXm-l-c-

am-¡p-¶p.

113. "C-Xv a-lm-Ip-g- -am-b-tÃm. I-Ym-]m-{X-§-sfÃmw C§-s\ cw-K-¯p-\n-¶nd-§n \-S¶m-

tem?

D. \m-S-I-¯n-se cw-Kw ]-¯nÂ tIknÂ hm-Z-{]-Xn-hm-Zm-\ -cw hn-[n{]-kv-Xm-hw tIÄ-

¡m-\m-bn Kp-cp-hn-s\ Iq-«n in-jy³ tIm-S-Xn-bn-se-¯p¶p. tImS-Xn kr-ãn- Xpw

]m-hI-sf I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fm-¡n-bXpw Kp-cp-hm-sW-¶-dn-bm-hp-¶ in-jy³ Xm-\m-{K-ln-



¡pw hn-[-¯nÂ i-cn-bm-¡n- -c-W-sa-¶v A- yÀ-°n-¡p¶p. A-Xp-]-än-sÃ¶pw Xm³

I-Y Xp-S§p-I am-{X-am-Wv sN-bv-XXv. A\- -c kw- -h-§Ä A-Xn-sâ K-Xn-b-\p-k-cn-

¨p X-s¶ \-S-¡-W-sa-¶m-Wv Xm³ B-{K-ln-¡p-¶-sX-¶v Kp-cp A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. Ccp-

hcpw tIm-S-Xn-bn-se-¯n-b-t¸mÄ, Kp-cp-hn-s\ I-tXmsS kÀ-¡mÀ h-¡oÂ ap-t¶m-

«p h-¶p At±-ls¯ h-µn-¡p¶p. A-t¸m-gm-Wv "C-Xv a-lm-Ip-g- -am-btÃm. I-Ym-]m-

{X-§-sfÃmw C§-s\ cw-K-¯p-\n-¶nd-§n \-S¶m-tem' F-¶v Kp-cp tNm-Zn-¡p-¶Xv.

hn-[n-]-d-bm³ h-¨ tI-kn-se {]-Xn-¡v kz- mhn-I ac-Ww kw- -hn- -X-n-\mÂ tI-kv

Xp-S-cm³ \n-hr-¯n-bn-sÃ¶pw F-´p-sN-¿-W-sa-¶-dn-bm-\m-Wv Kp-cp-hn-s\ I-p h-µn-

-sX¶pw kÀ-¡mÀ h-¡oÂ A-dn-bn-¡p-¶p. IYbpw IYm-]m-{X-§fpw cN-bn-Xm-

hns\ B{i-bn-¡m³ hn[n-s¸-«-h-cm-sW-¶ t_m[w Cu cwK-¯nÂ Ah-X-cn- n-¡-

s¸-Sp-¶p.

114. "Uyq-«n _m-[n-¨mÂ ]n-s¶ \n-§Ä a-\p-jy-\Ãm-Xm-bn-¯ocptam?"

D. tI-kn-sâ hn-[n-]-d-bm-\n-cn-s¡ {]-Xn a-cn- -Xm-bn Kp-cphn-t\m-Sv kÀ-¡mÀ `m-Kw

h-¡oÂ A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. lr-Z-b- -I-cm-dv aq-ew B-Wv A-bmÄ a-cn- -sX¶pw Rm³

]-d-bp¶-Xv k-Xy-am-sW¶pw h-¡oÂ shfn-s¸-Sp- m³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xn-\nsS {]-Xn-sb

"]m-hw' F-¶p kq-Nn- n-¡p-¶p. C-Xp-tI-« Kp-cp A-ev-]w ap-¼v B ]m-h-¯n-s\ Xq-¡n-

s¡mÃm\-tÃ h-¡oÂ InS-¶p tImS-Xn-bnÂ hnNm-cW ka-b¯v \n-e-hn-fn-¡p-¶-Xv

tI«-Xv F-¶v h-¡o-en-s\ ]-cn-l-kn-¡p¶p. A-Xp X-sâ Uyq-«n-bm-sW-¶v ]-d-ª

h-¡oen-t\m-Sv Kp-cp-hn-sâ tNm-Zy-am-W,v "Uyq-«n _m-[n-¨mÂ ]n-s¶ \n-§Ä a-\p-jy-

\ÃmXm-bn-¯ocptam?'F-¶-Xv.

115. "A-bmÄ-¡v a-\p-jy-Xz-sa¶-Xp a-\-Ên-em-hp-I-bnÃ. A-bm-sf \n-b-a- p-kvX-Iw

sIm-p-m-¡n-b-Xm-Wv".

D. \m-S-Im- y- nÂ, tIm-S-Xn-bnÂ c-k-I-cam-b a-säm-cp hn-Nm-c-W-bm-Wv Kp-cp-hn-sâ

t\-Xr-Xz- nÂ A-c-t§-dn-bXv. h-¡o-e-·m-sc H-cp `m-K-¯pw P-Uv-Pn-s\ a-dp- m-K- p-

am-bn \nÀ-¯n Kp-cp N-¡n-sb tImS-Xn-bnÂ sIm-ph-¶p hm-Zn- n¡p¶p. kÀ-¡mÀ

`m-Kw h-¡o-en-s\-¡p-dn-¨v N-¡nbpsS {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bm-WnXv. hÀ-¡n {]-Xn-bm-sW-¶p

hm-Zn-¡m\pw A-bmÄ-¡v h-[nin-£ D-d- m-¡m\pw a-Xn-bm-b sX-fn-hp-m-bn-cpt¶m

F-¶ N-¡n-bp-sS tNm-Zy- n-\v h-¡oÂ "H-cp t{]m-kn-Iyq-«À-¡v th-n-S-t¯m-fw

sX-fn-hv D-m-bn-cp-s¶¶v' bm-sXm-cphn-[ Iq-k-ep-anÃm-sX ]-d-bp-¶p. C-Xp-tI-« N-¡n

A-bm-sf hn-kv-X-cn- -Xp-sIm-v hen-b Kp-W-ap-s-¶p tXm-¶p-¶n-sÃ¶pw A-bm-sf

\n-b-a-]p-kv-X-I-¯mÂ \nÀ-½n-¡-s¸-«-Xn-\mÂ a-\p-jy-Xz-an-sÃ¶pw ]-d-bp-¶p. a\p-jy-

Xz-an-ÃmsX tIhew \nbaw sImv am{Xw a\p-jy-cpsS {]iv\-§sf kao-]n-¡p¶

lrZ-b-c-ln-Xsc s]mXpP\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸« N¡n-sb-s¡mv hnNm-

cW sN¿n-¡p-I-bmWv kn.sP tXma-kv.

116. N-¡n-bp-sS hn-Nm-c-W-¡n-S-bnÂ \ym-bm-[n-]³ (P-UvPn) F-´m-Wv Imcy-ambn B-tem-

Nn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv?

D. Ip-S-h-b-d³ F-¶ hm-¡n-\v sIm-S-´ F¶pw AÀ-°-apv. sIm-S-´ {]-tbm-Kw i-cn-

bm-Im³ amÀ-K-anÃ. "A-¼À-em sÌm-a¡³' F¶-tÃ sIm-S´ F¶ ]Z- nsâ

aq-e-[mXp. A§-s\ h-cp-t¼mÄ sIm-S- -bm-hnÃ. Ip-S- -bmWv. Ip-S + ´ = IpS-´.

C-Xm-Wv \ym-bm-[n-]³ B-tem-Nn- hn-jbw. Im-cy-am-{X {]-k-àam-b hm-Z§Ä Hcp



sIme]m-XI tIknÂ tIm-S-Xn-bnÂ \S-¶p sIm-n-cnt¡, tIknt\m hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-

Z- nt\m H«pw {]m[m\yw \ÂImsX Xm-Xv-]-cy-c-ln-X-\m-bn-cn-¡p-¶ \ym-bm-[n-]-I-Ym-

]m-{X-s¯ adbn-ÃmsX A-h-X-cn- n-¡p-¶p; kn.sP.

117. "H-¡qÃ. F-\n-¡v Ip-d- p-Iq-Sn A- n-\-bn¡-Ww, Rm³ t]m-hqÃ'

A-sÃ-¦-nÂ

118. "FÃm-hcpw ]u-UÀ I-gp-In-¡f-ªv Ø-ew hn«p. C-\nbpw N- -h-s\m-s¡ D-bnÀ-

¡p-¶-Xn-\v ap-¼v I-Y \n-dp¯mw'

D. "1128 Â ss{Iw 27' F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-sâ A-h-km-\- m-K- v amÀt¡m-knsâ `mcybv¡v

]W-hp-ambn imkv{Xn-sb- p-¶p. Nq-f-bnÂ ho-Wp N-¯p F-¶p-I-cpXn-b amÀ-t¡m-

kv F¶ sXm-gn-emfn IYm-]m{Xw \m-S-Imý¯nÂ Po-h-t\m-sS Xn-cn- p-h-cp¶p.

XÀ¡-¯n-\nsS Nqf-bnÂ hosW-¦nepw AbmÄ¡v Imcy-ambn H¶pw kw`-hn- n-cp-

¶n-Ã. hÀ-¡n-sb H-cp ]mTw ]Tn- n-¡m³ B-{K-ln- p h-b-\m-«n-te-¡v ap§pIbm-bn-

cp¶p; amÀ-t¡m-k.v Nqf-bnse Ccp«v ImcWw, AbmÄ IS-¶p-I-f-ªXv BÀ¡pw

a\-Ên-em-¡m-\m-bn-Ã. \S-¡m¯ sIme]mX-I-s -s¨m-Ãn-bm-bn-cp¶p C{X t\chpw

tImem-lew Dm-b-Xv. Xn-cn- p h-¶-t¸mÄ ]-ecpw At±-ls¯ t{]-Xw F-¶p hn-fn-

¨p. A-h-sc-sbÃmw Xm³ C-Sn-¨p-I-fp-bw F-¶v amÀt¡mkv {]-Jym-]n-¡p¶p. C-Xn-

\n-sS amÀt¡mkv Xncn-¨p-h-¶-Xn-\mÂ ]Ww \ÂtI--XnÃ F¶v IcpXn imkv{Xn

Ø-ew hn-Sm-s\m-cp-§p-¶p. im-kv-{Xn-bnÂ \n¶pw t\c-s¯ hm-Kv-Zm-\w sNbv-X

]-Ww In«ptam F-¶p F-dp-]p-¡ A-t\z-jn G-Xp ]-W-¯n-sâ Im-cy-am-Wv

Xsâ `mcy imkv{Xn-tbmSv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶Xv F¶ tNm-Zy-¯n-\v kw-Xr-]v-Xam-b

a-dp]-Sn amÀ-t¡m-kn-\v e- n-¡p-¶nÃ. A-bmÄ F-dp- m-¡-bpsS ssI-]n-Sn- v "F-´p

cq-]-bm-So, ]d' F-¶v ò-j-Wn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. AtXmsS in-jy³ C-S-s]-«v sIm-v amÀ-

t¡m-kn-sâ `m-Kw I-gn-sª¶pw X-\n-¡v t]m-Im-sa¶pw A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. Xm-³ kv-tä-

PnÂ \n-¶v t]m-In-sÃ¶pw X-\n-¡v A- n-\-bn-¡-W-sa¶pw amÀ-t¡m-kv imTyw ]n-Sn-

¡p-¶p "\mS-Iw Xp-S-§n-b-t¸mÄ C-bmÄ-¡p Po-h-\nÃm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw Icp-W

hn-Nm-cn-¨v C-bm-sf D-bnÀ- n- -t¸mÄ X-s¶ F-XnÀ-¡m³ Xp-S-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw

in-jy³ k-ZÊn-t\m-Sv hn-fn- p ]-d-bp¶p. A-t¸mÄ th-Zn-bnÂ Ib-dn kv-tä-Pv am-t\-

PÀ ]-d-bp-¶ hm-Iy-am-Wv. "FÃm-hcpw ]u-UÀ I-gp-In-¡f-ªv Ø-ew hn«p.

C-\nbpw N- -h-s\m-s¡ D-bnÀ-¡p-¶-Xn-\v ap-¼v I-Y \n-dp-¯mw' s]m-Å-bmb \mS-I-

amWv ]e-t¸mgpw Pohn-Xw. CÃm- -Xn-\- mÃn Ie-ln¨v PohnXw \mSIw Hcphn[w

Ign¨v Iq«p¶ tIhe IYm-]m-{X-§-fmWv a\p-jyÀ. CXmWv kn.-sP. 1128 Â ss{Iw

27 eqsS Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv.

119. `mcXo-b \m-S-I k-¦-ev-]-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v Ip-dn- v X-¿m-dm-¡pI.

D. A-hX-c-W I-em-cq-]am-b \m-S-I-¯n-\v C- y-bnÂ a-l¯m-b ]m-c-¼-cy-am-Wp-ÅXv.

Z-i-cq-]-I-§-fnÂ C-ý-¡mÀ B-Zy-{]-Øm-\w \m-S-I-¯n-\m-Wv \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv.

\m-SIw, A¦w, {]-I-cWw, Cu-lm-arKw, Unaw, k-a-h-Imcw, `maw, {]-l-k\w, ho-Yn,

hym-tbm-Kw F¶n-h Z-i-cq]-Iw F-¶ t]-cnÂ {]-i-kv-X-amWv. I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS

F-®hpw {]m-[m-\yhpw I-Y-bp-sS {]-tabw, B-hn-jv-¡m-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ c-k§Ä, A- n-

\-bn-¡p-¶-h-cp- sS km-aqln-I Øn-Xn XpS-§n ]-eX-cw L-S-I-§-fm-Wv Z-i-cq-]-

I-§-fp-sS hn- -P-\- n-\v B-[mcw. Pm-Xo-bam-b D- þ\o-NXzw \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶ C-ý³



th-Z-im-kv-{Xm-Zn {K-Ù-§Ä ]m-cmb-Ww sN¿mt\m tIÄ¡mt\m A-h-Im-i-anÃm- -

h-cm-bn-cp-¶p iq-{ZÀ. kÀÆ-P-\ hn- m-K-§Ä¡pw I-pw tI«pw B-kz-Zn-¡m-\p-Å

H-cp hn-t\m-Z-I-em-cq-]-am-bm-Wv \mS-Iw cq-]w sIm--X-s{X. \m-Sy-s¯ C-X-c th-Z-§-

fnÂ \n¶pw kzm-io-I-cn- p kr-jvv-Sn- A©mw th-Z-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv C-

ý-¡mÀ. C- y-bn-se B-Zy-\mS-Iw tZ-hm-kp-c-·mÀ-¡v ap-¶nÂ `-c-X ap-\nbpw ]p-{X-

·m-cpw tNÀ-¶v A-h-X-cn- n- -Xm-sW¶v sF-Xn-ly-ap-v. "\m-Sy-im-kv{Xw' F-¶ Ir-Xn-

bn-eq-sS `-c-X-ap-\n C-ý³ \m-S-I-th-Zn-bp-sS {]m-cw- -Im-e kz- m-hw hn-h-cn-¡p-¶p-v.

\m-SI-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨ C- y³ B-ZyIm-e Im-gv- - m-SnÂ \n¶pw G-sd hy-Xym-k-

s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p C¶-s¯ \m-S-I-th-Zn.

"[o-tcm-Zm- -\-Xn-{]-Xm-]-Kp-W-hm³ hn-Jym-X-hw-i³ [cmþ]m-e³ \m-b-

I,\©p k-Ôn-I,f-Xn-JymXw, I-Ym-h-kv-Xphpw \m-e-©m-fp-I-f-¦-a-©-[n-I-tam

irw-Km-ctam ho-ctam ap-Jyw, \nÀ-hlW-¯n-emÛp-Xc-kw \m-tYmZ-bw

\mSIw'.

C-Xv {]-Im-cw \m-S-I- n-se C-Xn-hr-¯w {]-kn-²-am-bn-cn-¡Ww. A-Xmb-Xv ]p-

cm-W-§-fnÂ \n-t¶m C-Xn-lm-k-§-fnÂ \nt¶m F-Sp- -Xm-bn-cn-¡-Ww F-¶À-°w.

[oc³, D-Zm-¯³ F-¶n§-s\ kÀ-Æ-Kp-W-k-¼-¶\m-b cm-Pm-hm-bn-cn¡-Ww

\m-bI³. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ A-©p-k-Ôn-IÄ D-m-bn-cn-¡Ww. A-©p- ap-XÂ ]- ph-

sc Aw-K-§-fm-Imw. ap-Jy-c-k-am-bn irw-Km-cs¯tbm ho-cs¯tbm ]-cn-K-Wn-¡Ww.

{]-[m-\-I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fm-bn [m-cm-fw t]À D-m-I-cpXv. A-Ûp-X-c-k-am-bn-cn-¡-Ww \nÀ-

h-l-W-L-«-¯nÂ D-m-tI-Xv. \m-bI-sâ A-`yp-Z-b- n-te \m-S-I-¯n-\v Xn-cÈo-e

ho-gm-hq. C-Xm-Wv \m-S-I-¯n-\v \Â-I-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶ e-£Ww.

120. 1128 Â ss{Iw 27 F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-sâ F«mw cw-K-¯n-\v \m-S-I-¯n-ep-Å {]m-[m\yw

hn-i-Z-am-¡pI.

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

121. amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ sIm-e-bm-fn-¡v h-[in-j \Â-Ip¶-Xv kw-_-Ôn-¨v kÀ-¡mÀ

h-¡oepw {]-Xn- m-Kw h-¡oepw \n-c¯n-b hm-Z-ap-J-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n-¡pI.

D. Nq-f-bnÂ ho-Wp amÀ-t¡m-kv sImÃ-s¸-Sm-\pm-b km-l-N-cy-§fpw sIm-e-]m-X-I-

¯n-\p km-£n-I-fm-b-hcpw tIm-S-Xn-bnÂ k-hn-kvX-cw NÀ- -bvv¡pw hm-Z-{]-Xn-hm-Z-

¯n\pw hn-t[-b-am-Ip¶p. amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ sIm-e-]m-X-In-¡v h-[-in-£-th-W-sa-¶

hm-Z-am-Wv kÀ-¡mÀ h-¡o-en-\p-ÅXv. {]-Xn- m-Kw h-¡o-emIs« Cu hmZ-s¯ F-XnÀ-

¡p¶p. "1128 Â ss{Iw 27' F-¶ X-sâ \m-S-I-¯ne-qsS kn.sP tXma-kv ap-t¶m-«p-h-

bv-¡m-\m-{K-ln-¡p-¶ cm-jv{So-bw F«mw cw-K-¯nÂ a-d-bnÃm-sX ]-dp-¯p-h-cp¶p. h-[-

jn-£-bp-sS \ym-b-\ym-b-§Ä X-½n-ep-Å B-i-b kw-L-«\-¯n-eqsS, \m-S-Io-b-X-bv-

¡v H«pw Ip-d-hpw ]-äm-sX t{]£-I-scbpw hmb-\-¡m-scbpw apjn- n-¡msX A-h-X-

cn- n-¡m³ \m-S-I-Ir¯n-\m-Ip¶p.

amÀ-t¡m-kv F-¶ k-l-{]-hÀ-¯I-s\ hÀ¡n-sb¶ {]-Xn- \n-jv-¡-cp-Ww

A-án-Ip-WvT-¯n-te-¡v X-Ån-bn-«p-sh¶pw X-Xv-^-e-am-bn A-bmÄ Z-b-\o-b-am-b A-h-

Ø-bnÂ a-c-W-s¸-«p-sh¶pw kÀ-¡mÀ hm-Zn-¡p¶p. {]-Xn Zp-Ê-lam-b {]-tIm-]-\-

¯n-\v A-Sn-s¸-«n-cp-¶p-sh-¶ Imcyw h-¡oÂ \n-tj-[n-¡p-¶nÃ. a-cn¨p-t]m-b amÀ-

t¡m-kn-sâ A-\n-b-{ń-Xam-b i-Im-c-hÀ-jhpw H-cp ]t£, \nÀ-±-bamb ssI-tb-



ähpw {]-Xn-sb {]-tIm-]n- n- n-cn-¡m-sa-¶v k-½-Xn-¡p-¶-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn¯-s¶ A-Xv Ip-ä-

¯n-sâ Kuc-hw Ip-d-bv-¡p-¶n-sÃ¶pw A-\y-Ym sX-fn-hn-s\ _-e-s¸-Sp- p-¶p-

s¶pw Iq-Sn h¡oÂ {]-kv-Xm-hn-¡p-¶p. {]-Xn-bp-sS Ip-ä-k-½-X- n-\v F-s´-¦nepw

\n-b-a-X-S-Ê-ap-m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ {]-Xn-bp-sS B-ß-l-Xym-{i-aw t]mepw A-t±-l- n-

sâ Ip-ä-I-cam-b a-\-km-£n-sb hn-fw_-cw sN-¿p-¶ an-I- sX-fn-hmWv. Ip½m-b

Nq-f-bnÂ tPm-en sN-¿p-¶ {]-Xn-¡v H-cp a-\p-jy-i-co-cw B Xo-¿nÂ ho-WmÂ F-´p

kw- -hn-¡p-sa-¶v a-\-Ên-em-¡m³ th- _p-²nbpw A-dnhpw Dv; D-m-bn-cn-t¡--

XmWv.

Ip-ä-¯n-sâ ]-cn-Xx-Øn-Xn-IÄ h- p t\m-¡n-bmÂ 299 mw h-Ip- p-{]-Im-c-ap-Å

H-cp Ip-ä-a-sÃ¶pw h-[n-¡-W-sa-¶ D-t±iyw {]-I-S-am-bn Im-Wp-¶-Xn-\mÂ 300 mw

h-Ip- p {]-Im-cw a-c-Win-£ e- n-t¨-¡m-hp-¶ Ip-ä-am-sW¶pw kÀ-¡mÀ h-¡oÂ hm-

Zn-¡p¶p. F-{X X-s¶ {]-tIm-]-\-ap-m-bmepw H-cp hy-àn a-säm-cp hy-àn-bp-sS Po-

hn-X- n-\p hn-cm-a-an-Sp-¶-Xn-s\ \n-b-a-a-\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶nÃ. Po-hn-Xw Zn-hy-amWv. AXv

Cu-iz-c-Z- -hp-amWv. H-cp Xr-W- -t¸mepw ap-f- n-¡m³ I-gn-bm-¯ a-\p-jy³ Cu-

iz-c-kr-ãn-I-fnÂ G-ähpw a-l-Xz-tadn-b a-\p-jy-Poh-s\ l-\n-¡m³ ]m-SnÃ. A-Xn-\p

hn-cp-²-am-bn Bsc-¦nepw sN-bv-XmÂ Ah-s\ X-¡in-£ A-\- -hn- n¡-Ww F-¶m-

Wv kÀ-¡mÀ h-¡o-en-sâ ]£w.

kÀ-¡mÀ h-¡o-en-sâ A-Xn-Ku-c-ham-b ap-J- m-h-t¯m-sS-bp-Å hm-Z-¯n-\v Npäpw

t\m-¡n ]p-©n-cn- p-sIm-v X-\-n-¡v h-f-sc-¡-dp-t¨ ]-d-bm-\p-Åq F-¶ B-ap-J-t¯m-

sS-bm-Wv {]-Xn- m-Kw h-¡oÂ a-dp]-Sn ]-d-bp-¶Xv. {]-Xn- Ip-äw sN-bv-Xp F-¶v C-Xph-

sc sX-fn-ªn-«nÃ. ar-X-tZ-l-sa-hn-sS F¶ tNm-Zy-¯n-\pw Xr-]v-Xn-I-cam-b H-cp D- -

chpw e- y-am-bn-«nÃ. Z-ln¨p-t]m-b-Xm-sW-¦nÂ A-Øn-I-sf-¦nepw D-m-bn-cn-¡Ww.

B-b-Xn-\mÂ Xo-bnÂ ho-Wp-sht¶m a-cn- p-sht¶m hn-[n-¡p¶-Xv km-l-k-am-bn-cn-

¡pw. i-hw In-«m- A-h-Ø-bnÂ hn-Nm-c-W \-S-¯p-¶-XpX-s¶ \n-b-a-hn-cp-²-am-

sW-¶ A- n-{]m-b-am-Wv {]-Xn- m-Kw h-¡o-en\v. IrXyw I- km-£n-IÄ ]-e-cp-s-

¶ hm-Z-am-Wv t{]m-kn-Iyq-j³ `m-K-¯p-\n-¶p-m-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. b-YmÀ-°- nÂ

IrXyw I--Xm-bn H-cp km-£n am-{X-ta A-h-Im-i-s¸-Sp-¶pÅp. B km-£n sam-gn

A-{XI-v kzo-Im-cyaÃ. Hm-¶ma-Xv km-£n sam-gn-bnÂ Xn¿-Xn sX-än-¨m-Wv

]-d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. {]-kvXp-X km-£n äyq-t«-gv-kv hn-äv-\-ÊmWv. c-ma-Xv IrXyw \-S-

¶p-sh-¶v ]-d-bp-¶ k-ab- v C-cp-«m-bn-cp¶p. H¶pw hy-à-am-bn I-n-cn-¡m³ C-S-

bnÃ. t]m-sc-¦nÂ A-bmÄ a-Zy-]n- n-cp-s¶¶pw hn-Nm-cn-¡mw. H-cp Nq-f-bn-se aq-¶v

tPm-en-¡m-cnÂ c-p-t]À am{Xw Ip-Sn- p-sh-¶p hn-Nm-cn¡p-I F-fp-¸-aÃ. C-{X-¡p

ZpÀ-_-eam-b sX-fn-hn-t·Â H-cp sIm-e-t¡-kv \-S-¯m³ t{]m-kn-Iyq-j³ \-S-¯m³

F§-s\ ss[-cy-s¸-«p-sh-¶p X-\n-¡p a-\-Ên-em-Ip-¶n-sÃ-¶v {]-Xn- m-Kw h-¡oÂ A-

Ûp-X-s¸-Sp¶p. C-\n H-cp hm-Z- n-\p thn, {]-kvXp-X IrXyw \-S-¶-Xm-sW-¶v

X-s¶ k-¦Â- n-¡p-I. F- m-Wn-Xn-sâ ]-cn-Xx-Øn-Xn-IÄ? £-W-t\c-s¯ tIm-]-

¯mÂ t{]-cn-X-\m-bn {]-Xn amÀ-t¡m-kn-s\ ssI-tb-äw sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡mw. ]-t£

A- -c-sam-cp Ie-lw {]-Xn B-cw- n-¡p-I-bn-sÃ-¶v D-d- mWv. amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ `m-cy-

bp-sS \-S]-Sn Zq-jy-am-Wv I-e-l Im-cWw. {]-Xn A-hn-hm-ln-X-\mWv. A-Xp-sImv,

G-X-h-Ø-bnepw A-]-am-\n-X\m-b amÀ-t¡m-kv I-e-l-am-cw- n- p F-¶m-Wv {]-Xn- m-Kw



h-¡oÂ kw-i-bn-¡p-¶Xv. {]-Xn-¡v B-scbpw sImÃ-W-sa-¶v D-t±-iy-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p-

sh-¶v sX-fn-bn-¡m-\m-bn-«nÃ. £p- n-Xam-b H-cp a-\Êv, {]-tXy-In¨pw Ip-Sn-¨n-cn-¡p-

t¼mÄ, H-cp sN-dnb ssI-t¿-ä- n-sâ `-hn-j-¯p-IÄ hn- mh-\w sN-¿p-hm³ I-gn-

sª-¶p h-cn-I-bnÃ. Ipä-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨v B-sI-bp-Å sX-fn-hv {]-Xn-bp-sS Ip-ä-

k½-Xw am-{X-amWv. Ip-td \mÄ tem-¡- nÂ InS-¶ H-cp ]p-Ån-bp-sS Ip-ä-k½-Xw A-

{X hn-e-bp-ÅXÃ. A-Xn-\mÂ {]-Xn \n-c-]-cm-[n-bm-sW-¶v X-sâ hm-Zw kzo-I-cn-¡-W-

sa-¶v {]-Xn-h-¡oÂ A- yÀ-°n-¡p-¶p.

B-ß-l-Xym-{i-a-s -¡p-dn¨pw {]-Xn- m-Kw h-¡oÂ kw-km-cn-¡p-¶p-v. \-½p-sS \n-b-a-k-{¼-Zm-b- n-sâ ]-e-L-«-§-fnepw Po-hn-X-t -¡mÄ t`-Zw a-c-W-am-sW-¶p tXm-¶p¶-Xv A-km-[m-c-WaÃ. \nb-aw ]-e-t¸m-gpw in-£-tb-¡mfpw `-b-¦-c-am-Im-dpv. X-sâ kp-lr¯v Iq-Snbm-b kÀ-¡mÀ `m-Kw h-¡oÂ ]-d-ª-t]m-se Po-hn-XwZn-hy-amWv. AXv Cu-iz-c-Z- -hp-am-W-v. Po-h-³ \-in- n-¡p-¶-Xp- ]m-]w Xs¶. amÀ-t¡m-kn-tâ-Xp am-{XaÃ, {]-Xn-bp-sS-Xpw. {]-Xn F-´p-Ip-äw sN-bv-Xn-cp-¶mepwA-bmÄ \-¶m-Ip-hm-\p-Å in-£-bn-e-[n-Iw tNm-Zn-¡p-¶Xpw sIm-Sp-¡p-¶Xpw]m-]I-cw Xs¶. h-[in-£ k-ap-Zm-bw kz-b-c-£-bv¡pw \o-Xn-\ym-b ]m-e-\-¯n\pwth-n sN-¿p-¶-Xm-Wv F-¶v h-¶mÂ t]mepw AXpw h-[w X-s¶-bmWv.hy-ànbmtWm k-ap-Zm-bamtWm sIm-e-bm-fn F-¶ {]-iv-\-¯n-\v {]-k-àn- CÃ. \ym-bhpw \o-Xnbpw A-\p-k-cn- p sImÃm-sa-¶m-Wp hm-Z-sa-¦nÂ {]-Xn-bp-sS Ip-ä-¯n-sâ]n-d-In-ep-Å km-am-\y \o-Xn-Iq-Sn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-SWw. I-®n-\v ]I-cw I-®v F-¶\nb-aw ]-cn-jvIr-X a-\p-jy-tâXÃ. A-Xp k-a-c-cw-K- n-sâ ss]-imNn-Ik- -Xn-bmWv. Im-S- -¯n-sâ A-h-in-ã-amWv. C-Xm-Wv {]-Xn- m-Kw h-¡o-en-sâhm-Z-KXn.

122. "\m-S-Ik-Z-Êv'F-¶ te-J-\-¯nÂ Pn.i-¦-c- n-Å ]-¦p-sh-¡p-¶ \m-S-Im-kzm-Z-\s¯kw_-Ôn¨ Nn- -IÄ t{Im-Uo-I-cn-¡p-I.

D. ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS hfÀ¨bv¡pw hnIm-k- n\pw Gdw kw`m-h-\-IÄ\ÂInb \mS-Im-Nm-cy-\mWv Pn. i¦-c- n-Å. \mS-I-¯nsâ ]ptcm-KXn \mSIt{]£-I-cpsS \ne-hm-c-¯n-\-\p-k-cn-¨mWv kw`-hn-¡pI F¶v Pn. i¦-c- nÅ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. \m-SI-s¯ \m-S-I-am-bn¯-s¶ I-v B-kz-Zn-¡-W-sa-¶ hm-ZaWv "\m-S-I-kZÊv' F-¶ te-J-\- nÂ Pn.i-¦-c- n-Å ap-t¶m-«v h-bv-¡p-¶-Xv. \mS-Iw H-cpP-\Io-b I-e-bm-sW¶pw kÀ-Æ-P-\-\o-b-am-Wv A-Xn-sâ kzm-[o-\-sa¶pw A-Xn-\mÂA-Xv B-kz-Zn-¡m³ {]-tXy-I ]-cnN-bw B-h-iy-an-sÃ¶pw ]-ecpw ]-d-bp-¶pv.F-¶mÂ \m-S-Im-kzmZ-\w ]qÀ-®mÀ-°-¯nÂ km-[y-am-¡p-¶ F-{X t]-cp-v? I-hn-Xbpw Nn-{X-I-e-bpw kw-Ko-Xhpw k-¼qÀ-®-am-bn B-kz-Zn-¡m³ A-`ym-kw B-h-iy-am-Wv \m-S-I-¯n\pw khn-ti-j-amb B-kzm-Z-\m- ymk-\w th-Ww."iàn-tem-I-I-em-im-kv-{Xkq-£v-a-th-£-W-]m-Shw, A- ym-k-kn-²n-bo ap¶pw tNÀ-¶mÂ Im-hy-\n-an-¯-amw' F-¶ {]mNo-\ Im-hy-im-kv-{XÚ-sâ A-`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ\mSI-{]-hÀ -IÀ hn-iz-kn-¡p¶p. A-XnÂ i-àn (Im-hy-iàn) H-gn- v a-säÃmw{k-ãm-hn\pw k-lr-Z-b\pw Xp-ey-am-bp-m-bn-cn-t¡- Kp-W-am-sW-¶v ]-d-bmw.

\m-S-I-¯nÂ B-h-iy-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-e-[n-Iw D-Å B-Jym-\-kz- m-h-s¯bpw Pn.hn-aÀ-in-¡p¶p. "]-db-, \-Sn-¨p Im-«q" Dont tell us; but show us F-¶v t_m-[-ap-Å k-lr-Z-b-s\-s¡mp ']-d-bn- n-'¡- -¡ X-c-¯n-em-Wv ]-e \m-S-I-§-fp-sSbpwcq-]-cN-\. ]n-s¶ kw-Ko-X-¯n-\v A-an-Xam-b {]m-[m-\yw h¶p-t]m-bn \m-S-I-¯nÂ.]m-«p-tI-«v X-e-bm-«n c-kn-¡m-\p-Å {]m-YanI t_m-[w sIm-p-am{Xw \mS-Iw ap-gp-



h\pw B-kz-Zn-¡m- sa¶v ]-ecpw sX-än-²-cn¨p. C-Xv \m-S-I-¯n-sâ km-t¦-Xn-I-t_m-[hpw A-\p`-h-t_m-[hpw \m-S-I-k-lr-Zb-\v th-s-¶ [m-c-W-bn-te-¡v\-bn¨p.

\mS-Iw H-cp kwÇnjvS Ie-bmWv F-¶ [m-c-W k-lr-Z-b\v Dm-IWw.\m-S-I-¯n-sâ hnhn-[ L-«-§-fnÂ, hnhn-[ L-S-I-§-fnÂ tIm-a-f-I-e-IÄ ]-eXpwA-Sn-Øm-\-kv-]À-inbm-b ]-e k-lm-b-§-fpw \Â-Ip-¶pv.

Pn. sb kw-_-Ôn- n-S-t¯m-fw I-hn-X-tbm-Sv G-ähpw A-Sp- -ap-Å H-cp I-em-cq-]-am-Wv \m-S-Iw. [z\ym-ß-I-X-bnÂ, hm-Kv-cq-]-Nn-{X-§-fnÂ, `m-h-hy-Rv-P-I-Xz- nÂFÃmw A-Xp {]-I-S-amWv. A-Xp-sIm-mhmw F-¡m-e¯pw bm-YmÀ-°y-¯n-sâ H- n-sb-Sp-¡Â {]-Øm-\w F-{X-sbm-s¡ I-S-¶m-{Ia-Ww \-S-¯m³ hy-{K-X-Im-Wn-¨n«pw\mS-Iw A-Xn-sâ am-Xr-X-e-¯n-te-¡p (I-hn-X-bn-te¡v) aS-§n sN-¶n-«p-Å-Xv.

\m-S-I-c-N-bn-Xmhv, \m-S-I-thZn, \m-S-I k-lr-Z-b³ F-¶n§-s\ \m-S-I- n-sâaÀ-½-L-S-I-§Ä aq-¶m-sW-¶v te-J-I³ Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¡p¶p. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ `m-h-`m-h-\-IÄ k-lr-Zb-s\ {]m-]n-¡p¶-Xv A-c-s§-¶ am-[y-a-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv. k-lr-Z-b³ ]qÀ-®-am-bn ap-gp-Ip-¶-Xpw A-XnÂ Xs¶. \m-S-I-th-Zn F-¶ am-[y-a- n-sâkm-[y-X-Ifpw ]-cn-an-Xn-Ifpw i-àn-ZuÀ-_-ey-§fpw \m-S-I-k-lr-Z-b³ A-dn-b-Ww.C -cw A-dn-hp-Å k-lr-Z-b-·m-cp-sS lr-Zb-s¯ A-]-l-cn-¡m³ I-gn-bp-¶\m-S-I§-tf D-¯-a-\m-S-I-§-fmIq. C -cw ku-lr-Z-bÀ¡n-S-bnÂ \n-¶m-Wv \n-cq-]-I-·mÀ D-bn-sc-Sp-¡p-¶Xv. \m-S-I-th-Zn-bp-sS \n-e-hm-cw D-b-cp-¶Xpw Xm-gp-¶Xpw \m-S-I-k-lr-Z-b-cp-sS \n-e-hm-c-¯n-\-\p-k-cn-¨v B-bn-cn-¡pw.

k-a-{K- m-h- nÂ \m-SI-s¯ DÄ-s¡m-Åm³ I-gn-bp-¶ H-cp kZ-Êv kz-bw- q-hm-bn D-m-Ip-¶XÃ. \nc- -c \m-S-I ]-cn-N-b-¯n-eq-sS hm-bn¨pw I-p-ap-Å ]-cn-N-b- n-eq-sS-bm-Wv C-Xv km-[y-am-Ip-¶Xv. \mS-Iw A-c-t§-dp-hm³ am{Xw k-an-Xn-I-fp-m-Ip-¶ co-Xn-hn«v, \Ã \m-S-I-k-lr-Z-b-·mÀ D-ev-]-¶-cm-I-¯-¡ i-à-am-b H-cp A-

-co-£w kr-ãn-¡m³ B-Wv I-em-k-an-Xn-IÄ \mS-Iw A- n-\-bn-¡p-¶-sX-¶ Øn-XnD-m-I-Ww. C¯-cw C-S-s]-S-ep-IÄ D- -a k-lr-Zb-sc kr-ãn-¡m³ A-hk-cw H-cp-¡pw.



