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��Advanced Real English 2 Catalan © B Burlington Books
GlossaryAdvanced Real English 2
IntRoductIon
above /L'VJd/� per sobre (de)
apple /'DUo/� poma
architect /'EYBWCYW/� arquitecte/a
artist /'EWBgW/� artista
athlete /'DeoAW/� esportista; atleta
behind /VB'kOmX/� darrere (de)
between /VB'WrAm/� entre (dues coses)
big /VBZ/� gran, gros/grossa
boots /VIWg/� botes
bread /VpCX/� pa
butter /'VJWL/� mantega
cake /YMY/� pastís
calm /YEl/� tranquil/il·la
cat /YDW/� gat
chicken /'aBYBm/� pollastre
chimpanzee /aBlUDm'hA/� ximpanzé
clever /'YoCdL/� llest/a, intel·ligent
coat /YNW/� abric
computer programmer /YLlUqIWL�'UpLHZpDlL/� programador/a informàtic/a
corn /YGm/� blat de moro
cow /YP/� vaca
curly /'YKoi/� arrissat/ada
dark /XEY/� fosc/a; morè/ena
dentist /'XCmWBgW/� dentista
doctor /'XFYWL/� doctor/a; metge/essa
dress /XpCg/� vestit
eagle /'AZo/� àguila
eggs /CZh/� ous
electrician /BoCY'WpBim/� electricista
elephant /'CoBcLmW/� elefant
evil /'Ado/� dolent/a, malvat/ada
fair /cCL/� clar/a; ros/rossa
fat /cæW/� gras/grassa
firefighter /'cOLcOWL/� bomber/a
fish /cBi/� peix/peixos
fox /cFYg/� guineu
friendly /'cpCmXoi/� simpàtic/a
frog /cpFZ/� granota
fruit /cpIW/� fruita
fruit salad /cpIW�'gDoLX/� macedònia
funny /'cJmi/� graciós/osa, divertit/ida
good-looking /ZHX'oHYBn/� maco/a, atractiu/iva
hard-working /kEX'rKYBn/� treballador/a
hat /kDW/� barret
horse /kGg/� cavall
in /Bm/� en, a, dins (de)
in front of /Bm�'cpJmW�Ld/� davant (de)
jeans /bAmh/� pantalons texans
kind /YOmX/� amable, atent/a
lazy /'oCBhi/� mandrós/osa
long /oFn/� llarg/a
meat /lAW/� carn
milk /lBoY/� llet
mosquito /lL'gYAWLH/� mosquit
mouse /lPg/� ratolí
narrow /'mDpN/� estret/a
nervous /'mKdLg/� nerviós/osa
next to /'mCYgW�WL/� al costat de, a prop de
old /NoX/� vell/a
on /Fm/� a, en, (a) sobre (de)
onion /'JmqLm/� ceba
pancakes /'UDmYMYg/� creps, pancakes
pig /UBZ/� porc
plumber /'UoJlL/� lampista
potato /UL'WMWN/� patata
rabbit /'pDVBW/� conill
rice /pOg/� arròs
sailor /'gMoL/� mariner/a
sandals /'gDmXoh/� sandàlies
sausages /'gFgBbBh/� salsitxes
serious /'gBLpiLg/� seriós/osa, formal
shark /iEY/� tauró
shirt /iKW/� camisa
short /iGW/� baix/a; curt/a
shorts /iGWg/� pantalons curts
skirt /gYKW/� faldilla
small /glGo/� petit/a
snake /gmMY/� serp
socks /gFYg/� mitjons
steak /gWMY/� filet
straight /gWpMW/� llis/a
strawberry /'gWpGVLpi/� maduixa
strong /gWpFn/� fort/a
��Advanced Real English 2 Catalan © B Burlington Books
Glossarysweater /'grCWL/� jersei, suèter
swimsuit /'grBlgIW/� banyador
tall /WGo/� alt/a
thin /eBm/� prim/a
tiger /'WOZL/� tigre
trainers /'WpMmLh/� sabatilles esportives
trousers /'WpPhLh/� pantalons
ugly /'JZoi/� lleig/lletja
under /'JmXL/� (a) sota (de)
unfriendly /Jm'cpCmXoi/� antipàtic/a
vegetables /'dCbWLVoh/� verdura/es
waiter /'rMWL/� cambrer
weak /rAY/� dèbil
wide /rOX/� ample/a
wolf /rHoc/� llop
young /qJn/� jove
unIt 1
aeroplane /'CLpLUoCBm/� avió
all the way /Go�fL�'rM/� tot el viatge / recorregut
another /L'mJfL/� altre/a
backpack /'VDYUDY/� motxilla
by any means /VO�'Cmi lAmh/� de qualsevol manera, de la manera que sigui
camera /'YælLpL/� càmera
canoe /YL'mI/� canoa, piragua
cockroach /'YFYpNWi/� escarabat
establish /B'gWDVoBi/� establir, fundar
family name /'cDlLoi mMl/� cognom
ferry /'cCpi/� transbordador, ferri
fill with /'cBo�rBf/� omplir(-se) de
first name /'cKgW�mMl/� nom
fish /cBi/� pescar
heavily /'kCdBoi/� molt
helicopter /'kCoBYFUWL/� helicòpter
highlights /'kOoOWg/� el més destacat
Home Secretary /kNl�'gCYpLWLpi/� Ministre de l’Interior
including /Bm'YoIXBn/� inclòs/osa
incredible /Bm'YpCXLVo/� increïble
island /'OoLmX/� illa
jeep /bAU/� vehicle tot terreny
journey /'bKmi/� viatge; trajecte
limousine /'oBlLhAm/� limusina
look around /oHY�L'pPmX/� fer una ullada
lose your way /oIh�qG�'rM/� perdre’s
luckily /'oJYBoi/� afortunadament, per sort
