Advances in Rain Water Harvesting1

8/13/2019 Advances in Rain Water Harvesting1

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Advances in

RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Anand dubey


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Reasons of Shortage of Water

Population increase

Industrialization

Urbanization(a) Increase in per capita utilization

(b) Less peculation area

In places where rain fed/ irrigation based cropsare cultivated through ground water

Decrease in surface area of Lakes, talab, tanks

etc.


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Reasons of Shotrage of Water

Continued..

Deforestation

(i) Less precipitation

(ii) Absence of Barriers(a) Rain drops checked by leaves of tree

(b) Water slowly descends through twigs & trunk

Humusacts as reservoir

(d) Tiny creatureshelps percolation

1 hectare of forest-6-7 Lac ton of water

(after filtering) top layer can hold 1.2 Lac tons of water


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What is the solution ?

Rain water is the ultimate source of fresh water

Potential of rain to meet water demand is

tremendous Rain water harvesting helps to overcome water

scarcity

To conserve ground water the aquifers must berecharged with rain water

Rain water harvesting is the ultimate answer


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Why Rain water be harvested

To conserve & augment the storage of

ground water

To reduce water table depletion To improve the quality of ground

water

To arrest sea water intrusion incoastal areas

To avoid flood & water stagnation in

urban areas


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The roof catchment are selectively

cleaner when compared to the groundlevel catchment

Losses from roof catchment are minimum

Built & Maintained by local communities

No Chemical contamination & only required

filtration Available at door step with least cost


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The typical roof top rain water

harvesting system comprises Roof catchment

Gutters

Down pipe & first flushing pipe

Filter Unit

Storage Tank


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Roof catchment

The roof of the house is used as the catchment for

collecting rain water. The style construction and

material of the roof effect its suitability as a

catchment, Roofs made of corrugated iron sheet ,

asbestos sheet, Tiles or Concrete can be utilized

for harvesting the rain water


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Gutters

Gutters are channels fixed to the edges of

roof all around to collect & transport the

rainwater from the roof. Gutters can bemade in semi-circular and rectangular shape

with cement pipe, plain galvanized iron

sheet, PVC pipes, bamboos etc. Use oflocally available material reduce the overall

cost of the system.


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Down Pipe

It is the pipe which carries the rainwaterfrom the gutters to the filter & storage tank.

Down pipe is joined with the gutters at oneend & the other end is connected to thefilter unit of the storage tank. PVC or GIpipe of 50mm to 75mm (2 to) are

commonly used for down pipe. Bamboo canbe also used wherever available andpossible


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First Flush Pipe

Debris, dust & dirt collect on the roof

during non rainy periods when the first rain

arrive. A first flush system arrangement ismade to avoid the entering unwanted

material into the Filter media & storage

tank. This is a simple manually operatedarrangement or semi-automatic system with

a valve below the T junction


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Filter Unit

The filter unit is a container or chamber

filled with filter media such as coarse sand,

charcoal, coconut fiber, pebbles & gravelsto remove the debris & dirt from water that

enters the tank. The filter unit is placed over

the storage tank or separately. It may be ofFerro cement filter unit, Aluminum, Cement

rings or Plastic bucket etc.


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Size of Storage Tank

Based on

No. of person in the House hold

Per capita water requirement

No. of days for which water is required

Example

Drinking water requirement for a household with 5family members, period 8 months & 6 lpcd

= 5x 180x 6

= 7200 Liters


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Water available from Roof

Annual rainfall (in mm) x roof area (in sq. m) x co-

efficient of run off for roof

co-efficient of run offGI sheet 0.9

Asbestos 0.8

Tiled 0.75Plaster on bricks/ Concrete 0.7

Water available from roof top 800mmx 20 sq.m=12800

Liters per annum


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Water available from Roof

continued

Size of Tank =1.2 m dia 1.8 m height

No. of Tanks 4

Volume of Tanks 3.14x1.2x1.2x1.5/4

2.03 cum

2000 liters

Volume of of 4 tanks =4x2000

8000 Liters

(this can be designed as per requirement)