Module - 2Xnc-¡Y

1. B-Zy a-ebm-f kn\n-a GXv?

D. hn-K-X-Ip-am-c³ (kw-hn-[m-\w: sP.kn Um-\n-tbÂ 1928)

2. cm-as¯ ae-bmf kn\na?

D. amÀ- -Þ-hÀ-½ (kw-hn-[m\w: kp-µÀ-cm-Pv 1933)

3. a-e-bm-f- n-se B-Zy-s¯ i-Ðn-¡p-¶ kn\na?

D. _m-e³ (kw-hn-[m\w: s\m-«m-Wv 1938)

4. a-e-bm-f- kn-\n-a-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv?

D. sP.kn Um-\n-tbÂ

5. Z-£n-tW- y-bn-se B-Zy kn\na?

D. Io-N-I-h-[w (1917)

6. kn-\n-a-bm¡n-b B-Zy km-ln-Xy IrXn?

D. kn.hn. cm-a³-]n-Å-bp-sS amÀ- m-Þ-hÀ-½ F¶ t\mhÂ

7. tI-c-f- n-se B-Zy-s¯ kn-\n-a- {]-ZÀ-i-\im-e

D. Zn Im- n-tämÄ (Xn-cp-h-\- -]pcw)

8. a-e-bm-f- n-se B-Zy dn-bm-en-Ìn-Iv (b-YmX-Y) kn\na?

D. \yqkv-t]- À t_m-bv (kw-hn-[m\w: ]n. cm-a-Zm-kv 1955)

9. a-e-bm-f- n-se B-Zy I-fÀ Nn{Xw?

D. I-w-s_- -tIm-«v (1961)

10. tI-c-f- n-se B-Zy ^nenw skm-sskän?

D. Nn-{Xte-J ^nenw skm-ssk-än

11. a-e-bm-f kn-\n-a-bv-¡v A-hmÀ-Uv GÀ-s¸-Sp¯n-b hÀjw?

D. 1969

12. Fw.Sn hm-kp-tZ-h³ \m-b-cp-sS B-Zy-s¯ kn\na?

D. ap-d-s¸-®v (1965)

13. a-e-bm-f- nÂ H-cp h-\n-X kw-hn-[m-\w sNbv-X B-Zy kn-\na?

D. \n-g-em-«w (kw-hn-[mb-I: \-Sn jo-e)

14. i-Ð-an-{i-W- n\v Hm-kv-IÀ A-hmÀ-Up-t\Sn-b a-e-bmfn?

D. d-kqÂ ]q-¡p-«n (kn\n-a: Éw-tUm-Kv anÃy-WbÀ)

15. kn-\n-a-bnÂ G-ähpw Db-cw Ip-d-ª \m-b-I-s\-¶ \n-e-bnÂ Kn¶-kv _-¡n-en-Sw

t\Sn-b a-e-bm-fn Xmcw?

D. A-P-b-Ip-amÀ (D-- -{Ip)

16. 1954 Â ]p-d- n-d§n-b '\o-e-¡p-bnÂ' F-¶ kn-\n-a-bv-¡p Xnc-¡-Y X-¿m-dm-¡nbXv?

D. D-dq-_v (]n.kn. Ip-«n-Ir-jvW³)

17. B-Zy-am-bn `c-Xv A-hmÀ-Uv t\Sn-b a-ebm-f \S³?

D. ]n.sP Bâ-Wn (kn-\n-a: \nÀ-½m-eyw)

18. Fw.Sn. hm-kp-tZ-h³ \m-b-cpsS ']-Ån-hmfpw ImÂ- n-e-¼pw' F-¶ IY-sb B-kv-]-Z-

am-¡n A-t±-lw X-s¶ kw-hn-[m-\w sNbv-X kn-\n-a-bmWv



D. \nÀ-½meyw

19. a-e-bm-f- n-se B-Zy-s¯ cm-jv{So-b kn-\na?

D. I_-\o \-Zn Np-h-¶-t¸mÄ (kw-hn-[m\w: ]n.F _¡À)

20. cm-jv{S-]-Xn-bp-sS sh-Ån-sa-UÂ t\Sn-b B-Zy a-ebm-f Nn{Xw?

D. \o-e-¡p-bnÂ (kw-hn-[m\w: ]n. `m-kv-¡-c³ 1954)

21. cm-jv{S-]-Xn-bp-sS kzÀ-®-sa-UÂ t\Sn-b B-Zy a-ebm-f Nn-{Xw?

D. sN-½o³ (kw-hn-[m\w: cm-ap-Im-cym-«v 1965)

22. a-ebm-f kn-\n-a-bv-¡v \Â-Ip-¶ k-a-{K-kw- m-h-\-IÄ-¡v kwØm-\ kÀ-¡mÀ GÀ-s¸-

Sp¯n-b ]p-c-kv-Im-c-amWv---- -- -

D. sP.kn Um-\n-tbÂ ]p-c-kv-Im-cw

23. ]-Ým- -e kw-KoXw ]qÀ-®-am-bn H-gn-hm-¡n \nÀ-½n-¨ a-e-bm-f- kn-\na?

D. sIm-Sn-tb-äw (kw-hn-[m\w: A-SqÀ tKm-]-e-Ir-jvW³)

24. kn-\n-a-bp-sS X-d-hm-«nÂ aq- -\p-k-cn-¨v Xn-c-¡-Ym-Ir- n-\v þþþþþþþþþþþ Øm-\-am-Wv

tem-I-sa-m-«p¡pw Aw-Ko-I-cn- p-sIm-Sp-¯n-«p-ÅXv.

D. aq¶mw Iq-dnsâ

25. Fw.Sn.bp-sS A- n-{]m-b-¯nÂ, kn-\n-a-m-Xm-c-§Ä (A`n-t\-Xm-¡Ä) N-e- n-{X-¯n-sâ

þþþþþþ BWv.

D. hym-Jym-Xm-¡Ä

26. "t\m-h-en-kv-äp X-s¶ t\m-h-en-sâ Xn-c-¡-Y-sb-gpX-Ww. F-¶n-«v t\m-h-en-kv-äv X-s¶

A-Xv kw-hn-[m-\w sN¿-Ww" Cu A- n-{]m-bw B-cp-tS-XmWv?

D. _À-Wm-Uv-jm-bp-tS-Xv

kv-{Io³-t¹-¡v Zriy-t\m-h-ep-I-ep-sS Visual Novels cq-]w \Â-Ip-I-sb-¶ ]-co£-

Ww \-S-¯n-b c-v F-gp- p-Im-cp-sS t]-sc-gpXpI?

D. BÀ-XÀ anÃdpw G-en I-km\pw

28. B-Zy-s¯ F-Iv-kv-{]-j-\n-Ìv kn\n-a GXv?

D. Im-_n\äv Hm- v tUm-ÎÀ I-en-K-cn-

29. Im-_n\äv Hm- v tUm-ÎÀ I-en-K-cn-bp-sS Xnc-¡-Y c-Nn¨-Xv Bcv?

D. ImÄ-ta-bdpw lm³-Uv tPm-t\m-hn-ävkpw

30. enbmw Hm-¹m-lÀ-«n-bp-sS 'C³-t^mÀaÀ' kn-\n-a-bm-¡nb-Xv Bcv?

D. tPm¬ t^mÀP-Uv

31. t{Xm¬ Hm- v »-Uv B-cp-sS kn-\n-a-bmWv?

D. AIntcm Ip-d-tkm-h

32. "N-e- n-{X-I-e-bn-se tj-Iv-kv-]nbÀ' F-¶v Fw.Sn. hn-ti-jn- n-¡p¶-Xv Bsc?

D. AIntcm Ip-d-tkm-hsb

33. ]n. ]-ß-cm-P³ P-\n¨-Xv F¶v? F-hnsS?

D. 1945 sa-bv 21 \v B-e¸p-g PnÃ-bn-se ap-Xp-Ip-f¯v

34. ]n. ]-ß-cmP-sâ {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-« B-Zy c-N-\ GXv?

D. tem-e anÂ-t^m-Uv F-¶ A-ta-cn-¡³ s]¬-In-Sm-hv

35. ]n. ]-ß-cmP-sâ B-Zy t\m-hÂ GXv?

D. \-£-{X§-tf Im-hÂ



36. 1972 Â tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an A-hmÀ-Uv t\Sn-b ]-ß-cmP-sâ t\mhÂ?

D. \-£-{X§-tf Im-hÂ

37. ]-ß-cmP-sâ B-Zy Xn-c¡Y?

D. {]-bm-Ww (1974)

38. ]-ß-cm-P³ A-´-cn -Xv F-¶v? F-hnsS?

D. 1991 P-\p-h-cn 23 \v tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv

39. "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³' dn-eo-kv sNbv-X hÀjw?

D. 1981

40. "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³' \nÀ-½n-¨Xv?

D. Xp--¯nÂ ^n-enw-kv, kp-tc-jv

41. "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³' kw-hn-[m-\w sN-bv-XXv?

D. ]n.]-ß-cm-P³

42. "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³' F-¶ kn-\n-a-bp-sS F-Un-änw-Kv \nÀ-Æ-ln-¨Xv?

D. ]n. ]-ß-cm-P³

43. "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³' F-¶ kn-\n-a-bv-¡v kw-Ko-Xw \nÀ-Æ-ln- Xv?

D. tPm¬-k¬

44. "^-bÂ-hm³' F-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-s¯ A-h-X-cn- n-¨ \S³?

D. d-jo-Zv

45. "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³' F-¶ kn-\n-a-bp-sS Iym-ad ssI-Imcyw sN-bvXXv?

D. hn-]n³- Zm-kv

46. sh-Sn-¡m-c³ eq-¡m ^-bÂ-hm-s\ BÀ-¡m-Wv ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-Sp-¯Xv?

D. X-¿Â-¡m-c³ in-h³-]nÅ-¡v

47. X-¿Â-¡m-c³ in-h³-]n-Å F-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-s¯ A-h-X-cn- n-¨ \S³?

D. s\-Sp-ap-Sn th-Wp

48. ^-bÂ-hm-\p-th- In-fn-bnd- n B-cm-Wv F-¯n-¨p sIm-Sp-¯Xv?

D. th-«-¡m-c³ eq¡m.

49. "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³' F-¶ kn-\n-a-bnÂ I®³, Im-ń F-¶o I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-

sS {][m-\ sXm-gnÂ F´v?

D. X-h-f ]n-Sp-¯w.

50. ^-bÂ-hm-\p-am-bn aÂ- n-Sp- -¯n-\v tPm-_v sIm-p-h¶-Xv B-sc-bmWv?

D. B-{Ô- p-en F-¶ ^-bÂ-hm-s\

51. tPm-_hpw ^-bÂ-hm\pw X-½n-epÅ t]m-cm-«-¯nÂ B-cm-Wv kz-bw hn-[n-IÀ-¯m-hm-

bn \n¶Xv?

D. sh-Sn-¡m-c³ eq-¡m

52. "Cu A-hk-cw ]m-gm-¡p-¶-hÀ ]n-¶o-Sv Zpx-Jn-t¡-n-hcpw'þG-Xv A-hkcw?

D. ^-bÂ-hm\pw B-{Ô- p-enbpw X-½n-ep-Å Kwò-c Kp-kv-Xn ]n-Sp¯w

53. "A-§-s\-sbm-cp `m-Kyw H-tÂ, AXv Cu \m-«o-s¸-« H-cp s]-®n-\p sI-S-¡-s«'þ

in-h³-]n-Å kq-Nn- n- `mKyw F- mWv?

D. ^-bÂ-hm-sâ `m-cy-bmIp-I F-¶ `m-Kyw.

54. N-¡c-sb hn-hm-lw I-gn -Xv Bcv?



D. ^-bÂ-hm³

55. "G-Xm-bmepw ^-bÂ-hm-\p s]-®n-s\ h-ey-Im-cyam" G-Xp s]-®ns\?

D. N-¡c-sb

56. ^-bÂ-hm-\p Xo-ä sIm-Sp-¡m³ ]-W-¯n-\v `m-cy N-¡-c I-s¯n-b amÀ-Kw F- m-

bn-cp¶p?

D. ssI-¿n-ep-Å kzÀ-®m- -c-W-§Ä hnÂ-¡p-I

57. ^-bÂ-hm³ \m-«n-te-¡v Xn-cn- p h-cp-¶-Xn-sâ e£yw F-´m-bn-cp¶p?

D. X-sâ `m-cy-sb-¡p-dn-¨v tI-« A\njvS Im-cy-§Ä i-cnbmtWm F-¶v A-dn-b-em-Wv ^-

bÂ-hm-sâ a-S-§n-h-c-hn-sâ e-£yw

58. ho-Sp-hn«p-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ ^-bÂ-hm³ `m-cysb HmÀ-½n- n- Imcyw F´v?

D. H-cp ^-bÂ-hm-sâ `m-cy-bp-sS \n-jvTIÄ HmÀ-½-th-Ww F-¶v

59. "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³' F-¶ kn-\n-a-bp-sS I-Y-bp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X F´v?

D. a-\p-jy-_-Ô-§-fp-sS k-¦oÀ-W-X-Ifpw ssh-Imcn-I A-h-Ø-Ifpw c-Xnbpw {]-Xn-Im-

chpw tNÀ-¶ H-cp {Kmao-W I-Y-bm-Wv ]n. ]-ß-cm-P-sâ "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³'

F-¶ kn-\n-a.

60. "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³' F-¶ kn-\n-a-bv-¡v e-`n- Aw-Ko-Im-c-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

D. tIm-em-ew-]q-cnÂ \-S-¶ 27 ma-Xv G-jy³ ^n-enw s^-Ìn-h-enÂ G-ähpw \Ã Nn-{X-

¯n\pw G-ä-hpw \Ã Xn-cn-¡-Y-bv-¡p-ap-Å kzÀ®-t{Sm- n-Ifpw tI-c-f ^nenw {In-«n-Iv-

kv A-tkm-kn-tbj-sâ an-I- Xn-c-¡-Y-¡p-Å k-½m-\hpw t\-Sn.

62. ]n.]-ß-cmP-sâ {][m-\ Xn-c-¡-Y-IÄ ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp¯p-I

D. {]-bmWw, s]-cp-h-gn-b-¼ew, H-cn-S-s¯m-cp- -bÂ-hm³, I-Å³ ]-hn-{X³, \-hw-_-dn-

sâ \ãw, A-]c³, \-ap-¡v ]mÀ-¡m³ ap-ń-cn-t¯m- pIÄ, C-Xm C-hn-sS hsc,

Im-Wm-a-d-b¯v, tZ-im-S-\-¡n-fn I-c-bm-dnÃ, Xq-hm-\- p-¼nIÄ, Cu X-Wp-¯ sh-fp-

¸m³ Im-e¯v, Rm³ K-ÔÀ-Æ³.

63. ]-ß-cm-P³ F-gpXn-b {]-[m\ t\m-h-ep-IÄ Gh?

D. D-Z-I-t¸m-f, s]-cp-h-gn-b-¼ew, i-h-hm-l-\hpw tXSn, hm-S-I-bv-s¡m-cp lr-Zbw, \-£-

{X§-tf ImhÂ, {]-Xn-a-bpw cm-P-Ip-am-cnbpw

64. ]-ß-cmP-sâ {][m-\ sN-dp-I-Y-IÄ

D. A-]c³, {]-tl-fn-I, ]q-¡®-S, I-cn-b-e-¡mäp-t]mse, ssI-h-gn-bp-sS sX-t¡b-äw

65. Xnc-¡-Y F-¶mÂ F´v?

D. N-e- n-{X- n-sâ km-ln-Xy cq-]-am-Wv Xn-c¡-Y. Nn-{X-\nÀ-½mW-s¯ k-lm-bn-¡p-¶

amÀ-K-cq-]w Iq-Sn-bm-WnXv. Xn-c-Èo-e-bnÂ {]-ZÀ-in- n-¡p-¶ I-Y F¶pw Xn-c-

¡Y-sb hn-ti-jn- n-¡mw.

66. Xnc-¡-Y c-N-\-bnÂ {i-²n-t¡- {]-[m-\ Im-cy-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

D. Xnc-¡-Y ko-\p-I-fm-bm-Wv c-Nn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. Nn-{X-te-J-\k-a-b- v ShootingNn-{X-t]-S-I- nÂ Camera ]-Xn- n-¡m-hp-¶ H-cp Iq-«w tjm-«p-I-fm-Wv ko³. H-cp

I-Ym- -co-£- nÂ \-S-¡p-¶ {In-bm-k-µÀ- -¯n-sâ Xp-SÀ-N-e-\-§-fm-Wv ko³. H-cp

ko-\oÂ A-t\-Iw s{^-bn-ap-I-Ä A-S-§n-bn-cn-¡pw. Xn-c-¡-Ym-Ir¯v Cu s{^-bn-ap-I-

sf-¡p-dn-¨v cN-\m k-ab- v t_m-[-hm-\m-I-Ww. Om-bm-{Km-lI-\v s{^-bn-apI-sf

tÌm-dn t_mÀ-Un-sâ k-lm-b-¯mÂ a-\-Ên-em-¡m\pw ]-IÀ-¯m\pw km-[n-¡pw.



A-Xn-\p-]-äp-¶ X-c-¯nÂ A-Xmb-Xv Iym-a-d-bnÂ ]-IÀ-¯m-hp-¶ X-c-¯n-em-Wv Xn-c-

¡-Y-bp-sS `m-j D-m-tI-Xv. t\m-htem \mS-I-tam c-Nn-¡p-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw

XoÀ¯pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv Xn-c-¡-Y-bp-sS `m-j-bpw ssi-en-bpw. I-Y-\-S-¡p-¶

Ø-ew A-Iw/]p-dw F-¶v thÀ-Xn-cn-¡Ww. k-a-b-hpw (D-Zm: cm-{Xn, ]-IÂ) Ø-e-hpw

(ho-Sn-\v ]p-d¯v, Hm- o-kn-\v A-I¯v) Xn-c-¡-Y-bnÂ kv-]-ã-am-¡Ww. H-cp ko-\nÂ

\n-¶v a-säm-cp ko-\n-te-¡p-Å am-äw Jump kzm- m-hn-I-am-bn-cn-¡-Ww.

67. ]pXn-b ao-Un-b-¯n-te-¡v I-Y ]-IÀ-¯p-t¼mÄ Xn-c-¡-Ym-Ir- v F-s´m-s¡ L-«-

§-fm-Wv {i-²n-t¡-Xv?

D. {]-I-Shpw aqÀ- -hpam-b N-e-\w, A-Zr-iy-sa-¦nepw kw-th-Z-\-£-aam-b am-\-kn-I-N-

e\w, hm¡v, iÐw, \n-ÈÐ-X, kw-Ko-Xw t{]-£I-\v kz-´w a-\-Ên-sâ A-d-bnÂ

h- p kr-ãn \-S-¯m³ hn-Sp-¶ hn-S-hp-IÄ F-¶o L-S-I-§Ä h- p-sIm-m-Wv Xn-c-

¡-Y-Ir-¯v ]p-Xnb ao-Un-b-¯n- te-¡v I-Y ]-IÀ- p-¶-Xv.

68. _À-Kvam³ a-lmI-hn X-s¶ F-¶v Fw.Sn A- n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶-Xv F-´p-sImv?

D. kv-{Io³-t¹ H-cpX-cw aq-¶mwIn-S km-ln-Xy-hp-am-bn I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-¶ Im-e-ap-m-bn-

cp¶p. C-¶v A-Xn-\p am-äw h¶p. kv-{Io³-t¹ C-¶v G-sd hm-b-\-¡m-cp-Å km-ln-Xy

hn- m-K-am-bn ]-cn-W-an¨p. Ip-tdm-tkm-h-bp-sSbpw _À-Kvam-sâbpw kv-{Io³-t¹-IÄ-¡p

km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ \n-¶v Xmg-¯v Øm-\w \Â-Im³ Bcpw ss[-cy-s¸-SnÃ. _À-

Kvam³ Po-hn-X- n-sâ K-Xn-hn-K-Xn-I-sfbpw ssh-Imcn-I _-Ô-§-fn-se PoÀ-®-X-I-

sfbpw {Ko-jv-a-cm-hn-sâ hn-Im-c-t`-Z-§-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-Sp-¯p-t¼Mä A-hn-sS

kn\n-a A-sÃ-¦nÂ- km-lnXyw Im-hym-ß-I-X-bp-sS D-¶-X ta-J-e-bn-se- p¶p. ac-

Ww I-dp-¯ D-S-bm-S-b-Wn-ªv `-S-\p-am-bn N-Xp-cw-Kw I-fn-¡m-\n-cn-¡p-¶ cw-Kw

k-¦Â-]n-¨p _À-Kvam³ a-lmI-hn X-s¶ F-¶m-Wv Fw.Sn.bp-sS A- n-{]mbw.

69. "C³-t^mÀaÀ' F-¶ kn-\n-a-bp-sS {]-ta-bw F´v?

D. C-cp]-Xv ]-h-\p-th-n H-fn-hn-ep-Å X-sâ ]-g-b Iq-«q-Im-c³ {^m-¦n-sb H-än-s¡m-Sp-

¡p¶ ssK-t¸m-hn-sâ [À-½-k-¦-S-amWv 'C³-t^mÀa-dn'sâ {]-tabw.

70. kv-{Io³-t¹ F-gp-¯p-ImÀ {i-²n-t¡--Xm-bn Fw.Sn. \nÀ-t±-in-¡p-¶ A-Sn-Øm-\-Im-

cy-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

D. 1. Xm³ F-gp-Xp-¶ þ A-Xv X-tâ-Xm-hmw, a-äp-Å-h-cp-sS-Xmhmw þ {]-ta-b-¯n-sâ ssN-

X-\y-hpw B-ghpw I--dn-bp-I.

2. X-sâ I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä-¡p X-tâXm-b Nn-e am-\-§Ä Dimensions \Â-IpI.

t^m-kv-ä-dp-sS X-cw-Xn-cn-hn-\-\p-k-cn- p-Å H-gp-¡³ Flat I-Ym-]m-{X§-sf {Xn-am-\

Round I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fm-¡pI.

. hm-¡pI-sf am{Xw B-{i-bn-¡p-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä Ip-td I-gn-bp-t¼mÄ kw-km-cn-

¡p-¶ bm-{ -§-fm-Ip¶p. ]-d-bm-¯ hm-¡p-I-fn-eq-sS H-Xp-¡n-b hn-Im-c-§-fn-eq-sS

A-h-cp-sS a-\-Ên-sâ hm-XnÂ Xp-d-¡p-t¼mÄ A-hÀ t{]-£-I-cp-sS ap-¶nÂ Pz-en-¡p-

¶p-sh-¶ k-Xy-¯nÂ \n-¶p ap-X-se-Sp-¡pI.

5. kw-km-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ hm-¡p-IÄ-¡n-S-bn-se sNdn-b hn-S-hp-I-fn-eq-sSbpw kw-km-cn-

¡p-I.



6. G-ähpw {]-[m-\-am-bn kn\n-a F-¶ am-[y-a-¯n-\I- p \n-¶v kw-hn-[m-b-I-\p-am-bn

B-ssßIyw h-¶p {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-I. C-Xm-Wv kv-{Io³-t¹ F-gp-¯p-ImÀ {i-²n-t¡-

A-Sn-Øm-\ Im-cy-§-fm-bn Fw.Sn. ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶Xv.

71. X-h-f ]n-Sp-¯- n-\nsS I-®³ Im-ń-bp-sS X-e-bv-¡v In-gp-¡v sIm-Sp¯-Xv F-ń\v?

D. ]n-Sn- X-h-f-I-sf FÃmw Im- n-bp-sS ssI-¿n-ep-Å Nm-¡n-\-I-t¯-¡v C-«p-sIm-Sp-

¡p¶p. A-ev-]-t\-cw I-gn-ªm-Wv I-®-\-dn-bp¶-Xv Im-ń-bp-sS ssI-¿n-ep-Å

Nm-¡nsâ A-Sn- mKw Hm-«-bm-sW¶v. A-Xp-h-sc-bp-Å A-[zm-\w hn- -e-am-¡n-b-Xn-\m-

Wv I-®³ Im-ń-bp-sS X-e-¡n-«p In-gp-¡n-b-Xv. kn\n-a-bnse Hm¸-WnwKv ko\mWv

CXv.

72. "IrXyw ]-d-b-tW-ev C-\n-bn-t¸m tXm-sS®-Ww. F-tépw A-dn-ªn-§p X-¶manX'-

k-µÀ- -taXv?

D. sh-Sn-¡m-c³ eq-¡m sIm-p-h-¶ ^-bÂ-hm-s\ X-¿Â-¡m-c³ in-h³-]n-Å¡v ]-cn-

N-b-s¸-Sp¯p-¶p. C-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ A-Sp-¯p-Å ap-dp-¡m³ I-S-bn-te-¡v ^-bÂ- t\m-

¡p¶-Xv X¿Â¡m-c³ Im-Wm-\n-S-bmbn. _oUntbm ap-dp¡mt\m th-W-sa-¦nÂ A-

hn-Sp-¶p kz-bw F-Sp-¡m³ in-h³-]n-Å- k½-Xw \ÂIn. F-¶mÂ ^-bÂ-hm³ IS-

bnÂ \n¶v H-¶n-\p-]nd-sI H-s¶m-¶m-bn ]-¯p-]-Xn\-©p ap-« F-Sp-¯p s]m-«n- p-I-

gn¨p. C-XpI-v A-Xn-i-b-s¸-«v A-Sp-s¯¯n-b in-h³-]n-Å-tbm-Sv F-{X-bm-bn F-¶v

^-bÂ-hm³ tNm-Zn¨p. a-dp-]-Sn-bm-bn in-h³-]n-Å-]-d-bp-¶-Xm-WnXv. Ir-Xyam-b I-W-

¡p-In-«m³ ap-«-t¯m-Sv F-®n t\m-¡Ww. F-s -¦nepw I--dn-ªp \Â-In-bmÂ

a-Xn-sb-¶m-Wv in-h³-]n-Å-bp-sS \nÀ-t±-iw.

73. "\n-§-fn§-s\ t\m-¡n-s¡m-p \nÂ-¡m³ Xp-S-§n-bmÂ A-t±-l- n-s\m-cp ssh-j-

ay-am-bn-¯o-cpw-¶v ]-d-bv-Im-cp-¶p" þBÀ-¡v hn-j-a-ap-m-Ip-sa-¶m-Wv ]-d-bp-¶-Xv.

D. X-sâ I-S-bn-se¯n-b ^-bÂ-hm-s\ Im-Wm³ B-fp-IÄ Iq-«w-Iq-Sn \nÂ-¡p-¶-Xp-I-

in-h³-]n-Å \m-«pIm-tcm-Sp hn-fn- p ]-d-bp-¶-Xm-Wn-Xv. ^-bÂ-hm³ Ipd- p Znh-

kw X-sâ Iq-sS D-m-Ip-sa¶pw A-t¸mÄ A-t±l-s¯ C-\nbpw Im-W-W-sa¶pw

A-t±-lw Iq-Sn \n¶-h-tcm-Sp ]-d-bp¶p. A-Xp-tI-«v P-\w ]n-cn-ªp t]m-Ip-¶p.

74. "F-¶m- n-s¶ I-Sn-¡p-¶ ]-«n-sb h-fÀ- n \nÀ-¯m-cp-¶-tÃm"þ k-µÀ- w hn-i-Z-am-

¡p-I

D. X-¿Â-¡m-c³ in-h³-]n-Å-bp-sS I-S-bnÂ AI- v c-v s_-©v ]n-Sn- n«v, A-Xn-

t·Â sN-cn-ªp In-S-¶p-d-§p-I-bm-Wv ^-bÂ-hm³. A-Xpw t\m-¡n Xm-Sn-¡p

ssI¿pw sIm-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p in-h³-]n-Å. A-t¸mÄ I-S-bn-te-¡v I-b-dnh-¶ H-cp

kv{Xo Xm³ X-¶ »u-kn-sâ I-gp- v C-d-¡w i-cn-bm¡ntbm F-¶v A-t\z-jn-

¡p¶p. ^-bÂ-hm³ AI-¯v D-d-§p-¶-Xn-\mÂ D- -¯nÂ kw-km-cn-¡-cp-sX-¶p

in-h³-]n-Å hn-e-¡p-¶p. ^-bÂ-hm³ h-¶-Xn-\mÂ A-ev-]w Xn-c-¡m-sW¶pw c-p-

Znh-kw I-gn-ªp Xcm-sa¶pw in-h³-]n-Å A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. kv{Xo in-h³-]n-Å-tbm-Sv

I-bÀ-¯pkw-km-cn-¡m³ Xp-S-§n-b-t¸mÄ ^-bÂ-hm³ D-WÀ-¶p X-e-sN-cn- p

t\m¡n. C-Xp-I-v t]-Sn- kv{Xo I-S-bnÂ \n-¶v Cd-§n \-S-¡m³ Xp-S§n.

t]m-Ip¶ t]m-¡nÂ A-hÀ Xn-cn-ªp \n-¶v ]-d-bp-¶ kw- m-j-W-am-WnXv.

75. "ssZ-hw X-¶ i-co-cw s]m¶p-t]m-se sh- p kq-£n-¡p-¶h-cm ^-bÂ-hm-·mcv' þ

k-µÀ- -taXv?



A-sÃ-¦nÂ

76. ^-bÂ-hm-\v Xm-a-kn-¡m³ Ø-ew i-cn-bmb-Xv F-hnsS? F-§s\?

D. \Ã sh-Sn-bn-d-¨nbpw I-¡-bn-d-¨nbpw In-«p-¶ \m-«p-{]-tZ-iw X-\n-¡p \-¶m-bn ]n-Sn-s¨-

¶p ^-bÂ-hm³ ]-d-ª-t¸mÄ in-h³-]n-Å A-bmÄ-¡v \m«nÂ Xm-a-kn-¡m³ ]än-b

Ø-ew I-s-¯m-\p-Å B-tem-N-\-bn-embn. I®-sâ ho-«nÂ Xm-a-kn- n-¡m-\m-Wv

in-h³-]n-Å Xo-cp-am-\n-¨Xv. A-Xn-\m-bn I-®-s\bpw A-Ñ-s\-bp-sam-s¡ h-i-¯m-

¡m³ {i-an-¡p-I-bm-Wv, in-h³-]n-Å. I®\pw Imńbpw Xh-f-]n-Sp- -¯n\v

t]mIp-¶-Xn-\mÂ cm{Xn B-fnÃm- -t¸mÄ I®-sâ AÑ-\v H-cp Iq-«m-Ipw F-¶m-Wv

ta-kv-Xn-cn ]-d-ªXv. Iq-Sm-sX ]-eXpw ]d-ªv I-®-s\bpw A-Ñ-s\bpw tam-ln-- n-

¡p-I-bm-Wv in-h³-]n-Å. km-[m-c-W ^-bÂ-hm-·m-cp h-¶mÂ Øe-s¯ {]-am-Wn-am-

cp dm-©n-sImp-t]mI-em ]-Xnhv. C-t¸mÄ ^-bÂ-hm-·m-cv t\-cn-«v h-¶v I-b-dnb-Xm

C-hn-sS? ^-bÂ-hm³ hn-Nm-cn-¨mÂ Im-in\pw ]-ª-sam-¶p-ap-m-InÃ. I-Åp-Ip-Sn,

]p-I-h-en, s]m-Sn-h-en F-¶n-h-sbm¶pw ^-bÂ-hm-\v CÃ. aq-¶p-t\-cw Ip-im-em-bn-«p

Xn¶pw hymbmaw sNbvXpw ssZ-hw X-¶ i-co-cw s]m¶p-t]m-se kq-£n-¡p-¶-h-cm-

Wv ^-bÂ-hm-·mÀ. ssZ-hn-IXzw D-Å-h-cm-Wv A-hcv. A-h-cp Xm-a-kn-¨mÂ A-Xn-sâ-

sbm-cp ]pWyw Cu a-®n-\p X-s¶ D-mIpw F-s¶m-s¡-bm-Wv in-h³ ]n-Å I-®-

s\-bpw A-Ñ-s\bpw ]d-ªp hn-iz-kn¸n- -Xv.

77. "C-¶p samX-ev ^-bÂ-hm³ t\-cn-s«m¶pw sN-e-hm-¡m, sN-e-shÃmw Rm³ h-ln-

¡pw. ]n-s¶ Imipw sIm-d-tªm-p h-cn-Im-WtÃm?"þ in-h³-]n-Å-bpsS Cu {]-kv-

Xm-h\-¡p ]n-d-In-se´v?

D. F-§p-\nt¶m X-sâ \m-«n-se¯n-b ^-bÂ-hm-s\ G-sä-Sp-¯p "aÂ-]n-Sp¯w' \S- n

Ipd- p t]cpw ]-Whpw D-m-¡m-sa-¶v in-h³-]n-Å I-cp-Xp¶p. Bin- -t]m-se DS-

s\ X-s¶ ^-bÂ-hm-\-s¡m-v D-S³ H-cp aÂ-]n-Sp-¯w kw-L-Sn- n-¡m³ in-h³-]n-

Å-bv-¡v H-cp A-hk-cw e- n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. A-Xn-sâ B-th-iw -sIm-mWv

Cu {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bv-¡v inh³]nÅ X¿-dm-Ip-¶-Xv.

78. "Ç-gm F-\n-¡v ^-bÂ-hm-sâ ]m-Iw ]n-Sn-In-«-bXv. C-\n-bn- w Rm³ t\m-¡n-

t¡mfmw ^-bÂ-hm-sâ Im-cy-§fv'þBÀ-¡v F-t¸m-gm-Wv ^-bÂ-hm-sâ cp-Nn-bp-sS

]m-Iw ]n-Sn-In-«n-b-Xv.

D. I®-sâ A-Ñ³ th-eq-ªn-sâ {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bm-WnXv. ^-bÂ-hm-sâ Xma-kw th-eq-

ªn-sâ ]p-c-bn-emWv. H-cp Znh-kw A-bÂ-hm-knbm-b ImÀ- n-bp-sS tIm-gn-sb

^-bÂ-hm³ sIm-¶p I-dn-sh-¡m³ th-eq-ªn-s\ GÂ- n-¡p¶p. \Ã D-jm-dm-bn

th-eq-ªv tIm-gn s]m-cn-¨p-sIm- Sp¯p. ^-bÂ-hm³ Xn-¶p¶-Xv I--t¸m-Ä

th-eq-ªv A- n-am-\-t¯m-sS ]-d-bp-¶-Xm-Wn-Xv.

79. "C-cp]-Xv þ C-cp-]-¯nb-©v cq-]-sb-¦n-epw X-cm-sX Rm³ H-cp-¯t\w hn-Sp-tIÃ!

^-bÂ-hm-t\bpw ò-a-tk-\-t\w H¶pw F-\n-¡v t]-Sn-bnÃ'þ B-cp-sS shÃp-hn-fn-bm-

WnXv? F-ń-\m-Wv ]-Ww B-h-iy-s¸-Sp-¶Xv?

D. A-bÂ-hm-kn ImÀ- n-bp-sS tIm-gn Xm³ Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶ ho-Sn-sâ apä-¯v D-em-¯p-¶-

Xp-I- ^-bÂ-hm-sâ hm-bnÂ sh-Å-aqdn. H-scm-ä A-Sn-¡v A-Xn-s\ sIm-¶v ^-bÂ-

hm³ th-eq-ªn-sâ ssI-¿nÂ sIm-Sp¯p. th-eqªpw ^-bÂ-hm\pw A-Xv s]m-cn-

¨p-Xn-¶p-¶-Xn-\n-sS ImÀ-¯n tIm-gn-sb Xnc-ªv A-hn-sS F¯n. X-sâ tIm-gn I-«p-



sIm-¶p-Xn-¶p-¶-Xdn-ª ImÀ-¯n th-eq-ªn-s\ No- -hn-fn¨p. X-\n-¡v tIm-gn-bp-sS

Im-iv C-t¸mÄ X-s¶ th-W-sa-¶v ImÀ-¯n B-h-iy-s¸«p. ]-Xn\-©p cq] tNm-Zn- n-«p

sIm-Sp-¡m-sX \nÀ- n-b-Xm-Wv ImÀ- n B tIm-gn-sb G-Xm-bmepw C-\n C-cp]-Xv þ

C-cp-]- nb-©v cq-]-sb-¦nepw th-W-sa¶pw A-Xp X-cm-sX H-cp-¯t\w hn-Sp-I-bnÃ

F-¶v ImÀ-¯n shÃp-hn-fn- p. ^-bÂ-hm-s\bpw `m-a-tk-\-s\-bp-sam¶pw X-\n-¡v

t]-Sn-bn-sÃ¶pw ImÀ- n Xp-d-¶-Sn-¡p¶p. tIm-gn-bp-sS Im-iv ta-kv-Xn-cn in-h³-]n-Å-

bnÂ \n¶pw hm-§n-¡m³ ^-bÂ-hm³ ImÀ¯n-tbm-Sv k-am-[m-\w ]-d-ª-t¸m-gm-

Wv ImÀ¯n-bpsS H- - m-Sv H-¶-h-km-\n-¨Xv.

80. "Rm³ h-n kv-ämÀ-«m-¡mw, ]n-Sn-¨p \nÀ¯mthm?' B-cp-sS shÃp-hn-fn-bm-WnXv?

k-µÀ- -ta-XmWv?

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

81. "Rm³ sIm-p-hcpw C-Xn-t\-¡mÄ h-ey ^-bÂ-hms\" þ tPm-_v C§-s\ shÃp-hn-

fn-¡m-\n-Sbm-b km-l-N-cy-sa´v?

