Advances in Optical Networking

Jeff Verrant

Senior Engineer

Research and Education Initiatives

Ciena Government Solutions, Inc.

2

Agenda

Lightwave Technologies

Core Transport

OTN, G.709, the “ Digital Wrapper “

Deployable Control Plane Technologies

Optical Switching

GFP w/ VCAT-LCAS

3

Network Solutions for Research & Education

Remote Off-FiberCampusSolutions

NationalLab

ResearchUniversity

NationalLab

HPC Lab

ResearchUniversity

Regional Optical Network

NationalBackboneConnectivity

University

Metro/Regional DWDM

Intelligent Optical SwitchingLong Haul DWDM

Fully Automated Turnup and Management of Optical Connections2.5G

10G40G

GbE/10GbEStorageSONET

Optical Add/Drop

4

Rx Trace 40G+10G 16spans TW-C 28 channels

-50

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

1525 1535 1545 1555 1565

Wavelength (nm)

CoreStream: Flexible Transport Platform for the Future

One Platform for all applications

eFEC, Raman, multi-stage EDFAs, pre-emphasis, and spectrum flattening allow CoreStream to handle span designs from 1600 - 3200km

CoreStream is approved for NDSF, NZDSF, and DSF

Transceivers for 2.5G, 10G, 40G available today

50GHz (for ~3000km) & 25GHz (up to ~2000km) channel spacings

Cost is reduced by installing special technologies only where needed

25GHz systems can be used to provide high capacities as 40G technologies become more cost effective

8 Channels10 Gbps25 GHz spacing

28 Channels40 Gbps100 GHz spacing

Channel Counts are C-Band only.

>3000 km, 80x10Gb/s NRZ @ 50 GHz

2000 km, 160x10Gb/s NRZ @ 25 GHz

Up to 1600 km, 40x40Gb/s CS-RZ @ 100 GHz or 160x10Gb/s NRZ @ 25 GHz

Numbers assume NDSF and 8 dB FECNumbers assume NDSF and 8 dB FEC

OADM Nodes

OADM Nodes

Data rates/channel spacing mixed at the sub-band level• Mixed rate deployment likely• Optimize Capacity x Distance for each sub-band separately

Data rates/channel spacing mixed at the sub-band level• Mixed rate deployment likely• Optimize Capacity x Distance for each sub-band separately

5

Demonstrated System Capabilitywith Raman

Fiber Type Best mixed 40/10G Capacity

Distance Total Capacity

NDSF 40ch x 40G 1600km 1.60Tb/s

DSF 19ch x 40G + 24ch x 10G 1000km 1.00Tb/s

TW 32ch x 40G + 16ch x 10G 1600km 1.44Tb/s

TW-RS 40ch x 40G 1600km 1.60Tb/s

E-LEAF 32ch x 40G + 16ch x 10G 1600km 1.44Tb/s

• Capacity is for C-band propagation only• Pure 10G capacity is 1.92 Tbps• Distances are ~ 1200 km without Raman

• Capacity is for C-band propagation only• Pure 10G capacity is 1.92 Tbps• Distances are ~ 1200 km without Raman

6

40G Configurations

WDM Infrastructure

OC-768 POS(standard CBR mapping)

OC-768/STM-256POS

StandardOTU3

4 x 10GMuxponder

4 x 10GMuxponder

• Overrate clients??•10GFC (10.51875G)•OTU2-LAN (11.05G)•OTU2-LAN (11.09G)•OTU2-FC (11.27G)

•Proprietary Muxing ?•Use 10G waves only ?

OTU3Regenerator

• Support standard OTU3 / OC-768•Support standard 40G multiplexing

– OC-192/STM-64 (9.95328G)– 10GbELAN (10.3125G, GFP-F mapping)– OTU2 (10.7G)

• Support standard OTU3 regenerator

7

Development Issues

What is the 40G line rate?

40G POS client only requires standard OTU3 (43.018G line rate)

10G multiplexing creates possibly many different 40G line rates depending on solution (as high as 45.270G)

Non-standard, overrate, muxing will result in proprietary solutions, interop problems, and ASIC availability issues

Due to limited optical reach an OTU3 to OTU3 regenerator will probably be required

Ideally about 1600km reach w/o Raman.

New transceivers utilizing 50 / 100GHz DPSK modulation

Overrate solutions increase line rate and reduce reach

8

Beyond 40G ??

100G standards effort just beginning. IEEE Call of Interest this month. Expect target 2010 100G standard, at a minimum.

Proprietary Solution.

Bonded Nx10G, Nx40G. 80G / 100G client.

Economics. Currently “ PAIN “ customers club.

COG’s and market price are premium.

