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Page 1: [Advances in Enzymology - and Related Areas of Molecular Biology] Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology (Nord/Advances) || Frontmatter

ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY

AND RELATED SUBJECTS

Volume I

Page 2: [Advances in Enzymology - and Related Areas of Molecular Biology] Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology (Nord/Advances) || Frontmatter

CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME I

MAX B R R G ~ ~ A " , The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York. N . Y.

HENRY B. BULL, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill.

JAMES FRANCK, Department of Chemistry. University of Chicago. Chicago, Ill.

J. S. FRUTON, The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N . Y .

H. GAPFRON, Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.

D. E. GREEN, Department of Biological Chemistry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.

LUISE HOLZAPPEL, Kaiser Wilhelm Instirut fuer Silika?forschurg. Berlin-Dahlem

A. L. KURSSANOV, Insti tufler Biochemie der Akademie der Wissenschaften der U.S.S.R., Moscou~

FRITZ LIPMANN, Department of Biochemistry, Cornell University Medical School, New York, N , Y .

JAMES B. SUMNER. Biochemistry Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y .

C. B. VAN NIEL, Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, Calif.

H. J. VONK, Laboralorium voor Vergelijkende Physiologie. Ulrecht . Holland

Page 3: [Advances in Enzymology - and Related Areas of Molecular Biology] Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology (Nord/Advances) || Frontmatter

ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY

A N D RELATED SUBJECTS

Edited by

F. F. NORD C. H. WERKMAN Fonibam Universi:y New York, N. Y.

Volume I With 5G illustrdtions

Iowa Stare Colkze Ames, I m w

1941

INTERSCIENCE PUBLISHERS, IWC. New York

Page 4: [Advances in Enzymology - and Related Areas of Molecular Biology] Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology (Nord/Advances) || Frontmatter

Copyright, 1941, by

INTERSCIENCE PUBLISHERS, INC. 215 Fourth Avenue, New York 3, N. Y.

First printing . , . . . . . . . 1941 Second printing (by photo-offset) 1945 Third printing (by photo-offset) 1946

Printed in the United States of America

Page 5: [Advances in Enzymology - and Related Areas of Molecular Biology] Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology (Nord/Advances) || Frontmatter

Preface

This collection of independent monographs is initiated at a time when re- search is subject to the gravest of interruptions and original thinking liable to the greatest distraction.

ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY may be of service to those investigators who are devoting their efforts to extentling our knowledge in this field and re- lated subjects; and to all who are interested in the realm of enzyme brhavior.

Meantime, the Editors wish to render tribute, although somewhat be- latedly, to the concept of SCHWANN of the order of the cell as a symbol of the harmony and organization of interfacial phenomena, and of organic and physical chemistry.

We express our obligation to the contributors for their unreserved cooperation and to the publishers for their support.

New York, N. Y. Ames, Iowa, February, 1941

F. F. N. C. H. W,

Page 6: [Advances in Enzymology - and Related Areas of Molecular Biology] Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology (Nord/Advances) || Frontmatter

CONTENTS PAGE

Preface ................................................................. ......................................................

Protein Structure . By HENRY B . BULL. Chicago. I11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Physikalisch-chemische Gesichtspunkte zum Problem der Virusaktivitlt . Von LUISE HOLZAPFEL. Berlin-Dahlem ....................................

Einleitung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . Eintluss des Ladungscharakters auf die spezifische Viruswirksamkeit . . . . . .

I1 . Einfluss von Bestrahlungen ......................................... I11 . Das Aggregationsproblem ............................................ IV . Gestalt und Teilchengrosse ..........................................

Literaturverzeichnis ................................................

By MAX BERGMANN and JOSEPH S . FRU- TON. New York. N . Y .................................................

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1 . Fiber Proteins I11 . Globular Proteins ....................................

The Specificity of Proteinases . 1 .

I1 . I11 .

IV . V .

VI .

VII . VIII .

I X . X .

Role of Molecular Weight of the Substrate ............................ The Nature of the Linkages Split by Proteinases .......................

1 . Pepsin ...................................................... 2 . Chymotrypsin ............................................ 3 . Trypsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Some General Remarks Concerning the Specificity of Gastro-Intestinal Proteinases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Proteinases and Peptidases ......... ............................. Specificity of Intracellular Proteinas ..............................