maiden name /'lCBXm�mMl/� cognom de soltera
map /lDU/� mapa
middle name /'lBXo�mMl/� segon nom
mistake /lB'gWMY/� errada
motorbike /'lNWLVOY/� motocicleta, moto
motorboat /'lNWLVNW/� embarcació de motor
name �/mMl/� nom
nearby /mBL'VO/� a prop
no way /mN�'rM/� de cap manera; ni parlar-ne
on the way /Fm�fL�'rM/��en el camí
once /rJmg/� una vegada
passport /'UEgUGW/� passaport
population /UFUqI'oMim/� població
programme /'UpNZpDl/� programa
ride /pOX/� passejada, volta
safe /gMc/� segur/a, fora de perill
scooter /'gYIWL/� escúter, moto
ship /iBU/� vaixell
side /gOX/ costat
sink /gBnY/� enfonsar-se
sleeping bag /'goAUBn�VDZ/� sac de dormir
soon /gIm/� aviat
souvenirs /gIdL'mBLh/� records
squirrel /'gYrBpLo/� esquirol
stop working /gWFU�'rKYBn/� deixar de funcionar
suddenly /'gJXLmoi/� de sobte, de cop i volta
suitcase /'gIWYMg/� maleta
sun cream /'gJm�YpAl/� crema solar
surname /'gKmMl/� cognom
taxi /'WæYgi/� tax i
time /WOl/� cop
torch /WGa/� llanterna
train /WpMm/� tren
tram /WpDl/� tramvia
travel (n) /'Wpædo/� viatge
travel (v) /'Wpædo/� viatjar
travel guide /'Wpædo�ZOX/� guia de viatges
trip /WpBU/� viatge, excursió
true /WpI/� verdader/a, cert/a
truth /WpIe/� veritat
turtle /'WKWo�/� tortuga
underground /'JmXLZpPmX/� metro
van /dDm/� furgoneta, camioneta
wallet /'rFoBW/� cartera (de butxaca)
waterproof mat /rGWLUpIc�'læW/� estoreta impermeable
way /rM/� forma, manera; camí
ways of life /rMh�Ld�'oOc/� estils de vida, maneres de viure
�� ��Advanced Real English 2 Catalan © B Burlington Books
Glossarywhile /rOo/� mentre (que)
yacht /qFW/� iot
your own way /qG�Nm�'rM/� (a) la teva manera
unIt 2
a rise in temperature /L�pOh�Bm�'WClUpLaL/� una pujada / un augment de la temperatura / febre
ability /L'VBoLWi/� habilitat, capacitat
advice /LX'dOg/� consell/s
affect /L'cCYW/� afectar, influir en
aquatics /L'YrDWBYg/� esports aquàtics
at the beginning /DW�fL�VB'ZBmBn/� al començament
behaviour /VB'kMdqL/� comportament, conducta
believe /VB'oAd/� creure
break a record /VpMY�L�'pCYGX/� batre un rècord
carbohydrate /YEVN'kOXpMW/� carbohidrat, hidrat de carboni
celebrate /'gCoBVpMW/� celebrar
champion /'aDlUiLm/� campió/ona
championship /'aDlUiLmiBU/� campionat
cloudy /'YoPXi/� ennuvolat/ada
coach /YNWi/� entrenador/a
cold /YNoX/� fred/a
cool /YIo/� fresc/a
disappear /XBgL'UBL/� desaparèixer
especially /B'gUCiLoi/� especialment, sobretot
expect /BY'gUCYW/� esperar
finish line /'cBmBi�oOm/� línia d’arribada
fresh water�/cpCi�'rGWL/� aigua dolça
from the beginning /cpLl�fL�VB'ZBmBn/� des del començament
get tired /ZCW�'WOLX/� cansar-se
glacier /'ZoDgiL/� glacera
global warming /ZoNVo�'rGlBn/� escalfament global
grow /ZpN/� conrear, cultivar
have a temperature /kLd�L�'WClUpLaL/� tenir febre
high /kO/� alt/a, elevat/ada
hot /kFW/� calorós/osa, càlid/a (it’s ~: fa calor); modern/a
in the middle /Bm�fL�'lBXo/� a mig, a meitat
increase /'BmYpAg/� augment
indoors /Bm'XGh/� a un lloc cobert, (a) dins
intelligence /Bm'WCoBbLmg/� intel·ligència
juice /bIg/� suc
kick /YBY/� donar cops de peu a, colpejar
lightning /'oOWmBn/� llamp/s, llampec/s
lose /oIh/� perdre
match /læWi/� partit, combat
melt /lCoW/� desfer-se, fondre(’s)
mountain /'lPmWLm/� muntanya
outdoors /PW'XGh/� a l’aire lliure, (a) fora
owner /'NmL/� propietari/ària
physical /'cBhBYo/� físic/a
quiz /YrBh/� prova, test
race /pMg/� cursa
rain /pMm/� pluja
rainy /'pMmi/� plujós/osa
referee /pCcL'pA/� àrbitre/a
score goals /gYG�'ZNoh/� marcar gols
ski resort /'gYA�pBhGW/� estació d’esquí
snow /gmN/� neu
snowboarding /'gmNVGXBn/� fer / practicar surf de neu
snowy /'gmNi/� nevat/ada, de neu
stormy /'gWGli/� tempestuós/osa (it’s ~: hi ha tempesta)
sunny /'gJmi/� assolellat/ada (it’s ~: fa sol)
sweat /grCW/� suar
sweet /grAW/� dolç/a
take your temperature /WMY�qG�'WClUpLaL/� prendre la temperatura
team /WAl/� equip
temperature /'WClUpLaL/� temperatura; febre
thunder /'eJmXL/� tro/ns
