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Advances in Solar Research at Eclipses from Ground and from Space
NATO Science Series
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The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly in the NATO ASI Series. An electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to more than 50000 contributions from international scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO-DATA BASE is possible via CD-ROM "NATO-PCO-DATA BASE" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French and German (WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies Inc. 1989).
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Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences - Vol. 558
Advances in Solar Research at Eclipses from Ground and from Space
edited by
Jean-Paul Zahn Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France
and
Magda Stavinschi Astronomicallnstitute of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
Springer Science+Business Media, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Advances in Solar Research at Eclipses from Ground and from Space Bucharest, Romania 9-20 August, 1999
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-0-7923-6624-9 ISBN 978-94-011-4325-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4325-7
Printed an acid-free paper
AII Rights Reserved ©2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 2000 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ............................................................... vii
Group photograph .................................................... x
List of participants .................................................. xiii
Eclipses from the standpoint of celestial mechanics M. Stavinschi ..................................................... 1
The Williams College expedition to Ramnicu Valcea J.M. Pasachoff .................................................... 23
Heliospheric extent of the coronal phenomena G. Mari§ ......................................................... 31
The solar corona: white light polarization and modelling of the large scale electron density distribution
P. Cugnon and J.-R. Gabryl ..................................... .49
Observing the solar magnetic field I.S. Kim .......................................................... 67
Solar activity Z. Mouradian .................................................... 85
New views of active regions, flares and CME's from space Y. Uchida ....................................................... 105
Modeling the evolution of solar magnetic fields K. Galsgaard ................................................... 149
Non-LTE radiation processes: Application to the solar Corona S. Collin ........................................................ 171
vi
Models of the solar atmosphere P. Heinzel ....................................................... 201
Inversion of line profiles and solar fine structures P. Mein ......................................................... 221
Sounding the solar interior W.A. Dziembowski ............................................... 245
What we know about the solar interior J.-P. Zahn ...................................................... 265
Theory of solar luminosity variations H.C. Spruit ...................................................... 289
Index ................................................................ 307
PREFACE
The aim of this Advanced Study Institute was to give an account on the most recent results obtained in solar research. Bucharest was chosen to host it, because the capital city of Romania was located right in the middle of the totality path of the last eclipse of the millennium, on 11th August 1999; furthermore the phenomenon was close to reach there its longest duration: 2m 23s. Such a total eclipse is not only a very spectacular event which draws the crowds: to astronomers, solar eclipses still offer the best conditions for observing the lower part of the corona.
The Sun plays a crucial role in our very existence. It was responsible for the formation of the Earth, and rendered this planet fit to host living beings, providing the right amount of heat, and this for a long enough span of time. Quite understandably, it has always been a prime target of human curiosity, and more recently one of scientific investigation. During the last century, it was realized that the Sun is a star like billions of others; we learned since that it draws its energy from the nuclear fusion of hydrogen, and we are now able to estimate its age and life expectancy.
Progress has been extremely fast in the last years, especially thanks to the observations carried out in space, which have brought a wealth of new data. Two missions have been particularly successful: the Yohkoh spacecraft launched by Japan and the Solar and Reliospheric Observatory (SORO) which was built in collaboration between Europe and the US. Whereas only the surface layers could be scrutinized in the past, we are now able to probe the interior of the Sun with the acoustic waves which are observed at the surface, and we can explore the corona in the X-rays and in the far ultraviolet. Ground based research also is gaining from the increased sensitivity of modern detectors, and global observation networks monitor the Sun in permanence.
The results are spreading through journals and specialized meetings, but we felt the need of presenting them in a more organized and pedagogical way, for the benefit of the younger scientists. This ASI proved quite attractive; it was attended by 76 participants from 18 different countries: 61 students and 15 lecturers.
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During the first days of the ASI the participants prepared for observing the eclipse, and learned what can be gleaned from such events. They watched the eclipse from the Bucharest Observatory, where the Sun kept playing hide and seek behind some light clouds. Many distinguished guests shared their enthusiasm, such as the President of Romania Emil Constantinescu and NASA Administrator Daniel S. Goldin.
Thereafter the series of lectures covered the domains of solar physics where recent progress has been achieved, with emphasis put on the physical interpretation of the phenomena, rather than on their detailed description. The posters presented by the students are published in the supplement of Romanian Astronomical Journal, vol. 9, 1999. Highlights of the social programme were an excursion to Sinaia, a visit to the Village Museum in Bucharest, a barbecue in the gardens of the Bucharest Observatory, and a memorable football game among participants, which ended in the dark, long after sunset. Friendly links were established between participants of different countries. Even better: Nilay and Diaa met there, and are now married.