9

Agenda

Lightwave Technologies

Core Transport

OTN, G.709, the “ Digital Wrapper “

Deployable Control Plane Technologies

Optical Switching

GFP w/ VCAT-LCAS

10

How is OTN Deployed?

OTN is the common optical backbone network of the future.

OTN can provide transparent SONET/SDH services to end users who require section overhead bytes like DCC.

OTN maps all services into a common set of wavelengths – simplifying everything from monitoring and deployment to sparing and capacity management.

GbE

OCn/STMn

FC

SDI

ISC

OTU-N

11

OTN and the OSI Stack

OTU

ODU

OPU

OPTU

OPVC

Physical

Service

The diagram on this page shows the OSI stack modified to show the OTN layers

The Service layer represents the end user service, it can be GbE, SONET, SDH, FC, or any other protocol.

For asynchronous services such as ESCON, GbE or FC the service is passed through a GFP mapper

The OPVC or Optical channel Payload Virtual Container handles mapping the service into a uniform format. The OPVC is the only layer that needs to change to support a new service type.

The OPTU or Optical channel Payload Tributary Unit maps the output of the OPVC into a timeslot and performs timing adaptations to unify the clocking.

The OPU or Optical channel Payload Unit contains all of the timeslots in the OTN frame.

The ODU or Optical channel Data Unit provides the path-level transport functions of the OPU.

The OTU or Optical Transport Unit provides the section-level overhead for the ODU and provides the GCC0 bytes.

The Physical layer maps the OTU into a wavelength or WDM muxing system.

GFP

12

OTN revealed

OTN Framing is very similar to SONET and SDH framing. It can be represented by a table 4080 bytes long and 4 bytes high.

http://www.innocor.com/pdf_files/g709_tutorial.pdf

FA OH OTUk OH

ODUk OH

OP

Uk

OH

OPUk Payload(4x3808 bytes)

OTUk FEC(4x256 bytes)

3808 bytes

4 bytes

256 bytes2 bytes14 bytes

3 bytes

1 byte

7 bytes 7 bytes

13

10GE for High Bandwidth Applications

10GE LAN PHY

10.3125 Gbps

9.995 Gbps

OTN OPU-2ODU-2

O/HOTU-2

O/H

10.709 Gbps

10.000 Gbps with 64B/66B

Encoding

10.037 Gbps

• Expected to become Intra-office interface of choice

– Server connections

– Router interface

• Transparency of Ethernet MAC can be important

• Solution for Transparent WAN connectivity not standardized

– Data rate not compatible with standard framing for OC-192 or ODU-2

– Supported using Agile Wavelengths today using OTU-2+ variation of G.709 (11+ Gbps)

10GE LAN PHY Transparency Issue

14

Agenda

Lightwave Technologies

Core Transport

OTN, G.709, the “ Digital Wrapper “

Deployable Control Plane Technologies

Optical Switching

GFP w/ VCAT-LCAS

15

Ciena’s Intelligent Control Plane: HistoryComplete and deployed distributed routing and signaling mechanism for core mesh networks

Topology discovery with available bandwidth updates

Constraint based route calculation

In-band signaling for end-to-end sub-network connection (SNC) setup and mesh restoration

Standards based

G.ASON compliant (G.7713.1, G.7715.1…)

Mature, Scalable, and Reliable

20+ customers with control plane networks (largest has 100+ of nodes)

5 years of history; research, product, deployments

Only distributed mesh control plane currently widely deployed in live operation

•Configuration•Provisioning•Restoration

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Single Domain I-NNI

AA

BB

HH

GG

EE

FF

II

Peer-to-Peer Signaling/Routing

Within a single domain, all nodes share topology information

All nodes belong to a common trusted environment and share a common I-NNI (Interior Network-Network Interface)

A source node can initiate a connection with a single request message

I-NNI Domain

17

Multi-Domain Control Plane

Carrier networks are multi-domain & multi-technology

A single control plane does not scale or fit all needs

Individual domains interoperate through the E-NNI or Exterior Network-Network Interface

This preserves domain characteristics and scalability

Networks support Multiple Domains

O-UNI

AA

BB

EE

GGFF

II

HH

O-UNI

I-NNI Domain

EE

GGFF

II

HH

I-NNI Domain

E-NNI

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Ciena Standards SupportCoreDirector I-NNI optical control plane protocol (OSRP) is based on ITU ASON Recommendation G.7713.1, with extensions for value-add functionality

Over 5 years of experience in live networks

Proven to significantly reduce operational costs and service activation time

Proven >99.999% service reliability in up to 120 node network

Available :

OIF O-UNI 1.0, based on ITU ASON Recommendation G.7713.2

OIF E-NNI (also based on ITU G.7713.2),

O-UNI 2.0 and

IETF GMPLS (I-NNI)

20

Ciena OIF Participation

Co-Founder and strong supporter

Co-founded with Cisco

Currently President

Participated in Supercomm and OFC demonstrations

Participated in UNI 1.0 and 2.0 development

Editor of UNI 1.0R2, E-NNI Signaling and Routing specifications

Keeping NNI aligned with ITU-T directions

Implementation of UNI 1.0R2, E-NNI 1.0

21

Ciena’s ITU-T ParticipationStrong supporter of ASON work

Helped edit G.7713.1 and G.7713.2 Signaling Recommendations

Editor of G.7714.1 (Discovery Mechanisms)

Participated in editing of G.7715 (Routing Arch.)