together /WL'ZCfL/� junts/es
towards the end /WLrGXh�fL�'CmX/� cap al final
trouble /'WpJVo/� problema (in ~: en un embolic)
underwater /JmXL'rGWL/� sota l’aigua
wait for /rMW�cL/� esperar (que)
warm /rGl/� temperat/ada, càlid/a
win /rBm/� guanyar
wind /rBmX/� vent
windy /'rBmXi/� ventós/osa, de vent (it’s ~: fa vent)
unIt 3
art /EW/� art; dibuix
ask for permission /EgY�cL�UL'lBim/� demanar permís
atlas /'DWoLg/� atles
biology /VO'FoLbi/� biologia
bookshop /'VHYiFU/� llibreria
browse the web /VpPh�fL�'rCV/� navegar per la web / Internet
business studies /'VBhmLg�gWJXBh/� ciències empresarials
calculator /'YDoYqHoMWL/� calculadora
chat with friends /aDW�rBf�'cpCmXh/� xerrar / conversar amb els amics/igues
chemistry /'YClBgWpi/� química
computer game /YLl'UqIWL�ZMl/� joc d’ordinador
��Advanced Real English 2 Catalan © B Burlington Books
Glossarydefinitely /'XCcBmLWoi/� sens dubte, per descomptat
dictionary /'XBYiLmpi/� diccionari
drama /'XpElL/� teatre
English /'BnZoBi/� anglès
enjoy /Bm'bQ/� gaudir (de)
enterprise /'CmWLUpOh/� empresa
exam /BZ'hDl/� examen
fact /cæYW/� dada; fet
fail a test /cMo�L�'WCgW/� suspendre un examen
fall /cGo/� baixar, descendre
feel /cAo/� sentir-se
French /cpCma/� francès
geography /bi'FZpLci/� geografia
get permission /ZCW�UL'lBim/� obtenir permís
give permission /ZBd�UL'lBim/� donar permís, permetre
go dancing /ZLH�'XEmgBn/� anar a ballar
go ice skating /ZLH�'Og�gYMWBn/� anar a patinar sobre gel
go to parties /ZLH�WL�'UEWih/� anar a festes
have permission /kLd�UL'lBim/� tenir permís
history /'kBgWpi/� història
home economics /kNl�AYL'mFlBYg/� economia domèstica
ICT /O�gA�'WA/� TIC, Tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació
improve /Bl'UpId/� millorar
laptop computer /oDUWFU�YLl'UqIWL/� ordinador portàtil
lesson /'oCgm/� classe
library /'oOVpLpi/� biblioteca
literature /'oBWpLWiL/� literatura
loud /oPX/� fort/a; escandalós/osa
mall (Am. Eng.) /lGo/� centre comercial
maths /lDeg/� mates (matemàtiques)
middle /'lBXo/� meitat, mig
music /'lqIhBY/� música
notebook /'mNWVHY/� llibreta
notes /mNWg/� notes, apunts
on a regular basis /Fm�L�'pCZqLoL�VMgBg/� de manera habitual
paints /UCBmWg/� pintures
pass a test /UEg�L�'WCgW/� aprovar un examen
PE /UA'A/� educació física
physics /'cBhBYg/� física
play the guitar /UoM�fL�ZB'WE/� tocar la guitarra
play volleyball /UoM�'dFoiVGo/� jugar a voleibol
practise the piano /UpæYWBg�fL�Ui'DmN/� practicar piano
quiz /YrBh/� fer preguntes, preguntar
remember /pB'lLlVL/� recordar(-se de)
remind /pB'lOmX/� recordar (alguna cosa a algú)
research /pB'gKa/� recerca
ride a bike /pOX�L�'VOY/� muntar / anar en bici
send text messages /gCmX�'WCYgW�lCgBbg/� enviar missatges (de text)
shopping centre /'iFUBn�gCmWL/� centre comercial
skill /gYBo/� habilitat
skip /gYBU/�saltar
spend /gUCmX/� gastar
study for a test /gWJXi cL�L�'WCgW/� estudiar per a un examen
subject /'gJVbBYW/� assignatura
take a test /WMY�L�'WCgW/� fer un examen
tennis racket /'WCmBg�pDYBW/� raqueta de tennis
test /WCgW/� examen, prova, test
textbook /'WCsWVHY/� llibre de text
tip /WBU/� consell
tired /'WOLX/� cansat/ada
turn into /WKm�'BmWL/�convertir(-se) / transformar(-se) en
unIt 4
ancient /'MmiLmW/� antic/iga
attractive /L'WpDYWBd/� atractiu/iva, bonic/a
branch /VpEma/� branca
bright /VpOW/� brillant; viu/viva (color)
bush /VHi/� arbust
busy /'VBhi/� ocupat/ada; concorregut/uda
carat /'YDpLW/� quirat
carob /'YDpLV/� garrofa
character /'YæpLYWL/� personatge
cheap /aAU/� barat/a
colourful /'YJoLco/� acolorit/ida, de colors vius
conquer /'YFnYL/� conquerir
crowded /'YpPXBX/� ple/plena de gent
death /XCe/� (de la) mort
discovery /XB'gYJdLpi/� descobriment
dry /XpO/� sec/a, àrid/a
dull /XJo/� esmorteït/ïda; sense brillantor, apagat/ada
elaborate /B'oDVLpLW/� elaborat/ada, recarregat/ada
expensive /BY'gUCmgBd/� car/a
exploit /BY'gUoQW/� gesta, proesa