1 . Papain ...................................................... 2 . Intracellular Proteolytic Enzymes of Animal Tissues ..............

The Activation of Intrace Kinetics and Specificity .. Enzymatic Synthesis ..... Stereochemical Specificity es .................... Conclusion ........................................................ Bibliography ......................................................

Specificity of Gasuo-Intestinal Proteinases ............................

Metabolic Generation and Utilization of Phosphate Bond Energy . By FRITZ LIPMANN. New York. N . Y ............................................ I . Historical Introduction .............................................

I1 . Definition of the Term "Group Potential" ............................ I11 . Group Potential of Phospho-organic Compounds .......................

1 . Ester Phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . Energy-rich Phosphate Bonds ..................................

IV . Chemistry and Distribution of Energy-rich Phosphate Bonds ............ 1 . General Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

V

VII

1

1 5

13 40

43

43 45 48 50 55 60

63

67 67 69 69 73 75

76 78 78 78 80 85 89 90 93 95 96

99

100 102 103 103 105 110 110

2 . Adenosine Polyphosphate ..................................... 114 3 . Phosphoguanidine Linkages (Phosphagens) ...................... 116

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VIII CONTENTS

4 . Phosphoenol Pyriivic Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . Phosphoglyceryl Phosphate .................... 6 . Acetyl Phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Phosphate Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . Primary l’hosphorylatinn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . Transphosl)horylation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 . Anaerobic Pvlrtaholism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pre O/It Translorinat ion l’criotl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , Post O/It Transfor~nation l’criotl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Oxidation-Kctdiirtion I<caction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 . Arrobic hle~aholisnt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gcnrral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

V .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \ .I . Aletabolic Generation of ISncrg-y-rirh I’hosphatc R o d s

Pyruvate Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IXcarhosylic Acid Ouidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Resynthesis of Carbohyclrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Utilization of Phosphate J3ond llwrgy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . Muscular Contractinn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Transformation of I‘ructose into Glucose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . ITtilizabiIity of Acetyl Phosphate and of Acyl Phosphates for Rio-

synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Group Transfer as General 3Ietal)olic Rractinn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Amination and Transamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . Transinethylation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VII .

VIII . 1 .

3 . Transaminidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iiibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Chemical Nature of Catalase . Ry J.lJIIlS 13 . SLThIXKR, Itliaca . N . Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 .

8 . 9 .

1 1 . 1’2 .

rn I .

i n .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Occurrence of Catalase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physiological Role of Catalase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Stability of Catalase . . . . . . . . . The Inactivation of Catalase by T r

The Immunocl~emistry of Catalase . . Can Catalase BK Resynthesized aftrr on? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Absorption Bands of Catalase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theories of the Mechanism of Catala .; e Action 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Blue Substance Prodiicetl froiii Catalase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crystalline Beef Liver Catalasr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Determination of Catalasc Act

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

.

13 . 14 . 15 . 16 .

Agner’s Catalase Preparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Is Horse Liver Catalase More Active Than Beef Liver Catalase? . The Homogeneity of Crystalline Catalase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Are There Several Catalascs, Depending upon the Number of Intac

Residues? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Enzymes and Trace Substances . Bv D . li . GKK1.X. Boston . Mass . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . Hemin

Photosynthesis. Facts and Interpretations . Hy J . I‘KANCK and H . GAPFRON. Chicago. Ill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

119 121 1‘21 121 124 126 131 132 133 134 136 1:W 1:w 131 141 142 14:; 148 149 150 152

152 154 154 155 157 1 R .i

1 li.?

1 KJ 164 16.5 165 165 166 167 167 168 168

170 172 173 11.7

174 173

I i 7

196

1 ;n

l!Kl I . Quantum Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5(10 I1 . Saturation Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

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CONTENTS IX

1 . 2 . .1 .

