Advantages and limitations in bioherbicides use

Advantages and limitations in bioherbicides use Advantages and limitations in bioherbicides use

Zvonko Pacanoski

Bioherbicides

phytopathogenic microorganisms or microbial phytotoxins useful for biological weed control applied in similar ways to conventional herbicides (Goeden, 1999; Boyetchko et al., 2002; Boyetchko and Peng, 2004)

Bioherbicides serves a more important role as a complimentary component in successful integrated management strategies (Hoagland et al., 2007), and not as a replacement for chemical herbicides and other weed management tactics (Singh et al., 2006)

Advantages of bioherbicides: high degree of specificity of target weed; no effect on non-target and beneficial plants or man; absence of residue build-up in the environment; effectiveness for managing herbicide-resistant (HR) weed populations

Limitations of bioherbicides: - biological constraints - environment constraints - technical constraints and - commercial limitations

Successful stories about bioherbicides

commercialized bioherbicides

200 plant pathogens candidates for development as commercial bioherbicides

Plectosporium tabacinum Galium spp.

Fusarium oxysporum (PSM 197)

S. asiatica (91.3%) S. gesneroides (81.8%) S. hermonthica (94.3%)

Sesbania exaltata Colletotrichum truncatum

Myrothecium verrucaria (IMI 361690)

Chenopodium amaranticolor

Sesbania exaltata Senna obtusifolia Datura stramonium

Trichothecene Orobanche ramosa seeds

Myrothecium verrucaria

Portulaca oleracea Portulaca portulacastrum

Euphorbia maculata Euphorbia prostrata

Phomopsis amaranthicola Amaranthus spp.

Microsphaeropsis amaranthi Phomopsis amaranthicola Amaranthus spp.

Pyricularia setariae Setaria viridis sethoxydim

Colletotrichum truncatum Sesbania exaltata

Dactylaria higginsii Cyperus routndus

Drechslera avenacea Avena fatua

Synergism between bioherbicides and chemical herbicides

Combinations of some bioherbicides and synthetic herbicides can be synergistic (Caulder and Stowell, 1988; Christy et al. 1993), resulting from lowered weed defense responses caused by the herbicides, thus making the weeds more susceptible to pathogen attack (Hoagland, 1996; 2000).

trimethylsulfonium salt of glyphosate Xanthomonas campestris

Synergism

Senna obtusifolia Alternaria cassiae

acifluorfen

bentazon

Colletotrichum gloesporioides Aeschynomene virginica

Colletotrichum truncatum Sesbania exaltata

Desmodium tortuosum Fusarium lateritium

Synergism

Myrothecium verrucaria Glyphosate

Brunnichia ovata (88%) Campsis radicans (90%)

Synergism

Phoma proboscis

2,4-D MCPP

Convolvulus arvensis

Myrothecium verrucaria Silwet L-77 Pueraria lobata (100 and 90-100%)

Synergism MCPP

Different limitations about bioherbicides use

1. Environmental limitations Environmental factors influence formulation performance of bioherbicides as inoculum production is dependent on sporelation of the formulation.

In the application of bioherbicides, environmental conditions prevailing in the phyllosphere of plants are frequently hostile for biological control agents (KENERLEY & ANDREWS, 1990; ANDREWS, 1992).

A requirement for more than 12 h of dew period for severe infection by a pathogen, has been reported for several potential bioherbicides (BOYETTE & WALKER, 1985; WYMORE et al., 1988; MORIN et al., 1990; MAKOWSKI, 1993) and this may limit the efficacy of the bioherbicide in the field.

phyllosphere of plants

dew period

Nutrient status of the soil

Soil moisture Soil environment

physiology of target plants

Colletotrichum truncatum Sesbania exaltata (95%)

Biological limitations

It is desirable for a bioherbicide to act relatively quickly and have sufficient efficacy to control weeds. Unfortunately, many of the weed pathogens discovered may provide only partial control of only one weed species, even under ideal conditions (CHARUDATTAN, 2005).

Host specificity is related to the basic biology of the pathogen and to host variability (GABRIEL, 1991; LEONARD, 1982). Biological constraints including host variability and resistance, as well (AULD, 2003).

Prunus serotina Chondrostereum purpureum

?

Technological-commercial limitations

Several technological limitations have been identified that could prevent the widespread use of bioherbicides

Pathogenical strains, formulation method and the interaction of these two parameters significantly affect the shelf life of the formulations at room temperature (ALTMAN et al., 1990; HEBBAR et al., 1998).

The most challenging aspect of formulating bioherbicides is to overcome the dew requirement that exists for several of them.

vegetable oil emulsion water-retaining materials invert emulsion

Colletotrichum orbiculare Xanthium spinosum

spray drying process Phomopsis sp. Carthamus lanatus

liquid formulations of bioherbicides

Alternaria eichhorneae

gellan gum

polyacrylamide

alginates

The bioherbicides approach is gaining momentum

New bioherbicides will find place in irrigated lands, wastelands as well as in parasite weeds or resistant weed control

Research on synergy test of pathogens and herbicides for inclusion in IWM, developmental technology, fungal toxins, and application of biotechnology, especially genetic engineering is required

Bioherbicides will not solve all of the environmental and weed management problems associated with synthetic herbicides, nor will replace the current or future arsenal of synthetic herbicides

Their role will probably be complimentary components in successful IWM systems, and in the discovery of novel phytotoxins with new chemistries and new molecular sites of action

Continued research on these areas is important in order to fully understand interactions of microorganisms and plants (crops and weeds), and to discover new phytopathogenic microorganisms or microbial phytotoxins useful as bioherbicides

Conclusion

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