Supplied main text to G.7715.1 (Routing Requirements)

Supporting ITU-T work on Management of ASON

Provided input to new G.7718 – ASON Management Framework

Editor of G.7718.1 (to be completed) – ASON Management Object Model

Implementation of G.7713.1/2, G.7714, G.7715.1

OSRP/ G.7713.1

I-NNI

Carrier C Domain

UNI E-NNI UNI

Carrier A Domain

Carrier B Domain

E-NNI NE N

E

N

E NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

Carrier C Domain

E-NNI I-NNI

Vendor 1 Domain

Vendor 2 Domain

UNI-N UNI-C

Client

Client

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Ciena’s GMPLS Participation

Co-author of:

GMPLS framework

GMPLS signaling functional spec

GMPLS signaling for SONET/SDH

GMPLS signaling extensions (RSVP, CR-LDP)

GMPLS routing extensions (OSPF, IS-IS)

GMPLS LMP specification

GMPLS ASON requirements drafts

Continued participation…

Currently in Joint Design Team of experts to evaluate ASON-based routing extensions

Implementation of GMPLS RSVP/OSPF-TE

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ASON/OIF Testing

2001, 2003, 2004, 2005 OIF Interops

Tested ASON/OIF UNI, E-NNI Signaling and E-NNI Routing

Testing venues include 7 carrier laboratories

Vendors include 15 major switch and router vendors

Tested

Interoperable OSPF-based E-NNI routing

Interoperable RSVP-based E-NNI signaling

Support of Ethernet over SONET/SDH using GFP

Support of VCAT/LCAS connections

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ISOCORE Integrated IP/MPLS and Optical Control Plane DemonstrationISOCORE Integrated IP/MPLS and Optical Control Plane Demonstration

Optical Domain

IP/MPLS Domain

Applicationse.g., VPN, VPLS,Triple Play

CIENA CoreDirector® provided intelligent optical switching in the ISOCORE self-managed optical core at Supercomm 2004

GMPLS control plane protocols used for dynamic routing and automated circuit set up

Router clients forward IP/MPLS application traffic over the optical paths

Successful interoperation of GMPLS RSVP-TE and OSPF-TE in a multi-layer IP environment, including Cisco and Juniper routers

25

Agenda

Lightwave Technologies

Core Transport

OTN, G.709, the “ Digital Wrapper “

Deployable Control Plane Technologies

Optical Switching

GFP w/ VCAT-LCAS

26

Optical Exchange Model – CoreDirector CI / DWR

CoreDirector CI and CN 4200 based solution

Multi-layer switch facility

Dynamic Wave Router – 3rd Gen Wavelength Tunable ROADM / Optical Switch

OTN interfaces for OTU1/2

OC3,12,48,192, GbE, 10GbE

O-UNI / NNI, GMPLS signaling

Research Partnerships control plane initiatives

POWER

FAN

FANPOWER

DWR-8

DWR-8

DWDM, OTN WAN interfaces λ Tunable

DWDM Ports

SONET, GbE, 10GbE WAN Interfaces

SONET, Layer 2 witchingO-UNI, GMPLS Network Node

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1x9 Multi-port Wavelength Selective Switch (MWSS) Technology

• Full reconfigurability of Add, Drop and Express ports

• Drop any channel from incident optical spectrum

• Single channel drop per port or

• Drop any N wavelengths at a port

• Power level control on each port

• 50GHz compatible

• Expandable to higher degree node

Functional OperationFunctional Operation

1x9 MWSS

Express

8 x Drop

1x9 MWSS

In

4 x Express

4 x Drop

Basic ROADM configurationMultiple Express configuration

for multi-degree node/ring interconnectIn

1 Express port

1

2

3

96

…

Output Ports:…

…

…… …

…

1 2 3 8Express

MEMS mirror(1 per )

Diffractiongrating

Input:

Another possible application…Another possible application…

28

Agenda

Lightwave Technologies

Core Transport

OTN, G.709, the “ Digital Wrapper “

Deployable Control Plane Technologies

Optical Switching

GFP w/ VCAT-LCAS

29

Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)Executive Summary

GFP is an approved ITU Recommendation (G.7041.2001) for adapting a wide variety of data signals to transport networks