Saturation in Continuous Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Blackman Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemical Kinctics of Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Theories Using thc Hypothesis of the Pliotosynthetic Vnit . . . . . . Theories Explaining the Saturation I’hcnornciia by Mack Reaction

Steady Fluorescence of Green Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liberation of Osygvn by Illiiriiinated Chloroplasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

111 . Induction Periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Induction Period .; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Induction Pcriocls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fluorcscence Outburst During the Intluction Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gptakc of Carlion Dioxide in the Dark; Rxpcriments with Kadio-

n I’laiits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ple I3actcria and van Xicl’s Theory of Photo-

synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carbon Dioxide Iieductioii iii the Ahsenre of Oxygen ant1 the “lieduced

State” of the Assimilating Systrm in I’lants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Photoreduction with Hytlrogcn in Algae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-4daptation to t l i c L:\c of Nolecular Hytlrogcn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transition from I’liotorccluc.tioii to Photosyiithesis under the In-

fluence of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ’Thc Effect of 0~ygc .11 i n i hc Dark and the Osy-hydrogen Rcaction Induction I’henoincna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Effect of 01-ganic Siilistanccs and of S l J C

-4 . 5 .

1 J . 8 . -4 .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

V I .

2 . 3 .

’The “Ilecluced SLxLc” in thc Absence of Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thcoretical Conclusion .; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

’l‘hc Reduction of Carbon Dioxide i n the Dark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BilJliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

V I I .

The Bacterial Photosyntheses and Their Importance for the General Problem of U y C . B . \..IN NIliL. Pacific Grove . Calif . . . . . . . . . . . .

I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Photosynthesis . [I .

111 . Early Studies on the ;\lctabolistn of the Piirple Hacteria . . . The Mctaholisni of Grcc.11 and Purple Sulfur Bacteria as a

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrogcn Donors and with Molecular Hydro-

gen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Objections to the Gencral Concept of Bactcria hotosynthescs . and ail

Evalu:ition of the Evidence., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consequc.nces . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kinetics of the Ractcrial 1’hotosynthesc.s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Dark Metabolism of the Purple Bacteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Pigment System of the Purple Bacteria., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘The Energetics of the Bacterial Photosyntheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ’l‘he Chlorophyll-Carbon Dioxide Ratio and Outlook on the Mechanism of

Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

\ .

I’I . \’I1 .

\.I11 . IX . 9 .

XI .

Untersuchung enzymatischer Prozesse in der lebenden Pflanze . \ - o i l X . I .. KURSSANOV. Moscow . U.S.S.Ii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I . Allgenieinc \*or+tellungen iiher (lie LVirkiing . dvr Eiizyrnc i n 1cl)ciitlen Zellen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bestiinmung der Aktivitit von Enzyrncn in lelwriden ptlanzlichen Geweben BedingunKen, von denen die reversible U‘irkung der Enzyme in lebenden

I1 . 111 .

Zellen abhlngt . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

204 ~~ ~

206 209 209 212 216 ...

219 220 220 222 223

23 1 2;12

“:M

242 243 243

244 245 246 247 248 252 255 859

329 334

343

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X CONTENTS

IV . Die physiologische Rolle der Enzyme .................................. 1 . Die enzymatischen Prozesse in den Zellen in ihren Beziehungen zu

den Art- und Sortenverschiedenheiten der Pflanzen . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . Speicherung von Vorratsstoffen und allgemeine Ertragsfahigkeit der

Pflanzen als Resultat reversibler enzymatischer Reaktionen . . . . . . 3 . Die vorherrschende Richtung der enzymatischen Prozesse im Zusam-

menhang mit der Entwicklung der Pflanze .................... 4 . Einfluss der Aschenelemente auf die enzymatischen Prozesse in

Pflanzen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . Einfluss der Temperatur auf die Wirkung der Enzyme in lebenden

Zellen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . Wasserhaushalt und Diirre.Resistenz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

V . Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Literaturverzeichnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Die Verdauung bei den niederen Vertebraten . Von H . J . VONK . Utrecht. Holland

I . Unterschiede in der Verdauung zwischen Vertebraten und Invertebraten I1 . Vorbemerkungen iiber die Anatomie des Verdauungskanals bei den

niederen Vertebraten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n 1 . Allgemeines iiber die Verdauung der niederen Vertebraten ............. I V . Die Verdauung bei den Fischen ..................................... V . Die Verdauung bei den Amphibien ..................................

V I . Die Verdauung bei den Reptilien .................................... VII . Zusammenfassung ................................................

Literaturverzeichnis ............................................... Author Index ........................................................... Subject Index ...........................................................

347

348

348

352

356

361 364 366 367

371

372

374 378 385 402 410 412 414

419

429