fit /cBW/� anar bé, encaixar
flower /'coPL/� flor
forever /cLp'CdL/� per sempre
gain control /ZMm�YLm'WpNo/� aconseguir el control
gold /ZLHoX/� or
gold rush /'ZLHoX�pJi/� febre de l’or
golden /'ZLHoXLm/� daurat/ada, d’or
hard /kEX/� dur/a, molt
�� ��Advanced Real English 2 Catalan © B Burlington Books
Glossaryhardly /'kEXoi/� a penes
heavy /'kCdi/� pesat/ada
in control /Bm�YLm'WpNo/� que mana / controla, serè/ena
jewellery /'bILopi/� joieria, joies
land /oDmX/� terra (~ animal: animal terrestre)
last /oEgW/� durar
lawn /oGm/� gespa
leaf /oAc/� fulla
light /oOW/� lleuger/a, lleu
lively /'oOdoi/� animat/ada, bulliciós/osa
look for /'oHY�cG/� buscar
lose control /oIh�YLm'WpNo/� perdre el control
low /oLH/� baix/a
mining area /'lOmBn�CLpiL/� àrea / zona minera
noisy /'mQhi/� sorollós/osa
ordinary /'GXmpi/� normal, corrent
out of control /PW�Ld�YLm'WpNo/� fora de control, descontrolat/ada
peaceful /'UAgco/� tranquil/il·la
perhaps /UL'kDUg/� potser
plain /UoCBm/� senzill/a
pleasant /'UoChmW/� agradable
reach /pAa/� aconseguir, arribar a
real /'pALo/� autèntic/a, verdader/a
reason /'pAhm/� raó, motiu
recycle /pA'gOYo/� reciclar
redwood /'pCXrHX/� sequoia vermella
right /pOW/� dret
rocky /'pFYi/� rocallós/osa
root /pIW/� arrel
sandy /'gDmXi/� sorrenc/a, de sorra
search (n) /gKa/� recerca, cerca
search (v) /gKa/� recercar, cercar
seed /gAX/� llavor
sequoia /gB'YrQL/� sequoia
shady /'iMXi/� ombrívol/a
soft /gFcW/� suau; tou/tova
state /gWMW/� estat
strong /gWpFn/� fort/a
take control /WMY�YLm'WpNo/� aconseguir el control; portar les regnes
tear /WBL/� llàgrima
tree /WpA/� arbre
trunk /WpJnY/� tronc
unattractive /JmL'WpDYWBd/� poc atractiu/iva
unusual /Jm'qIjHLo/� inusual, poc corrent
up to /'JU�WL/� fins (a)
valley /'dDoi/� vall
valuable /'dæoqHLVo/� valuós/osa
weak /rAY/� dèbil
weight /rMW/� pes
unIt 5
adopt /L'XFUW/� adoptar
alone /L'oNm/� sol/a
Arctic /'EYWBY/� àrtic/a
bath /VEe/� banyar
be alone /VA�L'oNm/� estar sol/a
bounce /VPmg/� botar, rebotar
bring /VpBn/� portar (~ back to life: tornar a la vida)
by choice /VO�'aQg/� per decisió pròpia
by yourself /VO�qG'gCoc/� sol/a; sense ajut
catch /YDa/� agafar, enxampar
choice /aQg/� tria; opció, alternativa
claim /YoMl/� afirmació
crash /YpDi/� xocar, estavellar(-se)
dig /XBZ/� cavar, excavar
discover /XB'gYJdL/� descobrir
dive /XOd/� bussejar; submergir(-se)
diver /'XOdL/� bussejador/a; submarinista, bus
DNA /XA�Cm�'M/� ADN
Earth /Ke/� la Terra
egg /CZ/� ou; òvul
explore /BY'gUoG/� explorar
extinct /BY'gWBnYW/� extingit/ida, desaparegut/uda (become ~: extingir-se, desaparèixer)
feed /cAX/� alimentar, donar menjar
first choice /cKgW�'aQg/� primera opció
floor /coG/� pis, planta
focus /'cNYLg/� centre / focus d’atenció
for long /cL�'oFn/� molt de temps
goat /ZNW/� cabra
grapefruit /'ZpMUcpIW/� aranja
ground /ZpPmX/� terra
have no choice /kLd�mN�'aQg/� no tenir alternativa / opció
hold /kNoX/� sostenir, aguantar
hole /kNo/� forat, sot
land /oDmX/� aterrar, amarar; caure, anar a parar
leave someone alone /oAd�gJlrJm�L'oNm/� deixar sol/a / en pau a algú
light /oOW/� llum
lonely /'oNmoi/� sol/a; solitari/ària
make a choice /lMY�L�'aQg/� triar
meteor /'lAWiL/� meteorit
��Advanced Real English 2 Catalan © B Burlington Books
Glossarymethod /'lCeLX/� mètode
milk /lBoY/� munyir
mixed /lBYgW/ divers/a, oposat/ada
on your own /Fm�qG�'Nm/� sol/a; sense ajut
parachute /'UDpLiIW/� llançar-se / saltar en paracaigudes
pool /UIo/� piscina; tanc
prehistoric /UpAkB'gWFpBY/� prehistòric/a
preserve /UpB'hKd/� preservar, conservar
pull /UHo/� tirar (de), arrossegar
push /UHi/� empentar, empènyer
Pyrenean ibex /UipLmCLm�'OVCYg/� cabra pirinenca
recreate /pAYpi'MW/� recrear
row /pN/� remar (en)
sabre-toothed tiger /gMVLWIeW�'WOZL/� felí de dents de sabre
save /gMd/� salvar
short-faced bear /'iGWcMgW�VS/� ós de cara curta
solo /'gNoLH/� sol/a, en solitari
spectacled bear /'gUCYWLYoX�VS/� ós andí / d’antifaç