D. H-cn-¡Â tPm-_v X-sâ hm-l-\-hp-am-bn tdm-Un-eq-sS h-cp-t¼mÄ in-h³-]n-Åbpw

sh-Sn-¡m-c³ eq-¡mbpw h-gn-apS-¡n \n¶p. tPm-_n-sâ `-Åv Ip-d-¡-em-bn-cp-¶p A-h-

cp-sS D-t±-iyw. F-¶mÂ tlm-W-Sn- n«pw A-hÀ h-gn-am-dm- -XpI-v tPm-_v h-n

th-Kw Iq-«n F-Sp¯p. `-b-¶v h-gn-am-dm-t\ ta-kv-Xn-cn¡pw sh-Sn-¡m-c\pw \n-hr- n-bp-

m-bn-cp-¶pÅp. ]n-¶o-sSm-cn-¡Â X-sâ X-¿Â-¡-S-bv-¡- p-dw tPm-_v h-n \nÀ-¯n

C-d-§p-t¼mÄ ta-kv-Xn-cn A-h-\p-am-bn tImÀ¯p. £-Ww t\-cw sIm-v hmSm-t]m-Sm

hn-fn-IÄ t]mÀ-hn-fn-bn-te-¡v h-gn-amdn. ^-bÂ-hm-sâ H-ä-b-Sn-¡v tPm_pw Ah-sâ

]m-«h-nbpw ]- -S-am-Ip-sa-¶ ta-kv-Xn-cn-bp-sS hmZ-s¯ tPm-_v F-XnÀ¯p. "C-h³

F-t«m-gv-kv ]Æ-dv km-[-\am. . Ch-sâ Im-ä-Sn-¨mÂ h-sc ]-d-]-d-¡pw' F-¶p tPm-_v

Xn-cn- -Sn¨p. F-¦nÂ A-sXm-¶p Im-W-W-atÃm F-¶m-bn ta-kv-Xncn. A-hÀ X-½nÂ

s_-äp-sh¨p. B-fp-IÄ IqSn. X-sâ h-n ]n-Sn-¨p \nÀ- n-bmÂ Xm³ A-hn-sS sh- v

X-sâ ao-i-h-Sn-¡m-sa-¶p tPm-_v {]-Jym-]n¨p. A-§-s\-sb-¦nÂ Xm³ tXm-ämÂ sam-

«-b-Sn-¡m-sa-¶v ta-kv-Xn-cnbpw {]-Jym]-\w \-S¯n. sh-Sn-¡m-c³ eq-¡m-sb hn-[n-IÀ-

¯m-hm-¡n aÕ-cw B-cw- n¨p. tPm-_n-sâ hml-\w ^-bÂ-hm³ H-cp-hn-[w ]n-Sn- p

\nÀ-¯p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. ]-cm-P-b-s¸« tPm-_n-\v in-h³-]n-Å am- v \Â-In-sb-¦nepw

A-h\-Xv C-ã-s¸-«nÃ. ]q- - q-S-t]m-epÅ B ao-ibpw sh- m-Wv A-h³ hen-b B-fp-

I-fn- p \-S-¡p-¶-sX¶pw Xm-\m-bn-«v A-Xv CÃmbv-a sN-¿p-¶n-sÃ¶pw ta-kv-Xn-cn ]-cn-

l-kn- p-hn«n. A-hn-sS-bp-Å-Xn-t\-¡mÄ hen-b ^-bÂ-hm-s\ Xm³-sIm-p-h-cp-sa-¶v

A-tX \m-«nÂ sh- v X-s¶ B X-Snb-s\ a-eÀ- n-b-Sn- n- n-sÃ-¦nÂ X-sâ A- ³

th-sd-bm-sW¶pw shÃp-hn-fn- m-Wv tPm-_v A-hn-Sw hn-«Xv.

82. "A-Xv FÃm ^-bÂ-hmsâw hn-[n-bm" Cu {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bp-sS km-cw F´v?

D. H-cp ^-bÂ-hm-s\ sIm-p-h-cp-sa¶pw tXmÂ-¸n-¡p-sa-¶pÅ tPm-_n-sâ shÃp-hn-fn

Im-cy-am-bn- -s¶-bm-Wv in-h³-]n-Å G-sä-Sp- -Xv. tPm-_v sIm-p-h-cp-¶ ^-bÂ-

hm-s\ X-d-]-än-¡m-\p-Å X-¿m-sd-Sp- p-IÄ-¡v A-t±-lw X-sâ ^-bÂ-hm-s\ {]m-]v-X-

\m-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv k-µÀ`w. hm-in-]-d-ªn-«v H-Sp-hnÂ tXm-äp am-\-t¡-Sp-m-¡-cp-sX-¶v

A-bmÄ ^-bÂ-hm-s\ D-WÀ- n-¡p¶p. ap-¶q-dv cq-] ôkpw sIm-Sp-¯v tPm-_v

sIm-p-h-cp-¶ ^-bÂ-hm³ H- n-cn tI-«p-tIÄ-hn D-Å-h-\m-sW-¶ ta-kv-Xn-cn-bp-sS



A- n-{]m-b-t¯m-Sv ^-bÂ-hm\pw tbm-Pn-¡p¶p. H-cn-¡Â _mw-¥q-cnÂ sh- v ko-\n-

bÀ ^-bÂ-hm\m-b A-bm-fp-am-bn A-Sn- -t¸mÄ Xm³ tXmäp-t]m-b-Xm-sW-¶v ^-bÂ-

hm-\nÂ \n-¶v tI-« ta-kv-Xn-cn ]-I- p-sIm-v A-bm-sf t\m¡n. ko-\n-bdpw

Pq\nbdpw H-¶pw \m-«p-Im-cp-sS A-Sp-¯v sN-e-hm-In-sÃ-¶pw tXm-ämÂ ]ns¶ am-\w

\-ã-s¸-«v ]p-d-t -¡v X-e-s]m-¡n \S-¡n \-S-¡m³ ^-bÂ-hm-\p km-[n-¡n-sÃ¶pw

ta-kv-Xn-cn Xp-d-¶-Sn- -t¸mÄ FÃm ^-bÂ-hm-·m-cp-sSbpw hn-[n A-Xp-X-s¶-bm-sW-¶v

^-bÂ-hm³ ]-d-bp¶p. h-cm-\n-cn-¡p-¶ ^-bÂ-hm³ X-t¶m-Sv tXm-ämÂ A-tXm-sS A-

bm-fp-sS t]cpw s]-cp-a-bpw Xocp-sa-¶pw ]n-s¶ sX-p-Itbm \m-Sp-hn-Sp-Itbm

H-s¡ sN-¿p-I-tb \n-hr- n-bpÅp. ]n-Sp- -¯nÂ tXm-ä-t¸mÄ {`m-´p-]n-Sn-¡p-Ibpw

Im-sem-Sn- p -Ifbp-Ibpw Xq-§n- - -hcpw H-s¡ ^-bÂ-hm-·mÀ-¡n-S-bnÂ D-s-¶v

^bÂ-hm³ hn-i-Zo-I-cn -Xv ta-kv-Xn-cnbpw th-eqªpw A-¼-c-t¸m-sS-bm-Wv tI-«-Xv.

83. "G-Xm-bmepw ^-bÂ-hm-\v s]-®n-s\ h-ey Im-cy-am" ImÀ-¯n C§-s\ A- n-{]m-b-s¸-

Sm-\n-Sbm-b km-l-N-cy-taXv?

D. B-{Ô- p-en-bp-am-bp-Å aÂ-]n-Sp-¯w P-bn- -tXm-sS ^-bÂ-hm-\v \m-«n-Â t]cpw

s]-cp-abpw In-«n. C\n Cu \m-Sp-hn«p-t]m-tI-s¶pw s]®p-sI-«n Iq-S-W-sa¶pw

in-h³-]n-Å-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-¯nÂ \m-«p-ImÀ ^-bÂhm-t\m-Sv B-h-iy-s¸«p. X-sâ

a-IÄ N-¡c-sb ^-bÂ-hm-\p sIm-Sp-¡-W-sa-¶ Xm-Xv-]cyw ImÀ-¯n¡v Dv. A-Xv

in-h³-]n-Å-tbm-Sv ]-¦p-sh-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv kµÀ`w. aÕ-cw P-bn-¨p-h-¶ ^-bÂ-hm³

N-¡c-¡v ]mcn-tXm-jn-I-am-bn hÃXpw Xn-¶m-s\-¶v ]d-ªv ]- pcq-] \Â-InbXv

At±-l-¯n-\v N¡ctbm-Sp hen-b Xm-Xv-]cyw tXm-¶n-b-Xp-sIm-m-sW-¶v ImÀ-¯n

A`n{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. ta-kv-Xn-cn H-¶p ^-bÂhm-t\m-Sp C-¡mcyw kw-km-cn-¡-W-sa-¶v

ImÀ-¯n N-«w sI-«p¶p.

84. "^-bÂ-hm-\v {_-Ò-Ncyw {]-[m\-am!" k-µÀ- w F-gpXp-I

D. ImÀ-¯n-bp-sS B-h-iy-{]-Im-cw ta-kv-Xn-cn- in-h³-]n-Å- ^-bÂ-hm-\p-am-bn hn-hm-l-

¡mcyw NÀ-¨ sN-¿p-¶-Xm-Wv k-µÀ`w. t]m-cnÂ P-bn- -Xn-\mÂ C-\n H- n-cn ^-bÂ-

hm-·mÀ h-¶p Xp-S-§p-sa¶pw A-Xn-\mÂ Xm-a-kn-¡m³ \-sÃm-cp ho-Sp-th-W-sa¶pw

in-h³-]n-Å ^-bÂ-hm-s\ D-]-tZ-in-¡p¶p. \Ã-t]m-se B-lm-cw h- p-X-cm\pw

F-®-bn-«p-gn-bm\pw Np-Wbpw sIm-gp- p-ap-sÅm-cp s]-®v D-m-Ip¶-Xv \Ã-Xm-

sW¶pw A-t±-lw ]-d-bp¶p. hn-hm-lw- sN-t¿ {]mb- nÂ hn-hm-ln-X-\m-bn-sÃ-

¦nÂ ]n-s¶ A-t\z-jn-¨p sNÃp-t¼mÄ X-\n-¡p-m-b-t]m-se s]-®p-In-«m- A-h-

Ø h-cp-sa-¶v in-h³-]n-Å HmÀ-½n- n-¡p¶p. C-sXÃmw tI-« ^-bÂ-hm³ ]-d-bp-¶-

Xm-Wv {]-kvXp-X Im-cyw. "]s£, ta-Ènco, ^-bÂ-hm-\v {_m-Ò-Ncyw {]-[m\-am!'

^-bÂ-hm-\p am-{X-aÃ FÃm-hÀ¡pw {_m-Ò-Ncyw {]-[m-\-am-sW¶pw A-Xv A§-

s\ -s¶ C-cp-t¶m-s«-sb¶pw hÃ-t¸mgpw A-sXm¶p ew-Ln- mÂ a-Xn-sb-¶p-am-Wv

ta-kv-Xn-cn A-Xn-\p a-dp]-Sn ]-d-ªXv. H-Sp-hnÂ ImÀ- n-bp-sS a-IÄ N-¡-c-bp-am-bp-

Å ^-bÂ-hm-sâ I-Ãym-Ww ta-kv-Xn-cn D-d- n-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.

85. "C\ow am¸n-f A-¼-e-¯o-t¡-do-¶v ]-dªv, FÃmcpw Iq-sS F-s¶ XÃn-s¡mÃqw

Iq-sS th-W-am-bn-cn-¡pw" B-cp-sS hm-¡p-I-fm-WnXv?

D. ^-bÂ-hm-\p-am-bp-Å X-sâ IÃym-W-¯n-\v tPm-_v h-cmª-Xv F-t´ F-¶ N-¡-c-

bp-sS tNm-Zy- n-\v tPm-_v ]-d-bp-¶ D-¯-c-am-WnXv. {]-kvXp-X hm-Iyw. c-pX-h-W



^-bÂ-hm-\p-am-bpmb t]m-cm-«-¯nsâ HmÀ-½ D-Å-Xp-sIm-m-Wv X-sâ ]qÀ-Æ-Im-

ap-In-bm-bn-cp-¶ N¡-c-tbm-Sv tPm-_v C-Xv ]-d-ªXv. Iq-Sm-sX N-¡-c- X-s¶ H-gn-hm-

¡n ^-bÂ-hm-s\ hn-hm-lw I-gn- -Xn-sâ ]n-W-¡hpw Ah-sâ hm-¡p-I-fn-epv.

86. "F-¶mepw N-¡-c-bv-¡v A-Xm-cp-¶ tNÀ- ' I-®³ F-´v tNÀ- -bm-Wv D-t±-in- Xv?

D. tPm_pw N-¡-cbpw C-ã-¯n-em-sW-¶ Imcyw I®-\v A-dn-bmw. tPm-_n-\v ]I-cw

N-¡-c ^-bÂ-hm-s\ h-cn -Xv I®\v CjvS-am-bn-Ã. H-cp tNÀ- -bpw C-sÃ-¶m-Wv I®-

sâ A- n-{]mbw. tPm-_p X-s¶-bm-Wv ^-bÂ-hm-s\-¡mÄ \Ã-sX-¶m-Wv I-®³ A-

h-tfm-Sv ]-d-bm³ D-t±-in-¨Xv.

87. "H-¯p-]n-Sn-¡m³ F-s¶ In-«p-tIÃ. Kp-kv-Xn ssZ-hn-I-Xz-ap-Å kw-K-Xn-bm'þ^-bÂ-

hm³ C§-s\ ]-d-bm³ Im-c-W-sa´v?

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

88. "h-ey ]peow I-cSow H¶pw th-, C- n-sc XSow an-Sp¡qw H-s¡-bp-Å G-sX-¦nepw

H-cp tNm-«m ^-bÂ-hm-s\ In-«n-bm-aXn"

D. B-{Ô- p-en-bp-am-bp-Å aÂ- n-Sp- -¯n-\p ti-jw ^-bÂ-hm-\p ]pXn-b a-Õ-c-§-

sfm¶pw H- p h-¶nÃ. ^-bÂ-hm-\p-Å sN-e-hn\pw sIm-Sp-¯p in-h³-]nÅ-¡v a-Sp-

¯p Xp-S§n. Im-S-bn-d- nbpw Xn-¶v I-gn-ªmÂ aXntbm B-sc-sb-¦n-ep-sam-s¡ h-cp-

¯n H-¶p a-eÀ-¯n-b-Sn-t¡-t F-¶ in-h³-]n-Å-bp-sS tNm-Zy-¯n-\p Kp-kv-Xn-bp-sS

Im-ew t]m-sb¶pw Bcpw Kp-kv-Xn-bnÂ Xm-Xv-]cyw Im-Wn-¡p-¶n-sÃ¶pw ^-bÂ-

hm³ hn-jm-Z-t¯m-sS a-dp]-Sn ]-dªp. A-Xpw ]-d-ªn-cp-¶n-«v Im-cy-an-sÃ-¶m-Wv

in-h³-]n-Å-bp-sS ]£w. A-§p-an-§p-am-bn B-sc-sb-¦nepw ^-bÂ-hm³-am-cm-bn-«v

Im-Wpw. hen-b ]p-enbpw I-c-Sn-bp-sam¶pw th-. Ip-d- v X-Snbpw an-Sp¡pw H-s¡-bp-

Å G-sX-¦nepw H-cp tOm«m ^-bÂ-hm-s\ In-«n-bmÂ aXn. A§-s\ B-sc-sb-¦nepw

In-«n-bmÂ B-Zy-ta ]-d-ªph-¨v sN-dn-sbm-cp Xp-Ibpw ssI-¿nÂ sh- p-sIm-Sp-¡-

Ww. F-¶n-«v Np-½m A-§v ]n-Sn-¨mÂ aXn. in-h³-]n-Å-bpsS Cu \nÀ-t±-i-t¯m-Sv

tbm-Pn-¡m³ ^-bÂ-hm-\m-bnÃ. H-¯p-]n-Sn-¡m³ X-s¶ In-«p-I-bn-sÃ-¶v A-bmÄ

]d-ªp ssZ-hn-I-Xz-ap-Å kw-K-Xn-bm-Wv Kp-kv-Xn F-¶m-Wv ^-bÂ-hm-sâ ]£w.

89. "A-sXm-s¡ C-t¸m-¡m-Wm- mT-am. A-{Í-sÊm-¶p ]-d-ªp X-¶m-a-Xn'þ F-´m-Wv

Im-Wm- mT-am-bn-«p-Å hn-jbw'.

D. Ip-td-¡m-e-am-bn ^-bÂ-hm-\p-am-bn Kp-kv-Xn-]n-Sn-¡m³ Bcpw Xnc-¡n h-cm- -Xn-

\mÂ ^-bÂ-hm-·m-sc C-t§m-«v hn-fn-¡m-\p-Å {i-aw in-h³-]n-Å Xp-S-§n. ap-¼v Ip-

d- p-t]À-¡v £-Wn-¨p-sIm-v I-¯v F-gp-Xn-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw H-cp a-dp-]-Snbpw D-m-

bnÃ. A-h-km-\-am-bn H-cp h-«w Iq-Sn {i-an¨p-t\m-¡m-sa-¶v in-h³-]n-Å I-cp-Xp¶p.

I-®qÀ, X-e-tÈ-cn `m-K-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³ D-s-¶v A-dn-ª-t¸mÄ A-bmÄ-

s¡m-cp I-s -gp-Xm-sa-¶v i-n-h³-]n-Å \nÀ-t±-in- -Xn-s\-¯p-SÀ-¶v ^-bÂ-hm³

I¯nsâ Bcw- -ambn ]Xnhv t]mse iw-Jv h-ct¨m F-¶p Xnc-¡n A-sXm-s¡

Xm³ ]-t sd-Un-bm-¡n h- n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶v in-h³-]n-Å A-dn-bn¨p. I-¯n-sâ

D-ÅS-¡w ]-d-bm³ ^-bÂ-hm³ {i-an- -t¸m-gm-Wv A-sXm-s¡ X-\n-¡v Im-Wm- mT-am-

sW¶pw A-{U-Êp ]-d-ªp-X-¶mÂ a-Xn-sb¶pw in-h³-]n-Å B-h-iy-s¸-«Xv.

90. "C-t§m-«mcpw h-¶n-tÃ-ev, F-hn-tSbpw t]m-bn ]n-Sn- p Im-sim-m-¡n sIm-p-h-cm³

]-d-sbSn! C-tÃ-t¸m-bn Iq-en-th-e sN¿-s«! X-Sn-sbmtÃm"



D. Kp-kv-Xn ]n-Sp- -anÃm-sX \-S-¡p-¶ ^-bÂ-hm³ ImÀ-¯n-¡v H-cp `m-c-am-bn Xp-S-§n-

bn-cp¶p. sh-dp-tX Xn-¶p ap-Sn-¡p-I-am-{X-am-Wv A-bmÄ sN-¿p¶-Xv F-¶m-Wv ImÀ-

¯n-bp-sS A- n-{]m-bw. A-bmÄ-¡p sN-e-hp-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\p ]-Ww in-h³-]n-Å

X-cp-am-bn-cp¶p. h-¶ph-¶p A-bmfpw ssI-a-eÀ-¯m³ Xp-S-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. H-cp Znh-

kw ^-bÂ-hm³ ]p-d¯p-t]m-Im-s\m-cp-§n-b-t¸mÄ Ipd- v tX-bn-ebpw ]-©-km-

cbpw Xn-cn- p-h-cp-t¼mÄ hm-§n-h-c-W-sa-¶v ImÀ-¯n B-h-iy-s¸«p. C-sÃ-¦nÂ Ime-

¯p Nm-b Ip-Sn-¡m-\m-hn-sÃ¶pw A-dn-bn¨p. CXv ^bÂhm-s\bpw `mcy N¡-sc-

tbbpw sNm-Sn- n-¡p-I-bp-m-bn. X-sâ `À-¯m-hn-\v Kp-kv-Xn ]n-Sn-¡m³ Bcpw h-cm-

-Xn-\m-em-Wv \ne-hnse km¼- nI {]-Xnk-Ôn F-¶v N-¡-c A-½-tbmSv

]d-ªp. C-t§m-«v h-¶n-sÃ-¦nÂ F-hn-sS-sb-¦nepw t]m-bn a-Õ-cn- p Im-ip-sIm-p-

h-cm³ `À- mhn-t\m-Sp ]-d-bWw F¶v ImÀ-¯n \nÀ-t±-in¨p. C-sÃ-¦nÂ X-sâ

tIm-gnI-sf Xn-¶p-m¡n-b X-SnbptÃm AXpsIm-p Iq-en¸-Wn sNbvXv ]W-ap-

m-¡s« F¶pw ImÀ¯n tZjy-t¯msS Adn-bn- p.

91. "Cu-sbm-cp kwK-Xn \½-fp c-p-t]-cÃm-sX H-cp- ³ A-dn-b-cp-Xv'þ kwK-Xn F´v?

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

92. "F-s¶ B s]-®p-¼n-Å h-¶p XÃn-s¡mÃpw. A-Xo-t`-Zw Rm-\q-sS Iq-sS h-cmw.

F-s¶bo \m-«o A-]-I-S-s¸-Sp- o-«v s]m-bv-¡-f-b-tÃ"- B-cp-sS A`yÀ°-\-bm-WnXv?

D. Kp-kv-Xn ]n-Sp-¯- n-\v ]pXn-b B-sf In-«m-sX h-¶-t¸mÄ ^-bÂ-hm³ \m-Sp-hn-Sm-

s\m-cp-§p¶p. ]-t£ A-bmÄ t]m-bmÂ ]n-s¶ Xn-cn-¨p h-t¶-¡nÃ F-¶ `-bw

in-h-]n-Å-bv-¡pv. a-säm-cp \m-«nÂ A-bmÄ-¡v `m-cy-bp-Å c-lkyw i-n-h³-]n-Å

^bÂhm³ ]dªv a-\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-«pv. B-Zyta A-¡mcyw A-dn-bm-sX-bm-Wv

inh³]nÅ N-¡c-sb ^bÂhm-s\-s¡mv sIm-p hn-hm-lw I-gn- n-¨Xv. Ah-

fpsS A½ ImÀ-¯n C-X-dn-ªmÂ D-m-tb-¡m-hp-¶ hn]-¯p in-h³-]n-Å B-tem-

Nn-¡m-t\ h-¿. A-tXmÀ-¯m-Wv A-bmÄ ^-bÂhm-t\m-Sv {]-kvXp-X A`yÀ°\

\-S-¯p-¶-Xv.

93. C-\n ap-XÂ H-ä am-{In-I-sfbpw sImÃp-¶n-sÃ-¶v I-®³ ]-d-bm-\p-Å Im-c-W-sa-´m-

bn-cp¶p?

D. X-h-fI-sf sImÃm-sX ]n-Sn- p-h-fÀ-¯m-\m-Wv X-§-fp-sS ]-²-Xn-sb-¶v I-®³ N¡-c-

sb Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. h-fÀ- n hen-b ap-«-·m-cm-bn am-dn-bmÂ \m-«n-ep-Å s]-¼n-Åmsc

Hm-tcm-cp -sc am-{In-sb-s¡m-p hn-hm-lw I-gn- n-¡-em-Wv A-h-cp-sS e-£yw.

94. "A-hÀ £a tNm-Zn¡pw t]m-se I®-s\ t\m¡n" Bcv? £-a tNm-Zn-¡m-\pm-b

km-l-Ncyw F´v?

D. A-bÂ-hm-knbm-b I®-s\ ImÀ- n Hcp hn-hm-l-¯n-\p t{]-cn- n-¡p¶p. X-sâ

a-IÄ N-¡c-sb I®-s\ sIm-v ]p-\À-hn-hm-lw sN-¿n- n-¡m³ ImÀ- n B-{K-ln-

¡p¶p. I-®-sâbpw ImÀ-¯n-bp-sSbpw hnhm-l-¡mcyw kw_-Ôn¨ kw- mj-Ww

ho«n-\-I¯v Ccp¶v N-¡-c tIÄ-¡p-¶p-m-bn-cp¶p. I-®-s\-s¡m-v X-s¶ DS³

hn-hm-lw I-gn- n¡pw F-¶p-d¸m-b km-l-N-cy-¯nÂ N-¡-c C-S-s]-Sp-¶p. I-®-s\

X-sâ N¯p-t]m-b a-I³ tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W-s\-t¸m-se-bm-Wv ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-sX-¶pw

I®sâ \·-bmWv Xsâ e£y-sa-¶p-apÅ A-½-bp-sS ]-d- nÂ I-Å- -c-am-sW-¶v

N-¡-c Xpd-¶-Sn-¡p-¶p. GsX-¦nepw A½ KÀ- n-Wnbm-b H-cp s]-®n-s\ kz- w aI-



sâ X-e-bnÂ h- p-sI-«n-s¡m-Sp¡ptam F-¶v N-¡c tNm-Zn-¡p¶p. Xm³ KÀ- n-Wn

B-b-Xn-\mÂ I®-sâ X-e-bnÂ sI-«n-sh-¡p-I-bm-Wv Xsâ A-½ F-¶pw N-¡-c

Xpd-¶p ]-d-bp¶p. Xm³ KÀ- n-Wn-bm-sW-¶ k-Xyw N-¡-c bm-sXm-cp k-t¦m-N-hp-

anÃm-sX I®s\ c£-s¸-Sp-¯m-\mbn A-h-cp-sS ap-¼m-sI sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.

C-sXÃmw tI-«v sR«n-¯cn¨ I-®-t\m-Sm-Wv £-a-tNm-Zn¡pw t]m-se ImÀ- n t\m-

¡p-¶-Xv.

95. in-h³-]nÅ-¡v ^-bÂ-hm³ A-b-¨ I-¯n-sâ D-ÅS-¡w F-´m-bn-cp¶p?

D. Xm³ ]-e-bn-S-¯m-bn I-d-§p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw C-t¸mÄ sXm-«-Sp-¯v H-cn-S-¯p-

s-¶pw 23 m w-Xn¿-Xn sh-Ån-bmgv-N \m-«n-te-¡v h-cp-sa-¶p- am-bn-cp-¶p ^-bÂ-

hm-sâ I-¯n-sâ D-Å-S¡w. X-sâ s]-®n-s\-¡p-dn-¨v G-Xm-v tIÄ¡m-\n-S-bm-bn.

tI-«-sXm-s¡ i-cnbmtWm F-¶v A-dnbp-I Iq-Sn h-c-hn-sâ D-t±-iy-am-sW¶pw

I- nÂ tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶p.

D]\ym-k am-Xr-I-bn-epÅ tNm-Zy-§Ä

96. ]-ß-cmP-sâ Xn-c-¡-Y-bp-sS k-hn-ti-j-XIÄ "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³' F-¶ Xn-c-

¡Y-sb ap³-\nÀ-¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

kqN-\: a-\p-jy Po-hn-X- n-ep-m-Ip-¶ _-Ô-§-fp-sS ssh-Nn-{Xy hn-ti-j-§-fn-

te¡pw ssh-Im-cn-Im-h-Ø-I-fn-te-¡pw hn-cÂ Nq-p-¶ Xc-¯nÂ cNn-¡-s¸« Xnc-

¡Yþ F-hn-sS \nt¶m h-¶v hfsc s]-s«-¶v lotdm B-bn amdn-b H-cmÄ Iq-sS \n-

¶-h-cmÂ t]mepw ]p-d- -Å-s¸-Sp-¶ Zpc´ IYm-]m-{X-ambn ]cn-W-an-¡p¶ Z-b\o-b

ØnXnþ ]n-Sn-In-«m-¯ \m-\mÀ-°-§-fp-sS Np-gn-bnÂ ho-Wp- ]n-S-bp-¶ am-\-kn-Ihpw

im-co-cn-I-hpam-b I-S- m-SpIÄþ ap-X-se-Sp- n-sâ ku-lr-Zw. (D-Z: ^-bÂ-hm-s\ ImÀ-

¯nbpw ta-kv-Xn-cn-bpw, N-¡c-sb tPmhpw) þ kn-\n-a-bp-sS B-cw- -¯nÂ I-®³

]n-Sn- X-h-f Nm-¡n-se Zzm-c-¯n-eqsS DuÀ-¶v t]m-Ip-¶ ko-³ kn-\n-a-bpsS D-Å-S¡-

s¯ km-[q-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw.

97. "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³' F-¶ ioÀ-j-I-¯nsâ Hu-NnXyw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

kpN-\: H-cp {Km-a-¯n-te-¡v F-hn-sS \nt¶m H-cp ^-bÂ-hm³ F-¯p¶pþ \m-«p-ImÀ

^-bÂ-hm-s\ G-sä-Sp-¡p-¶pþ Kp-kv-Xn CÃm-Xm-b-t¸mÄ asämcp Imcy- n\pw D]-I-

cn-¡m¯ ^bÂhms\ \m-«p-ImÀ A-t±l-s¯ X-Ån-¡-f-bp¶pþ \m-«nÂ \n-¶v

A-t±-lw F-t§mt«m Cd-§n t]m-Ip¶pþ kz´-amb C-Sw tX-Sepw t\-Sepw \-ã-s¸-

S-epw lr-Z-b-t`-Z-I-am-bn ]-ß-cm-P³ A-h-X-cn- n-¡p-¶p.

98. "^-bÂ-hm³' F-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-s¯ \n-cq]-Ww sN¿pI

kqN-\: Xn-c-¡-Y-bn-ep-S-\ofw Cu I-Ym-]m-{X- n-\v ^-bÂ-hm³ F-¶ t]-cm-Wv

D-ÅXv. kz-ám-b t]-cnÃþ F-hn-sS \n-¶p h-cp-¶p F-¶-dn-bnÃþ^-bÂ-hm³ F¶

t]cnÂ ]e-bn-S¯pw I-d-§-em-Wv Po-hn-X-¯n-eq-S-\o-fwþ`-ànbpw \n-jvT-bp-ap-Å hy-

àn-Xz-am-Wvþ\n-Xyhpw \Ã coXn-bn-epÅ `-£-Whpw hym-bm-ahpw C-t±-l-¯n-\v \nÀ-

_-Ô-amWvþ a-Zym-]\w, ]p-I-hen, kv-{Xo-hnj-bw XpS-§n bm-sXm-cp Zp-Èo-e-§fpw

CÃþ ^-bÂ-hm³ F-¶ sXm-gn-en-sâ Kp-W-hpw tZm-jhpw C-bmÄ-¡v \-¶m-b-dn-

bmwþ ^bÂhm-\mbn Pohn-t¡-n-h-¶Xv Xsâ hn[n-bm-sW¶v CbmÄ hniz-kn-

¡p-¶pþ kv-t\-ln- h-sc kv-a-c-W-bp-Å Iq-«-¯n-em-Wv C-t±lw. (DZm: N-¡c-¡v

]- p- cq-]- \Â-In-bXpw _o-]m-¯p-½ F-¶ `m-cysb HmÀ- -Xpw.)



99. N-¡-c F-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-¯n-sâ kzm- m-h-Nn-{Xo-Ic-Ww \-S-¯pI.

kqN-\: Xn-c-¡-Y-bp-sS Xp-S-¡-¯nÂ Ip-kr-Xnbpw Iu-Xp-Ihpw Xp-Sn-¡p-¶ kz- m-

hwþ]n-¶o-Sv Zp-c- I-Ym-]m-{X-am-bn A-hÄ ]-cn-W-an-¡p-¶p. ImÀ-¯n-bp-sS a-IÄ,

tPm-_n-sâ {]-W-bn\n, ^-bÂ-hm-sâ `m-cy, I®-sâ A-bÂ-hm-kn C-Xm-Wv N-¡-c-

bp-sS I-Ym-]m-{X-cq-]o-I-c-W-¯n-sâ \m-e-Xn-cpIÄþ Cu A-Xn-cp-IÄ-¡p-ÅnÂ

Ir-Xyam-b taÂ-hn-em-kw kr-ãn-¡m³ A-hÄ G-sd ]m-Sp-s]-Sp¶pþ I-®-t\m-Sm-Wv

A-hÄ XpS-¡w apX-te Iq-Sp-XÂ kzm-X-{ý-t¯m-sS C-S-]-g-Ip-¶-Xvþ^-bÂ-hm-

sâ `m-cy F-¶ ]Z-hn \Ã \n-e-bnÂ A-hÄ sIm-p \-S-¡p-¶pþA-bm-Ä hn«p-t]m-

b-t¸mÄ tPm-_n-sâ sI-Wn-bnÂ ho-gp-¶pþI®-sâ X-e-bnÂ sI-«n-sh-¡-s¸-Sp-sa-

¶m-b-t¸mÄ B bp-hm-hn-s\ c-£n-¡m³ Xm³- cl-ky-KÀ`w Npa-¡p-¶-h-fm-Wv

F¶v ]-c-ky-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.



Module - 3B-ßI-Y, kv-a-cW

1. F- m-Wv Po-h-N-cn{Xw BiographyH-cmÄ a-säm-cm-fp-sS Po-hn-X-hr- m-´w hmb-\-£-a-ambn F-gp-Xp-¶-Xm-Wv Po-h-N-cn-

{Xw. hy-àn-Xz-amÀ-¶ H-cp I-Ym-cq-]-am-Wn-Xv.

2. _-tbm-{K- n Biography F-¶ ]-Zw B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn¨-Xv B-cv ? F-hnsS?

D. 1683 "¹q-«mÀ¡v' k-am-lm-c- n-se-gpXn-b B-ap-J-¯nÂ ss{U-U³ F-¶ Cw-¥o-jv

km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\m-Wv _-tbm-{K- n F-¶ ]-Zw B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn- -Xv.

3. Po-h-N-cn-{X-¯n-\v H-cp \nÀ-ÆN-\w F-gpXp-I

D. I-em-kr-ãn F-¶ \n-e-bnÂ X-¿m-dm¡n-b H-cp hy-àn-bp-sS k-Xy-k-Ôam-b Po-hn-X-

tc-J-bm-Wv Po-h-N-cn{Xw F-¶v l-tcmÄ-Uv \n-Iv-k³ -\nÀ-Æ-Nn-¡p¶p.

4. e-£-W-sam- B-Zy-s¯ Po-h-N-cn-{X-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ Ir-Xn GXv?

D. A¼-Xp {]-ikv-X hy-àn-I-fp-sS Po-h-N-cn{Xw DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶ "se-hn³' B-Wv e-£-

W-sam- B-Zy Po-h-N-cn-{X-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. {In-kv-Xp-hÀ-jw 46þ120 Im-e-

§Ä-¡n-S-bnÂ Po-hn-¨n-cp-¶ ¹q-«mÀ-¡v B-Wv {Ko-¡p `m-j-bnÂ 'se-hn³' X-¿m-dm-

¡n-bXv. ¹q-«mÀ-¡n-\v ap-t¼ tImÀ-Wo-enb-kv \n- m-kv (_n.kn 99þ24) e- o-\nÂ

Nn-e-cp-sS Po-h-N-cn{Xw F-gp-Xn-bn-«p-s-¶v ]-d-b-s¸-Sp¶p.

5. a-e-bm-f- n-se B-Zy Po-h-N-cn-{X Ir-Xn GXv?

D. aÀkn-t\m-kv ]p-tcm-ln-X³ C-äm-en-b³ `m-j-bnÂ \n-¶v hn-hÀ -\w sNbv-X hn-ip-

² t{X-ky-bp-sS N-cn-{X kw-t£-]w 1886 Â BWv Cu Ir-Xn {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-«-Xv.

6. Bß-I-Y F-¶m-se´v?

D. H-cm-fp-sS Po-hnX-I-Y A-bmÄ X-s¶ F-gp-Xp-¶-Xm-Wv B-ßIY.

7. B-ßI-Ym c-N-\-bp-sS Kp-W-tZm-j-§Ä hn-e-bn-cp- p-I.

D. kz- w Po-h-N-cn-{X-am-Wv B-ßI-Y. kv-a-c-W-I-sf- Iq-«p-]n-Sn- p Po-hn-X-¯n-se {]-[m-\

kw-h- - hnImk§sf hm-b\m-tbm-Kyam-b co-Xn-bnÂ s]-dp-¡n s]-dp-¡n h-bv-¡p-I-

bm-Wv B-ß-I-Y-bnÂ c-N-bn-Xm-hv sN-¿p-¶Xv. H-cm-fp-sS Pn-hn-X-I-Y-bnÂ c-N-bn-Xm-hv

sN-¿p-¶Xv. H-cm-fp-sS Pn-hnX-I-Y A-bmÄ X-s¶ F-gp-Xp-¶p F-¶-Xn-\mÂ A-\p- -h-

§Ä k-Xy-k-Ô-am-Im\pw B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-Im\pw km[y-X Iq-Sp-X-emWv. F-¶mÂ

kz- w Po-hn-X-¯n-se FÃm k-Xy-§fpw Bcpw ]qÀ-®-am-bn Xp-d-¶p ]-d-bp-I-bnÃ

F-¶ kwi-bw hm-b-\m-¡mc-\p D-m-tb-¡mw. km-aqln-I Po-hn F-¶ \n-e-bnÂ

Nn-e Po-hn-Xm-\p- -h-§Ä a-d- p-sh-bv-¡m³ B-ß-I-Y-m-Im-c³ \nÀ-_-Ôn-X-\m-tb-

¡mw. Nn-e c-l-ky-§Ä ]-c-ky-am-¡p-t¼mÄ A-Xn-\p ]n-d-In-se F-gp-¯p-Im-c-sâ e-

£y-h-pw tNmZyw sN-¿-s¸-t«-¡mw. H-cm-fp-sS hy-àn-k- -bp-sS I-em-]-cam-b B-hn-

jv-¡m-c-am-Wv B-ßI-Y. B-b-Xn-\mÂ ssh-Im-cn-Ihpw {]-Úm-]-c-hp-am-b c-p-L-S-

I-§Ä B-ß-I-Y-bnÂ D-ÅS-¡w sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡pw. X-s¶ \-¶m-bn A-h-X-cn- n-¡-W-

sa-¶ Xz-c F-gp-¯p-Imc-sâ hn-th-N-\ {]-{Inb-sb {]-Xn-Iq-e-am-bn kzm-[o-\n-t¨-¡mw.

k-a-Nn- -X G-sd B-h-iy-am-bn- h-cp-¶ H-¶m-Wv B-ß-I-Ym c-N-\ Alw-t_m-[-¯n-

sâ am-\n-s^-tÌm B-bn Bß-I-Y X-cw-Xm-gm-Xn-cn-¡m\pw F-gp- p-Im-c³ {i-²n-

¡Ww. ssh-Im-cn-Ihpw {]-Úm-_-²-hpam-b L-S-Ihpw Xp-ey-am-bn tNÀ-¡m³ F-gp-

¯p-Imc-\p I-gn-bp-t¼m-tg \Ã Bß-I-Y P-\n-¡q.