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Cost of Material for Tank

1. Cement 8 bags*Rs. 140.00 1120.00 2. Grit .25 Cum 200.00

3. Sand .4 Cum 100.00

4. Perforated Cement rings 5 No. 1000.00

5. P/fabricated Cement rings 4 No. 400.00

6. PVC pipe 63mm dia.*10M 200.00

7. P/fabricated Asbestos 10mm dia.*10mm

Gutters 250.008. Mason/ Labor charges. 1000.00

9. Transportation 130.00

Total 4400.00


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Cost of Material for Filtration Tank

1. P/fabricated cement rings 5*Rs. 40.00 200.00 2. Cement 2 bags*Rs. 140.00 280.00

3. Sand 2 bags 50.00

4. Grit 4 bags 50.00 5. Charcoal 20 Kg*Rs. 8.00 160.00

6. Sand for Plastering 4 bags 100.00

7. Mason/ Labor 500.00 8. White washing 40.00

9. Transportation 50.00

Total 1430.00


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Flooded with Fluoride-G/ water is not potable

Fluoride is an acute toxin with a rating slightly

higher then lead. It is infect, one of the most bone-

seeking elements known to human beings &

groundwater in India shows the presence ofunhealthy quantities of fluoride. A worrying

scenario: daily ingestion of 2 milligram (mg) of

fluoride could result in creeping Skeletal fluorosis

after 40 years. Excess fluoride causes severaldiseases like Osteoporosis, Arthritis, Brittle bones,

Cancer, Infertility in women, Brain damage,

Alzheimers disease & Thyroid disorders


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The very nature of fluoride increases this dangermanifold. Almost half of each days fluoride intake is

retained & is absorbed by the bones & teeth. It was

Gerald Cox, of the Mellon Institute in the US, who

first found in 1938 that while 1mg/ liter of fluorine inwater prevents dental caries over 1.5mg/l causes

mottled teeth. The bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)

standard for fluoride content is 1-1.5mg/l. It is

believed that levels above or below this could cause

de4ntal decay. Ironically, there is an increased

incidence of dental caries, yellow teeth & twisted

limbs among people of all age groups in India.


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A recent publication of the Geographical Survey ofIndia (GSI) names areas that should go on fluoride

red alert: Fazilka & Jalalabad in the border district

of Ferozpur in Punjab, parts of Gurgaon, Rewari,

Mahendranath, Hisar, Fatehabad & Faridabaddistrict in Haryana, Unnao, Rae Barely &

Sonebhadra district in Uttar Pradesh, Sidhi district

in Madhya Pradesh, Beed district in Maharastra,

Nalgonda district in Andhra Pradesh and Dindiguldistrict in Tamilnadu.


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Fluoride effected Villages

Fluoride effected villages 459

(based on RGNDWM 91)

Range No. of villages1.5-2 ppm 159

2-2.5 ppm 149

2.5-3 ppm 973-4 ppm 40

4-8 ppm 14


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Fluoride effected Villagescontinued..

Range of Concentration 1.5-8.4 ppm

Lower range of Concentration 1.5-2.5 ppm

(about 67% villages)

Cause Salt concentration neat aquifers

Trend No. of villages increasing

Reason(i) Heavy withdrawal of water from upper strata

(ii)Less charging of Strata due to Silt/ clayey

upper layer of Soil


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General distribution of Aquifers of Unnao

GL Surface water (sweet)

200 M (+/- 20%)

Saline water

Middle system of Aquifers

Lower system of Aquifers

Sweet water

70 m(+15% variation)

Upper system of Aquifers

Water contains fluoride


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How the problem can be minimized

1 By providing pipe water system with source (electricbased)

(a) Surface water

(b) Deep tubewells2 Recharging stratas through rainwater harvesting

methods

(No. of villages of lower range concentration can bedecreased)

3 Storing rain water for drinking purpose(a) In areas where electricity problem is more

(b) In areas where concentration is more

In areas where PWS is uneconomical

(d) In areas where dependable source is not available


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Thank You

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Advances in Rain Water Harvesting1