succeed /gLY'gAX/� tenir èxit, sortir bé
survive /gL'dOd/� sobreviure
swim /grBl/� nedar
touch /WJWi/� tocar
train /WpMm/� ensinistrar
trek /WpCY/� fer senderisme, trescar, fer una caminada
volunteer /dFoLm'WBL/� fer voluntariat, ser voluntari/ària
whale /rMo/� balena
woolly mammoth /rHoi 'lDlLe/� mamut llanut
woolly rhino /rHoi 'pOmN/� rinoceront llanut
unIt 6
air conditioner /'CL�YLmXBiLmL/� (aparell d’)aire condicionat
alarm clock /L'oEl�YoFY/� despertador
ambulance siren /'DlVqLoLmg�gOpLm/� sirena d’ambulància
audience /'GXiLmg/�públic, espectadors/es
awake /L'rCBY/� despert/a
blender /'VoCmXL/� batedora, liquadora
brain /VpMm/� cervell
break a heart /VpMY�L�'kEW/� trencar un cor
car horn /'YE�kGm/� botzina del cotxe, clàxon
classical /'YoDgBYo/� (música) clàssica
come out /YJl�'PW/� sortir al mercat
coordination /YNGXB'mCBim/� coordinació
costume /'YFgWqIl/� de disfresses
country /'YJmWpi/� (música) country
damage /'XDlBXj/� fer malbé, perjudicar
danger signal /'XMmbL�gBZmLo/� senyal de perill
decibel /'XCgBVCo/� decibel
drill /XpBo/� trepant, taladradora
drums /XpJlh/� bateria(/es); tambors
electric shaver /BoCYWpBY�'iMdL/� màquina d’afaitar elèctrica
environment /Bm'dOpLmlLmW/� ambient, entorn
find a solution /cOmX�L�gL'oIim/� trobar una solució
find it in yourself /cOmX�BW�Bm�qG'gCoc/� animar-se a / trobar motius per (fer alguna cosa)
find out /cOmX�'PW/� descobrir, esbrinar
find the time /cOmX�fL�'WOl/� trobar temps / el moment
find your way /cOmX�qG�'rM/� orientar-se
greater /'ZpCBWL/� més gran
guitar /ZB'WE/� guitarra
hairdryer /'kCLXpOL/� eixugacabells
hard rock /kEX�'pFY/� heavy (rock)
heart /kEW/� cor
heart attack /'kEW�LWDY/� atac de cor, infart
hip-hop /'kBUkFU/� hip-hop
illegally /B'oAZLoi/� il·legalment
instrument /'BmgWpLlLmW/� instrument
iron /'OLm/� planxa
jazz /bDh/� jazz
keyboard /'YAVGX/� teclat
Latin /'oDWBm/� (música) llatina
lawnmower /'oGmlNL/ tallagespa
learn by heart /oKm�VO�'kEW/� aprendre de memòria
live /oBd/� en viu / directe
machinery /lL'iAmLpi/� maquinària
mark /lEY/� nota, qualificació
measure /'lCjL/� mesurar
MP4 player /ClUA'cG�UoML/� reproductor d’MP4
musician /lqI'hBim/� músic/a
noise-meter /'mQhlAWL/� mesurador de soroll
perform /UL'cGl/� actuar; interpretar
pop /UFU/� pop
public /'UJVoBY/� públic
R&B /p�mX�'VA/� Rhythm and Blues
rap /pDU/� rap
reggae /'pCZM/� reggae
rhythm /'pBfLl/� ritme
rock /pFY/� rock
salsa /'gDogL/� salsa
saxophone /'gDYgLcNm/� saxòfon
sound system /'gPmX�gBgWLl/� equip de so
sudden /'gJXm/� sobtat/ada, inesperat/ada
the heart of the matter /fL�kEW�Ld�fL�'lDWL/� el quid de la qüestió
�� ��Advanced Real English 2 Catalan © B Burlington Books
GlossaryUK /qI'YM/� Regne Unit
vacuum cleaner /'dDYqHLl�YoAmL/� aspiradora
vinyl record /'dOmo�pCYGX/� disc de vinil
violin /dOL'oBm/� violí
wake up /rMY�'JU/� despertar(-se)
zoom /hIl/� anar / passar a tota velocitat
unIt 7
according to /L'YGXBn�WL/� d’acord amb, segons
after-world /'EcWLrKoX/� el més enllà
angry /'DnZpi/� enfadat/ada
apply for a job /L'UoO�cL�L�bFV/� presentar-se a / sol·licitar una feina
bad luck /VDX�'oJY/� mala sort
bless /VoCg/� beneir
bored /VGX/� avorrit/ida
break /VpMY/� trencar
bring /VpBn/� portar
carry /'YDpi/� portar
cave /YMd/� cova
century /'gCmaLpi/� segle
common /'YFlLm/� comú, corrent, freqüent
confused /YLm'cqIhX/� confós/osa, desconcertat/ada
connection /YL'mCYim/� connexió, relació
crack /YpDY/� esquerda
dark /XEY/� foscor
dead /XCX/� mort/a
deadly /'XCXoi/� mortal, mortífer/a
death /XCe/� mort
die /XO/� morir
die for /XO�'cL/� morir per
die of /XO�'Ld/� morir de
disappear /XBgL'UBL/� desaparèixer
dream /XpAl/� somiar
drop /XpFU/� deixar caure; llençar
dying to /'XOn�WL/� que es mor per / de ganes de
early /'Koi/� primer/a
embarrassed /Bl'VDpLgW/� avergonyit/ida, violent/a, incòmode/a
excited /BY'gOWBX/� emocionat/ada, il·lusionat/ada