B-ß-I-Y-bpw kv-a-c-Wbpw X-½n-ep-Å hy-Xym-kw F´v?



D. kv-a-c-W-I-fpw Reniniscenes B-ß-I-hr-¯m-´ I-Y-\-§fpw Memmories) B-

ßI-Ym hn- m-K- nÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¶-Xm-sW-¦nepw A-h X-½nÂ t\cn-b hy-Xym-k-§Ä

Dv. Bß-I-Y hr-¯m- -I-Y-\-§Ä kz- w Po-hn-X-¯n-se A-\p- -h k-µÀ- -§Ä-

¡v {]m-[m\yw \Â-Ip-t¼mÄ kv-a-c-W-I-fn A-\y-cp-sS Po-hn-Xw Fgp- p-Im-c\v

A\p- -h-s¸-«-Xnsâ hnh-c-W-§Ä¡m-bn-cn¡pw At±lw {]m-[m\yw sIm-Sp-¡pI.

kv-a-c-W-I-fp-sS e£yw F´v?

D. H-cmÄ X-\n-¡p A-dn-bm-hp-¶ hy-àn-I-sfbpw t\-cn-«p _-Ô-ap-Å A-\p-`-h-§-sfbpw

]-än b-YmÀ°y-t_m-[-t¯m-sS F-gp-Xp-¶ Hm-À-½-¡p-dn- p-I-fm-Wv kv-a-c-WIÄ.

hy-àn-Po-hn-X- n-sâ _m-lymw-i-§-fp-sS Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-am-Wv Ch.

10. B-Zy-s¯ Po-h-N-cn-{X-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp¶-Xv B-cp-sS Ir-Xn-bmWv?

D. ¹m-«mÀ-¡v

11. ¹q-«mÀ-¡n-sâ þþþþþ F-¶ Ir-Xn-bm-Wv B-Zy-s¯ Po-h-N-cn{Xw?

D. se-hn³

-12. a-e-bm-f- n-se B-Zy-s¯ Po-h-N-cn-{X {KÙw?

D. hn-ip-² t{X-kym-bp-sS N-cn-{X-kw-t£]w (1886)

13. 107 Po-h-N-cn-{X-§Ä DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶ 'a-l-Xv-Ncn-X kw-{Klw' {]-kn-²o-I-cn- -Xmcv?

D. tI-c-f-hÀ-½ henb tIm-bn- -¼p-cm³ (1895)

14 "sI. Zm-tam-Z-c³' F-¶ Po-h-N-cn-{X-{K-Ùw X-¿m-dm-¡n-bXv?

D. Fw. d-jo-Zv

15. B-Zy-s¯ B-ß-I-Y-bm-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶ IrXn?

D. I¬-s^-j³-kv

16. I¬-s^-j³-kv c-Nn¨-Xv Bcv?

D. skâv A-K-Ìn³ ({In.h. 354þ430)

17. a-e-bm-f- n-se B-Zy-s¯ B-ßIY?

D. B-ß-IY þ ssh¡-¯v ]m-¨p-aq- -Xv (1814þ1883)

18. a-e-bm-f¯n-e km-am-\y e-£-W-§-fp-Å B-Zy B-ßIY?

D. F-sâ \m-Sp-I-S-¯Â

19. F-sâ \m-Sp-I-S-¯Â F-¶ Bß-I-Y c-Nn¨-Xv

D. kz-tZ-im- n-am-\n cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å (1911)

20. hym-g-h-« kv-a-c-W-IÄ F-¶ Bß-I-Y F-gp-Xn-bXv?

D. _n. I-eym-Wn-b-½

21. 1978 Â tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an ]p-c-kv-Im-cw t\Sn-b B-ßIY?

D. F-sâ _m-ey-kv-a-c-W-IÄ (kn.A-¨p-Xta-t\m³)

22. I-®ocpw In-\mhpw F-¶ Bß-I-Y B-cp-tS-Xv

D. hn.Sn `-«-Xn-cn- m-Sv

23. 1971 se tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an ]p-c-kv-Im-cw t\Sn-b B-ßIY?

D. I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw

24. HmÀ-½-bp-sS A-d-IÄ F-gp-Xnb-Xv Bcv?

D. ssh-¡w ap-l½-Zv _-joÀ

25. 1992 Â tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an ]p-c-kv-Im-cw t\Sn-b Ac-§p Im-Wm-¯ \-S³



F-¶ Bß-I-Y c-Nn¨-Xv Bcv?

Xn-t¡m-Sn-b³

26. ]n. Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-b-cp-sS kva-c-W {K-Ù- n-sâ t]cv?

D. F-s¶ Xn-c-bp-¶ Rm-³.

27. Ip-«n-IÄ-¡m-bn a-l-Xv-N-cn-Xam-e F-¶ Po-h-N-cn-{X-am-e {]-kn-²o-I-cn- Øm-]\w?

D. ssIc-fn _p-¡v-kv

28. Po-h-N-cn-{X km-lnXyw F-¶ {K-Ùw c-Nn- Xv?

D. tUm. sI.Fw. tPmÀ-Pv

29. Po-h-N-cn-{X km-lnXyw a-e-bm-f- nÂ F-¶ {K-Ùw c-Nn- Xv?

D. \-Sph-«w tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W³

30. Po-h-N-cn-{X hn-Úm-\-tIm-i-¯n-sâ F-UnäÀ?

D. Fw.]n A- ³

31 C-h³ F-sâ {]n-b kn.sP. F-¶ Po-h-N-cn{Xw X-¿m-dm-¡n-bXv?

D. tdm-kn tXmakv

- IÀ-½ hn- m-Kw F-¶ B-ß-I-Y c-Nn-¨Xv?

D. hn.Sn. `-«-Xn-cn- mSv

32 X-s¶ Bcpw þþþþþþ F-¶p-am-{Xw hn-ti-jn- n-¡-cp-sX-¶ B-{K-lw ap-l½-Zv A-Ðp-d-

lv-am³ km-ln-_n-\p-m-bp-cp-¶p.

D. ap-\m- n-Jv (I-]S³)

33 ]- m-b- p-c-bn-se ]-¯m-b-§-fnÂ G-ähpw I-cp-X-tem-sS ]-cn-]m-en- n-¡-s¸«-Xv

G-XmWv?

D. hn-¯n³ ]- mbw

34 hn-ti-j-Z-n-h-k-§Ä A-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ A-´À-P-\-§-fp-sS B- -c-W§Ä 't]m-fn-jv'

sN-¿-s¸«-Xv F-§s\?

D. ]- m-b- n-\I-s¯ Iq-d F-¶ H-cn-\w ]m-ä-IÄ B- -c-W-§-fn-se sN-fn ap-gp-h³

`-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ B- -c-W-§Ä ]p- -\m-bn tXm-¶p-am-bn-cp¶p.

35 ]- m-bw F-¶ kv-a-c-W-bnÂ tZh-In \n-e-b-t§mSv HmÀ-¡p-¶ h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ

Ihn-X GXv?

D. A-cn- n-dmhv

36 h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ A-cn- n-dm-hv F-¶ I-hnX-¡v ]mc-Un {]-Xy-£-s¸«-Xv G-Xv am-kn-I-

bnÂ?

D. k-Rv-P-b³ amkn-I

37 am-«v F-¶ A-\p-kv-a-c-W-¯nÂ kq-Nn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ ssh-c-t¦m-Sv `-Kh-Xn t£-{Xw

Øn-Xn sN-¿p¶-Xv F-hnsS?

D. a-e- p-dw PnÃ-bn-se Xn-cqÀ Xm-eq-¡n-se Xn-cp-\m-hm-b-¡-Sp- v ]ÃmÀ F-¶ {Km-a-

¯nÂ

38. ssh-c-t¦m-Sv `-Kh-Xn t£-{X-¯nÂ DÕ-hw \-S-¡p-¶-sX¶v?

D. FÃm hÀ-jhpw a-ebm-f am-kw Ipw- w 10 \v

39 sX-¡pw-ap-dn sX-cp-fn Ip-ªn-t¡mc-sâ a-I³ Xm-an-¡v Dm-b B-{K-lw F´v?

D. ssh-c-t¦m-Sv the-¡v Ip-d-h-s\bpw Ip-d-¯n-sbbpw sI-«n-sb-gp-¶-Ån¡-Ww F-¶



]q-Xn-bm-Wv Xm-an-¡p-m-bXv.

40. B-gvhm-t©-cn X-{¼m-¡-·mÀ Xm-a-kn-¡p¶-Xv F-hnsS?

Xn-cp-\m-hm-b-¡-Sp-¯v B-X-h-\m«v

41. Xm-an-bp-sS I-eym-W-¯n-\v th- sN-e-shm-s¡ B-cm-Wv h-ln- Xv?

D. tIm-ln-\qÀ _m- p F-¶ _m- p ap-X-em-fn

42. Xm-an¡pw s]-®n\pw hn-hm-l-ti-j-ap-Å B-Zy k-Xv-Im-cw H-cp-¡nbXv F-hn-sS-bm-bn-

cp¶p?

D. _m- p-ap-X-em-fn-bp-sS ho-«nÂ

43. the-¡v sIm-«m-\p-Å Xp-Sn Xm-an kw-L-Sn- n¨-Xv F-hn-sS \n¶v?

D. A-¶m-c-¡m-c³ Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b-\nÂ \n¶v

44. Ip-ªn-t¡m-c³ a-cn-¡m³ Im-c-W-a´v?

D. tPm-en I-gn-ªv a-S-§p-t¼mÄ Ft´m I-v `b-¶v Pz-cw h¶v.

45. Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b³ tI-kv G-Xv tIm-S-Xn-bm-Wv ]-cn-K-Wn- Xv?

D. a-t©-cn tImSXn

46. Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b³ sIm-e-t¡-kv a-t©-cn tIm-S-Xn-bnÂ \-S-¡p-t¼mÄ A-hn-sS {]m-Îo-

kn-\p-m-bn-cp-¶ kn-\n-a-mXm-cw Bcv?

D. a-½q«n

47. Xm-an, Xsâ A-Ñ\pw `m-cy-bpw Ip-«n-Ifpw a-cn-¡m-\pÅ Im-c-W-¡m-c-\m-bn I-cp-

XnbXv Bcv?

D. Ip-ªn-¡n-fnb-s\

48. Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b³ X-sâ Ip-Spw_-s¯ F§-s\ \-in- n- p F-¶m-Wv Xm-an hn-iz-kn-

¨Xv?

D. I-Sp- ZpÀ-a-{´-hm-Zw sIm-v

49. `m-hn-bnÂ Xm³ G-Xv t]-cnÂ A-dn-b-s¸-S-W-sa-¶m-Wv I-tÃ³ s]m-¡p-S³ B-{K-ln-

¨Xv?

D. I-Â s]m-¡pS³

50. X-\n-¡v A-\y-am-bn tXm-¶n F-¶v s]m-¡p-S³ k-¦-S-s¸-« hn- m-Kw G-sXms¡?

D. X-sâ C-ã-s¸-« I-½yq-Wn-Ìv- ]mÀ-«nbpw ]p-e-b k-ap-Zm-bhpw

kmln-_v F-¶ a-\p-jy³

Fw. d-jo-Zv

51. "lo- hm-kv U-bn-©-d-kv-en tlm-W-kv-ä'vþ Bsc-¡p-dn-¨pÅ {]kvXm-h-\-bm-WnXv?

D. a-pl½-Zv A-Ðp-d-lvam³ km-ln-_n-s\¸-än kw-km-cn-¡-t¼m-sgÃmw A-t±-l- n-sâ

in-jy-·m-cn-sem-cmfm-b Fw. C-kv-lm-Jv ]-d-bp-¶XmWv: "lo- hm-kv U-bn-©-d-kv-en

tlm-W-kv-äv'(A-bmÄ A-]-I-S-I-camw hn-[w k-Xy-k-Ô-\m-bn-cp¶p)

52. AÂþA-ao³ {]-Êv P-]v-Xn sN-¿-s¸-Sm³ Im-c-Ww F´v?

D. H-cp I- -h-S-Øm-]-\- nÂ \n-¶v t{]m-t\m-«v {]-Im-cw Ipd- p ]-Ww A-Ðp-d-lvam³

km-ln-_v I-Sw hm-§n-bn-cp¶p. Im-e-l-c-W-s¸-«-Xn-\p ti-j-am-Wv t{]m-t\m-«n-s\¸-än

I- -h-S-¡mc\v HmÀ-½-h-¶Xv. X-sâ ]-Ww t]m-b-Xp X-s¶ F-¶p-d-¸n- B I- -h-

S-¡m-c³ km-ln-_n-s\ k-ao-]n-¨p ]-dªp. "t{]m-t\m-«v Im-e-l-c-W-s¸-s«-¦nepw I-Sw

ho-t«- I-S-a \n-§Ä-¡-dn-bn-tÃ? D-S³ km-ln-_v {]-Xn-h-Nn¨p. "Im-e-l-c-Ws¸«



\n-b-a-¯nÂ H-cn-¡epw H-cp ap-Én-an\pw A`-bw tX-Sm³ h-¿. C-t¸mÄ F-sâ I-

¿nÂ ]-W-anÃ. A-Xp-sIm-v Rm³ t{]m-t\m-«v ]p-Xp-¡n F-gp-Xn- -cmw" km-ln-_v

]p-Xp¡n- \ÂInb t{]m-t\m-«v ]n-Sn- p-sIm-Sp-¯ tI-kn-sâ ^-e-am-bn-«m-Wv ]n¶oSv

AÂ-A-ao³ {]-Êv P-]v-Xn sN-¿-s¸-«-Xv.

53. "A-k-Xy-¯n-s\-Xn-sc s]m-cp-Xm-Xn-cn-¡p-¶Xpw k-Xy-s¯ k-lm-bn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-¶Xpw

H-cp t]m-se-bm-b-Xp-sIm-v Rm³ tbm-K- nÂ ]-s¦-Sp-¯v \n-§sf F-XnÀ¡pw'.

BÀ-¡v B-tcm-Sm-Wv F-XnÀ¸v? F-´m-Wv F-XnÀ-¸n-\v Im-cWw?

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

54. "ap-l½-Zv A-Ðp-d-lvam³ km-ln-_v A-]-ISIc-amw hn-[w k-Xy-k-Ô-\m-bn-cp¶p'þ

Cu {]-kv-Xm-h\-sb km-[q-I-cn-¡p-¶ H-cp kw`-hw hn-h-cn-¡pI.

D. Ip-äym-Sn-bn-se ap¡-¯v sam-bv-Xo³ F-¶ ]-W-¡m-c³ A_vZp-dlvam³ km-ln-_p-am-

bn hf-sc A-Sp- -¯n-em-bn-cp¶p. F-´p k-lm-bhpw F-t¸mÄ th-W-sa- ¦nepw

km-ln-_n-\p \Â-Ip-¶-XnÂ k-t´m-jn-¡p-¶-bmÄ. A-t±-l- n-\p hf-sc Xm-Xv-]-cy-

ap-Å H-cp N- -bp-sS {]-iv-\w A-Sp- v tN-cm³ t]m-Ip-¶ Un-kv-{Sn-Îv t_mÀ-Uv tbm-

K- nÂ A-P--bn-ep-m-bn-cp¶p. X-sâ N-§m-Xn-¡v Xm-Xv-]-cy-ap-Å Im-cya-tÃ F-

¶p I-cp-Xn A-¡me-¯v t_mÀ-Uv Aw-Kam-b km-ln-_v C-Xn-s\¸-än hn-i-Z-am-bn A-

t\z-jn¨p. A-t¸m-sgm-cp-Im-cyw t_m-[y-ambn. k-Xyhpw \ym-bhpw X-sâ kv-t\-ln-

X\pw [-\n-I-\pam-b sam-bv-Xo-sâ `m-K¯Ã. ]m-h-s¸-«h\m-b F-Xn-cm-fn-bp-sS `m-K-

¯mWv. X-\n-¡-\p-Iq-eam-b \n-e-]m-Sv F-Sp-¡-W-sa-¶- yÀ-°n- -t¸mÄ, k-Xy- n-s\-

Xn-cm-bn \nÂ-¡m³ km-[y-a-sÃ-¶v km-ln-_v X-sâ kv-t\-ln-X-t\m-Sv ]-dªp. X-s¶

A-\p-Iq-en-t¡-s¶pw t_mÀ-Uv tbm-K-¯nÂ lm-P-cm-hm-Xn-cp-¶mÂ a-Xn-sb¶pw

sam-bv-Xo³ B-h-iy-s¸-«-t¸mÄ km-ln-_v sh-«n-¯pd-¶v ]-dªp: "A-k-Xy-¯n-s\-Xn-

sc s]m-cp-Xm-Xn-cn-¡p-¶Xpw k-Xy-s¯ k-lm-bn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-¶Xpw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-b-

Xp-sIm-v Rm³ tbm-K- nÂ ]-s¦-Sp- v \n§-sf F-XnÀ-¡pw.' km-ln-_v ]-d-

ªXp- t]m-se {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-sa¶pw X-·q-ew sam-bv-Xo³ _-²-i-{Xp-hm-Ip-sa¶pw

ap³-Iq-«n I- Nn-e A-\p-bm-bn-IÄ X-§-fp-sS t\-Xm-hv Un-kv-{Sn-Îv t_mÀ-Uv tbm-K-

¯nÂ ]-s¦-Sp-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m³ A-t¶ Zn-h-kw tIm-gn-t¡m-Sn-\v ]p-d-¯v Nn-e ]-cn-]m-Sn-

IÄ Bkq-{XWw sNbvXp. ]t£, A-Xp-sIm-sm¶pw ^-e-ap-m-bnÃ. t_mÀ-Uv

tbm-K- nÂ ]-s¦-Sp- km-ln-_v sam-bv-Xo-s\-Xn-sc i-à-am-bn hm-Zn¨p. A-tXm-sS

sam-bv-Xo³ A_vZp-dlvam³ km-ln-_n-sâ I-Sp-¯ i-{Xp-hm-bn am-dp-I-bpw sk³-{SÂ

A-kw-»n C-e-£-\nÂ km-ln-_n-s\-Xn-sc {]-hÀ- n-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. sam-bvXosâ

bm-sXm-cphn-[ ]-cn-{`-atam Zp:Jtam kmln-_n\v D-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ.

55. "kz-´w k- -Xn-bp-sS A-Im-e-a-c-W-¯nÂ ]n-Xm-hn-\p-m-Ip-¶ Xo-{h-Zpx-J-am-bn-cp-¶p

km-ln-_n-\v A-t¸mÄ" þ F-t¸mÄ?

D. ap-l½-Zv A-Ðp-d-lvam³ km-ln-_n-sâ ho-«n-se h-fÀ- p-ar-K-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p s_- n

F-¶ ]p-Ån-am\pw F-Ên F-¶ ]q- -bpw. km-ln-_n-sâ Im-dn-sâ tlm¬ tI-«mÂ

A-hÀ tdm-U-cn-In-te¡v Hm-Sn-sb-¯pw. Su-Wn-\-I- p-Å sNdn-b bm-{X-I-fnÂ s_- n

Nn-e-t¸mÄ Im-dnÂ km-ln-_n-sâ k-l-bm-{Xn-I-bm-Im-dpv. t]- -«n-bp-sS I-Sn-tb-äv

s_-¨n N- -t¸mÄ kz-´w k- -Xn-bp-sS A-Im-e-a-c-W-¯nÂ ]n-Xm-hn-\p-m-Ip-¶

Xo-{h-Zpx-J-am-bn-cp-¶p km-ln-_n\v.



56. cm-jv{So-b-{]Xn-tbm-KnI-sf hn-«p-ho-gv- -bnÃm-sX t\-cn-Sp-am-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw ap-l½-Zv

A-Ðp-d-lvam³ km-ln-_n-sâ F-XnÀ- v H-cn-¡epw hy-àn-\n-jvT-am-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ-¶v te-

J-I³ ]-d-bp¶-Xv F- p-sImv?

D. tIm¬-{K-Ên-\I-¯v A-Ðp-d-lvam³ kmln-_nsâ I-Sp-¯ F-Xn-cm-fn B-bn-cp-¶p

sI.tI-f¸³. sI. tI-f- -s\-Xn-sc kn.]n. a-½p-t¡-bn F-¶-bmÄ H-cp tI-kv sIm-

Sp¯p. km-ln-_pw tI-f- \pw X-½nÂ Io-cn-bp-sS ]m¼pw t]m-se I-gn-bp-¶ k-a-b-

am-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ tI-f-¸-s\-Xn-sc A-Ðp-d-lvam³ km-ln-_v km-£n-]-d-bp-sa-¶v tI-

bn I-cpXn. A-Xn-\p th-n t\-cn«pw kv-t\-ln-X-·mÀ ap-tJ-\bpw tI-bn km-ln-_n-

sâ taÂ k-½À-±w sN-ep- n. F¶mÂ Xm-\pw tI-f- \pw X-½nÂ cm-jv-{So-bm- n-{]m-

b hy-Xym-k-ap-s-¦nepw hy-àn-]-c-am-bn A-t±l-s¯ D-]-{Z-hn-¡m³ Xm-s\m-cn-

¡epw Iq-«p-\nÂ-¡p-I-bnÃ F-¶ \n-e-]m-SmWv km-ln-_v kzoI-cn- -Xv.

57. "Xp-d-¶ i-{Xp-X F-\n-¡n-ã-am-Wv"þ k-µÀ- -taXv?

D. tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv ap³-kn- Â sN-bÀ-am³ Øm-\-¯n-\p bp. tKm-]-eta-t\m\pw tIm-gn-

¸pd- v am-[-hta-t\m\pw X-½nÂ ]n-Sn-h-en-bp-mbn. Cu c-p ta-t\m-·m-cnÂ km-

ln-_n-s\ ]-c-ky-am-bn Iq-Sp-XÂ t{Z-ln- n-«pÅ-Xv tKm-]m-eta-t\m-\m-Wv. A-Xp-sIm-

v sI.]n.kn.kn {]-knUâv F-t¶ \n-e-bnÂ A-Ðp-d-lvam³ km-ln-_n-sâ

]n´pW tIm-gn- p-d- n-\m-bn-cn-¡p-sa-¶m-Wv FÃm-hcpw I-cp-Xn-b-Xv. ]t£, A-t±-

lw tKm-]m-eta-t\m-s\-bm-Wv A-\p-Iq-en- Xv. X-·q-ew tKm-]m-eta-t\m³ sN-bÀ-am-

\m-b-t¸mÄ A-Ûp-Xw Iqdn-b kp-lr-¯p-¡-tfm-Sv km-ln-_v ]- dªp. "i-{XpX

F-\n-¡n-ã-am-Wv'..

58. ssh-¡w ap-l½-Zv _-joÀ A-Ðp-d-lv-am-s\-¡p-dn-¨v kv-a-cn- -Xv F-´m-bn-cp¶p?

D. ssh-¡w ap-l½-Zv _-jo-dn-s\ A-{X-sbm¶pw Bcpw A-dn-bm-Xn-cp-¶ Im-ew. Hcn¡Â

I-d-§n-¯n-cn-ªp tIm-gn-t¡m-s«-¯n A-ao³ tem-Uv-Pn-sâ h-cm- -bnÂ In-S-¶p-d-§p-

t¼mÄ hn-fn- p-WÀ- n X-sâ Ducpw t]cpw H¶pw A-t\z-jn-¡m-sX kmln_v `£-

Ww X-¶ A-\p- -h-am-Wv _-joÀ F-gp-Xn-b-Xm-bn te-J-I³ kv-a-cn-¡p-¶Xv.

59. "c-t c-p hm-¡p-I-fm-Wv Rm³ sam-gn-ªXv. A-Xn-\v B hn-in-ã kv-a-cWn-I

A§-s\ hn-I-e-am-Im³ Im-c-W-am-b-XnÂ Rm³ C-¶ph-sc F\n¡v am- v \Â-In-bn-

«nÃ'.

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

60. ap-l½-Zv A-Ðp-d-lvam-s\-¡p-dn-¨v sI.F. sIm-Sp-§Ãq-cn-sâ kv-a-c-W- hnh-cn-¡p-I.

D. ap-l½-Zv A-Ðp-d-lvam³ km-ln-_n-sâ h-fÀ-¯p-]p-{X\m-b A-ÐpÃ F-¶ sI.F.

sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv sP.Un.än. bnÂ ]Tn-¡p-¶ Im-ew. kÀ¡-kv ImW-Ww

F-¶ H-cp ]q-Xn Hcn¡Â sI.F. sIm-Sp-§Ãq-cn-\v D-m-bn-cp¶p. H-cp Znh-kw D¨-

¡p ti-jw tlm-kv-ä-enÂ B-tcm-Spw ]-d-bm-sX sI.F. sIm-Sp-§Ãq-À tlm-kv-ä-enÂ

\n-¶pw ]p-d-¯n-d-§n. IÃm-bn tdm-Un-se A-ao³ tem-Uv-Pn-se-¯n-bn-«m-Wv B H-fn-

t¨m-«w \n-¶Xv. tem-Uv-Pn-se ap-dn-bnÂ Ib-dn h-¶ sI.F. sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ km-ln-_v

tIÄ-s¡ ap-c-S-\¡n. F-t´ h-¶ Imcyw F-¶v km-ln-_v A-t\z-jn- -t¸mÄ "kÀ-

¡kv' sF-¶p am-{X-am-Wv sI.F. bp-sS hm-bnÂ \n-¶p D-bÀ-¶Xv. C-¡mcyw A-t±-

l-t¯m-Sp ]-d-bm³ F§-s\ ss[-cyw h-¶p F-t¶mÀ-¯v sI.F. sIm-Sp-§Ãq-cn-\v

]n-¶oSpw A-Ûp-Xw tXm-¶n-bn-«p-v.



kÀ¡-kv ImW-Ww F-¶ B-hiyw tI-« km-ln_v t]m-bn \n-kv-¡-cn- p hm

F-¶p I-ev-]n¨p. sI.F. ]n-s¶ X-sâ B-hiyw A-dn-bn¨p. "\n-kv¡-cn-¨p h-cm\-tÃ

]-d-ª-Xv' F-¶v km-ln-_.v kÀ-¡-Ên-\n-S-s¡-´v \n-kv-Im-cw F-¶ `m-h-¯n-Â

sI.F. A-hn-sS¯-s¶ \n¶p. km-ln-_v D-S³ AI-s¯ ap-dn-bnÂ t]m-bn DS-s\ aS-

§n h¶p. "\n-t¶mS-tÃ \n-kv-I-cn- p h-cm³ ]-d-ª-Xv?' F-¶pw ]-d-ªv h-Sn-sIm-v

\Ã A-Sn sIm-Sp¯p. sIm-tm-«n X-§Ä kv-t\-lm-Zc-§-tfm-sS A-t±-l- n-\p

k-½m-\n- a-t\m-l-cam-b B hSnbpsS ]n-Sn-ap-dn-ª-t¸m-gm-Wv A-Sn A-h-km-\n- -Xv.

B hn-in-ã kv-a-cWn-I A§-s\ hn-I-e-am-Im³ Im-c-W-am-b-XnÂ sI.F. kz-bw

am- v \Â-In-bn-«nÃ.

A-Sn I-gn-ªv km-ln-_v ]d-ªp "th-Kw \n-kv-I-cn-¨p hm kÀ-¡-Ên-\p

t]mImw". D-S-s\ sam-bv-Xo³ ]-Ån-bnÂ t]m-bn \n-kv-Im-cn¨p aS-§n h-¶ Xt¶mSv

AhnsS hnf-¼n-sh¨ `£-Ww I-gn-¡m³ ]-dªp. AXpw I-gn-ªv Ip-Xn-c-h-n-

bnÂ km-ln_pw Ip-«nbpw kÀ-¡-kn\p-t]mbn. kÀ-¡-Ên-se A- ym-k-§-tf-¡mÄ

sI.F. sIm-Sp-§Ãq-cn-s\ B-Ý-cy-s¸-Sp-¯nb-Xv A-Ðp-d-lvam³ km-ln-_v F-¶ a-\p-

jy-\m-bn-cp¶p. X-s¶ A-Sn-¡p-Ibpw ti-jw kÀ-¡-kn-\v Iq-«n-s¡m-v t]m-bn sXm-

«-Sp-¯n-cp-¶p kÀ¡-kv Im-Wp-Ibpw sNbvX B a-\p-jy³: "\-½p-sS C-S-bnÂ Cu

P-·w F§-s\ D-mbn? A-tÚ-bamb B {]-Xn- m-k- n-sâ DZ-bw F-§-s\-

bp-bn?' F¶v sI.-F. sImSp§ÃqÀ AÛp-X-t¯msS kvacn-¡p-¶p.

61. A-ao³ tem-Uv-Pn-se A-Ðp-d-lvam³ km-ln-_n-sâ km-[m-c-W K-Xn-bn-se Zn-\-N-cy-

IÄ F-s´m-s¡-bm-bn-cp¶p?

D. DWÀ¶-bp-S-s\-bpÅ {]- m-X-Ir-Xy-§Ä-¡v ti-jw tlm-«-enÂ \n¶pw H-cp Nm-b

h-cp-¯n-¡p-Sn-¡pw. A-Sn-b-´-c-am-bn sN-bv-Xp XoÀ-t¡ tPm-en-I-sfm-¶p-an-sÃ-¦nÂ,

\-S-¡m³ t]m-Ipw. B \-S- -¯n-\n-S-bnÂ G-sX-¦nepw kv-t\-lnX-sâtbm A-\p-bm-

bn-bpsS-tbm ho-Sp k-µÀ-in-s -¶p h-cpw. ]- -sh-Å-¯nÂ Ip-fn-I-gn-ª ti-jw {]m-

XÂ I-gn-¡pw. tem-Uv-PnÂ X-s¶-bn-cp-¶p tPm-en-sb-Sp-¡p-¶ Zn-h-k-am-sW-¦nÂ ]-Xn-

s\m-¶v a-Wn-¡v H-cp Nm-b Ip-Sn-¡pw. D- - -£-W-¯n-\v ap-t¼ fp-lv-dv \n-kv-Imcw. H-cp

a-Wn-¡v tNmdpw ao³ I-dnbpw H-cp ]- -¡-dn-¡q-«m-\p-a-S§n-b D- - -£-Ww. B-tcm-Ky-

Zr-V-Km-{X-\m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw In-«p-¶-sXm¶pw hm-cn-h-en-¨p Xn-¶p-¶ kz-`m-h-w km-ln-

_n-\v D-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. A-ao³ tem-Uv-PnÂ ]-e-t¸mgpw D- - -£-W-¯n-\v I-ªnbpw

N-½- nbpw D-m-hm-dpv. `-£-W-ti-jw kzÂ-]-t\-cw InS-¶p hn-{i-an-¡pw. Iq-«-

¯nÂ sN-dn-sbm-cp a-b-¡hpw D-WÀ-¶-Xn-\v ti-jw bm-{X-sN-t¿- ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-sfm-

¶p-an-sÃ-¦nÂ F-gp¯ntem hm-b-\bntem k-µÀ-i-I-cp-s¦nÂ Ah-cp-ambn kw- m-

j-W¯ntem GÀ-s¸-Spw. \m-ep-a-Wn-¡v Nm-b Ip-Sn-¡pw. Nn-e-t¸mÄ A-Xn-s\m- w H-cp

t_m- (kp-Jn-b³) cm{Xn C-im-\n-kv-Im-c- n-\v ti-jw Ht¶m ctm I-jv-Ww

sdm-«nbpw No-c-t¯m-c\pw GsX¦n-ep-sam-cp ]-ghpw H-cp ¥m-kv sh-Åhpw Ip-Sn-¡pw.

]¸m-b B-bn-cp-¶p At±-l-¯nsâ C-ã-s¸-« ]-gw ]n-¶o-Sv Ip-td- t\-cw hm-bn-¡p-

Itbm F-gp-Xp-Itbm sN-bv-X-ti-jw kp¶- v \n-kv-I-cn-¨v In-S-¶p-d-§pw. C-Xm-bn-cp-

¶p km-ln-_n-sâ A-ao³ tem-Uv-Pn-se Zn-\-Ncy.

]¯m-bw

tZh-In \n-e-b-t§m-Sv



62. hn-hn-[X-cw ]-¯m-b-§Ä Gh?

D. h-en-b ]-¯mbw, sNdn-b ]-¯mbw, F-Sp-¯p-sI-«n-b ]-¯mbw, hn-¯n³-]-¯mbw,

]- m-b-s¸«n, s]-«n- -¯m-bw

63. s]-«n- -¯mb-s¯ tZh-In \n-e-b-t§m-Sv ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p¶-Xv F-§s\?

D. hn-hn-[X-cw ]-¯m-b-§-fnÂ s]-«n- - -b-am-Wv G-ähpw sN-dpXv. c-p-t]À tNÀ-¶v

F-Sp- p-am-än-sh-¡m-hp-¶Xv. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn C -cw H-cp ]-¯m-bw ]-Wn-XoÀ-¯v

hn-ev-]-\-¡m-bn ho-«p-]-Sn-¡Â sIm-p-h-cp-t¼mÄ B ]- m-b-¯nÂ sIm-Åp-¶-{X

s\Ãv B-Wv A-Xn-\v hn-e-bm-bn \Â-In-bn-cp-¶Xv. s]-«n- - m-b-§Ä A-Sp-¡-f-bnepw

ta-e-Sp-¡-f-bn-ep-am-Wv Øm-]n-¡p-I. A-Sp-¡f tPm-en-IÄ-¡n-S-bv-¡v A-´À-P-\-§Ä-

¡v hn-{i-an-¡m³ C-h D-]-I-cn-¡pw. A-¶-t¶-¡p-Å ]q-Pm-{Z-hy-§fpw ]m-{X-§fpw

s]-«n- -¯m-b-¯n-em-Wv kq-£n¡p.

64. "H-¶p-a-dn-bn-sÃ-¦nepw C -cw 'sdm-am³kv' Im-Wm³ R-§Ä Ip-«n-IÄ sN-¶p

\nÂ¡pw'þ "sdm-am³-kv' F-´m-bn-cp¶p?

D. ]m-«-¡mÀ A-f-¶p-Xq-¡p-¶ s\Ãv ]-¯m-b-¯n-te-¡v am-äp¶-Xv C-cn-¡-W-½-amcpw hm-

ey-¡m-cp-am-bn-cp¶p. ]- m-b-¯n-\p ap-¶nÂ _-©n-«v H-cmÄ \n-e-bp-d- n-¡pw. a-säm-

cmÄ ]-¯m-b-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ C-Sp-¶ s\Ãv ImÂ-sIm-v N-hn-«n H-Xp-¡m\pw \n-ev-]p-

m-hpw. Hmtcm ]-¯m-b- n-\p ap-¶nepw Cu kw-hn-[m-\w D-m-Ipw. h-«n-bnÂ

\nd- v X-e- p-a-Sm-bn s\Ãv ]-¯m-b-¯n-\-Sp-s¯-¯n-¡p¶-Xv C-cn-¡-W-½-am-cm-Wv. Nn-

eÀ-¡v Nn-e {]-tXy-I Xm-Xv-]-cy-§fpw C-ã-§-fp-sam-s¡ D-m-bn-cn-¡pw. X-§Ä

sIm-p-h-cp-¶ s\Ãv C-¶ BÄ hm-§-W-sa-¶v Nn-eÀ \nÀ_-Ôw ]n-Sn-¡pw. A-

Xn-s\- mÃn I-i-]n-i-bp-m-Ipw. Nn-e ]n-W-¡-§fpw D-m-Ipw. Cu "sdmam³kv' Im-

Wm-\m-Wv Ip-«n-IÄ X-Sn-¨p-Iq-Sn-bn-cp-¶Xv.

65. H-cp Ip-Spw-_-¯nsâ sF-iz-cy-¡mgv-N F-¶v tZh-In hn-ti-jn- n-¡p¶-Xv F- ns\?

D. \m-ep-sI-«n-se a-¨n-se ]- m-b- nÂ s]m-¶m-cy³ s\Ãv \nd-ªp In-S-¡pw. Xm-sg

ap-gp-h³ I-a-gv- n sh-¨ kzÀ-®-\n-d-amÀ-¶ D-cp-fn-I-epw

hmÀ- p-I-fpw. a- n-se ]-¯m-b-¯nÂ s\Ãv B-tm-Sm-v \nd-ªp In-S-¶mÂ FÃm-

hÀ¡pw k-am-[m-\-am-Ipw. C-sXm-s¡ H-cp Ip-Spw-_-¯nsâ sF-iz-cy-¡m-gv-N-I-fm-bn-cp-

¶p-sh-¶ teJn-I kv-a-cn-¡p¶p.

66. "\n-e-h-d-¡p-n-'sâ {]-tXy-I-X F-s´ms¡?

