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ADVANTAGES, LIMITATIONS & UTILIZATIONS OF CONVENTIONAL EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGYNorhuda T. Haji BurhanTEXT/PRINT (books, periodicals, modules)

Books

Periodical

Module (web)ADVANTAGES:

READILY AVAILABLE. Printed materials are readily available in range of topics and formats.

ECONOMICAL. Text can be used again and again by many students.

FLEXIBLE. Printed materials may be used in any lighted environment. They are portable.

LIMITATIONS:

PASSIVE. Others contend that text promotes solitary learning rather than cooperative group processes.

READING LEVEL OF LEARNERS. Many students are non readers or proof readers.

MEMORIZATION. Some critics say textbooks promote memorization rather than higher level of thinking skills.

UTILIZATION:

Direct student reading with objectives and/or question.

Check the teacher guide for additional materials and activities.

Supplement text with other media.

2. STILL VISUALS

Printed visuals (Pictures & graphics)

Picture

GraphicsADVANTAGES:

REALISTICS FORMAT. Visuals provide a representation of verbal information. READILY AVAILABLE AND EXPENSIVE. Visuals are readily available in books, magazines, newspaper, catalogs, and calendars.

LIMITATIONS:

SIZE. Some visuals are simply too small to use enlarging can be expensive.

TWO DIMENSIONAL. Visuals lack the three- dimensionality of the real object or scene.LACK OF MOTOIN. Visuals are static and cannot show motion.

UTILIZATION: Use simple materials that everyone can see. Provide written or verbal cues to highlight important aspects of visuals. Use one visuals at a time expect for comparison. Hold visuals steady.

B. DISPLAYED VISUALS (chalkboard & bulletin board)

Chalkboard

Bulletin Board

Wall ReminderADVANTAGES:

MULTIPURPOSE. Both students and teacher can use display boards for a variety of purposes. COLORFUL. Display boards provide color and add interest to classrooms or hallways. PARTICIPATION. Students can benefit from designing and using display boards.

LIMITATIONS:

COMMONPLACE. Instructors often neglect to give display boards the attention and respect they deserve as instructional devices. NOT PORTABLE. Most display boards are not movable.

UTILIZATION: Check the visibility of the board from several positions around the room. Decide in advance how you plan to use the board. Print using upper and lowercase, not all caps in script. Face your audience; do not talk to the board with your back to the class.

C. PROJECTED VISUALS(Overhead projector/overhead transparencies LCD/DLP, Opaque projector)

Transparencies

DLP

OpaqueADVANTAGES:

INSTRUCTOR CONTROL. The presenter can manipulate projected materials on the OHP by applying different techniques pointing to important items, covering part of the message and revealing information progressively.

VERSATILITY. OHP can be used in normal room lighting.

Opaque projector allows instantaneous projection of 2 or 3 dimensional objects.

LIMITATIONS:

PREPARATION REQUIRED. Printed materials and other non transparent items, such as magazines, illustrations, cannot be projected immediately but must first be made into transparencies.

INSTRUCTOR DEPENDENT. OHP cannot be programmed to display information by itself. The overhead system does not lend itself independent study. The projection system is designed for large-group presentation.

UTILIZATIONS:

Focus on the image so it fills the screen. Turn off lights over the screen if possible. Stand facing your class.

Use appropriate pacing.

Direct students attention to the important parts of the OHT.

Summarize frequently.

3. REAL OBJECTS &MODELS

Real Objects

ModelsADVANTAGES:

MORE CONCRETE. Real objects and models provide hands on learning experiences and emphasize real-world applications.

READILLY AVAILABLE. Materials are readily available in the environment, around school, and in the home.

ATTRACT STUDENTS ATTENTION. Students respond passively to both real objects and their models.

LIMITATIONS:

STORAGE. Large objects can pose special problems. Caring for living materials such as plants and animals can take a lot of time. POSSIBLE DAMAGE. Materials are often complex and fragile. Parts maybe lost or brokenly.

UTILIZATIONS:

Familiarize yourself with the objects and models.

Make sure objects are large enough to be seen.

4. AUDIO TECHNOLOGIES

A. AUDIO CASSETTE TAPES/RECORDERS/PLAYERS

AUDIO CASSETTE TAPES/RECORDERS/PLAYERS

Novak LP-to-MP3 Recorder,

ADVANTAGES:

VERBAL MESSAGE. Students who cannot read can learn from audio media. STIMULATING. Audio media can provide a stimulating alternative to reading and listening to the teacher.

STUDENTS and TEACHERS PREPARATION. Students and teachers can record their own tapes easily and economically; they erase and reuse them when materials becomes outdated or no longer useful. FAMILIARITY. Most students and teachers have been using audiocassette recorders.

LIMITATIONS:

PACING. Presenting information at the appropriate pace can be difficult for students with a range of skills and background experiences.

FIXED SEQUENCE. Even though it is possible to rewind or advance the tape to a desired portion. LACK OF ATTENTION. They may hear the message but not listen to or comprehend it. ACCIDENTAL ERASURE. They can be accidentally erased when they should be saved.

UTILIZATION:

Cue the audio material before you and your students use it. Make sure that all students involved can hear and that other students arent distracted. Use a handout or worksheet to maximize learning from audio media. Use a follow-up activity after each audio lesson.

B. CD

ADVANTAGES:

LOCATING SELECTIONS. Students and teachers can quickly located selection of CDs and can program machine to play any desired sequence.

RESISTANCE DAMAGE.

LIMITATIONS:

LIMITED RECORDING CAPABILITY. Students and teachers cannot produce their own CDs as cheaply and easily as they can in cassette.

5. AUDIO VISUALS/MOTION PICTURES MEDIA(television, video & film)

Motion Pitures

Educational T.V

Educational Films

ADVANTAGES: MOTION. Moving image can effectively represents procedures in which motions is essentials. REAL-LIFE. Video allows learners to observe phenomena that might be dangerous to view directly. REPETITION. Video allows repeated viewing of a performance for emulation.

LIMITATIONS: FIXED PACE. Videotape programs run at a fixed pace. SCHEDULING. Teachers normally must be order videos well in advance of their intended use. MISINTERPRETATION. Documentaries and dramatizations often present complex or sophisticated treatment of an issue.

UTILIZATIONS: CHECK LIGHTING. Seating and volume control. List on the chalkboard the main points to be covered in the presentation.

Support the presentation with meaningful follow-up activities. Get involved in the program yourself. Get students mentally prepared by briefly reviewing previous related study and evoking questions about todays topic.