exhausted /BZ'hGgWBX/� exhaust/a, esgotat/ada
four-leafed clover /cGoAcW�'YoPdL/� trèvol de quatre fulles
frightened /'cpOWmX/� espantat/ada, amb por
get a job /ZCW�L�'bFV/� aconseguir una feina
goddess /'ZFXCg/� deessa
have a job /kLd�L�'bFV/� tenir una feina
hug /kJZ/� abraçar
immediately /B'lAXiLWoi/� immediatament
job /bFV/� feina, ocupació
jobless /'bFVoLg/� sense feina, a l’atur
kiss /YBg/� besar
level /'oCdo/� nivell
lose a job /oIh�L�'bFV/� perdre una feina
lucky charm /oJYi 'aEl/� amulet de la sort
manufacturer /lDmqH'cDYWiLpL/� fabricant
mercury /'lKYqLpi/� mercuri
Middle Ages /lBXo�'CBbBh/� edat mitjana
monk /lJnY/� monjo
pick /UBY/� agafar, collir, recollir
prisoner /'UpBhmL/� presoner/a
proud /UpPX/� orgullós/osa
put /UHW/� posar
refuse /pB'cqIh/� negar-se
run away /pJm�L'rCB/� escapar, fugir
sail /gMo/� navegar; salpar
salary /'gDoLpi/� salari, sou
scratch /gYpDa/� gratar-se
scream /gYpAl/� cridar, xisclar
sneeze /gmAh/� esternudar
sound /gPmX/� semblar
spirit /'gUBpBW/� esperit, ànima
statue /'gWDaI/� estàtua
step /gWCU/� trepitjar
still /gWBo/� encara
superstition /gIUL'gWBim/� superstició
surprised /gL'UpOhX/� sorprès/esa
sweep /grAU/� escombrar
symbol /'gBlVo/� símbol
take /WMY/� agafar, portar
thrilled /epBoX/� entusiasmat/ada, contentíssim/a
throw /epN/� llançar; llençar; tirar
throw away /epN�'LrM/��llençar, desfer-se de
turn into (stone) /WKm�BmWL�'gWNm/� convertir(-se) en (pedra)
unlucky /Jm'oJYi/� desafortunat/ada, de mala sort; que porta mala sort
upset /JU'gCW/� disgustat/ada, molest/a
village /'dBoBb/� poble, llogaret
visitor /'dBhBWL/� visitant
wish /rBi/� desitjar
witch /rBa/� bruixa
worried /'rJpiX/� amoïnat/ada
��Advanced Real English 2 Catalan © B Burlington Books
Glossary
unIt 8
age /CBb/� edat
alive /L'oOd/� viu/viva
aquarium /L'YrCLpiLl/� aquari
balcony /'VDoYLmi/� balcó, terrassa
blind /VoOmX/� cec/cega
bowling alley /'VLHoBn�Doi/� pista de bitlles
buy tickets /VO�'WBYBWg/� comprar entrades
café /'YæcM/� cafeteria, cafè
car park /'YE�UEY/� aparcament, pàrquing
ceiling /'gAoBn/� sostre
chemist´s /'YClBgWg/� farmàcia
Chinese /WiO'mAh/� xinès/esa; xinès (idioma)
collect /YL'oCYW/� collir / recollir; col·leccionar
curious /'YqHLpiLg/� curiós/osa
customer /'YJgWLlL/� client/a
department store /XB'UEWlLmW�gWG/� grans magatzems
electronics shop /BoCY'WpFmBYg�iFU/� botiga d’electrònica
extraordinary /BY'gWpGXLmpi/� extraordinari/ària; increïble, insòlit/a
floor /coG/� pis, planta; terra
football field /'cHWVGo�cAoX/� camp de futbol
frightening /'cpOWmBn/� aterridor/a, espantós/osa
garage /'ZDpEj/� garatge
get a haircut /ZCW�L�'kCLYJW/� tallar-se els cabells
glass /ZoEg/� vidre
go bowling /ZLH�'VLHoBn/� anar a jugar a bitlles
go on rides /ZLH�Fm�'pOXh/� pujar a les atraccions
hairdresser´s /'kCLXpCgLh/� perruqueria
hang out /kæn�'PW/� passar el temps / l’estona
have a look at /kLd�L�'oHY�LW/� fer una ullada a
have fun /kDd�'cJm/� divertir-se, passar-ho bé
high up /kO�'JU/� a dalt
hire /'kOL/� llogar; contractar
hotel /kN'WCo/� hotel
ice hockey /'Og�kFYi/� hoquei sobre gel
ice rink /'Og�pBnY/� pista de gel
ice-skate /'OggYMW/� patinar sobre gel
ice skating /'Og�gYMWBn/� patinatge sobre gel
indoor /'BmXG/� cobert/a, interior
Indian Ocean /BmXiLm�'Nim/� oceà Índic
join /bQm/� posar-se / unir-se a
kid /YBX/� nen/a
live /oBd/� en viu / directe
Maldivian /lGo'XBdiLm/� maldivià/ana; divehi (idioma)
market /'lEYBW/� mercat
meeting /'lAWBn/� reunió, trobada
Middle East /lBXo�'AgW/� Orient Mitjà, Pròxim Orient
move around /lId�L'pPmX/� moure’s / traslladar-se d’un lloc a un altre
odd /FX/� estrany/a
oil /Qo/� petroli; petrolier/a
Olympic-sized /L'oBlUBYgOhX/� de dimensions olímpiques
order a pizza /GXL�L�'UAWgL/� demanar una pizza
outdoor /'PWXG/� a l’aire lliure, descobert/a, exterior
own /Nm/� propi/pròpia
peculiar /UB'YqIoiL/� estrany/a; peculiar
pub /UJV/� pub, bar
rent /pCmW/� llogar