D. ]- m-bw t]m-se `-£y-kq-£n- n-\p-]-tbm-Kn- n-cp-¶-Xm-Wv \n-e-h-d-¡pv. k-a-\n-c-

¸nÂ \n-¶v Bd-Sn Xm-gv- -bnÂ ]Wn-X sNdn-b ap-dn-bm-Wv \n-eh-d. C-d-§n-t¸m-Im³

]-Sn-IÄ D-m-bn-cn-¡pw. C-Xv \m-ep-sI-«n-sâ G-Xp- mK-¯p th-W-sa-¦nepw ]-Wn-

bmw. tKm-h-W- p-h-«n-em-Wv an-¡ \n-e-h-d-¡p-p-I-fpw. \o- I-cn-¦Â-¸m-fn-IÄ X-d-

bnepw Np-h-cnepw taÂ- -«nepw ]m-In-bm-Wv \n-e-h-d-¡p-p-m-¡p-¶Xv. A-Xn-sâ

ap-I-fnÂ km-[m-c-W-bm-bn H-cp ]- m-b-ap-m-Ipw. hm-Xn-en-\-cn-In-em-bn a-c A-gn-IÄ

]m-hn hm-bp-k-©m-cw A-ev-]-sa-¦nepw km-[n-¡p-¶ hn-[-¯n-em-Wv C-Xv ]-Wn-bp-I.

hÀ-jw ap-gp-h³ kq-£n-t¡- D- p-am-§bpw I-Sp-am-§, sN- p-am-§, D-ep-h-am-§,

D-W-¡-am-§ Xp-S-§n-b-h D- n-en-«-Xp-I-fpw (A-¨m-dpIÄ) C-hn-sS-bm-Wv sh-¡p-I. ap-

dn-bnÂ kq-cy {]-Im-i-anÃm-¯n-\mÂ ]p-fna-Ww In-«n-h-cp-¶ "\p-g¼v" F-¶ sN-dp-{]m-

Wn-¡v C-XnÂ \n-e-\nÂ-¸v CÃm- -Xn-\mÂ `-£y-km-[-\-§Ä hÀj-§-tfm-fw tI-Sp-



Iq-Sm-Xn-cn-¡pw.

67. \m-ep-sI-«n-se `-c-Wn-IÄ hr-¯n-bm-¡n-bn-cp¶-Xv F-§s\?

D. I-dp- v an-\p- v a[yw hn-I-kn- v c--ähpw Np-cp-§n-¡m-Wm-dp-Å `-c-Wn-IÄ A- -

Ên-sâbpw k-ar-²n-bp-sSbpw {]-Xo-I-am-bn-cp¶p. `-c-Wn-¡v Db-cw h-f-sc-bp-s-¦nÂ

A-Xv ap-¡mÂ `m-Khpw Ip-gn- n-« co-Xn-bn-em-Wv Im-Wm-dp-Å-Xv. `-c-Wn-IÄ H-gn-bp-

t¼mÄ A-h hr-¯n-bm-¡m-\m-bn Gtgm Ft«m hb-Êv {]m-b-ap-Å H-cp s]¬-Ip-«n-

sb ssI-Im-ep-IÄ I-gp-In-¨v C-Xn-\-I-t¯-¡v ]n-Sn- n-d-¡p-I-bm-Wv ]-Xnhv. N-In-cn-bpw

hm-Ibpw sh-Åhpw sIm-v A-hÄ `-cWn I-gp-In-¯pS-¨v hr-¯n-bm-¡Ww. Ah-

sf ssI-]n-Sn-¨v ap-I-fn-te-¡v Ib-än a-säm-cm-sf hopw `-c-Wn-bn-en-d-¡pw. A-e¡n-b

io-e-sIm-v `-c-Wn-bp-sS DÄh-iw ctm aqt¶m {]m-hiyw hr-¯n-bm-bn Xp-S-¡-em-

Wv ]ns¶. Cu `-c-Wn-bn-en-d-¡-¯n-\v Ip-«n-IÄ D-Õm-l-t¯m-sS Du-gw Im-¯p

\nÂ-¡m-dp-m-bn-cp-s¶-¶v tZh-In kv-a-cn-¡p-¶p.

68. "s\Â- -¯m-b§-sf Ip-Spw-_mw-K§Ä sF-iz-cy- n-sâ {io-tIm-hn-ep-I-fm-bm-Wv I-

n-cp¶-Xv"þ hn-i-Z-am-¡pI.

D. ]p-Xp-hÀ-jw ]nd-¶v B-Zy-s¯ A-\p-jvTm-\am-b CÃw \n-d-bv-¡v I-XnÀ-¡p-e-IÄ-s¡m-

¸w ]- m-b-§-sfbpw ]q-Pn-¨n-cp¶p. ]- m-bw hr- n-bm¡n, tXmc-Ww Xq-¡n A-e-

¦-cn-¡p-w. Kr-l-\m-Y³ BZyw sIm-bv-Xp h-cp-¶ I-cnÀ¡p-e ]q-P-bv-¡v ti-jw ]-¯m-

b- nÂ Øm-]n-¡pw. IpSpw-_mw-K-§Ä C-XnÂ Iq-«p-Iq-Spw. ]n-¶oSv Hmtcm E-Xp-

kw-{I-a-W-th-f-I-fnepw {]-tXy-I A-\p-jvTm\-§-tfm-sS ]-¯m-b§-sf B-Z-cn-¨n-

cp¶p. Ipw- -am-k- n-\p ap-¼p-Å "D- m-cÂ A-S-¡Â", [-\p-am-k- nse "]pfn' F¶n-

h C -cw B-Nm-c-§Ä-¡v D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.

69. Hmtcm a-\-bn-sebpw ]-¯m-b-§-sf- -än-bp-Å H-cp G-I-tZ-i-hnh-cw FÃm-hcpw a-\-

ÊnÂ Ip-dn- n-Sm³ {i-an-¨n-cp-¶-Xn-sâ Im-c-W-sa´v?

D. ]- m-bw G-ähpw hen-b {]-iv-\tam kz-]v-\tam B-bn-cp¶-Xv A- À-P-\-§Ä-¡m-bn-

cp¶p. s]¬-a-¡-fp-sS `m-hn-sb¸-än D-Xv-I-WvT-I-fnÂ A-hÀ `-£-W-Im-cy-¯n-se-

¦nepw kp-c-£n-X-cm-bn-cn-¡-W-sa-¶v A-½-amÀ B-{K-ln¨p. s\-Sp-\mÄ aw-K-ey- n\pw

Du-Wv ap-«m-Xn-cn-¡m-\p-am- bn-cp-¶p A-h-cp-sS {]mÀ°-\. s]¬-a¡-sf {]-k-hn-¡p-

¶ A-½-am-cp-sS {]Xo-£ a¡-sf B-tm-Sm-v D-®m³ D-Å CÃ-t -¡v sIm-Sp-

¡m³ X-c-s¸S-tW F-¶m-bn-cp¶p. A-tXm-sSm-¸w A-hn-Sp-s¯ ]-¯m-b-§-fp-sS k-

ar-²n-sb¸-än B-sc-¦n-epw ]-d-ª-dn-bm³ B-{K-ln-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿pw. ]m-«w In-«p-¶

s\Ãv Du-Wn-\v Xn-I-bm-sX h-¶mÂ Øn-Xn Z-b-\o-b-am-hpw. \-¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ-¡v ]pd- v

A-¼-e-§-fnÂ hm-c-k-Zy¡pw t]m-Imw. {]- p-Ip-Spw-_-§-fnÂ sN-¶p ]mÀ-¡mw. Du-«p-

I-fnÂ ]-s¦-Sp-¡mw. kz-´w CÃ- v A-´À-P-\-§fpw Ip-«n-Ifpw F§-s\ I-gn-ªp

Iq-Sp-¶p F-¶v A-t\z-jn-t¡- B-h-iy-anÃ. ]-ecpw A§-s\ A§-s\ A-e-k-am-

bn \-S-¡m-dp-m-bn-cp¶p. A-Xp-sIm-v aI-sf sIm-Sp-¡m³ \n-Ý-bn-¡p-t¼mÄ A-½-

amÀ BZyw A-dn-bm³ B-{K-ln-¡p¶-Xv B CÃ-¯v ]m-«w ]n-Sn-¨p-In-«p-¶ s\Ãv `-£-

W-¯n-\v Xn-Ibptam F-¶m-Wv. h-c³ hr-²t\m hn-I-emw-K-t\m, a-µ-_p²ntbm atäm

BtWm F-¶ A-t\zj-Ww D-bÀ-¶p tIÄ-¡m-dnÃ. A-Xm-bn-cn¡mw a-\-bn-se ]m-

¯m-b-IW-¡v FÃm-h-cpw a-\-Ên-em-¡m³ Im-cWw.

70. "a-äp k-ap-Zm-b-§-fn-se A-Sp-¡-f-IÄ C-{X t£m- n- p I-n-«nÃ'



AsÃ-¦nÂ

71. "A¯cw kss¹ Hm- o-kÀ-am-sc A- À-P-\-§Ä A-¶-]qÀ-tW-iz-c-\m-bn Ip' Im-

c-W-sa´v?

D. c-mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-²-Ime-¯v \m-«n-se§pw I-Sp- £m-a-ambn. _À-½-bnÂ \n-¶v

henb tXm-Xn-XÂ C-d-¡pa-Xn sN-bv-X-s¸-«n-cp-¶ A-cn-bp-sS hc-hv \n-e¨p. \m-«n-se

s\Ãn-\v Xo-]n-Sn-¨ hn-e-bmbn. P-·n-amÀ kz- w ]- m-b-§-fnÂ s\Ãv H-fn- n-¨p-sh-

¡m\pw hen-b Xp-I-bv-¡v hnÂ-¡m\pw Xp-S§n. A-t¸m-gm-Wv se-hn k-{¼-Zm-bw h-

¶Xv. Ip-Spw-_mw-K-§-sfbpw A-Xym-hiyw th-e-¡m-scbpw F-®n H-cmÄ-¡v H-cp t\-

c-t -¡v Bdv Hu¬-kv A-cn-¡p-Å s\Ãv ho-Xw A-Sp-¯ hn-f-sh-Sp- v \-S-¡p-¶-Xp-h-

sc-bp-Å IW-¡v D-m-¡n _m-¡n-h-cp-¶ s\-sÃÃmw K-h¬-saâv tem-dn-I-fnÂ I-b-

än sImp-t]mbn. hn-ti-jm-h-k-c-§-fnÂ sNdnb tXm-XnÂ k-Zy H-cp-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å

A-cn-bp-sS I-W¡pw A-Xn-ep-m-Ipw. kz- -am-bn Ir-jn sNbv-X s\Ãpw ]m-«w A-f-

¶Xpw H-s¡ C-Xn-epÄ-s¸-«n-cp¶p. A-¡m-e-¯v A-Sp-¡-f-I-fnÂ C-cp-«v hym-]n- n-cp-¶-

Xm-bn tZh-In \n-e-b-t§m-Sv kv-a-cn-¡p¶p. A-¼-e-¡p-f-¯nepw t£-{X-]-cn-k-c¯pw

kw-km-c-hnj-bw C-Xp-X-s¶-bmbn. hm-c-§fpw Du-«p-Ifpw ]-cn-an-X-ambn. \-¼q-Xn-cn-

amÀ ip-WvTn-sb-Sp- v ]q-apJ- v Np-än \-S-¶-t¸mÄ A-Sp-¡-f-bn-se A-´À-P-\-§Ä

s\-Sp-hoÀ- n«p. hn-hm-lw, a-c-Wm\- -c N-S-§p-IÄ F¶n-h kss¹-Hm-^n-k-dp-sS A-

\p-hm-Z-t¯msS A¼-Xv t]À-¡v F-¶ I-W-¡n-sem-Xp¡n. a-äp k-ap-Zm-b-§-fn-se A-

Sp-¡-f-Ifpw hÃm-sX t£m- n¨p. A-hÀ I- , tKm-X¼v, am-t{Im-Wn t]m-ep-Å `-£y-

h-kv-Xp-¡Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ io-en- p Xp-S§n. se-hn A-f-¶n-Sp-t¼m-Ä Hm- o-k-dp-sS

I-®v sh-«n- v Ip-td ]-Xncpw hm-cn-bn-«v C-cn-¡-W-½-amÀ A-h-tcm-Sp-Å tZjyw XoÀ-¡p-

am-bn-cp-¶-s{X. A-¶ an-¡ kss¹-Hm- o-kÀ-amcpw A-¿-·m-cm-bn-cp¶p. \-¼q-Xn-cn CÃ-

§-fn-se `-£-W-¯n-sâ [m-cm-fn- w A-hÀ-¡v \-¶m-bn A-dn-bm-am-bn-cp¶p. t£-{X-

§-fn-sebpw a-\-I-fn-sebpw `-£y-ta-f-I-fnepw A-hcpw ]-s¦-Sp-¡m-dp-Å-XmWv. se-hn

A-f¶p-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ ]- m-b-§-fp-sS ap-¡nepw aq-e-bnepw Im-Wm-¯ `m-h-¯nÂ

Ipd- v A-[n-Iw [m-\y-ti-jn- p-IÄ C-«m-Wv A-hÀ a-S-§n-t¸m-Im-dp-ÅXv. A- À-P-\-

§Ä A¯cw Hm- o-kÀ-am-sc A-¶-]qÀ-t®-iz-c-\m-bn I-W-¡m-¡n-bn-cp-¶p-h-s{X.

am«v

hn.sI {io-cm-a³

72. I-eym-W-¯n-\v ]p-d-s¸-Sm³ t\-cw Xm-an-¡p«n-tbm-Sv Iq-«p-Im-c³ sk-bv-Xe-hn ]-d-ª-

sX´v?

D. amÀ-¡Ãym-W-am-Wv (amÀ-Kw I-gn-¡Â A-sÃ-¦nÂ kp¶- v IÃymWw) \-S-¡p-¶-Xv.

Xm-an-¡p-«n-sb kp¶-¯v I-gn-¡m-\m-Wv sIm-«p-w ]m-«p-am-bn sImp-t]m-Ip-¶-Xv F-¶v

Iq-«p-Im-c³ sk-bv-Xe-hn Xman-tbm-Sv ]-d-bp-¶p.

73. s]-®v-sI-«n-\v t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ Xm-an-sb A-½ {]-tXyIw HmÀ-½n- n-¨ Imcyw F-´m-bn-

cp¶p?

D. I-eym-W-¯n-\v t]m-Ip-¶ h-gn-¡v ap-v A-gnªp-t]m-bmÂ sNdn-b A-½m-h-t\m-Sv ]-

d-ªv A-Xv i-cn-bm-bn D-Sp- n-¡Ww. Xp-Wn-¡v A-Sn-bnÂ {Su-k-dp-s-¶v I-cp-Xn Xp-

Wn-b-gn- v tXm-fn-en-«v \-S-¡-cpXv. Xm-an C-t¸mÄ I-eym-W sN-¡-\m-Wv F-¶ HmÀ-½

thWw. hf-sc sNdn-b {]m-b-¯nÂ hn-hm-ln-X-\m-tI-n-h-¶ a-I³ Xm-an hÃ A-{i-



²-tbm hn-IrXntbm Im-Wn-t¨-¡p-sa-¶ `-bw Im-c-W-am-Wv A-½ am-X Ah-s\ C§-

s\ HmÀ-½n- n- Xv.

74. "tXm-ev am-Sm-\p-Å Im-bv sIm-Sp-¡-Ww-¶-tÃ-bp-Åq'

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

75. "Hm³ a-lm- \oi\m...... C-¿v H-¶v ]-d-ªp-sIm-Spt¯m Hm-\v Hd-¡w F-Wo-¡p-t¼m'

B-sc-¡p-dn-¨mWv Cu ]-cm-aÀiw? F-´m-Wv ]-d-ªp-sIm-Sp-t¡- Im-cyw?

D. Ipw- - am-k-¯nÂ \-S-¡p¶ ssh-c-t¦m-Sv th-e-bv-¡v Ip-d-h-s\bpw Ip-d- n-sbbpw

F-gp-¶-Ån- p-h-¶-Xn-sâ £o-W-¯nÂ In-S-¶p-d-§p-¶ Xm-an-sb A-Ñ³ Ip-ªn-t¡m-

c³ H- -bn-«p-WÀ-¯m³ {i-an-¡p¶p. th-e-¡v F-gp-¶-Ån- n-\p-th-n A-¶m-c-¡m-c³

Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b³ F-¶ kp-lr-¯nÂ \n-¶m-Wv Xp-Sn hm-S-I-¡v F-Sp-¯Xv. th-e I-gn-

ªv t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ Xp-Sn tXm-ep-s]m-fn-ªn-cn-¡p¶p. Ip-ªn-t¡m-c³ a-I-t\m-Sv

C-Xn-s\-s¨mÃn tZ-jy-s¸-Sp¶p. A-Ñ-³ A-Xv {]-iv-\-am-t¡-s¶pw Xm³ X-s¶ Ip-

ªn-¡n-fnb-\v t\-cn-«v Xp-Sn sImp-t]m-bn sIm-Sp-¡m-sa-¶pw tXm-ep-am-Sm-\p-Å- Im-

iv sIm-Sp-¡m-sa¶pw Xm-an AÑ-s\ A-dn-bn-¨v H-¶p-Iq-sS ]pX- v aq-Sn In-S-¡p¶p. A-

t¸mÄ D-½-d-t -¡v i-Ðw tI-s«¯n-b `m-cy am-X-tbm-Sv Ip-ªn-t¡m-c³ ]-d-bp-¶p.

a-I³ hn-Nm-cn-¡p-¶-t]m-se-bp-Å B-fÃ A-¶m-c-¡m-c³ Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b³ B-fv

a-lm \o-N-\m-Wv. am«pw a-{´hpw ]-Xn-\m-dp-]Tn- v Xr-ssh-c-s\bpw Nm-ap-n-tbbpw

tk-h sN-bv-Xv ]q-Pn-¡p-¶-h-\mWv. Xm-an D-WÀ-¶mÂ C-¡m-cy-sam-¶pw th--hn-[w

]-d-ªp sIm-Sp-t¯-¡-Ww F-¶v Ip-ªn-t¡m-c³ `m-cy-sb D-]-tZ-in-¡p¶p.

76. "Rm-\pw-sâ sN-¡\pw tNm-c-\o-cm-¡n ]m-S¯pw ]-d-¼nepw \-bv-¨n-«m I-t¿-WXv. A-

s¶-t¸m-sf I-Åpw Ip-Sn-¨v am«pw am-c-tWmw sN-bv-Xv \-S-¡-Wn-ey'þ k-µÀ- -sa-gp-XpI.

D. th-e-bv-¡v Ip-d-h\pw Ip-d- nbpw F-gp-¶-Ån-¡m-\m-bn A-¶m-c-¡m-c³ Ip-ªn-¡n-

fnb-sâ c-v Xp-Sn a-I³ Xm-an-¡p-th-n Ip-ªn-t¡m-c³ I-Sw-hm-§n-bn-cp¶p. th-e-

bp-sS B-th-i-¯nÂ Xp-Sn cpw s]m-«n-s¸m-fnªp. A-Xn-sâ hm-S-Ibpw tXm-ep-am-

äm-\p-Å Iq-enbpw Iq-Sn \q-än-b¼-Xv D-dp- n-I-bm-Wv Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b³ B-h-iy-s¸-«Xv.

F-¶mÂ ap- -¯nb-©v D-dp¸n-I am-{X-am-Wv Xm-an \Â-In-bXv. _m-¡n Xp-I In-«m-Xn-cp-

¶-t¸mÄ I-Åp-jm- nÂ sh- v Ip-ªn-t¡m-c\pw Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b\pw X-½nÂ hm-t¡-

ä-Wmbn. C-Xm-Wv k-µÀ`w. Ip-ªn-t¡m-c-s\ sh-Åw Ip-Sn- n-¡p-sa¶pw Xo-¿v Xo-än-

¡p-sa-¶pw hm- p-ap-X-em-fn-bp-sS D-kv-dv-½-ep-Å (D-in-c-n³-taÂ) A-h-sâ-bpw a-I-

sâbpw \S- w A-h-km-\n- n-¡p-sa¶pw Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b³ shÃp-hn-fn- -t¸mÄ Ip-

ªn-t¡m-c³ a-dp]-Sn \Â-Ip-¶-Xm-Wo hm-¡y-§Ä. X-sâ tcm-a-¯nÂ sXm-Sm-\m-hn-

sÃ¶pw hm- p ap-X-em-fn-bp-sS D-in-cn³-ta-eÃ kz- w A-²zm-\-¯n-em-Wv Xm\pw a-

I\pw I-gn-bp-¶-sX¶pw Ip-ªn-t¡m-c³ ]-d-bp¶p. Ip-ªn-¡n-fnb-s\ t]m-se I-

Åp-Ip-Sn- v amc-Ww sN-bv-XÃ X-§Ä Po-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. X-sâ ssI-sIm-v H-¶v In-«n-

bmÂ Ip-ªn-¡n-fnb-sâ Nq-c-t¡mepw H-Sn-a-dn- -epw H-s¡ t]m-Ip-sa¶pw Ip-ªn-

t¡m-c³ Xm-¡o-Xv \Â-Ip¶p.

77. am-§m-«n-cn jm- nÂ Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b³ Ip-Sn-¡m³ I-b-dp-t¼mÄ B-fp-IÄ Ip-Sn-\nÀ-

¯n ]-Ww sIm-Sp- p Xn-Sp-¡-s¸-«v C-d-§n-t¸m-Im³ Imc-Ww F-´m-bn-cp¶p?

D. Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b-\p-am-bn am-§m-«n-cn jm- n-se A-Sn-]n-Sn-I-gn-ª-Xn-sâ Ggmw Zn-hkw,

tPm-en I-gn-ªp a-S-§p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶ Ip-ªn-t¡m-c³ Ft´m I-p `-b¶p. sXm-«-



Sp- Znh-kw Pz-cw h¶p. a-cp¶pw a-{´-hp-sam¶pw ^-en- nÃ. Ip-ªn-t¡m-c³ ]-\n-

h-¶ Ggmw \mÄ a-cn¨p. H-Sn-]-än-bn-«m-Wv Ip-ªn-t¡m-c³ a-cn- -sX-¶v B-fp-IÄ

AS-¡w ]-d-bm³ Xp-S§n. A-tXm-sS jm- nÂ Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b³ h-¶mÄ B-fp-IÄ

D-S³ Ø-ew Im-en-bm-¡m³ Xp-S-§n.

78. "GtXm hn-ti-j-s¸-« X-e-bm-sW-t¶ t]m-eo-kp-Im-c³ I-cp-Xn-bpÅp. Fkv.sF ¡v

Im-gv-N-h-bv-¡m-\m-hpw" k-µÀ- w F-gp-XpI.

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

79. "kv-{Xo-IÄ Ip-«nI-sf ]p-c-bv-¡-I-¯m-¡n hm-Xn-e-S¨p. FÃm i-Ð§-fw s]-s«-¶-

S§n. FÃm Zr-iyhpw \n-Ý-e-am-bn" Im-c-Ww F- m-bn-cp¶p?

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

80. "]-tl-sâ H-cp X-am-i-. ¶mepw B Nn-cn A-{X ]- n-bÃtÃm?' þ B-cp-sS Nn-cn? F-

´m-bn-cp-¶p X-ami?

AsÃ-¦nÂ

81. "AXpw ssI-bnÂ ]n-Sn-¨v C-hn-sS-t¡-dn H-cp So Ip-Sn- n-«v t]mImw F-¶v Ah-\v tXm-

¶nbmtem?'þ BÀ¡v? I-¿nÂ F-´m-bn-cp¶p?

D. A-Ñ³ Ip-ªn-t¡m-c³ a-cn- -Xn-sâ ]-Xn-\memw Zn-h-k-am-Wv Xm-an-bp-sS `m-cy ap-n-

¡v t]äp-t\m-hv Xp-S-§n-bXv. Xn-cqÀ B-ip-]-{Xn-bnÂ DS-s\ F- n-s -¦nepw I-\-

c-à-{kmh-s¯ Xp-SÀ-¶v ap-nbpw Ip-«nbpw a-c-W-aSªp. X-sâ Ip-Spw-_-¯n-sâ

Zp-c- - n-\p Imc-Ww Ip-ªn-¡n-fnb-sâ ZpÀ-a-{´-hm-Z-am-sW-¶v Xm-an hn-iz-kn- p.

a-c-Wm-\´-cw ]n-X-\memw Znh-kw Xm-an ho-«nÂ \n-¶nd-§n \-S¶p. am-§m-«n-cn jm- n-

sâ ]-Sn-ªm-dp-h-i-¯p-Å Ip--\n-S-h-gn-bnÂ sh- v Xm-an Ip-ªn-¡n-fnb-sâ X-e

A-dp-s -Sp¯p. A-Xp I-v \m-«p-ImÀ X-Sn-¨p-IqSn. kv-{Xo-IÄ B Imgv-N Im-Wm-Xn-

cn-¡m³ Ip-«nI-sf ]p-c-¡-I-¯m-¡n hm-Xn-e-S¨p. A-dp-s¯-Sp-¯ Xe ssI-bn-se

tXmÀ- nÂ s]m-Xn-ªp Xq-¡n- n-Sn¨p. A-XnÂ \n-¶p tNm-c C-än-äp ho-gp¶p. \-S-¶-

Ie-th F-Xn-sc h-¶ X-®n-ap{In Xman-tbm-Sv ssI-¿n-se-´m-sW-¶v tNm-Zn¨p. Ip-ªn-

¡n-fn-b-sâ X-e-bm-sW-¶v a-dp]-Sn X-am-i-bm-bm-Wv ap-{In-¡v tXm-¶n-bXv. t]m- nd- n

hm-§n tXmÀ-¯nÂ sI-«n-Rm-¯n _m- p ap-X-em-fn-bp-sS ]p-c-bn-te-¡v sImp-t]m-

Ip-¶p F-¶m-Wv ap{In hn-Nm-cn- Xv. F-¦nepw A-Xp-]-d-bp-t¼mÄ Xm-an-bp-sS Nn-cn-

bnÂ Ft´m ]-ń-tI-Sp-Å-Xm-bn ap-{In-¡v tXm-¶n.

BÄ-¡q-«w Xm-an-bp-sS ]n-¶m-se Xr-¡-n-bq-c-¼-e- n-sâ ap-¶n-eq-sS t]m-

eo-kv IzmÀ-t«-gv-kp-IÄ IS-¶v Sn.kn tdm-Un-te-¡v I-S¶p. B-kv-]{Xn ]-Sn-¡-ep-Å K-

tW-jv `h-sâ j-«À Xm-gv-¯n-bn-«p kzman. B X-ebpw ]n-Sn- v Xm-an Nm-b-Ip-Sn-¡m³

I-S-bn-te-¡v Ib-dn hcptam F-¶v A-bmÄ `-b¶p. aq-¶p In-tem-ao-äÀ \S-¶v t]m-

eo-kv kv-täj-sâ D-½d-¯v F¯n-b Xman-tbm-Sv ]m-dm-hp \n¶ t]m-eo-kv F- m-Wv

I-¿n-se-¶v tNm-Zn¨p. X-sâ I-¿nÂ Ip-ªn-¡n-fnb-sâ X-e-bm-sf-¶v Xm-an- a-dp]-Sn ]-

dªp. G-tX hn-ti-j-s¸-« In-fn-bp-sS X-e-bm-sW-¶m-Wv t]m-eo-kp-Im-c³ I-cp-Xn-

bXv. "BÀ-¡v sIm-Sp-¡m-\p-Å-Xm-sW-¶' ]m-dm-hp-Imc-sâ tNm-Zy-¯n-\v "BÀ-¡m-Wv-

¨m sIm-Sp-t¯m-fn³:" F-¶v ]d-ªv Xm-an tXmÀ-¯nÂ s]m-Xn-ª X-e ]m-dm-hp-

Imc-sâ ap-¶n-te-¡n«p. C-XpI-v tK-änÂ Xn-§n-\n-d-ª P-\w BÀ-¯p-hn-fn¨p. ]m-

dm-hp-Im-c³ tXm¡pw hn-«v kv-täj-sâ A-I-t -¡v ]mªp.



82. "Hm-tcmtcm hn-izm-k-§f-tÃ \-½p-sS IÀ-½-§Ä-s¡m-s¡ B-[m-cw. i-cn-tbXv,

sX-täXv? \-ap-s¡-§-s\-bm-Wv Xn-cn- -dn-bpI?

D. G-d-\m-«n-se {]-am-Zam-b Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b³ sImet¡kv kn-\n-a-bm-¡nbmtem F-¶v

kn-\n-am-Xm-cw a-½q-«n B-{K-ln- n-cp¶p. A-¡mcyw hn.sI {io-cm-a-t\m-Sv ]d-ªp .

F- n-\m-Wv A-§-s\-sbm-cp kn\n-a F¶ tNm-Zy-¯n\v "A-Ô-hn-izm-k-§Ä-s¡-

Xncm-b kn-\n-a-bmWv" F-¶ a-½q-«n-bp-sS a-dp]-Sn tI-«-t¸mÄ {io-cm-a³ tNm-Zn-¡p-¶-

Xm-Wn-Xv. FÃm IÀ-½-§Ä¡pw B-[mcw Hm-tcmtcm hn-izm-k-§-fm-b-Xn-\mÂ A-h-

bn-se i-cn-sX-äp-IÄ Xn-cn- -dn-bm³ \-ap-s¡§-s\ I-gn-bp-sa¶pw {io-cm-a³ tNm-Zn-

¡p¶p.

83. B Nn-cn-bp-sS AÀ-°w F-\n-¡v Ip-td-sÈ a-\-Ên-em-hm³ Xp-S-§p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p.

B-cp-sS Nn-cn-bp-sS AÀ-°-am-Wn-hn-sS kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv.

D. Ip-ªn-¡n-fnb-s\ I-gp- -dp-¯v sIm-¶-Xn-\v Xm-an-sb Xq-¡n-s¡mÃm³ tImS-Xn

hn-[n¨p. Xn-cqÀ Sn._n- bnÂ sh- v t\-cnÂ I--t¸mÄ {io-cma³ Ip-ªn-¡n-fnb-s\

sIm-tÃ-n-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ-¶v tXm-¶p-¶n-tÃ F-¶p tNm-Zn- -t¸mÄ AÀ-°w a-\-Ên-em-Im-

¯ X-c- nÂ H-cp Nn-cn Nn-cn¨p. Xm-an-bp-sS AÑ-sâ ac-Ww Ip-ªn-¡n-fnb-sâ H-Sn-

sh- v B-bn-cp-¶q F-¶v Xm-an C-t¸mgpw hn-iz-kn-¡p-¶ptm F¶ tNm-Zy-¯n-\v

Xm-an ]-d-ª a-dp]-Sn C-XmWv. "A-Ñ³ am-{XaÃ; F-sâ ap-nbpw Ip-«nbpw a-cn-

¨Xpw Ip-ªn-¡n-fnb-sâ H-Sn- -tWym-v X-¶ymWv. A-Xn-ev kw-i-bney. a-cn-¡-tW-

sâ ap¼v Hm³ sN-bv-Xp-h- ]-Wn-sIm-v Rm³ P-bn-en sI-S-¡pt¼m F-sâ H-cp

tam³ Iq-Sn a-cn¨p. Hm-sâ Xe t]m-tb-sâ ti-jw \m-«n-sem-cp sIm-b-t¸mw CÃ". Xm-

an hopw Nn-cn¨p. B Nn-cn-bp-sS AÀ-°w X-\n-¡ Ip-td-sÈ a-\-Ên-em-Im³ Xp-S-§p-

I-bm-bn-cp-¶p F-¶m-Wv hn.sI {io-cm-a³ ]-d-bp-¶Xv.

I-Â Po-hn-Xw

I-tÃ³ s]m-¡p-S³

84. X-\n-¡n-ã-s¸-« k-ap-Zm-bhpw ]mÀ-«nbpw A-\y-am-bn tXm-¶p-¶p F-¶p s]m-¡p-S³

]-d-bm³ Im-c-W-sa´v?

D. B-Zy-Ime- v k-Po-h-I-½yq-Wn-Ìv cm-jv{So-b-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp-¶p s]m-¡pS³. I-½yq-Wn-

kw F-¶ B-i-b-kw-ln-X-bpw kn-²m-´hpw A-dn-bn-sÃ-¦nepw ]m-h-§-fp-sS Iq-sS

\nÂ-¡p-¶ ]mÀ-«n F-¶ \n-e-¡m-Wv s]m-¡p-S³ I-½yq-Wn-kv-äv-Im-c-\m-bXv. F.sI.Pn

B-bn-cp-¶p A-t±-l-¯n-sâ C-ã-s¸-« t\-Xmhv. ]mÀ-«n \-S¯n-b k-a-c-§-fnÂ ]-s¦-

Sp¯pw ]mÀ-«n B-h-iy-s¸-«-sXÃmw sN-bv-Xp-sIm-Sp¯pw s]m-¡p-S³ X-sâ ]mÀ-«n

Iq-dv {]-I-Sn- n-¡p-am-bn-cp¶p. ]t£, ]n-¶o-Sv ]-e Im-c-W-§-fmÂ ]mÀ-«n-¡v

X-t¶mSpw X-\n-¡v ]mÀ«n-tbmSpw A-Sp- w Ip-d-ª-Xm-bn s]m-¡p-S³ {]-kv-Xm-hn-

¡p¶p. Ip-Sn-bm³ _nÃv kw-c-£n-¡m³ sNbv-X k-a-chpw a-«-¡-W-sIm-v ]-¯v

skâv Af-¶p sIm-Sp-¡m³ Im-Wn-¨ B-th-i-hpw 1980 IÄ B-b-t¸m-tg¡pw ]mÀ-«n-

¡v CÃm-Xm-b-Xm-bn s]m-¡pS-\v tXm¶n. A-tXm-sS A-t±-l-¯n-\v cm-jv{So-b-¯nÂ

a\-kv a-Sp-¯p.

C-S-Xp-]-£-¡m-c\m-b H-cp ]p-eb-s\ DÄ-s¡m-Åm³ am{Xw B-Zy-Im-e-§-fn-se ]p-e-

b-k-ap-Zm-bw h-f-cm- -Xn-\mÂ ]p-e-b-k-ap-Zm-b- n\pw X-s¶ DÄ-s¡m-Åm-\m-bnÃ.

F-¶mÂ C-t¸mÄ ]p-e-b k-ap-Zmb-s¯ DÄ-s¡m-Åm³ C-S-Xp-]-£-¯n\pw C-Xph-



sc km-[n-¨n-«nÃ F-¶v s]m-¡p-S³ t_m-[y-am-b-Xm-bn A-t±-lw ]-d-bp¶p. A-tXm-sS-

bm-Wv X-\n-¡n-ã-s¸-« c-v hn- m-Khpw þ k-ap-Zm-b-hpw ]mÀ-«nbpw þ X-\n-¡v A-\y-am-

b-Xm-bn s]m-¡pS-\v tXm-¶n-b-Xv.

85. I-Â \-«p-h-fÀ- p-¶-Xp-sIm-p-Å {]-tbm-P-\-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

D. I-S-en-se A-sÃ-¦nÂ Im-b-ense D- p-sh-Åw ip-²o-I-cn-¡m\pw Im-än-s\ X-S-bm\pw

Ic-sb kw-c-£n-¡m\pw I-Â-Im-Sp-IÄ {]-tbm-P-\- s¸-Sp-¶p. A-t\-Iw a-Õy-

C-\-§Ä-¡v ap-«-bn-«v s]-cp-Ip-¶-Xn\pw I--ep-IÄ km-l-N-cy-sam-cp-¡p¶p. ]p-g-

bnÂ \n-¶p-Å Xn-c-b-Sn-¨v Nn-d X-I-cp¶-Xv I--ep-I-fp-sS k-lm-b-t¯m-sS X-S-bmw.

Iq-Sm-sX Im-gvN-¡v G-sd a-t\m-l-cam-b Zr-iy-sam-cp-¡m³ IÂ-¡m-Sp-IÄ A-h-k-c-

sam-cp-¡p¶p.

86. "\-ap-¡v F-¶m-Wv C-sXm-s¡ t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-I"þ I-tÃ³ s]m-¡pSsâ Cu tNm-Zy- n-

sâ {]-k-àn- hy-à-am-¡pI?

D. I-Â Ir-jn-sb-¡p-dn¨pw A-Xn-sâ {]m-[m-\y-s -¡p-dn¨pw hy-à-am-bn A-h-X-cn- n-

¡p-I-bm-Wv I-Â Po-hn-Xw F-¶ te-J-\-¯n-eq-sS I-tÃ³ s]m-¡pS³. {]-Ir-Xn-

kw-c-£-W- n-\v h-\-hÂ-¡c-Ww A-h-iy-am-Wv. h-\-hÂ-¡-c-W kw-cw- -¯nÂ G-

sd {]m-[m-\yw I--ep-IÄ-¡v \Â-I-W-sa-¶v s]m-¡p-S³ A- n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. {]-Ir-

Xn ]-e-X-c- nÂ tIm-]n- v \m-iw hn-X-bv-¡p¶-Xv \mw C-¶v \n-Xyhpw Im-Wp¶p.

\n-Ê-lm-b-cm-bn t\m-¡n-\nÂ-¡m-s\ a-\p-jycm-b \-ap-¡v ]-e {]-Ir-Xn hn-]-¯p-IÄ-

¡vvv ap-¶nepw I-gn-bp-¶pÅp. sIm-Sp-¦m-ä-Sn-¨pm-b Po-h-\m-ihpw aäpw ]-{X-¯nepw

Sn.hn-.bn-ep-sam-s¡ \mw Im-Wp¶p. a-\p-jy³ Im-c-W-am-Wv C¯-cw Zp-c- -§Ä

kw- -hn-¡p-¶Xv. bm-sXm-cp ho-p-hn-Nm-c-hp-anÃm-sX a-\p-jy³ Xo-c-¡m-SpI-sf sh-«n

\-in- n-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p¶p. cm-jv{So-b-¡mÀ, D-tZym-KØÀ, tIm¬-{Sm-ÎÀ-amÀ XpS-§n

k-I-eÀ¡pw Cu Im-cy-¯nÂ H-tc XmÂ-]-cy-amWv. ]p-gbpw N-Xp¸pw a-®n-«v \n-I-

¯p-t¼mÄ hÀ-j-Ime-s¯ A-[n-IP-ew DÄ-s¡m-Åm-\m-Im-sX sh-Å-s¸m-¡w

D-m-Ipw. Xo-c-{]-tZi-s¯ I-Â-¡m-Sp-IÄ \-in- n-¡m-Xn-cp-¶mÂ sIm-Sp-¦m-änÂ

\n-¶v c-£-s¸-Sm-sa-¶v C¶-s¯ Ime-¯v ]-{X-§Ä hmÀ-¯ sIm-Sp-¡m³ Xp-S§n.