This meeting and these lectures were made possible by NATO, which sponsored them in the frame of its outstanding programme of Advanced Study Institutes. The organisers express their thanks to the directors of the Scientific Affairs Division, Drs. L. Veiga da Cunha and F. Predrazzini, for their kind assistance. They are grateful also to their home institutions, the Astronomical Institute of the Romanian Academy and the Observatoire de Paris, for generously granting both technical and financial support. Finally they wish to renew their warm thanks to the colleagues who contributed to the success of this ASI by their exciting lectures, and in particular to Petr Heinzel, Zadig Mouradian and Jay Pasachoff, who assisted them in the Organising Committee.
Magda Stavinschi and Jean-Paul Zahn
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Lecturers
Suzy COLLIN Observatoire de Paris, Section de Meudon, F-92195 Meudon, France
Pierre CUGNON Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Ringlaan 3, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
Wojciech DZIEMBOWSKI Copernicus Astronomical Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ul Bartycka18, PL-00716 Warsaw, Poland
Jean-Rene GABRYL Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Ringlaan 3, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
Klaus GALSGAARD Mathematical and Computational Sciences, University of Saint Andrew, Saint Andrew KY16 9SS, UK
Petr HEINZEL Astronomical Institute, Ondrejov Observatory, CZ-25165 Ondrejov, Czech Republic
Iraida KIM Sternberg Institute, Moscow State University, Universitetskii prospect 13, RU-119899 Moscow, Russia
Andre MANGENEY Observatoire de Paris, Section de Meudon, F-92195 Meudon, France
Georgeta MARIS Astronomical Institute of the Romanian Academy, Str. Cutitul de Argint 5, RO-75212 Bucharest, Romania
Pierre MEIN Observatoire de Paris, Section de Meudon, F -92195 Meudon, France
Zadig MOURADIAN Observatoire de Paris, Section de Meudon, F-92195 Meudon, France
Jay PASACHOFF Hopkins Observatory, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA
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Henk SPRUIT Max-Planck Institut fur Astrophysik, Karl Schwarzschildstrasse 1, D-85740 Garching, Germany
Magda STAVINSCHI Astronomical Institute of the Romanian Academy, Str. Cutitul de Argint 5, RO-75212 Bucharest, Romania
Yutaka UCHIDA Astronomy Depart., University of Tokyo, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
Jean-Paul ZAHN Observatoire de Paris, Section de Meudon, F -92195 Meudon, France
Students
Anatoly ARSENTIEV Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, RU-664033 Irkutsk, Russia
Edward BARANOVSKY Crimean Astronomical Observatory, UKR-334413 Nauchny, Ukraine
Ural BAYAZITOV Bashkir State University, New Information Technologies Department, RU-450076, Bashkortostan, Ufa-76, alb 7507, Russia
Esha BEBARS National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Solar Research Department, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
Alexandre BELINSKI Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, Universitetskii prospect 13, RU-119899 Moscow, Russia
Maxim BELOUS Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 48 Pyatnitskaya st., RU-109017 Moscow, Russia
Lionel BIGOT Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, BP 4229, F-06304 Nice Cedex 4, France
Petr BIRZA Astronomical Institute of the Romanian Academy, Str. Cutitul de Argint 5, RO-75212 Bucharest, Romania
Cristina Olivia BLAGA "Babe§-Bolyai" University, Faculty of Mathern. and Computer Sciences, 1, Kogalniceanu str., RO-3400 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Paul BLAGA "Babe§-Bolyai" University, Faculty of Mathem. and Computer Sciences, 1, Kogalniceanu str., RO-3400 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Guillaume BLANC Service de Physique des Particules, DAPNIAjCEA Saclay, F-91191 Gifsur-Yvette, France
Artur BORODIN Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, RU-664033 Irkutsk, Russia
Ibrahim BULUT Canakkale 18 Mart University, Art and Science Faculty, Physics Department, TR-17100 Canakkale, Turkey
Barbara CADER-SROKA Astronomical Institute, Wrocklaw University, Ul Kopernika 11, PL-51140 Wroclaw, Poland
Caner CICEK Astrophysics Section, Department of Physics, Canakkale 18 Mart University, TR-17100 Canakkale, Turkey
Mihail CODRESCU Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80303, USA
Vasyl DANYLEVSKY Astronomical Observatory of Kiev University, Observatorna str. 3, UKR-254053 Kiev, Ukraine
Giulio DEL ZANNA Centre for Astrophysics, University of Central Lancashire, 69 Selborne St., Preston PR1 4LA, UK
Momtchil DETCHEV Institute of Astronomy, 72, Trakia Blvd, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