reservation /pChL'dMim/� reserva
ride /pOX/� atracció
roof /pIc/� sostre, teulada
sky /gYO/� cel
sorbet /'gGVM/� sorbet
stay at home /gWM�LW�'kNl/� quedar-se a casa
step /gWCU/� esglaó, graó
store /gWG/� desar, posar
strange /gWpMmb/� estrany/a
take a nap /WMY�L�'mDU/� fer la migdiada
take photos /WMY�'cNWNh/� fer fotos
tank /WDnY/� tanc, aquari
theme park /'eAl�UEY/� parc temàtic
underwater (adj) /JmXL'rGWL/� submarí/ina, subaquàtic/a
underwater (adv) /JmXL'rGWL/� sota l’aigua
unusual /Jm'qIjHLo/� poc freqüent, inusual
video game /'dBXiLH�ZMl/� videojoc
wait in a queue /rMW�Bm�L�'YqI/� esperar a una / fer cua
walk through /rGY�'epI/� caminar a través de, passar per
wall /rGo/� paret
weird /rBLX/� estrany/a
worker /'rKYL/� treballador/a
zoo /hI/� zoo, zoològic
unIt 9
actually /'DYWiToi/� en realitat, de fet
ADHD /M�XA�Ma�'Xi/� TDAH, Trastorn per dèficit d’atenció amb hiperactivitat
alone /L'oNm/� sol/a; només, únicament (by women ~: només per dones)
armour /'ElL/� armadura
aunt /EmW/� tia
Amazon /'DlLhLm/� amazona
�� ��Advanced Real English 2 Catalan © B Burlington Books
Glossarybe born /VA�VGm/� néixer
become /VB'YJl/� esdevenir, convertir-se en, fer-se
boarding school /'VGXBn�gYIo/� internat
bow and arrow /VP�LmX�'DpN/� arc i fletxes
capture /'YæUWiL/� apoderar-se de
changing /'aMmbBn/� canviant
commit /YL'lBW/� cometre
cousin /'YJhm/� cosí/ina
cry /YpO/� plorar; fer un crit
daughter /'XGWL/� filla
deal with /'XAo�rBf/ resoldre, solucionar
destroy /XB'gWpQ/� destruir
die /XO/� morir
fact /cæYW/� fet
fall in love /cGo�Bm�'oJd/� enamorar-se
father-in-law /'cEfLBmoG/� sogre
female /'cAlMo/� dona
fight /cOW/� lluitar
get a job /ZCW�L�'bFV/� aconseguir una feina
get along /ZCW�L'oFn/� avenir-se
get divorced /ZCW�XB'dGgX/� divorciar-se
get married /ZCW�'lDpiX/� casar-se
god /ZFX/� déu
granddaughter /'ZpDmXGWL/� néta
grandfather /'ZpDmcEfL/� avi
grandmother /'ZpDmlJfL/� àvia
grandparents /'ZpDmUSpLmWg/� avis
grandson /'ZpDmgJm/� nét
have children /kDd�'WiBoXpLm/� tenir fills
howl /kPo/� udolar; bramar
human /'kqIlLm/� humà/ana
humane /kqI'lCBm/� humà/ana, humanitari/ària
husband /'kJhVLmX/� marit, espòs
legend /'oCbLmX/� llegenda
male /lCBo/� baró; home
meet /lAW/� conèixer; trobar-se
moan /lNm/� gemegar, queixar-se; lamentar
mother-in-law /'lJfLBmoG/� sogra
move /lId/� mudar-se, traslladar-se
murder /'lKXL/� assassinat
myth /lBe/� mite
nephew /'mCcqI/� nebot
niece /mAg/� neboda
notice /'mNWBg/� adonar-se’n
only /'Nmoi/� només
punishment /'UJmBilLmW/� càstig
put down /UHW�'XPm/� deixar (anar)
put off /UHW�'Fc/� ajornar
put out /UHW�'PW/� treure; apagar
put up /UHW�'JU/� apujar; aixecar (~ with: suportar, aguantar)
reader /'pAXL/� lector/a
(be) related to /(VA)�pB'oCBWBX�WI/� (estar) emparentat/ada amb, (ser) parent de
review /pB'dqI/� ressenya, crítica
run /pJm/� dirigir, governar
scream /gYpAl/� cridar, xisclar
set /gCW/� plató (be ~: estar ambientat/ada)
shout /iPW/� cridar
shriek /ipAY/� xisclar
siblings /'gBVoBnh/� germans/es
skeleton /'gYCoBWm/� esquelet
son /gJm/� fill
stepfather /'gWCUcEfL/� padrastre
stepmother /'gWCUlJfL/� madrastra
stepson /'gWCUgJm/� fillastre
study /'gWJXi/� estudiar
Trojan War /WpNbLm�'rG/� guerra de Troia
tribe /WpOV/� tribu
trouble /'WpJVo/� problema/es, embolic/s (get into ~: ficar-se en problemes / embolics)
turn around /WKm�L'pPmX/� girar(-se)
turn into /WKm�'BmWL/� convertir(-se) / transformar(-se) en
turn out /WKm�'PW/� resultar
uncle /'JnYo/� oncle
warrior /'rFpiL/� guerrer/a
weep /rAU/� plorar
widow /'rBXN/� vídua (become a ~: enviduar, esdevenir vídua)
widower /'rBXNL/� vidu
wife /rOc/� dona, esposa
yell /qCo/� cridar, xisclar
1010Advanced Real English 2 Catalan © B Burlington Books
GrammarAppendix
IntroductIon
CONTRASTpresent simple / present continuous• ElPresent Simpleexpressahàbitsirutinesmentrequeel
Present Continuousindicaallòqueestàpassantenelmomentenquèesparla.