FÃm ]- ¸pw CÃm-Xm-Ip-t¼mÄ Np-g-än-b-Sn-¡p-¶ H-cp Im-äv aXn, a-\p-jyÀ-s¡Ãmw

\-ã-s¸-Sm³. Cu Im-cy-§-sfm-s¡ a-\p-jyÀ-¡v F-¶m-Wv t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-I F-¶-Xm-Wv

I-tÃ³ s]m-¡pS-sâ {]-k-àamb tNm-Zyw.



Module - 4k-©m-c-km-lnXyw

1. a-e-bm-f- n-se B-Zy-bm-{X-hn-h-c-W-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ IrXn?D. hÀ- -am-\-]p-kvX-Iw2. "hÀ-¯-am-\-]p-kvX-Iw' F-¶ k-©m-c-Ir-Xn c-Nn- -Xmcv?D. ]m-td-am-¡Â tXm-am-I- -\mÀ3. C-ý³ `m-j-I-fnÂ F-gp-X-s¸-« B-Zy-s¯ bm-{Xm-hn-hcWw?D. hÀ- -am-\-]p-kvX-Iw4. ]-Zy-cq-]- nÂ a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ c-Nn-¡-s¸-« B-Zy-s¯ bm-{Xm-hn-h-cWw?D. "[À-½-cm-Pm-hn-sâ cm-ta-iz-c-bm-{X' (c-Nn- -Xm-sc-¶v \nÀ-®-bn-¡-s¸-«n-«nÃ)5. hÀ- -am-\-]p-kvX-Iw A- -Sn- hÀjw?D. 19366. kzm-\p- -h-¯mÂ c-Nn-¡-s¸-« B-Zy-bm-{Xm-Im-hyw?D. Im-in-bm-{Xm-hÀ®\w7. "Im-in-bm-{Xm-hÀ-®\w' F-¶ k-©m-c-Ir-Xn c-Nn-¨Xv?D. ssh¡-¯v ]m- p-aq -Xv8. "a-Zn-cm-in bm{X' c-Nn- Xv?D. Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼p-cm³9. a-e-bm-f- n-se "tPm¬- K´À' F-¶v A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv?D. F-kv.sI s]m-ä-¡m-Sv10. "Rm³ I- A-td_y' F-¶ bm-{X-hn-hc-Ww c-Nn-¨Xv?D. ]n. sam-bv-Xp-lm-Pn (1950)11. ]n.sam-bv-Xp-lm-Pn-bp-sS "Rm³ I- A-td_y' F-¶ bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W-¯n-sâ {]m-[m-

\yw?D. a-e-bm-f- n-se B-Zy-s¯ l-Öv bm-{Xm-{K-Ùw12. "cm-ta-iz-c-bm{X' c-Nn-¨Xv?D. sh¬a-Wn A-Ñ³ \-¼q-Xn-cn13. "I-Y-t]m-se Po-hnXw' F-¶ k-©m-cIr-Xn c-Nn-¨Xv?D. bp.F Jm-ZÀ14. "Rm³ H-cp ]pXnb tem-Iw I-p', "tkm-hnb-äv bq-Wn-b-\nÂ F-sâ A-\p- -h-§Ä'

F-¶o Ir-Xn-IÄ c-Nn-¨Xv?D. F.sI.Pn15. "D-W-cp-¶ C-ý' c-Nn- Xv?D. F³.hn Ir-jv-W-hm-cyÀ16. 'A- q¸-sâ I-¯pIÄ' F-¶ bm-{Xm-hn-hc-Ww c-Nn- Xv?D. \nXy-ssN-X-\yb-Xn17. Hm-«w-Xp-Å-en-sâ cq-]-¯nÂ 'Kw-Km-kv-\m\w' F-¶ bm-{Xm-hn-hc-Ww X-¿m-dm-¡n-bXv?D. Ip-«n-¡p-ªp X¦- n18. {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨ hÀ-j-¯n-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ bm-{Xm-hn-

h-cWw?D. DuÀ-È-temw bm-{Xm-hn-hc-Ww19. DuÀ-È-temw bm-{Xm-hn-hc-Ww {]-kn-²o-I-cn- Xv?



D. 189520. 'BÄ-¡q-«-¯nÂ X-\nsb' F-¶ Ir-Xn c-Nn-¨Xv?D. Fw.Sn hm-kp-tZ-h³ \m-bÀ21. 'DuÀ-È-temw bm-{Xm-hn-h-cWw' c-Nn- Xv?D. Kn-hÀ-Ko-kv amÀ {Kn-tKm-dnb-kv sa-{Xm-t¸m-eo-¯ (]-cp-a-e Xn-cp-ta\n)22. "_n-em-¯n hn-tijw' c-Nn-¨Xv?D. sI.]n tI-i-hta-t\m³23. 1991 se tI-c-f- km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an A-hmÀ-Uv t\Sn-b "]-{X-{]-hÀ¯\w F-¶

bm{X' c-Nn- Xv?D. hn.sI am-[-h³-Ip-«n24. tem-Iw Np-än-¡-p, KÄ- v Ub-dn F-¶o Ir-Xn-IÄ c-Nn-¨Xv?D. kn.F¨v. ap-l½-Zv tIm-b25. k-©m-cm-\p- -h§-sf ap³-\nÀ-¯n t{]-a-in-ev-]n k-©m-cn-bp-sS Ko-X-§Ä F-¶o In-h-

Xm-k-am-lm-c-§Ä c-Nn-¨Xv?D. F-kv.sI s]m-ä-¡m-Sv26. a-e-bm-f- n-se bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W§-sf ]-cn-l-kn- v th-fqÀ Ir-jv-W³-Ip-«n F-gpXn-b

IrXn?D. th-fqÀ Sp tamkvtIm27. hn. ap-k- À A-l-½-Znsâ "a-cp- q-an-bp-sS B-ßI-Y' bp-sS B-Zy ]-Xn- v B-Zy-am-bn

]p-d- n-d§n-b hÀjw?D. 2008 (amÀ¨v)28. hn. ap-k- À A-l½-Zv P-\n- Xv?D. 1966 Pq-sse 16 \v a-e- p-dw PnÃ-bn-se s]-cn-´Â-a-®-bnÂ29. hn. ap-k- À A-l-½-Zn-sâ Im-hy-k-am-lmcw?D. th-en¡pw hn-f-hn\pw30. ap-km- À A-l-½-Zn-sâ B-Zy a-cp- q-bm-{X F-t§m-«m-bn-cp-¶pw?D. k-¡m-¡-bn-te-¡v31. G-Xv ]-{X-¯n-\p-Å dn-t¸mÀ-«nw-Kn-\m-Wv ap-km- À A-l½-Zv k-¡m-¡-bn-te-¡v

t]m-bXv?D. a-e-bm-fw \yq-kv Zn-\- {Xw32. "lÀ-_pÂ amAv' F-¶-Xn-sâ AÀ-°w F´v?

P-e-bp-² Water war"B-a-\p-jy³' F-¶v AÀ-°w h-cp-¶ Ø-e-\maw GXv?

D. AÂ-d-Pm-PnÂ34. NmÄ-tIm-en-¯nIv, sN-¼p-bp-K-¯n-te-sX-¶p I-cp-X-s¸-Sp-¶ a-WÂ-¡Ãp-IÄ F-hn-sS-

bm-Wv Im-W-s¸-Sp-¶Xv?D. AÂ-\- q-Zv a-cp- q-an-bnÂ35. a-cp- q-an-bn-se P-e-km-¶n[yw tX-Sn \-S-¡m³ ap-km- -dn-s\ t{]-cn- n¨ kw`-hw

F´v?D. k-¡m-I-bn-se P-e-bp-²m-\p`-hw36. ku-Zn-A-td-_y-bp-sS [m-\y]p-c F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶ Øew?D. X-_q-¡v37. X-_q-¡nÂ B-[n-]-Xy-ap-m-bn-cp-¶ cm-Pm-hv ?



D. ssI-kÀ38. {]-hm-N-I³ ap-l-½-Zn-sâ A-h-km-\- bp-² bm-{X G-Xm-bn-cp¶p?D. Xm-_q-¡v bp-² ]-cymS\w39. AJv-_ I-S-en-Sp-¡v Øn-Xn-sN-¿p¶-Xv G-Xv I-SÂ-¯o-c¯v?D. sN-¦-S-en-sâ Xo-c¯v.40. sN-¦-Sn-en-s\ A- n-ap-Jo-I-cn- p \nÂ-¡p-¶ {]-kn-²am-b a-e-\n-c-IÄ GXv?D. kn-\m-bv ]À-Æ-X-\n-c-IÄ41. kn-\m-bv ]À-Æ-X-\n-c-IÄ Øn-Xn-sN-¿p¶-Xv G-Xv cm-Py¯v?D. Cu-Pn-]v-XnÂ42. ip-ssl-_v A-§m-Sn-bnÂ hnÂ-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ tI-c-f A-¡Â ( tI-c-f `-£Ww)

F- mWv?D. a-c- o\n43. bp.F³. k-t½-f-\- n-\v H-cp ssI-¿nÂ H-eohpw a-dp-ssI-¿nÂ tXm-¡p-am-bn

F- nb tem-I-t\-Xm-hv Bcv?D. bm-kÀ A-d- m- v44. bm-kÀ A-d- m- v G-Xp cm-Py- n-sâ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp¶p?D. ^-e-kv-Xo³45. lmÀ-_pÂ am-Av (P-e-bp²w) kw-_-Ôn- v ap-km- À A-l-½-Zn-\v hn-i-Zo-Ic-Ww \Â-

Inb-Xv Bcv?D. AÂ-a-Zo-\ Zn-\-]-{X-¯n-sâ AÂ-Pu-^v _yqtdm No-^v A-ÐpÂ A-ko-kv J-¯o- n46. AÂ-Pu- n-se k-¡m-¡-bnÂ h-¨v ap-km-^À A-l-½-Zn-\v H-cp kw-Lw B-fp-I-fnÂ

\n-¶v A-Sn-In-«m³ Imc-Ww F´v?D. tIm-S-Xn-bnÂ tI-kv c-Pn-kv-äÀ sN-¿-s¸-« H-cp In-W-dn-sâ ]-Sw F-Sp- -Xn-sâ t]-cnÂ

B-Wv ap-km-^À A-l-½-Zn-\v A-Sn In-«n-b-Xv.47. \- v-X-bn-se {Km-ao-WÀ-¡v tXm-¡p D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ A-\pa-Xn e- n-¡m³ Imc-Ww

F´v?D. Im-«n-se-¶-t]m-se lnw-{k-P-´p-¡-fp-sS B-{I-a-Ww a-cp- q-an-bnepw ]-Xn-hpv. A-h-

bnÂ \n-¶v c-£-t\-Sm-\m-Wv \- v-X-t]m-ep-Å {Km-a-§-fn-se B-fp-IÄ-¡v tXm¡pwa-äp B-bp-²-§fpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ A-\pa-Xn e- n-¨n-«p-Å-Xv.

48. dn-bm-Zn-se dKv-_ F-¶ a-cp- q-an {Km-a-§-fnÂ ap¸-Xp hÀ-j-¯n-\n-sS A-{]-Xy-£am-bc-v Iq-ä³ \-Zn-IÄ G-sXms¡?

D. J-iv-apÂ ln-km³ (Ip-Xn-c-aq-¡v ]pg), Jp-ssh-d AÂ-sk-bv-Z (]m-Xn-X-Wp- p-Åsh-Å-ap-Å sh-fp- -]p-g)

49. "X-_q¡v' F-¶ Ø-e-\m-a-¯n-sâ \n-jv]-¯n F´v?D. sXm-t_m-Kv F-¶ A-ko-dn-b³ ]-Z-¯nÂ \-n-¶m-Wv "X-_q¡v' F-¶ Ø-e-\m-a-¯n-

sâ P-\\w. sX-t_m-Kv F-¶mÂ "Po-h-\p-Å \o-scm-gp¡v' F-¶m-Wv AÀ-°w.50. A-td-_y-bpw tI-c-fhpw X-½n-ep-Å A-Xn-Km-V-am-b-_Ô-s¯ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡m³

ap-km- À A-l½-Zv I-s-¯p-¶ D-Zm-lc-Ww F´v?D. A-td-_y-bn-se Ir-jn-¡mcm-b a-e-bm-fn-IÄ \m-«nÂ \n¶pw sIm-ph-¶ a-c-ö-\n-

¡-¼p-IÄ a-c-ö-\n-¡m-Sm-bn th-Kw h-fÀ¶p. tI-c-f A-¡Â (tI-c-f `-£-Ww) F-¶t]-cnÂ A-Xv A-§m-Sn-bnÂ hn-ev-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. C-Xm-Wv A-td-_ybpw tI-c-fhpw X-½n-ep-Å A-Xn-Km-Vam-b _-Ô- n-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn tc-J-I³ Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶-Xv.



51. B-[p\n-I ku-Zn A-td-_y-bp-sS Øm-]-I³ Bcv?D. A-ÐpÂ A-ko-kv cm-Pm-hv52. a-e-I-fnÂ BWpw s]®pw D-s-¶v hn-izm-kw ]p-eÀ¯n-b P-\-X GXv?D. B-{^n-¡-bn-se BZn-a P-\X53. tI-c-f- n-\v ]-Ý-a-L-« a-e-\n-c-IÄ t]m-se ku-Zn A-td-_y-bnÂ a-cp- q-an-¡v Im-hÂ

\nÂ-¡p-¶ a-e-\n-c-IÄ GXv?D. k-dmh-¯v a-e-\n-c-IÄ54. {]m-tZ-in-I-am-bn Nn-e-bn-S-§-fnÂ A-¡m-Zn-b, Jp-ssdkn-b F-¶o t]-cp-I-fnÂ A-dn-b-

s¸-Sp-¶ a-e-\nc?D. k-dmh-¯v a-e\nc55. k-dmh-¯v a-e-\n-c B-b-Xv-\w-hm-¯o-b-\pIÄ, tPmÀ-Zm-\n-se s]-{S ap-XÂ A-td-_y-

bn-se a-Zm-bn³-kz-en-lv h-sc-bp-Å Ø-e-§-fnÂ _n.kn Bdmw \q-äm-nÂ Iq-ä³]m-d Xpc-¶v ho-Sp-I-fp-m-¡n h-kn- n-cp-¶-h-cm-Wv \-_m-¯o-\n-b-\p-IÄ.

56. H-ä¡Ãv Xpc-¶v \nÀ-½n-¨ sIm-«m-c-§Ä-¡v D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv þþþþþþþþþD. J-_À AÂ- -co-Zv57. a-Zm-bn³ kzm-en-lnÂ h-kn- n-cp-¶p F-¶p hn-iz-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ kzm-en-lv F-¶ {]-hm-

N-I-sâ (\-_n-bpsS) P\X?D. k-aq-Zv tKm{Xw58. k-aq-Zv tKm-{X-¯n-te-¡v ssZ-h-¯n-sâ Zr-ãm- -am-bn kr-ãn-¨v A-b-¡-s¸-« Pohn?D. hen-b H-cp H-«-Iw59. sse-e-a-Pv-\q³ {]-W-b-I-Y-bn-se a-Pv-\p-hn-sâ b-YmÀ-°- t]cv?D. ssJ-kv60. P-ew-sIm-v ap-dn-th-ä-h-sc-¡p-dn- p-Å {]-i-kv-Xam-b Ihn-X F-gp-Xn-bXv?D. temÀ-¡61. "a-dn-b-¡p-«n I¯v' F-¶ am- n-f- m-«v F-gp-Xn-bXv?D. ]p-en-t¡m-«nÂ ssl-ZÀ62. "s_Ãm-cn-¡pS-s\ Rm³ h-cmw-N H-«p-h-gn-bpaptm?

hÃn-IÄ-¡-hn-tS-¡v h-cm³ ]m-Sptm?"Cu h-cn-IÄ G-Xp ]m-«n-te-XmWv?

D. ]p-en-t¡m-«nÂ ssl-Z-dn-sâ a-dn-b-¡p-«n I- v ]m-«n-te-Xv63. i-àam-b a-WÂ-Im-änepw Np-gn-bnepw s]-«v k-©-cn- n-cp-¶ Im-dv Ip-Sp-§n-b-t¸mÄ

te-JI-\p c-£-bv-¡v F-¯nb-Xv Bcv?D. ap-l½-Zv J-lv- m-\n64. dn-bm-Zv F-¶ Ø-e-\m-a-¯n-sâ AÀ-°w F´vD. ]q-t´m-«w65. ku-Zn-bnÂ F³Uv Hm-^v Zn thÄ-Uv F-¶v hn-ti-jn- n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ Øew?D. hm-Zn AÂ- A-½m-cn-b (A-½mcn-b Xm-gvhmcw)66. C-ý-bn-se N-¼Â-¡m-Sv t]m-se sIm-Å-¡m-cp-sS Xm-h-f-am-bn-cp-¶ ku-Zn-bn-se H-cp

{]-tZiw?D. ld-Zv67. 2005 Â P-\m-{Zn-b tZio-tbm-Õ-h-¯n-sâ `m-K-am-bn \-S-¶ {]- m-j-W ]c-¼-c \nÀ-Æ-

ln-¨ C-ý-¡mc³?D. A-kv-lÀ A-en F-©n-\n-bÀ



68. AÂ-l-k-bn-se {][m-\ \K-cw GXv?D. lp- q- v69. P-_Â-Km-c (Kmc-a-e)bnÂ I-b-dn-bmÂ Im-Wm-hp-¶ a-t\m-l-cam-b a-cp- -

(H-bm-knkv) GXv?D. AÂlm-k70. A-td-_y-bn-se B-Zy-s¯ hm-Wn-Py Xp-d-ap-Jw GXv?D. H-ssJ-d Xp-d-ap-Jw71. H-ssJ-d Xp-d-ap-Jw Øm-]n- -Xv Bcv?D. XpÀ-¡n-IÄ72. hn-ip-² IAv-_ Øn-Xn-sN-¿p¶-Xv F-hnsS?D. ku-Zn A-td-_y-bn-se a-¡ F-¶ Ø-e¯v.73. hn-ip-² I-Av-_-bp-sS \nÀ-½m-W- n-\v kzÀ-K-¯nÂ \n-¶v \Â-I-s¸-«-sX-¶p hn-iz-

kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ IÃv GXv?D. l-P-dpÂ A-k-h-Zv (I-dp- -IÃv)74. AÂ-jn-^, AÂ-l-Z F-¶o Db-cw Iq-Sn-b ]À-Æ-X-irw-K-§Ä Øn-Xn-sN-¿p¶-Xv

F-hnsS?D. Xzm-bn- nÂ75. \m-«p-h-gn-IÄ¡p-t]mepw tX³a-Ww A-\p- -h-s¸-Sp-¶ A-td-_y-bn-se {]-tZ-iw GXv?D. A-_-l76. B-Zn-am-Xm-hv F-¶p hn-iz-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ l-Æ A-ý-hn-{i-aw sIm-Åp¶-Xv F-hnsS?D. _m-_p a-¡-bnÂ77. tPÀWn Hm-^v am³ Journey of Man F-¶ hn-Jym-X-Ir-Xn c-Nn- Xv?D. {]-ikv-X \-chw-i im-kv-{X-Ú³ kv-s]³-kÀ shÂ-kv78. kzÀ-K-¯nÂ \n-¶pw ]p-d- -Å-s¸-« B-Zw X-sâ C-W-bm-b lÆ-sb `q-an-bnÂ F-hn-

sS sh-¨p-I-p-ap-«n F-¶m-Wv hn-iz-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv?A-td-_y-bn-se a-¡-bn-ep-Å A-d- ssa-Xm\-¯v sh¨v.

79. ku-Zn A-td-_y-bp-sS X-e-Øm-\w GXv?D. Pn-±80. "Pn-±' F-¶ ]-Z-¯n-sâ AÀ-°w F´v?D. ap- -Èn (sP±-¯v F-¶ A-d-_n-]-Z- nÂ \n-¶mWv 'Pn-±' F-¶ Ø-e-\m-aw D-m-b-

X-s{X)81. Pn-±-bnse 'ln-tÌm-dn-¡Â knän' F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶ Øew?D. _-e-Zv (]-g-b Pn-±)82. C-kvem-an-se XoÀ-°m-S-\ IÀ-½am-b lÖpw Dw-dbpw \nÀ-Æ-ln-¡m³ hn-iz-m-kn-IÄ

k-µÀ-in-¡p-¶ Ø-ew GXv?D. a-¡83. a-¡-bnÂ XoÀ-°m-S-\-¯n-s\-¯p-¶h-sc kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶ Xp-dap-J \-K-c-am-bn Pn-±

am-dnb-Xv G-Xv hÀjw?D. F.Un. 647 Â (dm-jn-Zo-Jn-em^-¯v Im-e-am-b-Xn-\mÂ D-kv-am³ C-_v-\p A- v- ³

B-bn-cp-¶p A¶-s¯ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn)84. "a-¡-bn-te-¡p-Å ]m-X' F-¶ hn-Jym-X {K-Ùw c-Nn¨-Xv Bcv?D. ap-l½-Zv B-km-Zv85. "sN-¦-S-en-sâ dmWn' F-¶v hn-ti-jn- n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ A-td-_y³ \-Kcw?



D. Pn-±86. "Pn-±-bn-se N-h-dp-s]-«n-I-fnÂ ]c-Xn In-«p¶-Xv sIm-v Po-hn-¡p-¶ B-{^n-¡-¡m-sc-

bm-Wv Pn-±m-\-K-c-¯n-sâ th-Z-\ F-¶ te-J-I³ Nq-n- ¡m-Wn-¡p-¶-Xv.87. Pn-±m-\-K-c-¯nÂ a-e-bm-fn-IÄ Iq-Sp-XÂ D-Å {]-tZiw?D. j-d^nb88. ap-l½-Zv \-_n X-sâ \m-«p-Im-cp-sS Xn-·-I-fnÂ au-\w a-Sp- v G-Im- -[ym-\-¯nÂ

I-gnª-Xv F-hnsS?D. ln-dm F-¶ Kp-l-bnÂ89. ap-l-½-Zn-\v B-Zy-am-bn ssZ-h- nÂ \n-¶p-Å h-N-\w (JpÀ-B-\n-se B-Zy-kq-

à§Ä) A-h-X-cn -Xv F-hn-sS sh¨v? F-t¸mÄ?D. ln-dm-Kp-l-bnÂ G-I-\m-bn [ym-\-¯nÂ I-gn-bp-t¼mÄ90. B-Zy-am-bn A-h-X-cn- n-¡-s¸-« JpÀ-B\n-I A-[ym-b-¯n-sâ t]cv?D. kq-d¯pÂ A-e-Jv (96 mw A-[ymbw)91. ln-dm Kp-l Øn-Xn-sN-¿p-¶ a-e GXv?D. P-_-ep-¶q-dv92. P-·-\mSm-b a-¡ hn-«v F-hn-tS-¡mWv ap-l½-Zv \-_n ]-em-b-\w (ln-Pv-d) sN-bv-XXv?D. a-Zo-\-bn-te¡v93. ln-Pv-d (]-emb-\) th-f-bnÂ i-{Xp-¡-fp-sS I-®nÂ-s¸-Sm-Xn-cn-¡m³ {]-hm-N-I³

H-fn-¨p \n¶-Xv F-hnsS?D. kuÀ Kp-l-bnÂ94. ln-Pv-d (]-e-bm-\) th-f-bnÂ ap-l½-Zv \-_n-s¡m- w D-m-bn-cp-¶ Iq-«p-Im-c³ Bcv?D. A-_q-_-¡À kn-²o-Jv95. In-kvh F-¶mÂ F´v?D. hn-ip-² I-Av-_m-e-b-¯n-sâ ]p-dw `mK-¯v A-Wn-bp-¶ h-kv-{X-am-Wv In-kvh. hÀ-j-

¯nÂ c-v X-h-W-bm-Wv In-kvh am-äm-dp-Å-Xv.96. a-¡-bn-se-¯p-¶-hÀ ti-J-cn-¡p-¶ ]p-Wy-P-e-¯n-sâ t]-cv F´v?D. kw-kw-Pew97. l-Öv IÀ-½- n-s\-¯p-¶-hÀ BZyw cm-]mÀ-¡p¶-Xv F-hnsS?D. an-\m-bnÂ98. ap-l½-Zv \-_n-bp-sS hn-Jym-Xam-b hn-S-hm-§Â {]- mj-Ww \nÀ-Æ-ln-¡-s¸«-Xv

F-hnsS?D. A-d- -bn-se P-_-epÀ d-lva-bnÂ99. hn-ip-² I-Av-_m-eb-s¯ Jn-_ve (A- n-apJw) B {]-hm-N-I³ ap-l½-Zv {]-Jym-

]n¡pw ap-t¼ ap-Én-§Ä \n-kv-Im-c-¯n-\v G-Xp ]-Ån-sb B-Wv A- n-ap-Jo-I-cn- -Xv.100. P-dp-k-te-an-te-¡pÅ ss_-¯pÂ ap-J-±n-kv ]-Ån-sb J³-Z-¡v (In-S§v) Io-dp-¶-Xn-

\n-S-bnÂ sImSn-b hn-i-¸p-aq-ew apc-p sIm-n-cp-¶ h- b-dn-s\ \n-b-{ń-¡m³{]-hm-N-I³ ap-l½-Zv F-´m-Wv sN-bv-X-Xv?

D. c-v sNdn-b IÃv h-b-än-t·Â sI-«n-sh-¨p.101. ssJ-_À bp-²- nÂ tIm-«-IÄ ]n-Sn-s -Sp¡p-I F-¶ Zp-jv-IÀ-½w G-sä-Sp¯ tbm-

²m-hv Bcv?D. {]-hm-N-I³ ap-l-½-Zn-sâ ]n-Xr-hy-]p-{X³ A-en-¿v C-_v-\p A-_n Xzm-en_v.102. h-ep- -¯nÂ temI-¯v H¶mw Øm-\-¯p-Å a-cp- q-an G-Xv ?D. klm-d



103. tem-I-¯n-se G-ähpw hen-b a-WÂ-a-cp- q-an F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶ Øew?D. dp-_p-DÂ-Jm-en (Fw-än-IzmÀ«À)104. dp-_pÂ-Jm-en k-©-cn-¨v ]p-kvX-Iw F-gpXn-b k-©mcnD. hnÂ-{^-Uv sX-koKÀ105. "AÀ-K' F-¶mÂ F´v?D. A-td-_y³ ]m-c¼-cy \r- -am-Wv AÀ-K. sI-«n-bp-m¡n-b tÌ-PnÂ Z- p-IÄ ap-g-

¡n ]-c-¼-cm-K-X Ad-_v th-jw [-cn-¨v hm-fp-IÄ D-bÀ-¯n-¸n-Sn-¨v ]p-cp-j-·mÀ \-S-¯p-¶ \r- -am-WnXv. \r- -¯n-\v D-]-I-c-W-kw-Ko-X-¯n-sâbpw Nn-e-t¸mÄ hm-bv-¸m-«n-sâbpw A-I-¼-Sn-bp-v. lq-Zv F-¶ hm-tZym-]-I-c-W-am-Wv ]-Ým- -e kw-Ko-X-¯n-\v an-¡-t¸mgpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.

106. ^-e- q-bn-jvTam-b N-{µ-¡-e (s^À-«-bnÂ {I-kâv) F-¶-dn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶ ]u-cmWn-IØ-e-§Ä Gh?

D. sa-km-s]m-t«m-an-b, kn-dnb, Cu-Pn-]v-Xv107. H-eo-hv k-am-[m-\-¯n-sâ Nn-Ó-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sm³ km-l-Ncyw F´v?D. ]-g-b Ime-¯v A-td-_y-bn-se bp-²-th-f-I-fnÂ k-am[m-\ k-tµ-i-IÀ H-eo-hv im-J-

IÄ D-bÀ-¯n-¡m-Wn-¨n-cp-¶p-h-s{X. A-Xn-\m-emI-Ww ssk-¯q³ (olive) k-am-[m-\-¯n-sâ Nn-Ó-am-bn am-dn-b-Xv.

108. tem-I-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W-{K-Ùw GXv?D. I-p-In-«n-bn-«p-Å-XnÂ B-Zy-s¯ bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W {K-Ùw _n.kn F«mw \q-äm-nÂ

F-gp-Xn-b-Xm-sW-¶v I-cp-X-s¸-Sp¶p. "KnÂ-sa-jv' GilgameshBWv. ]t£, Cu Ir-Xn-sb-¡p-dn- v hn-i-Z-hn-h-c-§Ä e- y-am-bn-«nÃ. _n.kn. \memwi-X-I- nÂ Po-hn- n-cp-¶ sa-K-kv-X-\o-kv F-¶ k-©m-cn-bp-sS bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-Whpw{In-kv-Xp-hÀ-jw F¬-]-XnÂ "s]-cn¹kv' F-¶ t]-cnÂ A-Úm-X-IÀ-Xr-Iam-b H-cpbm-{Xm-hn-h-c-Whpw k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ B-Zy Im-e-§-fn-te-¡v sh-fn-¨w ho-ip-¶-h-bm-Wv.

109. C-ý k-µÀ-in- B-ZyIm-e k-©m-cn-I-fp-sS t]-cv F-gp-XpI?D. ssN-\-¡m-cm-b ^m-ln-bm³, lp-bm-Mv-kmMv, A-d-_n-Ifm-b AÂ-_n-dq\n, C-_v-\p-_-

¯q-¯, kp-sse-am³, ]m-Ým-Xycm-b amÀ-t¡m-t]m-tfm, sIm-fw-_kv, Iym-]v-ä³ Ip-¡v, en-hnw-K-Ì³, tPm¬ K´À.

110. F-kv.sI. s]m-ä-¡m-Sn-sâ {][m-\ bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W§Ä?D. Im- n-cn-I-fp-sS \m-«n-Â, ss\Â-U-bdn, ]m-Xn-cm kq-cy-sâ \m-«nÂ, _m-en-Zzo]v,

C-t´m-t\-jy³ U-bdn, C¶-s¯ bq-tdm¸v, knw-l- qan, ¢n-tbm-]m-{S-bp-sS \m-«nÂ,ln-am-e-b km-{am-Py-¯nÂ, Im-iv-aoÀ, sIbvtdm I-¯pIÄ, e-³ t\m-«v _p¡v,t\- mÄ-bm{X, a-e-bm \m-Sp-I-fnÂ, s_-lo-an-b³ Nn-{X§Ä.

111. ap-k- À A-l½-Zv F-¶ k©m-c km-ln-Xy-Imc-s\ ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯pI?D. 1996 Pq-sse 16 \v a-e-¸p-dw PnÃ-bn-se s]-cn-´Â-a-®-bnÂ B-Wv hn. ap-k-^À A-

l½-Zv P-\n-¨Xv. sh-Å-t©m-e sam-bv-Xq«n, ]- o-cn ssk-\-_ Z-¼-Xn-I-fp-sSa-I-\m-Wv ap-k-^À A-l-½Zv. A-[ym-]\w, ]-{X-{]-hÀ- -\w F-¶o ta-J-e-I-fnÂ tk-h\w. ku-Zn A-td-_y-bn-se Pn-±- bnÂ \n-¶v {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-¶ a-e-bm-fw \yq-kwZn-\-]-{X-¯n-sâ ]-{Xm-[n-] k-an-Xn-bwKw. th-en¡pw hn-f-hn-\pw (I-hn-Xm k-am-lmcw)ap-dn- hp-I-fp-sS s]-®n-\v, ^-kv-Xo³þC-dm-Jv s]¬-I-hn-X-IÄ (hn-hÀ-¯\w) F-¶n-h-bm-Wv {][m-\ Ir-XnIÄ.

112. k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ {]-tXy-I-X F´v?



D. a-\p-jy-sâ A-S-¡n-\nÀ-¯m-\m-hm- Xr-jv-W-I-fn-sem-¶m-Wv A-dn-hp-t\Sp-I F-¶-Xv.A-Úm-Xam-b Im-cy-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v A-dn-bm\pw A-dn-ª-Im-cy-§Ä a-äp-Å-h-tcm-Sv ]-d-bm-\p-ap-Å Xz-c-bm-Wv a-\p-jy-k-aq-l-¯n-sâ h-fÀ- -bv-¡v th-Kw Iq-«n-bXv. X-sâNp-äp-]m-Sp-I-fnÂ F-´v \-S-¡p-¶p F-¶ A-t\zj-Ww a-\p-jy-s\ bm-{Xn-I-\m-¡n am-än. bm-{X-bnÂ A-\p- -hn-¨ Im-cy-§Ä hm-b-\m-{]m-[m-\y-t¯m-sS A-h-X-cn- n-¡m³bm-{X-¡mÀ X-¿m-dm-b-tXm-sS bm-{Xm-hnh-c-W km-lnXyw AY-hm k-©m-c-km-lnXywF-s¶m-cp im-J-bv-¡p XpS-¡w Ip-dn¨p. sN-¶p I- \m-Sn-s\-¡p-dn- p-Å A-dp-ap-jn-¸³ Øn-Xn-hn-h-c I-W-¡p-I-fÃ k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ \n-¶v {]-Xo-£n-¡p-¶Xv. a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ Im-Wm- p-d-§-fn-se b-Ym-X-Y `m-h§-sf A-\p- m-h-]qÀ-Æw ]-cn-K-Wn-¡m³ bm-{Xn-IÀ X-¿m-dm-IWw. Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ \n-Jn-e-a-Þ-e-§-fn-sebpw A-\p- -h-§-fm-Wv k-©m-c-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-t -Xv. tZ-i-¯n³-sc k-hnti-j `q-an-im-kv-{X-N-cn-{X-hpw, P-\-X-bp-sS Po-hn-X-coXn, kmw-kv-Im-cn-Ihpwkm-aq-ln-I-hpam-b kw-hn-[m-\-§Ä Xp-S-§n-b-h X-sâ kz- w tZ-i-t -Xp-am-bn Xm-c-X-ay-s¸-Sp- n-bmI-Ww F-gp-¯p-Im-c³ A-h-X-cn- n-t¡--Xv. Xn-I-ª \n-jv-]£-X,ssh-hn[yw A-Sp-¯v A-dn-bm-\p-Åp Iu-XpIw, k-Xym-k-Xy§-sf thÀ-Xn-cn- -dn-bm-\p-Å tijn, I-s-¯n-b h-kv-Xp-XI-sf B-kzm-Zyam-b co-Xn-bnÂ A-h-X-cn- n-¡m-\p-Å {]m-hoWyw F¶n-h k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy Ir-Xn-sb C-X-c-km-ln-Xy hn- m-K-§-fnÂ\n-¶v th-dn-«v \nÀ-¯p¶p.

k-µÀ- w hn-h-cn¡p-I113. "A-¶v cm{Xn \-Sp-¼p-d-¯p-Iq-Sn c-v jq-kp-IÄ B-ªv ]-Xn-ªv \-S-¡p¶-Xv kz-]v-\-

¯nÂ I-v sR-«n-bp-WÀ-¶p"A-sÃ-¦nÂ

114. "hmÀ-¯ tX-Sn-t¸m-b ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯I³ Cu-´¸-\-tXm-«-¯nÂ kz-bw hmÀ- -bm-bnam-dp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p'.

D. "a-cp- q-an-bn-se B-ßI-Y' F-¶ hn. ap-k- À A-l-½-Zn-sâ bm-{Xm-hn-hc-Ww B-kzm-Z-I-lr-Zb-s¯ Np-«p-s]m-Ån-¡p-¶ A-\p- -h-§-fmÂ k-ar-²-amWv. lÀ-_pÂ a-Av (P-e-bp²w) F-¶ H¶mw A-[ym-bw ap-XÂ X-s¶ A¯-cw A-\p- -h-§Ä a-cp- q-hn-se bm-{Xn-I³ hm-b-\-¡m-cp-am-bn ]-¦p-sh-¡p-¶pv. ku-Zn-A-td-_y tPmÀ-Zm-\p-am-bn A-XnÀ-¯n ]-¦n-Sp-¶ AÂþPu- n-se k-¡m-¡-bn-te-¡v a-e-bm-fw \yq-kv Zn-\-¸-{X-¯n-sâ dq-dÂ dn-t¸mÀ-«nw-Kn-\m-bn Iq-«p-Im-c³ h-S-¡m-t©-cn-¡m-c³ A-en-bp-sam-¯v F-¯n-b-Xm-Wv ap-km- À A-l-½Zv. ku-Zn-bnÂ sh- v ]-cn-N-b-s¸-« A-Ðp-d-ln-am³ A-JoÂ F-¶ kp-lr-¯n-sâ k-¡m-¡-bnse Cu- - -g-t¯m-«w Im-Wm³ H-cpA-hk-cw e- n- -t¸mÄ ap- km- À A-Xp ]m-gm-¡n-bnÃ. tXm-«- n-se a-t\m-l-cam-b Im-gv-N-Ifpw A-Jo-en-sâ a-¡-fp-sS Ip-kr-Xn-Ifpw B-kz-Zn¨pw Iym-a-dn-bnÂ ]-IÀ-¯nbpw ap-t¶-dp-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ s]-s«-¶v Nn-e B-fp-IÄ h-¶v ap-k- -dn-s\ B-{I-an-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p.H-¶-c \q-äm-tm-f-am-bn B tXm-«- n-se In-W-dn-sâ D-S-a-Øm-h-Im-iw kw-_-Ôn- vXÀ-¡w \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-I-bmWv. A-Jo-en-\v ]n-Xm-a-l-·m-cnÂ \n¶pw e- n- -Xm-sW-¦nepw tXm-«-¯n-sâ A-XnÀ-¯n ]-¦n-Sp-¶-bm-fp-w A-Xn-\v A-h-Im-i-hm-Zw D-¶-bn-¡p-¶pv. tImS-Xn C-S-s]-«n-«pw {]-iv-\- n-\v A-ń-a ]-cn-lm-cw B-bn-«nÃ. tI-knÂ hn-[n-h-cm³ G-Xm\pw \m-fp-IÄ Iq-Sn A-h-ti-jn-t¡ tI-kn-\p-_-e-ta-Im³tc-J-I-fp-m-¡m³ t^mt«m F-Sp-¡p-I-bm-sW-¶v A-bÂ-¡mÀ sX-än-²-cn¨p. A-Xm-Wv A-Sn-bp--Im³ Im-cWw.