Data Types

PDU-oriented (e.g., Ethernet, IP/PPP)

Block-code-oriented (e.g., ESCON, FICON, Fibre Channel)

Transport Networks

SONET (including Virtual Concatenation)

Optical Transport Network (OTN)

Other octet-synchronous paths

GFP

Eth

ern

et

IP/P

PP

Frame mapped Transparent mapped

SONET/SDH path OTN ODUk path

MA

PO

S

RP

R

Fib

reC

ha

nn

el

FIC

ON

ES

CO

N

Oth

er

cli

en

ts

ign

als

Other

30

GFP within the Protocol Hierarchy

Another mapping for IP services, a better mapping for Ethernet, an enabler for Storage services.

*LCAS – Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

Fu

ture

S

erv

ice

s

IP/Layer 3 Services

POSGE,

ESCONFC/FICONRPR

StorageService

s

OTN

HDLC

GE, Ethernet

GFP

SONET

DWDM

La

mb

da

Ser

vic

es

TDM Services

T1.105

DSnATMPPP

X.86

HE

C

Vcat

OC-N

Fu

ture

S

ervi

ces

IP Services

GE, ESCONFC/FICON

RPR

StorageServices

OTN

GE, Ethernet

GFP

DWDM

Lam

bd

aS

ervi

ces

TDM Services

T1.105

DSn PPP

Vcat

OC-N

Encapsulate & demarcate all services for common management

GFP – Generic Framing Procedure (ITU-T Rec. G.7041)

Uniform mapping of packet, storage & future services to global transport network

Maximise network efficiency & resource utilisation

VCAT – Virtual Concatenation of SONET/SDH

Flexible provisioning of dynamic multi-services with LCAS* (ITU-T Rec. G.7042)

Extending SONET/SDH to support new Broadband Optical Services

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Virtual Concatenation

“Right-sizes” the provisioned SONET path for the client signal

Enables mapping into an arbitrary number of standard STS-1s

Transport capacity decoupled from service bandwidth – less stranded bandwidth

STS signals can be diversely routed through SONET network

Recombined to contiguous payloads at end point of transmission

Need to handle differential delays at egress due to diverse routing

Do this using internal buffers – 5us/km of fibre

Inter-works with all existing SONET/SDH equipment

Only source & sink terminals need to support VCAT

• ESCON (160M) STS-1-4v• Fibre Channel (1G) STS-3c-6v• Gigabit Ethernet STS-3c-nv

OC-192

STS-1-2v

STS-1-4v

STS-3c-4v

STS-1-2v

SONET

Provides superior link utilization for both voice and data services

32

VCAT – Soft Protection

New soft protection schemes possible

Improves efficiency beyond classic SONET protection strategies

Works best with packet services utilising CoS priority support

Soft protection via path diversity

100% transport capacity utilised under normal conditions (~99.99% availability)

On a failure, percentage of transport capacity is lost (due to impacted STSs)

Client signal automatically re-mapped into the remaining STSs

LCAS enables the VCAT link to be hitlessly repaired

VCAT Link

33

Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)Executive Summary

An approved mechanism (ITU G.7042.2001) for dynamically adjusting the size of a Virtually Concatenated channel

Allows services more flexibility for handling dynamic bandwidth demands

Relies on the NMS/EMS or O-UNI to provision the bandwidth change

Allows channel size adjustment to be hitless

Provides mechanism for adjustment of bandwidth during STS-1 failure

LCAS uses bit-oriented protocol encapsulated in control packets carried in SONET H4 Payload Overhead (16 125μs frames per control packet)

34

Ethernet Private Line Services

35

Managed IP Services over Transparent LANs

36

Ethernet Line ModulesEthernet Services Line Modules

Integrated Layer 2 switching

20G full duplex Ether switch capacity

1 x 10GbE or 10 x GbE ports

Supports GFP-F, VCAT and LCAS

Variety of mappings possible: PPP, GFP, LAP-S, ATM/FR

Integrated NPU enables MAC learning bridge, Spanning Tree, VLANs, MPLS, PWE3, traffic prioritization, per flow traffic management, statistical multiplexing, link aggregation, port protection, etc.

Any-to-Any packet switching

Traffic from any port switched to any VCG

SON/SDH Line

Module

SON/SDH Line

Module

CD

(T

DM

) F

abri

c

ESLM

SON/SDHMapper

VCG(s)

VCG(s)

TrafficMgr

NPU

Plu

gg

ab

le G

bE

/1

0G

bE

Po

rts

1. Port to VCG

1

2. VCG to VCG (Server Mode)

2

3. Port to Port (Hairpin)

3

Backplane GbE/10GbE Ports

37

Ending slide