Alina DONEA Astronomical Institute of the Romanian Academy, Str. Cutitul de Argint 5, RO-75212 Bucharest, Romania
Cristiana DUMITRACHE Astronomical Institute of the Romanian Academy, Str. Cutitul de Argint 5, RO-75212 Bucharest, Romania
Cosmina DUTAN Observatoire de Paris, Section de Meudon, F-92195 Meudon, France
xvi
Ahmet ERDEM Canakkale 18 Mart University, Art and Science Faculty, Physics Department TR-17100 Canakkale, Thrkey
Ladislau FARKAS Astronomical Institute of the Romanian Academy, Piata Axente Sever 1, RO-1900 Timi§oara, Romania
Diaa GAD EL-MAWLA Institut fiir Theoretische Astrophysik , Universitat Heidelberg, Tiergartenstrasse 15, D-69121 Heidelberg, Germany
Almaz GALEEV Depart. of Astronomy, Kazan State University, RU-420008 Kazan, Russia
Vladimir GARAIMOV Special Astrophysical Observatory, St.Petersburg branch of SAO, Pulkovskoe Shosse 65, RU-196140 St. Petersburg, Russia
Dan GRECU Institute of Physics, Str. Atomi§tilor 111, RO-76900 Platforma Magurele, Bucharest, Romania
Subhon IBADOV Institute of Astrophyics, Tajik Academy of Sciences, 734042 Dushabe, Tajikistan
Jana KASPAROVA Astronomical Institute, Ondrejov Observatory, CZ-25165 Ondrejov, Czech Republic
Kostadinka KOLEVA Institute of Astronomy, 72, Trakia Blvd, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
Dana KOVALEVA Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 48 Pyatnitskaya st., RU-109017 Moscow, Russia
Lev KUROCHKA Astronomical Observatory of Kiev University, Observatorna str. 3, UKR-254053 Kiev, Ukraine
Ulyana LEIKO Astronomical Observatory of Kiev University, Observatorna str. 3, UKR-254053 Kiev, Ukraine
Elena MALANUSHENKO Crimean Astronomical Observatory, UKR-334413 Nauchny, Ukraine
Gennady MARCHENKO
Astronomical Observatory, Kharkov State University, str. Sumskaya 35, UKR-310022 Kharkov, Ukraine
Elena MOISE National Optical Astronomy Observatories, 950 N. Cherry Avenue, PO Box 26732, Tucson AZ 85726-6732, USA
Andrea MUNTEANU
XVII
Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 5 Parvan str., RO-75212 Bucharest, Romania
Irina PANAMARCHUK Crimean Astronomical Observatory, UKR-334413 Nauchny, Ukraine
Victor PECHSHEROV Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, RU-664033 Irkutsk, Russia
Marcos PEN ALOZA-MURILLO University of Essex, Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences Central Campus, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex C04 3SQ, UK
Ines PEREZ Avenida Lucas de Vega 5, sobreatico, SP-38208 La Laguna, sic de Tenerife, Spain
Pablo PEREZ Departamento de Astrofisica y Fisica del Aire, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av.Complutense sin, SP-28040 Madrid, Spain
Mykola PISHKALO Astronomical Observatory of Kiev University, Observatorna str. 3, UKR-254053 Kiev, Ukraine
Miruna POPESCU Astronomical Institute of the Romanian Academy, Str. Cutitul de Argint 5, RO-75212 Bucharest, Romania
Vladislav-Veniamin PUSTINSKI Tallinna Observatory, Tallinn, 13513, Estonia
Alexander RODIN Pushkino Radio Astronomy Observatory, Lebedev Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, RU-142292 Pushkino Moscow, Russia
Alexey ROSAEV PB Drilling, Svoboda str.8/38, RU-150000 Yaroslavl, Russia
Ilia ROUSSEV Armagh Observatory, College Hill, Armagh BT61 9DG, UK
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Rafik SALAKHUTDINOV Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, RU-664033 Irkutsk, Russia
Mohamed Ahmed SEMEIDA National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Solar Research Department, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
Faruk SOYDUGAN Canakkale 18 Mart University, Art and Science Faculty, Physics Department, TR-17100 Canakkale, Turkey
Susanna TOKHCHUKOVA Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, RATAN-600, RU-357140 Zelenchukskaja, Karachai-Cherkessia, Russia
Vlad TURCU Astronomical Institute of the Romanian Academy, Str. Cire§ilor 19, RO-3400 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Michal VARADY Astronomical Institute, Ondrejov Observatory, CZ-25165 Ondrejov, Czech Republic
Igor VESELOVSKY Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, RU-119899 Moscow, Russia
Sergey YAZEV Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, RU-664033 Irkutsk, Russia
Nilay YILMAZ Ege University Solar Energy Institute, Bornov, TR-35100 Izmir, Turkey
Shahinaz YOUSEF National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Solar Research Department, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
Luca ZANGRILLI Department of Astronomy, University of Florence, Largo Enrico Fermi 5, 1-30125 Florence, Italy
Andrei ZHUKOV Department of Radiation and Computational Methods, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, RU-119899, Russia