115. P-e-bp-²-§Ä a-cp- q-an-bp-sS B-ß-I-Y-bm-sW-¶v ap-km- À A-l½-Zv ]-d-bp-¶-Xn-\vIm-c-W-sa´v?

D. lÀ-_pÂ am-Av (P-e-bp-²-§Ä) a-cp- q-an-bp-sS B-ß-I-Y-bm-W-s{X!, A-td-_y-bp-sSN-cn-{X-¯n-sâ H-cp h-en-b- m-Khpw Npäpw I-SÂ-P-e-am-bn«pw ip-²-P-e-¯n-\v £m-awA-\p- -hn-¡m³ hn-[n-¡-s¸-«-h-cm-Wv A-td-_y-¡mÀ. B[p\n-I A-td-_y I-SÂ-sh-Åw ip-²o-I-cn- v D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ {i-an-¡p-¶p-v. F-¶mÂ C¯-cw kw-hn-[m-\wCÃm-Xn-cp-¶ ]-g-b A-td-_y-bnÂ H-cp In-W-dn-s\-s¨mÃn tKm-{X-§Ä X-½nÂ F{X-tbm-Im-ew bp-²- n-teÀ-s¸-«n-cp¶p. H-cp a-cp- -¨ kz- -am-¡m³ F{Xtbm t]À a-cn-¨p-hoWp. a-cp- q-a-bn-bnÂ G-ä-hpw {]-[m-\-s¸-«-Xv sh-Å-amWv. a-\p-jy kw-kv-Im-c-s¯bpw N-cn-{X-s¯bpw sh-Åw F§-s\ \nÀ-Æ-Nn-¨p F-¶ h-kvXp-X AÂ aZo-\Zn-\-]-{X-¯n-sâ A-ÐpÂ A-ko-kv J-¯o-^n ap-km- À A-l-½-Zn-\v hn-h-cn- p sIm-Sp-¡p¶p. A-ko-kn-sâ hn-h-c-W-am-Wv ap-km- -dn-\v a-cp- q-an-bp-sS Bß-I-Y k-Xy-¯nÂ P-e-bp-²-§Ä B-sW-¶ [m-c-W-\Â-Ip-¶Xv. Iq-Sm-sX a-cp- q-an-bn-se P-e-km-¶n[yw tX-Sn-bp-Å A-t±-l-¯n-sâ bm-{X-bv-¡v t{]-c-W-bm-bXpw k-¡m-I-bn-se P-e-bp-²hpw A-Xn-s\- p-SÀ-¶v A-ko-kn-sâ hn-h-c-Whpw B-bn-cp¶p.

116. a-kÀd F-¶m-se´v? a-kÀ-d-bn-se Po-hn-Xw F§-s\ F-¶v hn-h-cn¡pI?D. ]- -¡-dn-IÄ, s\Ãv, tKm-X-¼v Xp-S-§n-b-h- Ir-jn-sN-¿p-¶ C-S-am-Wv A-td-_y-bn-se

akÀ-d F-¶v A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. a-kÀ-d-IÄ XoÀ¯pw hn-P-\am-b Ø-e-§-fn-em-bn-cn-¡pw. ]pdw-tem-I-hp-am-bn bm-sXm-cphn-[ _-Ô-hp-anÃm-sX Po-hn-t¡-n h-cn-I, i¼-fw Ir-Xy-am-bn e- n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I, hÀ-j-§Ä G-sd I-gn-ªn«pw \m-«nÂ-t]m-Im³A-\pa-Xn e- n-¡m-Xn-cn¡p-I Xp-S§n-b {]-bm-k-§Ä a-kÀ-d-I-fn-se sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄA-\p- -hn-¡m-dpv. Ipd-¨v A-cnbpw H-cp Nm-¡v h-en-b D-Ån-bpw AÂ-]w Ip-_q-kpw(N- m-¯n-¡v k-am-\-am-bn sdm«n) B-bn-cn¡pw C¯-cw sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ-¡v `£-WwD-m-¡m-\m-bn ap-X-em-fn-amÀ a-kÀ-d-bnÂ A-\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶ tdj³. B-Sp-I-sfbpwH-«-I-§-sfbpw ta-¡p-¶ hn-tZ-i-sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ a-\p-jy-sc Im-Wm-sX kz- w `m-j-t]mepw a-d¶p-t]m-b kw- -h-§Ä Dp-t]m-epw. Nn-eÀ A-h-km-\w B-Sp-I-tfmSpwH-«I-§-tfmSpw kw-km-cn- v a-\p-jyP-·w sh-Sn-ªv Nn- -{`-a-§Ä-¡v A-Sn-s¸-Sm-dpv. a-kÀ-d-bn-se G-Im-´hpw ITn-\-hpamb tPm-en-bn-se hnc-k-X k-ln-¡m-\m-hm-sX A-hn-Sw hn«v Hm-Sn-t¸m-Ip-¶ sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ D-v. s_³-bm-aosâ "B-Sp-Po-hnXw'F¶ t\m-hÂ C- -c-¯nÂ I-gn-bm³ hn-[n-¡-s¸-« "\-Po_v' F-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X- n-sâ Po-hnX-I-Y hn-h-cn-¡p-¶ H-cp Ir-Xn-bmWv.

117. "Cu kw- -h-¯n-\p ti-jw H-cn-¡Â B ^m-an-\v ap-¶n-eq-sS t]m-sb-¦nepw A-t§m-«vt\m-¡m³ t]-Sn-¨v hm-l-\-¯nÂ X-e-Xm-gv- n-bn-cp-¶p.' G-Xv kw- -h-¯n-\v tijw?

D. Iu-Xp-I-¯n-\v ar-K§-sf h-fÀ- p-¶ H-cp ^mw dn-bm-ZnÂ D-m-bn-cp¶p. H-«- -£nIÄ, Iw-Kmcp, ]p-en-IÄ XpS-§n \n-ch-[n ar-K-§fpw ]-£n-Ifpw Cu ^m-anÂh-fÀ- -s¸-«n-cp¶p. \Ã A-S-¨p-d- p-Å Iq-Sp-I-fnepw Xm-h-f-§-fn-ep-am-Wv FÃm Po-hn-I-sfbpw h-fÀ-¯n-bn-cp-¶Xv. ]-{´-v sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ C-hn-sS tPm-en sN-bv-Xn-cp¶p.Hcp cm{Xn kp-J-I-c-aÃm-¯ i-Ðw tI-«v H-cp X-an-gv sXm-gn-em-fn ]p-d-¯n-d§n. ]qÀ-®-N-{µ-\p-Å cm-{Xn-bm-b-Xn-\mÂ Xm-a-k-ap-dn-bnÂ \n-¶v ]p-d-¯n-d§n-b A-bmÄ I-XvIq-Sn-sâ ]q-«v X-IÀ-¯v ]p-d-¯n-d-§n \nÂ-¡p-¶ ]p-en-sb BWv. ]p-en A-bm-sf£-W-t\-cw sIm-v A-Sn- p-ho-gv¯n. A-bm-fp-sS I-c- nÂ tI-s«¯n-b k-l-{]-hÀ-

-IÀ-¡v H¶pw sN-¿m-\m-Ip-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ. A-hÀ ap-dn-I-fnÂ `-bm-{Im- -cm-bn t\m-¡n \nÂ-s¡ X-an-gv sXm-gn-em-fn-sb ]p-en `-£n-¨p XoÀ¯p. Cu kw`-hw tI-«-Xn-\v



ti-jw H-cn-¡Â B ^m-an-\p ap-¶n-eq-sS te-J-I³ I-S¶p-t]m-sb-¦nepw `-bw \n-an-¯w X-e D-bÀ- n A-t§m-«v t\m-¡n-bn-cp-¶nÃ.

118. ku-Zn A-td-_y-bn-se AÂ-Pu- n-se AÂ k-^q-Zv a-cp- q-an-bp-sS {]-[m\yw F´v?D. h-S-¡³ ku-Zn A-td-_y-bnÂ AÂ-Pu-^v {]-hn-iy-bnÂ AÂ c-Pm-Pn-enÂ AÂ-\-

^q-Zv a-cp- q-an-bnÂ ]-g-b-Im-e-s¯ A-h-in-ã-§Ä [m-cm-fw I-s-Sp-¡-s¸-«n-«pv.ku-Zn A-td-_y tPmÀ-Zm-\p-am-bn A-XnÀ-¯n ]-¦n-Sp-¶ `m-K-am-Wv C-hnSw. G-I-tZ-iwB-dm-bn-cw hÀ-j-§Ä-¡p ap-t¼ D-Å NmÄ-t¡m-en-¯nIv, sN-¼v bp-K- nÂ Xm-a-kn- n-cp-¶-hÀ Øm-]n- -sX-¶v I-cp-X-s¸-Sp-¶ [m-cm-fw IÃp-IÄ C-hn-sS Im-Wmw.H-cp IÃv \-Sp-hnÂ, Np-änepw C-X-fp-IÄ t]m-se Nmªpw sN-cnªpw a-äp IÃp-IÄC-§-s\ 54 C-S-§-fn-em-Wv IÃp-IÄ kw-L-am-bn \nÂ-¡p-¶-Xv. aq-¶v ap-XÂ 12 IÃp-IÄ h-sc-bmWv Hmtcm Iq-«-¯nepw D-ÅXv. Cu IÂ-¡q-«-§-fp-sS {]m-[m\ywBÀ¡pw \n-P-s¸-Sp- m-\m-bn-«nÃ. a-\p-jy-s\ kw-kv-I-cn-¡m³ D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶Ø-e-am-Wn-Xv F-¶ \n-Ka-\w Nn-eÀ ap-t¶m-«v h- n-cp-s¶-¦nepw D-Zv-L-\-\-§-fnÂ C-Xv sX-fn-bn-¡-s¸-«nÃ. sa-k-s]m-t«m-an-b, t]Àjy, kn-dn-b, A-td_y, sb-a³ F-¶n-hn-S-§-fn-ep-Å hym-]m-cn-IÄ ]-g-b Im-e-§-fnÂ C-Xn-eq-sS I-S¶p-t]m-b-Xm-bn [m-cm-fwsX-fn-hp-IÄ e- n- n-«pv. hym-]m-c-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-« A-S-bm-f-¡Ãp-IfmtWm C-hn-sS Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp-¶-sX-¶ kwi-bw Nn-eÀ D-¶-bn- n-«pv. AÂ c-Pm-Pn-enÂ I-gn-ªn-cp-¶ a-\p-jyÀ s]m-Xp-{]-iv-\-§Ä NÀ- sN-¿m³ k-t½-fn- n-cp-¶ Ø-e-am-bn-cp-¶p C-sX-¶v Nn-e N-cn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ hm-Zn-¡p¶p. Nn-e IÃp-I-fnÂ am-ªp-Xp-S§n-bNn-{X-§fpw h-c-Ifpw en-]n-Ifpw Im-Wm-\pv. AÂ c-Pm-PnÂ F-¶mÂ 'B a-\p-jy³' F-¶m-Wv AÀ-°w. Ø-e-\m-aw X-s¶ ]-g-b-Im-ew ap-XÂ a-\p-jy-km-¶n-[y-ap-m-cp-¶p-sh-¶v sX-fn-bn-¡m³ t]m-¶-XmWv. Cw-¥-n-se kv-täm¬ sls©, tPmÀ-Zm-\n-se tZmÄ-sa³-kv F-¶n-hn-S-§-fnepw C-tX kz- m-h-ap-Å in-em-D-Zym-\-§Ä I-s-¯n-bn-«pv. F-¦nepw A-h-tb-¡mÄ ]-g-¡-ap-Å-Xm-Wv AÂ c-Pm-Pn-se km³-kvtÌm¬ ]nÃ-dpIÄ. AÂ Pu-^v F-¶ ]-Z- n-sâ AÀ-°w a-S¡v, D-Ån-te-¡vh-enª-Xv F-s¶m-s¡-bmWv. B {]-tZ-i-¯n-sâ In-S¸pw A-§-s\-bm-Wv.

119. "B-fp-IÄ A-XnÀ-¯n-bn-se-¯p-¶Xpw Im-¯n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv t^m¬ I-¼-\nIÄ'G-Xv A-XnÀ-¯n-bnÂ

D. AJv-_ I-S-en-Sp-¡n-sâ ]-Sn-ªm-dv Cu-Pn-]v-Xnepw Ing-¡v tPmÀ-Zm-\pw BWv. I-S-en-Sp-¡nÂ F-¯p-t¼mÄ Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-sebpw tPmÀ-Zm-\n- sebpw sam-ss_Â I-¼-\n-I-fp-sS kzm-K-X k-tµ-i-§Ä F- p¶p. t^m¬ X-\n-sb tdm-anw-Kv kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-te-¡v am-dp¶p. C³-I-anw-Kv tIm-fp-IÄ-¡v Im-iv t]m-bn-s¡m-n-cn-¡pw. B-fp-IÄA-XnÀ-¯n-bn-se-¯p-¶Xpw Im-¯n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv t^m¬ I-¼-\n-IÄ F-¶pte-JI³ Cu-Pn-]vXpw tPmÀ-Zm\pw sXm-«p-sXm-«nÃ F-¶ a-«nÂ k-©m-cn-sb hn-fn- p-sIm-n-cn-¡pw. A- p-dw I-S-¡m³ hn-k th-W-sa-¶v am-{Xw!

120. ap-km- -dn-sâ B-Zy a-cp-`q- bm-{X F-hn-tS-¡m-bn-cp¶p?D. tPm-en sN-¿p-¶ Pn-±-bn-se a-e-bm-fw \yq-kv Zn-\- -{X- n-\v dq-dÂ dn-t¸mÀ-«nw-Kn-\m-bn

ku-Zn A-td-_y tPmÀ-Zm-\p-am-bn A-XnÀ-¯n ]-¦n-Sp-¶ AÂ-Pu- n-se k-¡m-¡-bn-te-¡m-bn-cp-¶p ap-k- À A-l-½-Zn-sâ B-Zy a-cp- q-bm-{X.

121. k-¡m-¡-bv-¡-Sp-¯v \^v-X {Km-a-¯nÂ ap-km-^À A-l½-Zv I- ò-I-c-Imgv-N F-´m-bn-cp¶p?

D. \- v-X-bn-se H-cp a-k-d-bnÂ (Ir-jn-bnSw) X-Sn-¨p-hoÀ- H-cp s]-cp-¼m-¼n-sâ D-S-ep-Io-dn H-cp t\- m-fp-Imc-sâ Zn-hk-§-tfm-f-am-bn PoÀ-Wn-¨ P-Uw B-fp-IÄ ]p-d-s -



Sp-¡p-¶ Im-gv-N-bm-Wv I--Xv.122. a-cp- q-an-bn-se sN-Sn-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨v X-sâ X-¼n-ep-m-bn-cp-¶ _-Zp ap-kmdn-t\m-Sv ]-

dª-Xv F´v?D. \n-em-hp-Å H-cp cm-{Xn-bnÂ a-cp- q-an-bnÂ X-¼-Sn- v ]mÀ-¡p-I-bm-Wv te-J-I\pw Iq-«p-

Im-cpw. sXm-«- p-d- p-Å I-Ån-apÄ-s¨-Sn-Ifpw te-JI-sâ {i-²-bnÂ-s]-Sp¶p. H-cpNpw_-\w G-äp-hm-§m-s\-¶-t]m-se F-gp-¶p \nÂ-¡p-¶ I-Ån-apÄ-s -SnIÄ! C-e-IÄ \n-hÀ-¶p \n-¶-Xn-sâ ]n-¶m-se ap-Åp-Ifpw F-gp-¶p \n¶p. ap-Åp-IÄ sN-Sn-bp-sS tcm-a-§-fm-sW-¶ ]mTw B cm-{Xn-bn-em-Wv te-J-I³ ]Tn- Xv. X-¼n-ep-m-bn-cp-¶ {]m-b-ap-Å H-cp _-Zphn-t\m-Sv sN-Sn-I-fp-sS kz- m-h-am-ä-s -¡p-dn- v te-J-I³tNm-Zn¨p. a-cp- q-an-sb A-dn-bm³ {i-an-¡p-¶h-\v {]-]-©-s -¡p-dn- v km-am-\y [m-c-W F-¦nepw th-W-sa-¶v A-bmÄ Nn-cn- p-sIm-v ]-d-ªp. sN-Sn-Ifpw a-\p-jy-sc-t¸m-se ssZ-h-kr-ãn-I-fm-sW-¶pw A-h-bv¡pw hn-Im-c-§-fp-s¶pw A-t±-lw Iq-«n-t¨À- p.

123. a-cp- q-an-bn-se A-kv-X-a-b-s¯-¡p-dn- v ap-km- À hn-h-cn-¡p¶-Xv F-§s\?D. a-cp- q-an-bn-se A-kv-Xa-bw H-cp A-\p- -h-am-sW-¶v ap-km- À A-l½-Zv hn-h-cn-¡p¶p.

a-cp- q-an-bnÂ k-©-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ kq-cy³ A-kv-X-an¡p-I s]m-Sp¶-s\ B-bn-cn-¡pw.A-kv-X-a-b-¯n-\v C-\n-bpw G-sd k-a-b-ap-s-¶ a-«n-em-Wv kq-cy³ s]-cp-am-dp-I. bm-{Xn-IÀ A-\-ám-b a-WÂ-]-c- nÂ D-·m-Zn-I-sf-t¸m-se \-S-¡p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bn-em-bn-cn¡pw s]-s«-¶v C-cp-«n-sâ ]-cÈ-Xw I-¼-f-§Ä ]p-X- n-«v kq-cy³ ]n³-hm-§p-I.A§-s\ ]-e X-h-W Xm³ a-cp-¡m-«nÂ Ip-Sp-§n-bn-«p-s-¶v te-J-I³ hy-à-am-¡p¶p. ]-t£ kq-cy³ A-kv-X-an-¡p-¶-Xn-\v sXm-«p-ap-¼p-Å Imgv-N c-k-I-c-am-bn-cn-¡p-a-s{X! A-kvX-a-b c-iv-an-IÄ a-WÂ- -c- nÂ A-kwJyw ]-Xm-I-IÄ XoÀ-¡p-IbmtWm F-¶p tXm-¶pw. am-{X-aÃ a-WÂ-Ip-¶p-I-fnÂ s]-s«-¶v \n-gÂ kr-ãn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw A-h-bp-sS \o-fhpw th-Khpw hÀ-²n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. \n-g-ep-IÄ sI-«p-]n-W-bp-t¼mÄ ]-Xm-I-I-tfń-b A-kwJyw a-\p-jy-ap-ãn-IÄ D-bÀ-¶p h-cn-I-bm-sW-¶v tXm-¶pw. H-«-I-¡q-«-§fpw B-«n³-]-ä-§fpw A-h-sb sX-fn¨p-t]m-Ip-¶-hcpw \n-g-ep-I-fm-bn am-dpw. B Imgv-N a-\p-jy³ I-S-¶p-h-¶ ]-e h-gn-I-sfbpws]-s«¶v HmÀ-½n- n-¡p-sa-¶v ap-km- À ]-d-bp¶p.

124. a-WÂ-¡m-«nÂ \o-cp-d-h-IÄ \ÂIn-b A-\p-{K-l- n-sâ hn-P-b-Km-Y' F-¶v ap-km-^À hn-ti-jn- n-¡p¶-Xv F´v?

D. ku-Zn A-td-_y-bnÂ G-ähpw Iq-Sp-XÂ Ir-jn \-S-¡p-¶ Ø-e-am-Wv X-_q¡v. h³-tXm-XnÂ ]q-Ir-jn-bp-ap-v C-hnsS. B-kv-{S F¶ tXm-«- n-em-Wv ]q-Irjn. bq-tdm-¸n-te-¡v ]q-¡Ä Ib-än A-b-¡p¶-Xv a-cp- q-an-bp-am-bn \n-Xy-k-l-hm-k- n-ep-Å Cu{]-tZi-¯v \n-¶m-W-s{X. hm-Pv-t]-bv kÀ-¡mÀ C-ý `-cn-¨ Ime- v D-Ån (k-hm-f)£m-aw D-m-b-t¸mÄ SmUv-tIm (X-_q-¡v A-{Kn-IÄ- -dÂ tImÀ- -tdj³) tXm-«-§-fnÂ \n-¶v C-ý-bn-te-¡v D-Ån Ib-än A-b- n-cp¶p. H-cp- ImÀjn-I cm-Py-¯v a-cp- q-\m-Sv hn-f-IÄ Ib-än Ab- p F¶-Xv Ir-jn-bnÂ C-hn-sS-bp-Å-hÀ t\Sn-b A-[n-I-amcpw tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«nÃm-¯ hn-P-b-Km-Y-bmWv. a-WÂ-¡m-«nÂ \o-cp-d-h-IÄ\ÂIn-b A-\p-{K-l- n-sâ hn-P-b-Km-Y-bp-am-Wn-sX-¶v ap-km-^À A- n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.

125. kzm-en-lv \-_n-bp-sS P-\X-sb k-aq-Zv hw-iw \-in-¡m³ C-Sbm-b km-l-Ncyw F´v?D. G-I-ssZ-h hn-izm-k-¯n-te-¡v P-\X-sb \-bn-¡m³ \n-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«-h-\m-Wv Xm-s\-

¶v k-aq-Zv hw-i-t¯m-Sv kzm-en-lv F-¶ {]-hm-N-I³ A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. kzm-en-lv ssZ-h-



Zq-X-\m-sW¶pw G-I\m-b H-cp ssZ-hw D-s¶pw hn-iz-kn-¡-W-sa-¦nÂ A-Xn-s\m-cpZr-ãm-´w D-s¶pw hn-iz-kn-¡-W-sa-¦nÂ A-Xn-s\m-cp Zr-ãm-´w th-W-sa-¶v k-aq-Zp-ImÀ B-h-iy-s¸-Sp¶p. A-hÀ-¡v Zr-ãm- -am-bn h-en-sbm-cp H-«-I-s¯ X-s¶ ssZ-hw D-m¡n. B P-\-X-bv-¡v Ip-Sn-¡m-\p-Å ]mÂ \Â-Im³ I-gn-bp-¶-{Xbpw hen-bH-cp H-«-I-am-bn-cp-¶p AXv. A-hn-sS D-m-bn-cp-¶ H-cp InW-än \n-¶m-Wv H«-IwP-e-]m-\w \-S-¯n-bXv. H-cp Znh-kw \m-«p-ImÀ F-¶ hy-h-Ø-bn-em-Wv In-W-dn-se sh-Åw A-h D-]-tbm-Kn- p-h-¶-Xv. F-¶mÂ C-XnÂ {]-bm-kw tXm¶n-b \m-«p-ImÀ H-«I-s¯ h-[n-¡p¶p. Xp-SÀ-¶pmb ssZ-h-tIm-]-¯nÂ tLm-c-i-Ð-ap-m-¡-Ibpw k-aq-Zv hw-iw A- m-sS \-in-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.

126. a-Zm-bnÂ kzm-en-lnÂ F- p-¶ k-©m-cn-IÄ k-Ôy-¡v ap-t¼ a-S-§-Ww F-¶ \nb-aw D-m-Im³ Imc-Ww F´v?

D. H-cn-¡Â X-_q-¡n-te-¡v t]m-Ip-¶ k-µÀ- -¯nÂ ap-l½-Zv \-_n a-Zm-bnÂ kz-en-lvI-S¶p-t]m-bn-cp¶p. ssZ-hw i-]n- Ø-e-am-W-Xv F- ¶pw A-hn-sS sh-¨v A-¶]m-\o-b-§Ä I-gn-¡p-Itbm {]mÀ-°n-¡p-Itbm ]m-Sn-sÃ¶pw Xm-a-kn-¡m³ A-\p-a-Xn-bnÃm-¯ Ø-e-am-W-sX¶pw {]-hm-N-I³ ap-l½-Zv hy-à-am-¡n-b-Xm-bn hn-iz-kn-¡-s¸-Sp¶p. a-Zm-bn³-kz-en-ln-\v Np-äp-am-bn I-gn-ªn-cp-¶h-sc B-[p\n-I ku-Zn`-c-W-Iq-Sw A-hn-sS \n¶pw am-än-]mÀ- n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. C-Xm-Wv k-©m-cn-IÄk-Ôy-bm-Ipw ap-t¼ a-Z-bn³ kzm-en-lnÂ \n-¶v a-S-§-W-sa-¶ IÀ-i-\am-b \nb-awD-m-Im³ Im-c-Ww.

127. ]-g-b N-cn-{X- {K-Ù-§-fnÂ ]-cm-aÀ-i-ap-Å A-td-_y-bn-se c-v H-bm-kn-kp-IÄ (a-cp-¸- IÄ) G-sXms¡?

D. l-k, sse-e A- v-em-Pv F-¶o a-cp- - IÄ.128. sse-e H-cp \m-Smbpw ssJ-kv a-Pv-\q³ Bbpw am-dp-¶-Xn-sâ A-\p`-hw ap-km- -dn-\v

F-t¸m-gm-av t_m-[y-s¸-«Xv?D. sse-eþA- v-em-Pn-se Im-gv-N-IÄ I-v cm{Xn Sm-Iv-kn-bnÂ a-S-§p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶ ap-km-

^À A-l-½Zv. a-g-bnÂ \-\ª tdm-Uv h-I-h-bv-¡m-sX 140 In.an. th-K-X-bnÂ A-Xn-k-aÀ-°-am-bn ss{U-hÀ hn Hm-Sn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. AÂ-JÀ-Pv F-¶ Ø-e-¯n-\-Sp-¯p-Å A-§m-Sn-bnÂ knaâv Un-ssh-U-dp-Å aq-¶v {Sm-¡v tdm-UmWv. ]n-d-InÂ\n¶pw A-Xn-th-K- nÂ h-¶ H-cp ImÀ- he-s¯ {Sm-¡nÂ \n-¶v sX-¶n aq-¶v{Sm-¡p-IÄ¡pw knaâv Un-ssh-U-dp-IÄ¡pw ap-I-fn-eq-sS ]m-dn CS-t¯ aq-e-bnÂ\nÀ-¯n-bn-cp-¶ sh-Åw \nd- v hn-Xc-Ww sN-¿p-¶ Sm-¦À tem-dn-bnÂ C-Sn¨p.A-Xph-sc H-cp hm¡p-t]mepw D- -cn-¡m-Xn-cp-¶ Sm-Iv-kn ss{U-hÀ Aedn "lp-h a-Pv-\q³" (A-h³ {`m- -\m-Wv) {]-W- bhpw A-an-Xm-th-ihpw D-·m-Z-am-bn {`m-ń-sâkz- m-h-§Ä Im-Wn-¡m³ Xp-S-§p-t¼m-sgÃmw a-Pv-\q³ F-¶ {]-tbm-Kw A-hn-sStIÄ-¡m-sa-¶v teJI³. a-S-¡-bm-{X-bn-se B A-\p- -h-am-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sât_m-[-¯nÂ sse H-cp \m-Smbpw ssJ-kv H-cp a-Pv-\q³ B-bpw B-g-¯nÂ ]-Xn- n- -Xv.

129. A-t¡-jy-hm-en-¡v N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bp-Å {]m-[m\yw F´v?D. A-td-_y³ s]³-kp-e-bnÂ In-g-¡vþ]-Sn-ªm-dv k-©-cn-¡m³ ]-g-b Ime-¯v D-]-

tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶ bm{Xm h-gn-I-fm-Wn-Xv. XpÀ-¡n `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn ]m-j dn-bm-Znse 'Z-cn-b'sIm-«m-cw ]n-Sn-s -Sp-¡m³ ]-S-tbm-«w \-S-¯n-bXpw Cu Xm-gv-h-c-bn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp¶p.

130. Z-cn-b-bn-se {][m-\ sIm-«m-c-§-fpw sI-«n-S-§fpw G-sXÃmw?D. kmÂ-hm-sIm-«mcw, ku-Zv-C-_v-\p-ku-Zv sIm-«mcw, Cu sIm-«m-c-§Ä-¡v ]pd-ta



Xp-ssd- v _m-¯v lu-kv F-¶ G-sd {]m-[m-\y-ap-Å kv-\m-\- tI-{µhpw Z-cn-b-bn-epv. ]-g-b Ime-¯v cm-Pm-¡-·m-cp-sS kw-hm-Z-tI-{µ-am-bn-cp-¶p Z-cnb.

131. AÂ-l-k F-¶ Ø-e-¯n-sâ {]-tXy-I-X F´v?D. 40 In.an. Np-ä-f-hnÂ \q-dn-e-[n-Iw a-cp- - -I-fp-Å (Oasis) A-]qÀ-Æam-b a-cp- q-{]-tZ-i-

am-Wv AÂlk. 'P-e-hoNn' F-¶m-Wv AÂ-l-k F-¶ \m-a- n-sâ AÀ°w. tem-I-¯n-se G-ähpw hen-b a-cp- -¨ AÂ-lm-k-bm-sW-¶v Nn-e {K-Ù-§-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶p-sh-¶v a-km- À Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¡p¶p. AÂ P_À, AÂ s_m-ss_-cn-b, _-lv-e,AÂ Jp-dn-bm-¯v AÂ lIÂ, A-Âl-c, AÂ-Jp-ZqZv, skm-sh-{Z AÂ ap- d- nF-¶n§-s\ {]-Ir-Xn-Z-¯am-b [m-cm-fw a-cp- - -IÄ AÂ-l-k-bnÂ Dv. a-cp-i-co-c-¯n-se a-[p-cn-v-¡p-¶ hn-bÀ-Xp-Ån-I-fp-sS X-Sm-I-am-Wv AÂ-l-k F-¶v A-hn-sS tPm-en sN-¿p-¶ X-sâ kp-lr¯pw I-hn-bpam-b kp-\nÂ Ir-jv-W³ ]-d-bm-dp-s-¶vte-J-I³ ]-d-bp¶p.

132. AÂlm-k km£yw h-ln-¨ c-v N-cn-{X kw- -h-§Ä GXv?D. a-¡-bn-se hn-ip-²am-b IAv-_ \nÀ-½m-W- n-\v kzÀ-K-¯nÂ \n-¶v \Â-In-b-Xm-bn

hn-iz-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ l-P-dpÂ A-kv-h-Zv (I-dp- IÃv) H-cp Iq-«w tKm-{X-hÀ-K-¡mÀtam-ãn-¡p-Ibpw A-Xv AÂ-l-k-bn-se a-e-\n-c-I-fnÂ H-fn- n-cn-¡p-Ibpw ]n-¶o-Sv A-Xvho-s-Sp-¡p-I-bpw sNbv-X kw`-hw H-¶m-a-t¯Xv. a-säm-¶v c-ma-s¯ Pp-ap-A(sh-Ån-bm-gv-N-I-fn-se a-[ym-Ó kw-L-hp-am-bp-Å \n-kv-Imcw) \nÀ-Æ-Nn-¡-s¸-« Pp-ama-kv-Pn-Zv AÂ-l-k-bn-emWv.

133. "AÂ k-acn' F-¶mÂ F´v?D. A-td-_y³ \m-«nÂ hn-hm-l-th-f-bnÂ \-S-¡p-¶ Im-hy-cm-hv B-Wv AÂ k-acn. \n-an-

j I-hn-I-fm-b sN-dp- -¡mcpw ap-XnÀ-¶ I-hn-Ifpw c-v kw-L-§-fm-bn \n-¶v Im-hy-em-]-\ aÕ-cw \-S-¯p-¶-Xm-Wv AÂ k-acn. ssI-IÄ {]-tXy-I Xm-f-¯nÂ Iq-«n-b-Sn-¨v ap-t¶m-«v N-en- n-¨m-Wv I-hn-X-I-fp-sS B-em-]\w. ssZ-h-a-l-Xzhpw tKm-{X-kv-Xp-Xn-I-fp-am-Wv I-hn-X-I-fp-sS hn-j-b-§-fm-bn Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡p-I. k-Ôym-t\c-¯v Xp-S-§p-¶ Im-hy-]-cn-]m-Sn cm-th-sd sNÃp-¶-Xph-sc \o-p-\nÂ-¡pw. AÂ-Z-l F-¶H-cp {]-tXy-I \r-¯hpw hn-hm-l-th-f-I-fnÂ A-h-X-cn- n-¡-s¸-Sm-dp-v.

134. B-cm-Wv Xz-emÂ a-±zmlv?D. Ad-_v temI-s¯ an-I-¨ Km-b-Im-\-bn-cp-¶p Xz-emÂ a-±z-lv. 2010 Â A-_-l Sq-dn-kw

s^-Ìn-h-en-sâ `m-K-am-bn \-S-¶ kwKo-X k-Ôy-bnÂ B-bn-c-¡-W-¡n-\v B-fp-IÄ-¡v ap-¶nÂ ]m-Sn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ A-t±-lw Ip-g-ªp-ho-Wp a-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p.

135. B-cm-Wv kao-d AaÂ?D. G-gp hÀ-jw sIm-v ku-Zn A-td-_y-bp-sS tZio-b hn-Im-c-am-bn amdn-b bp-h-Xn-bm-

Wv kao-d AaÂ. `À-Xr-a-Xnbm-b Ch-sc H-cp bp-hm-hv \n- c -cw ò-j-Wn-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw ssew-Kn-I-_-Ô- n-\v \nÀ-_-Ôn-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. X-sâ Ip-Spw-_wX-IÀ-¡-cp-sX-¶v ]-e X-h-W A-hÄ tI- W-t]-£n- n«pw bp-hm-hv ]n-·m-dn-bnÃ. H-cn-¡Â `À-¯m-hv tPm-en-¡v t]m-Ip-¶ k-ab- v kao-d A-aÂ B bp-hm-hn-s\ ho-«n-te-¡v £-Wn- p. A-c-bnÂ ]n-ÌÄ H-fn- n- p-sh- m-bp-¶p £Ww. ho-Sn-\p-Ån-te-¡vIb-dn h-¶ A-bm-sf sh-Sn-sh¨p. a-cn-¨p-sh-¶v D-d- m-b-t¸mÄ A-bm-fp-sS i-co-cwI-jv-Ww I-jv-W-am-bn ap-dn¨p. ]n-¶o-Sv Nm-¡nÂ sI-«n-]m-gvh-kv-Xp-¡Ä sIm-n-Sp-¶s]-«n-bnÂ (Jp-am-a) \n-t£-]n¨p. ap¶mw Znh-kw kaod t]m-eo-kv ]n-Sn-bn-embn. h-[-in-£-bm-Wv i-coA-¯v tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS sIm-e-¡p-ä- n-\p-Å in-£. tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS



h-[-in-£-bnÂ \n-¶v kao-d c-£-s¸-S-W-sa-¦nÂ sImÃ-s¸-« bp-hm-hn-sâ Ip-Spw-_wA-hÄ-¡v am- v \Â-IWw. am-\w Im-¡m-\m-Wv kao-d sIm-e-]mX-Iw sN-bvX-Xv F-¶vFÃm-hÀ¡pw A-dn-bmw. ]-t£ bp-hm-hn-sâ Ip-Spw-_w am- v \Â-Im³ X-¿m-dm-bnÃ.cm-Py-¯n-sâ ]-e- m-K-¯p-\n¶pw bp-hm-¡Ä k-ao-d-¡v am-¸p-\Â-I-W-sa-¶ hm-Z-hp-am-bn cw-K-¯p-h¶p. G-gp-hÀ-jw \o- hm-Z-{]-Xn-hm-Z-§Ä-s¡m-Sp-hnÂ 2007 Pq-sse-bnÂ kao-d A-aÂ P-bnÂ tam-Nn-X-bmbn.

136. tkm-am-en kq-Jn-sâ {]-tXy-I F´v?D. Pn-±-bn-se H-cp Ø-e-am-av tkm-am-en kqJv. C-Jma Residential Permit t]m-¡-ä-Sn-

¡p-¶-hÀ Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶ tI-{µ-am-WnXv. C-Jm-a-bp-sS Iq-sS t^m¬ \-¼tdm _-Ô-s¸-Sm-\p-Å a-äp kq-N\-Itfm D-s-¦nÂ CJm-a \-ã-s¸-«-bmÄ-¡v tkm-am-enkq-JnÂ \n-¶v t^m¬ h-cpw. B-bn-cw dn-bm-en-\v A-sÃ-¦nÂ A-XnÂ Iq-Sp-XÂ Xp-I-bv-¡v CJm-a Xn-cn- p Xcmw F-¶ hm-Kv-Zm-\-am-bn-cn¡pw t^m-WnÂ. kz- w C-Jm-a-bv-¡v Im-iv sIm-Sp-t¡-n h-cn-I F-¶ hn-[n F{Xtbm B-fp-IÄ tkm-am-en kq-JnÂt]m-bn A-\p- -hn- n-«p--s{X. CJma t]m-bmÂ tkm-am-en kq-JnÂ _-Ô-s¸-Sm-\p-ÅG-Pâp-am-cp-apv. C-h-cnÂ a-e-bm-fn-Ifpw Dv."]n-Sp- w sIm-Sp-¡m-\p-Å In-S-¯- n-sâ {]m-[m-\y-sa´v?

D. ku-Zn A-td-_y-bnÂ Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶ hn-tZ-in-I-fnÂ [m-cm-fw t]À A-\-[n-Ir-X-am-bnIS-¶p Iq-Sn-b-h-cmWv. H-cp am-k-t -¡v D-Å Dw-d hn-k-bnÂ (l-Ön-s\ A-t]-£n-¨v sNdn-b XoÀ-°m-S-\-am-Wv Dw-d) a-¡, a-Zo-\, Pn-± F-¶o h-ip-²-Ø-e-§Ä k-µÀ-in-¡m-\m-Wv Dw-d hn-k A-\p-h-Zn-¡p¶-Xv.) h-cp-¶-hÀ ]-Xn-äm-p-I-tfm-fw A-\-[nIr-X Xm-a-k-¡m-cm-bn A-td-_y-bnÂ Xp-S-cp-¶p. C¯-cw A-\-[n-Ir-X-hm-kw a-Xn-bm-Ip-t¼mÄ ]mkv-t]mÀ-«v Un- mÀ-«v-saân-\v Io-gS-§n \m-«n-te-¡v a-S-§pw. Nn-eÀ C-Xn-\pap-t¼ ]mkv-t]mÀ-«v Un-¸mÀ-«v-saân-sâ sd-bv-UnÂ ]n-Sn-bn-em-Ipw. C-ý-¡m-c-\m-sW-¶v C-ý³ tIm¬-kp-te-äv Øn-co-I-cn- mÂ ku-Zn kÀ-¡mÀ \Â-Ip-¶ hn-am-\-Sn-¡-änÂ C-hÀ-¡v \m-«nÂ t]m-Im³ I-gn-bpw. Dw-d hn-k-bnÂ h-¶-hÀ \m-«n-te-¡v t]m-Im³ th-n ]mkv-t]mÀ«v Hm- o-kn-\v k-ao-]-ap-Å ]m-e- n-\-S-n-bnÂ t]m-bn In-S-¡pw. ]n-Sp-¯w sIm-Sp-¡m-\p-Å InS- w F-¶m-Wv C-Xn-\v t]-cv.

138. Pn-±-bn-se H-cp kv-tä-Un-b- n-sâ a-Xn-en-\v 'KÀ-`n-Wn-I-fp-sS a-XnÂ' F-¶p t]-cp-ho-gm³ Im-c-W-w F´v?

D. B-fp-IÄ {]- m-X-§-fnepw km-bm-Ó-§-fnepw cm-{Xn-I-fn-ep-sam-s¡ hym-bm-aw F-¶\n-e-bnÂ Øn-c-am-bn tÌ-Un-b-¯n-\v Npäpw \-S-¡pw. \n- ch-[n KÀ- n-Wn-Ifpw C-hn-sS \-S-¡m³ F- m-dp-m-bn-cp¶p. A-§-s\-bm-Wv tÌ-Un-b-¯n-se a-Xn-en-\v KÀ- n-Wn-I-fp-sS a-XnÂ F-¶ t]-cp In-«n-b-Xv.

139. "tem-I- n-sâ R-c-t¼mSn-b \-Kcw' F-¶v Pn-± hn-ti-jn- n-¡-s¸-Sp¶-Xv F- p-sImv?

D. l-Öv IÀ-½- n-\m-bn tem-I-¯n-se `q-cn- m-Kw cm-Py-§-fnÂ \n-¶p-Å-hÀ hn-cp-¶ph-¶p ]mÀ-¡p-¶ \-K-c-am-Wv Pn-±. l-Öv ko-k-WnÂ Pn-±-bn-se l-Öv sSÀ-an-\-en-\vk-ao-]w \n-¶mÂ tem-Iw Pn-±-bn-te-¡v A-Snh-¨p \-S-¶p-h-cp¶-Xp Im-Wmw. 4,30,000N-Xpc-{i A-Sn-bm-Wv l-Öv sSÀ-an-\-en-sâ hn-kv-XoÀWw. tem-I-¯n-se G-ähpw hen-e `-c-W-tI{µ Hm- o-km-bn I-W-¡m-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ A-ta-cn-¡-bn-se s]â-K-Wn-sâ h-en-¸- n-sâ C-cp-]-¯nb-©v i-X-am-\w Iq-Sp-X-em-Wn-Xv. l-Pv Ime- v Pn-±-bn-en-d-§p-¶lm-Pn-am-cp-sS ap-J-tc-J-IÄ tNÀ- v h-¨mÂ A-Xv tem-I-¯n-sâ `q-]-S-am-bn amdpwF-¶-XnÂ kw-i-b-w C-sÃ-¶v te-J-I³ A- n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. l-Pv ko-k-WnÂ



am-{XaÃ, Dw-d sN-¿m\pw C-tX {]-hm-l-ap-m-bn-cn-¡pw. FÃm \mfpw tem-Iw Pn-±-bnÂ h-¶n-d-§n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-I-bm-W-s{X.

140. hn-ip-² IAv-_ Øn-Xn-sN-¿p¶-Xv F-hnsS? F-´m-Wv I-Av-_-bp-sS {]m-[m-\yw?D. tem-I-sa-§p-ap-Å C-kvemw a-X-hn-izm-kn-IÄ Zn-h-khpw A-©p-t\-cw \n-kv-I-cn-

¡p¶-Xv Pn-±-bn-se hn-ip-² I-Av-_m-eb-s¯ A- n-ap-Jo-I-cn- mWv. B-n-sem-cn-¡Â \nÀ-Æ-ln-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ l-Öv XoÀ-°m-S-\hpw F-t¸mÄ th-W-sa-¦nepw \nÀ-h-ln-¡-s¸-Sm-hp-¶ Dw-d-bpw I-Av-_m-e-b- n-\p Np-äp-am-Wv \m-S-¡m-dv. 39 A-Sn-bpw 5C©pw D-b-c-ap-Å tK-l-am-Wv hn-ip-² I-Av-_. 627 Np-Xc-{i A-Sn-bm-Wv I-Av-_-bp-sS hn-kv-XoÀWw. A-I-h-i-¯n\vv 1389 ao-äÀ hn-kv-Xr-Xn-bm-Wp-ÅXv. I-Av-_m-e- n-sâ Np-a-cp-IÄ H-cp ao-äÀ ho-Xn-bn-em-Wv D-ÅXv. DÄ-hi-s¯ X-d P-\-§Ä Xz-hm-^v({]-Z-£nWw) sN-¿p-¶ \n-c- nÂ \n¶v 2.2 ao-äÀ D-b-c-¯n-emWv. ap¸-Xv e-£-¯n-te-sd XoÀ-°m-S-I-cm-W-s{X IAv-_ {]-Zn£-Ww sh-bv-¡m³ tem-I- n-sâ hnhn-[ `m-K-§-fnÂ \n¶pw F- n-t¨-cpI.

141. AÂD-e, a-Zm-bnÂ kzm-en-lv F-¶o {]-tZ-i-§-sf Ip-dn-¨v Ip-dn- v X-¿m-dm-¡pI.D. {]-hm-N-I-\-K-cnbm-b a-Zo-\-bnÂ \n-¶v 370 In-tem-ao-äÀ h-S-¡pw, lm-bn-enÂ \n-¶v 416

In-tem-ao-äÀ ]-Sn-ªm-dpw, X-_q-¡nÂ \n-¶v 47 In-tem-ao- äÀ h-S-¡p-am-bn In-S-¡p-¶{]-tZ-i-am-Wv AÂ-D-ebpw a-Zm-bnÂ kzm-en-lpw. ]-g-b kv-ss]-kv dq-«n-sâ ap-Jy-tI-{µ-§-fn-sem¶v. s^À-ss«Â {Ikâv F-¶v A-dn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶ sam-k-s]m-t«m-an-b, kn-dnb,Cu-Pn-]v-Xv F-¶o {]-tZ-i-§-fp-am-bn ]u-cmWn-I Im-e-¯v h³-hym-]m-cw \-S-¶n-cp-¶tI-{µw. A-Xn-ep]-cn a-X-hn-izm-khpw N-cn-{X-hpw \-c-hw-i-im-kv-{Xhpw Htc-t]m-sek-t½-fn-¡p-¶ A-]qÀ-ÆØw. C- y-bn-se A-P-´þF- tÃm-d-bp-sS H-cp A-td-_y³]-Xn- v.AÂ D-e A-§m-Sn-¡v Np-äpw ]À-Æ-X-I§Ä, in-em- -h-\§Ä, H-cp inÂ-]n sIm-¯n-bn-«Xp-t]m-ep-Å cq-]-§Ä [m-cm-fw Im-Wmw. a-Zm-bn³ kzm-en-ln-te-¡v {]-th-in-¡m³ A-\pa-Xn th-Ww. AÂ D-e-bnÂ \n-¶v 25 In.an. A-I-se-bm-Wv a-Zm-bn³ kzm-enlv. th-Ä-Uv sl-dn-tä-Pv ssk-änÂ bp-s\kvtIm Cu {]-tZi-s¯ DS-s\ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯p-a-s{X. ]m-d-IÄ Xp-c-¶p-m¡n-b ho-Sp-Ifpw Ip-gn-am-S-§-fp-am-Wv a-Zm-bn kzm-en-lnÂ D-ÅXv. _n.kn Bdmw \q-äm-nÂ \-_m- n-b-\p-IÄ (Nabateans) F-¶ P-\-hn- m-Kw C-hn-sS h-kn- -Xm-bn A-\p-am-\n-¡-s¸-Sp¶p. AÂ-ln-PnÀ F¶pw hm-Zn AÂ-Jp-d ({Km-a-§-fp-sS Xm-gvh-c) F¶p Cu Ø-ew A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

142. ap-ssk-J-n-d-bn-se in-em-Nn-{X-§Ä Im-Wm³ ]p-d-s¸-« te-J-I\pw kw-L- n\pwF- p kw- -hn¨p?A-sÃ-¦nÂ

143. ap-sskJn-d a-cp- q-an ap-km- À A-l-½-Zn-s\ ]Tn- n- Im-cy-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?D. 2005 s^-{_ph-cn aq-¶n-\v Iq-«p-Im-cp-am-bn dn-bm-ZnÂ \n-¶v 110 In.an. A-I-se-bp-Å ap-

sskJn-d a-cp- q-an-bn-se in-em-Nn-{X-§Ä Im-Wm³ ap-km- À A-l½-Zv ]p-d-s¸-Sp¶p.ap¸-Xv In.an. Zq-cw a-cp- q-an-bn-se a-WÂ-Nm-en-eq-sS bm-{X sN-bv-Xv th-Ww ap-ssk-Jn-d-bn-se _n.kn. 1000þ3000 hÀ-j-§Ä-¡n-S-bnÂ h-kn-¨ a-\p-jyÀ sIm-¯n-sb-Sp-¯Nn-{X-§Ä D-Å ]m-d-s¨-cp-hp-I-fnÂ F-¯m³. F-¶mÂ bm-{Xm-at[y s]-s«-¶pm-bA-Xn- -b-¦-cam-b a-WÂ Im-änÂ A-hÀ k-©-cn- Im-dv a-WÂ Np-gn-bnÂ Ip-Sp§n.]pd- p I-S-¡m³ ]Tn-¨ ]-Wn ]-Xn-s\«pw ]b-än t\m-s¡-b-¦nepw H-cp Kp-W-hp-ap-m-bnÃ. H-Sp-hnÂ ap-l½-Zv J-lv-¯m-\n F-¶ H-cp kz-tZ-in bp-hm-hv Ah-sc c-£-s¸-Sp- p-I-bm-Wv D-m-bXv. Xn-cn- v Pn-±-bn-se-¯n A-Sp-¯ Znh-kw ]-{X-§Ä I--



t¸m-gm-Wv A-td-_y³ s]-\nkp-e ap-gp-h³ s]m-Sn-¡m-äv B-ª-Sn-¨n-cp-¶p-sh-¶v a-\-Ên-em-¡n-bXv. Iq-Sm-sX A-¶v ISÂ-t£m- hpw D-m-bn-cp-¶-s{X. Xm-_q-¡n {]-hn-iy-bn-emI-s« a-WÂ-¡m-än-s\m- w h³-t]-am-cnbpw D-mbn. C-tX- Xp-SÀ-¶v \q-tdm-fwC-S-b-·mÀ a-WÄ Im-änÂ Ip-Sp-§p-I-bpw 14 t]À a-c-W-s¸-Sp-Ibpw D-m-bn. ap-ssk-Jn-d-bnÂ h-¨v X-s¶ a-cp- q-an c-v Im-cy-§Ä ]Tn- n- -Xm-bn te-J-I³ ]-d-bp¶p.H¶v Hmtcm a-\p-jy-\nepw H-cp t^m-knÂ Ip-Sn-sIm-Åp¶p. c-v a-cp- q-an-bnÂ H«pwkm-l-kn-I-X ]m-SnÃ.

144. "P-\-{Zn-b' s^-Ìn-h-en-s\-¡p-dn-¨v Ip-dn- v X-¿m-dm-¡pI.D. dn-bm-ZnÂ \n-¶v 45 In.an. A-I-se-bp-Å {Km-a-{]-tZ-i-am-Wv P-\m-{Zn-b. \m-j-WÂ KmÀ-

Un-sâ B- p-ap-Jy-¯nÂ s^-{_p-h-cnþamÀ- v am-k-§-fnÂ 15 Znh-kw \o-p \nÂ-¡p-¶ tZio-tbm-Õ-h-am-Wv P-\m-{Zn-b s^-ÌnhÂ. ]-g-b A-td-_y B \m-fp-I-fnÂ P-\m-{Zn-bnÂ ]p-\À-P-\n-¡pw. ]-c-¼-cm-K-X A-td-_y³ N- -I-fp-sS ]p-\À-\nÀ-½n-Xn-bm-WvD-Õ-h-¯n-se {][m-\ C\w. ssI¯-dn h-kv-{X-§-fm-bn-cn¡pw N-´-bn-se {][m-\B-IÀ-jWw. cm-Py- n-sâ hnhn-[ `m-K-§-fnÂ \n-¶pÅ ssI¯-dn hn-Z-Kv-[À A-hn-sS X-§-fp-sS I-c-hn-cp-Xp {]-ZÀ-in- n-¡m³ F-¯pw. ku-Zn-bn-se ]-e \-K-c-§fpw{Km-a-§fpw P-\m-{Zn-bnÂ Ip-d- p-Znh-kw H-¶n-¨p ]mÀ-¡pw. A-_-l-bnÂ \n-¶p-ÅtX\pw J-ko-a-bnÂ \n-¶p-Å ho-Sp-\nÀ-½m-W-hn-Z-b XpS-§n cm-Py- n-sâ an-\n-tb- ÀD-Õ-h-¯nÂ Im-Wmw. H«-Iw, B-Sv F-¶n-h-bpsS tXm-ep-Ifpw Xp-¶nbpw tNÀ- vImÀ- -äp-m-¡p-¶ hn-Zy \-¶m-bn A-dn-bp-¶ J-ko-a-bn-se kv-{Xn-IÄ A-¶v A-hn-sSF- pw. H«-I-tbm-« a-Õcw, \m-S³ ]m-«p-I-fp-sS A-h-X-cWw. hnhn-[ {Kmao-W\r-¯§Ä, {]- m-j-W§Ä, I-hn-b-c-§p-IÄ Xp-S-§n-b-h D-Õ-h-¯n-sâ `m-K-am-bnA-c-t§-dpw.

145. "C-{X-tb-sd in-ev-]-§-fp-Å a-säm-cp \-K-chpw ku-Zn-bn-ep-m-InÃ"þ ap-km- ÀA-l½-Zv in-ev-]-\-K-c-sa-¶v Pn±-sb hn-ti-jn- n-¡m³ Imc-Ww F´v?

D. Pn-± F-¶ \-K-c-¯n-sâ N-Xz-c§-sf A-e-¦-cn-¡p¶-Xv [m-cm-fw inÂ-]-§-fmWv. am-\-t¯-¡v t\m-¡n-\nÂ-¡p¶ ssk-¡nÄ, t¥m_v, \o-e R-c-R-c-¼p-IÄ F-Sp- p \nÂ-¡p-¶ ]pcp-j apãn, hn-am\w, I- Â F-¶n§-s\ \n-ch-[n A-Sbm-f inÂ-]-§Ä\-K-c-¯nÂ F-hn-sS-bpw h-gn-Im-«n-I-fm-bn \nÂ-¡p¶p. _o- n-te¡ t]m-Ip-¶ h-gn-bn-emI-s« a-t\m-l-c-§-fm-b inÂ-]-§-fmÂ k-¼-¶-amWv. C-t¸mÄ ]-d-¡p-sa-¶v tXm-¶n- n-¡p¶ tem-l-¯nÂ-]Wn-X In-fn-¡q«w, ao-\p-IÄ-¡v h-¶v I-b-dn-¯m-a-kn-¡m³tXm-¶n-¡p¶ tem-lh-e, ao-\p-Ifpw I-SÂ-Po-hn-Ifpw Ip-Sp-§n-¡n-S-¡p-¶ N-XpÀ- p-Pw ({]-ikv-X inÂ-]n Pn-tbm-sh-¶n-bpsS c-N-\-bp-sS ]-IÀ¸v) {]-ikv-X kuZninÂ- n A-ÐpÂ lm¯nw dm-Zv-hn H-cp ]mÀ-¡nÂ sNbv-X Cu-´- -\-¡q«w, tImÀ-Wn-jv tdm-Un-ep-Å {]-Ir-Xn-bn-te-¡v Xp-d-¶ I-®p-am-bn \nÂ-¡p-¶ sl³{Sn aq-dn-sâc-N\-I-tfm-Sv k-am-\-X-bp-Å inÂ¸w, sN-¼p-]m-fn-I-fnÂ \nÀ-½n- kq-cy-Im-ń- mSw,Nmªpw sN-cnªpw \nÂ-¡p-¶ Iq-P-§-fp-sS in-ev-]-N-Xz-cw A§-s\ F-®n-bmÂXo-cm- inev-] D-Zym-\-am-Wv Pn±. Cu \-K-c- nÂ H-cn-¡Â h-¶p t]m-b-h-cpsSHmÀ-½-I-fnÂ H-cp inÂ-]-sa-¦nepw Xp-Sn-¨p \nÂ-¡p-sa-¶v D-d- m-sW-¶v ap-km- ÀA-l½-Zv A- n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p-v. 'a-cp- q-an-bp-sS B-ß-I-Y-'bnÂ

146. FÊmw AÂ Km-en-_v B-cm-Wv?D. th-jw am-dn \S-¶v a-\p-jy-sâ b-YmÀ-° A-h-Ø-IÄ ]Tn-¡m\pw ]-IÀ-¯m\pw

{i-an-¨ ku-Zn ]-{X-{]-hÀ- -I-\m-Wv FÊmw AÂ Km-en_v. A-ta-cn-¡-bnÂ ]Tn-¡p-Ibpw Ipd- p \mf-s¯ A-hn-Sp-s¯ Po-hn-X- n-\p-ti-jw Pn-±-bn-se-¯p-Ibpw



sN-bv-X-bmÄ. C-dm-JnÂ A-ta-cn-I-Iyp-sS A-[n-\n-th-iw \-S-¡p-t¼mÄ bm-{Xm-tc-J-I-sfm-¶p-anÃm-sX Ip-ssh-¯n-eq-sS \pg-ªp Ib-dn _m-Kv-Zm-Zv h-sc t]m-bn C-dm-Jn-sebm-YmÀ-°y-§Ä dn-t¸mÀ-«v sN-bv-Xp F-Êmw. _m-Kv-Zm-ZnÂ h-¨v ssI-¿n-ep-Å-sXÃmwsIm-Å-b-Sn-¡-s¸-«-t¸mgpw FÊmw dn-t¸mÀ-«nw-Kv \nÀ-¯n-bnÃ. tem-I- n-sâ ]-e`m-K-¯p-\n-¶p-sa¯n-b am-[y-a {]-hÀ- -IÀ-¡v Ad-_n A-dn-bm- -Xn-\mÂ A-hÀ-¡p-th-n ]-cn`m-j \nÀ-Æ-ln- v ]-W-ap-m¡n. A-t±-lw X-sâ dn-t¸mÀ-«p-IÄ Pn-±-bn-se Ad-_v \yqkv Hm-ô-kn-te-¡v A-b- p-sIm-n-cp¶p. A-[n-\n-h-k k-ab-¯vkn.F³.F-¶nÂ BZyw {]-Xy-£-s¸-« Ad-_n ap-Jhpw hm-Z-§fpw F-Êm-an-tâ-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.H-cn-¡Â FÊmw {Sm- n-Iv kn-á-ep-I-fn-Â sh-Åw hnÂ-¡p-¶-h-cp-sS Po-hn-Xw t\-cn-«-dn-bm³ A-h-cp-sS th-jw sI-«n s]m-Åp-¶ Nq-SnÂ cm-hn-se ap-XÂ ssh-Ip-t¶-cwh-sc sh-Åw hnäp. A- -c- nÂ A-¶w tX-Sp-¶-h-cp-sS {]-iv-\-§Ä A-t±-lw tem-I-t¯m-Sp hn-fn-¨p-]-dªp. sa-säm-cn-¡Â h-en-b Xn-c-¡p-Å- ssl- À tjm- nw-Kvam-fn-\v ap-¶nÂ Im-ep-IÄ X-fÀ-¶ bm-N-I-\m-bn FÊmw th-jw sI-«n. A-hn-sS-bp-Åa-äp bm-N-I-cp-am-bn kw-km-cn-¡p-Ibpw CS-¡v bm-N-\m-]m-{X-¯nÂ ho-gp-¶ ]-Wwt\m-¡nbpw H-cp ap-gp-Znh-kw FÊmw A-hn-sS C-cp¶p. \-K-c-h-Xv-I-c-Ww, bmN-\,sXm-gnÂ-cm-lnXyw F-¶n§-s\ D-Å {]-iv-\-§-fn-te-¡v A¶-s¯ A-t±-l- n-sâdn-t¸mÀ-«v sh-fn- -hoin. a-säm-cn-¡Â {]-Ir-Xn-hn-cp² ssew-Kn-I-X-bp-sS \-K-c-¯n-seth-cp-IÄ A-dn-bm³ A-XnÂ Xm-ev-]-cy-ap-Å-bm-fm-bn th-jw sI«n. Pn-±-bnÂ hnÂ-¡-s¸-Sp¶ ssew-Kn-I-Zm-lw XoÀ-¡p-¶ b-{ -§-fp-sS hn-]-Wn-sb-¡p-dn- v FÊmwF-gpXn-b dn-t¸mÀ-«v sR-«n-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.

147. kw-kw In-W-dn-sâ (_n-Av-dp-kwkw) ]n-d-In-se I-Y F´v?D. a-¡-fnÃm-Xn-cp-¶ {]-hm-N-I-\m-bn-cp-¶ C-{_m-lnw (ss_-_n-fnÂ F-{_-lmw) X-sâ

`À- m-hn-sâ Zpx-Jw a-\-Ên-em¡n-b km-dm C-_v-dm-lnan-t\m-Sv X-sâ A-Sn-abm-b lm-Pd-sb hn-hm-lw I-gn-¡m³ D-]-tZ-in-¡p¶p. lm-P-d-bnÂ C-kv-am-CuÂ F-¶ a-I³C-_v-dm-lo-an-\v D-m-Ip¶p. ssZ-h-¯n-sâ \nÀ-t±-i-{]-Im-cw lm-P-d-tbbpw a-I-\-sbpw a-¡ a-W-em-c-Wy- nÂ Xm-a-kn-¡m³ C-_v-dmlnw X-¿m-dm-Ip¶p. a-¡-bn-se¯n-b lmP-d, X-sâ ]n©p-ss]-XÂ C-kv-am-boÂ Zm-l-P-e-¯n-\m-bn I-c-ª-t¸mÄ sh-Åw tX-Sn A-§p-an§pw ]c-¡w ]mªp. sXm-«-Sp-¯v I- k-^m-a-e-bn-te-¡v k-lm-b- n-\mbn Hm-Sn-¡-bdn. A-hn-sS F§pw B-scbpw I-nÃ. P-e-km-¶n-[y-hp-anÃ. D-S³ A-hn-sS \n-¶n-d-§n sXm-«-Sp- p-Å aÀ-Æ-a-e-bn-te-¡pw HmSn. C-Xv]-eX-h-W B-hÀ-¯n-s -¦nepw sh-Åw am{Xw I-s-¯m-\m-bnÃ. C-_v-dmlnw BI-s« C-dm-Jn-te-¡v t]m-b-Xm-bn-cp¶p. Bcpw k-l-m-b-¯n-\nÃm- a-cp- q-a-bnÂ sh- vlm-Pd ssZ-h-t¯m-Sv C§-s\ Ic-ªp {]mÀ-°n- -s{X: "ssZ-h-ta F-sâ aI-sâZm-lw XoÀ-¡m³ AÂ-]w P-ew I-\n-tª-In-bmepw".k- þaÀ-Æ a-e-IÄ-¡n-S-bnÂ `q-an-bnÂ InS-¶v I-c-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶ C-kv-am-boÂ F-¶Ip-ªv Im-en-«-Sn- Øe- v \n-¶v s]-s«-¶v H-cp D-d-h {]-Xy-£-s¸«p. B D-d-h [m-c-ap-dn-bm-sX P-ew Np-c-¯m³ Xp-S§n. sh-Åw X§-sf aq-Sn-¡-f-bp-tam F-¶p `-b-¶lm-P-d-_o-hn A-hp-sS `m-j-bnÂ "kw. . . kw" (A-S§q) F-¶v Dd-h-tbm-Sv B-Úm-]n- p. B D-d-h-bnÂ \n-¶v e- n- p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶ P-e-am-Wv kwkw. l-ÖvþDw-dXoÀ-°m-S-\-¯n-\v F-¯p-¶-h-scÃmw tcm-K-i-a-\- -n\pw a-äp B-{K-l-k- -eo-I-c-W-¯n-\p-am-bn ]m-\w sN-¿m³ kw-kw P-ew kz- w \m-Sp-I-fn-te-¡v ti-J-cn-¨psImp-t]m-Im-dp-v.



148. a-Zo-\-bnÂ ]-ehn-[ a-[p-c-§Ä D-s-¶v te-J-I³ A- n-{]m-b-s¸-Sm³ Im-c-W-sa´v?D. a-cp- qa-bn Bß-I-Y F-¶ k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy Ir-Xn-bp-sS A-h-km-\- mK- v

hn. ap-km- À A-l½-Zv {]-hNm-I \-K-cnbm-b a-Zo-\-sb-¡p-dn¨pw A-hn-Sp-s¯ P-\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw hn-h-cn-¡p¶p. a-Zo-\-bnÂ ]-ehn-[ a-[p-c-§-fp-s-¶m-WvA-t±-l- n-sâ A-\p- hw. A-td-_y-bn-se G-ä-hpw a-[p-c-ap-Å Cu-´-¸-g-am-Wv A-h-bn-sem-¶v. N-hÀ-¡p-sa-¶v tXm-¶p-¶ a-WÂ-a-®nÂ C-{Xbpw a-[p-cw X-cp-¶ ^-etam F-¶mcpw kw-i-bn¨p-t]m-Ipw. Cu- ¸-\-tXm-«-§-fn-te-¡v I-b-dp-t¼mÄ X-s¶a-[p-c-K-Ôw Im-änÂ D-bÀ-¶p-s]m-§pw. \m-hnÂ sh- mÂ A-en-ªp t]m-Ip-¶ X-c-¯n-ep-Å- Cu- - -g-§Ä a-Zo-\-bn-teXp-t]m-se a-ä-[n-Iw Ø-e-§-fnÂ Xm³ I-n-«n-sÃ-¶v te-J-I³ hn-h-cn-¡p-¶p.

a-Zo-\-bp-sS A-hn-kv-a-c-Wo-bhpw lr-Zy-hpa-bm a-säm-cp a-[p-cw A-hn-Sp-s¯\m-«p-ImÀ X-s¶-bmWv. G-Xv A-]-cn-Nn-X-s\bpw F{Xtbm Im-e-am-bn ]-cn-N-b-ap-Åkp-lr-¯n-s\-t¸m-se A-hÀ kzo-I-cn-¡p¶p. a-Zo-\-¡mÀ-¡v K-X-Im-ew ap-X-ep-m-bn-cp-¶ A-Xp-eyamb -Kp-W-am-bn-cn¡-Ww CXv. i-{Xp-¡-fp-sS \n-c- -c-ieyw \n-an-¯wP-·-\mSm-b a-¡ hn-Sm³ {]-hm-N-I³ ap-l½-Zv \nÀ-_-Ôn-X-\m-b-t¸mÄ H-cp kw-i-bhpw Iq-Sm-sX aZo-\ Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡m³ A-t±l-s¯ t{]-cn- n- -Xv a-Zo-\-¡m-cpsSCu kz`m-h Kp-W-am-bn-cn-¡Ww. a-Zo-\-¡m-cp-sS Xp-SÀ¨m-b £-Whpw kzo-I-cn-¡m\pw kw-c-£n-¡m-\p-ap-Å Xz-cbpw {]-h-Nm-I-cp-sS a-\-Ên-s\ B-IÀ-jn- n-«p-m-IWw. a-¡n-bnÂ \n-¶v a-Zo-\-bn-te-¡v lnPv-d ]p-d-s¸-« ap-l½-Zv \-_n ssZ-h-¯n-sâ{]-tXy-b-im-kv-{Xw (C-kvemw aXw) P-\-§-fn-se- n¨-Xv {]-[m-\-ambpw a-Zo-\-bnÂsh- m-bn-cp-¶p-h-tÃm.d-a-fm³ am-kw (t\m-¼p-Imew) aZo-\ k-µÀ-in-¡p-¶-hÀ-¡v B \m-«p-Im-cp-sS kv-t\-lhpw B-Xn-Yy-a-cym-Z-Ifpw Iq-Sp-XÂ A-Sp-¯n-S-s]-«v A-\p- -hn- -dn-bm³ I-gn-bpw.t\m-¼p-Xp-d-¡p-¶ k-abw, a-kv-Pn-Zv \-_-hn-¡p-Ånepw ]p-d¯pw aZo-\ \n-hm-kn-IÄt\m-¼p-Xp-d-¡p-Å hn- -h-§-fp-am-bn A-Yn-XnI-sf Im-¯n-cn-¡p-a-s{X. an-¡-hm-dpw Kr-l-\m-Y\pw a-¡-fp-a-S-§p-¶ sN-dp-kw-L-§Ä t\m-¼p-Xp-d-¡m³ B-fpI-sf £-Wn-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡pw. £-Ww kzo-I-cn-s¨- p-¶h-sc sN-dp kw-L-§Ä A-h-À H-cp¡n-b `-£-W-¯n-\-cn-In-te-¡v B-\-bn-¡pw.X-\n-¡p-m-b H-cp-\p`-hw ap-km- À A-l½-Zv hn-h-cn-¡p¶-Xv Im-Wp-I: H-cn-¡ÂXsâ H-cp kp-lr-¯v H-cp kw-L-¯n-sâ £-Ww C- -c-¯nÂ kzo-I-cn-¡p-I-bp-mbn. A-h-À H-cp¡n-b Øe-¯v t\m-¼p-Xp-d-¡m-\m-bn A-bmÄ sN-¶v C-cp¶p.Ipd- v I-gn-ª-t¸m-gm-Wv AÂ-]w AI-se A-bm-fp-sS Iq-sS h-¶ kp-lr-¯v t\m-¼p-Xp-d-¡m-\n-cn-¡p¶-Xv A-bmÄ I-Xv. F-¦nÂ Ah-sâ Iq-sS-bn-cp-¶v t\m-¼p-Xp-d¡mw F-¶p I-cp-Xn C-cp-¶n-S-¯p-\n¶pw A-bmÄ F-gp-t¶-äp. X-§-sfm-cp¡n-b`-£-W- n-sâ ap-¶nÂ \n¶pw A-Xn-Yn F-gp-t¶Â-¡p¶-Xv I- B-Xn-tY-b-kw-LwAbm-tfm-Sv X§-sf D-t]m-£n- v t]m-I-cp-tX F-¶v tI-W-t]-£n¨p. A-h-cp-sS kv-t\-l-]qÀ-Æ-ap-Å \nÀ-_-Ô-¯n\pw B-ßmÀ-°-X \n-d-ª s]-cp-am-ä-¯n\pw B kp-lr-¯v Io-g-S-§n-b-s{X.

149. a-Zo-\-bnÂ t]m-Ip-t¼m-sgÃmw "Jeo- D-a-À' F-¶ ]mTw a-\-Ên-te¡v Hm-Sn-sb-¯p-sa-¶v ap-km- À ]-d-bm³ Im-c-W-sa´v?

D. aZo-\ \n-hm-kn-I-sf-¡p-dn- p-Å a-[p-cn-¡p-¶ kv-a-c-W-I-fm-Wv ap-km-^À A-l½-ZvX-sâ k-©m-c-Ir-Xn-bn-se A-hkm-\ A-[ym-b-§-fnÂ ]-¦p-sh-¡p-¶Xv. a-Zo-\-¡m-cp-



sS B-XntY-b a-\x-Øn-Xn ap-km- -dn-s\ A-Ûp-X-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. kv-Iq-fnÂ ]Tn-Jeo- D-aÀ F-¶ ]mTw a-Zo-\-bnÂ t]m-Ip-t¼m-sgÃmw X-sâ kv-a-c-W-I-fn-te-¡v F-¯p-¶p-sh-¶v A-t±-lw ]-d-bp-¶p. 'Jeo- D-aÀ' F-¶ ]mT- m-K- n-sâ km-cmw-iwC-§-s\-bm-Wv: ]m-Xn-cm-t\cw, aZo-\ \-K-c-¯nÂ FÃm-hcpw D-d-¡-am-Wv. H-cpho-«nÂ am{Xw ap-\n-ªp I- p-¶ hn-f-¡n-sâ sh-fn-¨w Im-Wmw. B ho-«nÂ Z-cn-{Zbm-b H-cp D-½ hni-¶v I-c-bp-¶ X-sâ a-¡Ä-¡v `£-Ww D-m-¡p-I-bmWv. A-Sp-¸nÂ sh- I-e- nÂ A-hÀ X-hn-sIm-v C-f-¡n-s¡m-t-bn-cn-¡p¶p. `£-Ww C-t¸mÄ ]m-I-am-Ip-sa-¶v hni-¶v X-fÀ-¶ X-sâ a¡-sf C-S-bv-¡n-S-bv-¡v A-hÀ B-iz-kn- n- p-sIm-n-cn-¡p¶p. A-Sp- nÂ sh-¨ I-e- nÂ k-Xy- nÂ ]- -sh-Å-aÃm-sXa-säm¶pw D-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. Im-cy-am-bn `£-Ww D-m-¡p-I-bm-Wv X-sâ a¡-sf sX-än-²-cn- n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p; \nÀ-²-\bmb B D-½. X-fÀ- -bv-s¡m-Sp-hnÂ {]-Xo-£-tbm-sS Im-¯n-cn-¡p-¶ X-sâ a-¡Ä A-dn-bm-sX D-d-§n-s¡mÅpw F-¶v B D-½ {]-Xo-£n-¡p-¶p.A-tX ka-bw X-sâ P-\-§-fp-sS Po-hn-X-Øn-Xn t\-cn-«-dn-bm³ th-jw am-dn \-S-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p; a-Zo-\-bp-sS `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cnbm-b D-aÀ C-_v-\p J-¯m_v. ho-Sn-\p sh-fn-bnÂ \n-¶v D-½-bp-sS {]-IS-\w Jeo- D-aÀ thZ-\-tbm-sS a-\-kn-em¡n. A-t±-lw a-S§n-t]m-hp-I-bpw B ho-«n-te-¡v B-h-iyam-b `-£-W-km-[-\-§-fp-ambn DS-s\ X-s¶ F- p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp. B `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bp-sS ]n³-Km-an-I-fnÂ \n-¶v C -cwkzo-I-c-Whpw kv-X-Im-chpw {]-Xo-£n-¡m-sa-¶v te-J-I³ A- n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.

150. dp-_p-DÂ Jmen-tbm-Sv tNÀ-¶ "i-dq-d' F-¶ {Km-a-¯n-\v Np-äp-ap-Å-hÀ a-cp- q-a-n-bnÂ]-c-kv]-cw I-p-ap-«n-bmÂ A- n-hmZyw sN-¿p¶-Xv F-§s\?

D. A-]-I-S-I-c-am-Wv a-cp- q-a-n-bp-m-Im-hp-¶ A-\p-`-h§Ä. a-\p-jy-scbpw h-fÀ-¯p ar-K-§-sfbpw A-]m-b-s¸-Sp- pw hn-[-ap-Å lnw-{k-P-´p-¡-fpw D-{K-hn-j-ap-Å D-c-K-§fpw a-cp- q-an-bnÂ [m-cm-fw Im-Wmw. Ch-sb {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn {Km-ao-W-cp-sS (_Zhn) ssI-¿nÂ tXm-¡p-IÄ D-m-Ipw. a-cp- q-an-bnÂ sh- v H-cp _-Z-hn-sb H-ä-s¸-« \n-e-bnÂ a-säm-cmÄ I-mÂ, "K-Æn-¯p' (\o hf-sc i-à-\m-bn-cn-¡s«) F-¶pA-bm-sf A- n-hmZyw sN-¿Ww. DSs\ "\-Po-¯p" (\o ]-d-ª-Xn-em-Wv F-sâ hn-P-bw) F-¶v c-m-a-s¯-bmÄ {]-Xy- n-hmZ-\w sN-¿pw. Xp-SÀ-¶v C-cp-hcpw B-bp-[w Xm-gv-¯n B-enwK-\w sN-¿pw.

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