They usually have lunch at home, but today they’re eating at a restaurant.(Normalmentemengenacasa,peròavuiestanmenjantenunrestaurant.)
• Perferla3apersonadelsingulardelPresent Simplelamajoriadeverbsafegeixen-s:
like - likes walk - walksread - reads sit - sits
Enelscasossegüents,s’hiafegeix-esenllocde-s:
-Siacabaenss,sh,chox: pass - passes watch - watcheswash - washes mix - mixes
-Siacabaeno: do - does go - goes
-Siacabaenconsonant+y,canvialayperunai: study - studies carry - carries
• PerferelPresent Continuouscalfixar-seenaquestesreglesortogràfiquesperafegir-ing:
-Siacabaene muda,esperdlae: live - living
-Sité1síl·labaiacabaen1 vocal+1 consonant,esdoblalaconsonant: run - running sit - sitting
-Sité2síl·labesil’accentaladarrera,esdoblalaconsonantfinal: prefer - preferring begin - beginning
-Siacabaenl,esdoblaaquestalletra: travel - travelling
-Siacabaenie,escanviaieperunay: lie - lying die - dying
• Elsverbsestàticss’utilitzenperexpressargustos,desitjos,sentimentsiemocions,activitatsdelamentiopinions,percepcióipossessióinos’acostumenaferservirambelPresent Continuous.
lovelikehatewant
gustos,desitjos,sentimentsiemocions
thinkrememberknowunderstandbelieve
activitatsdelamentiopinions
seehearsmelltastefeel
percepció
own possessió
He wants a new computer.(Ellvolunordinadornou.)
Do you think he’s ill?(Creusqueestàmalalt?)
I don’t hear you.(Noetsento.)
They own a house on the beach.(Ellstenenunacasaalaplatja.)
EL past simple
Afirmativa Negativa Forma abreujada
Ishouted I did not shout I didn’t shout
Youshouted Youdid not shout You didn’t shout
Heshouted He did not shout He didn’t shout
Sheshouted She did not shout She didn’t shout
Itshouted It did not shout It didn’t shout
Weshouted We did not shout We didn’t shout
Youshouted You did not shout You didn’t shout
Theyshouted They did not shout They didn’t shout
InterrogativaRespostes breus
Afirmativa Negativa
Did Ishout ...? Yes,I did. No,I didn’t.
Did youshout ...? Yes,you did. No,you didn’t.
Did heshout ...? Yes,he did. No,he didn’t.
Did sheshout ...? Yes,she did. No,she didn’t.
Did itshout ...? Yes,it did. No,it didn’t.
Did weshout ...? Yes,we did. No,we didn’t.
Did youshout ...? Yes,you did. No,you didn’t.
Did theyshout ...? Yes,they did. No,they didn’t.
1010 1111
GrammarAppendix
Advanced Real English 2 Catalan © B Burlington Books
• Afirmativa:esfaafegint-edalsverbsregularsiésigualperatoteslespersones.
I watched TV last night.(Vaigveurelatelevisióanit.)
Enelscasossegüents,calfixar-seenaquestesreglesortogràfiquesperafegir-ed:
-Siacabaene muda,noméshiafegim-d: dance - danced arrive - arrived
-Sité1síl·labaiacabaen1 vocal+1 consonant,doblaaquestaconsonant: stop - stopped plan - planned
-Sité2síl·labesil’accentaladarrera,doblalaconsonantfinal: prefer - preferred permit - permitted
-Siacabaenl,doblaaquestalletra: travel - travelled
-Siacabaenconsonant + y,canvialayperunai: study - studied try - tried
Elsverbsirregularscanvienlasevaformadepassatenafirmativa.Nosegueixencapreglai,pertant,calaprendre’ls dememòria.Potsconsultarlallistadelespàgines23-24.
• Negativa:subjecte+did notodidn’t+unverbenlaformabase.
She didn’t eat ice cream yesterday.(Ellanovamenjarungelatahir.)
• Interrogativa:Did+subjecte+unverbenlaformabase.
Did your friend like his present?(Alteuamiclivaagradarelregal?)
• Respostes breus:esposaelpronompersonalsubjecte +didodidn’t.
Did you drink your tea? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.(Etvasbeureelte?Sí./No.)
Els usos del past simpleExpressaraccionspassades
He enjoyed the party.(Ellvadisfrutardelafesta.)
Dirallòquevamferenunmomentconcret
The teacher gave us an exam last Tuesday.(Elprofessorensvaposarunexamendimartspassat.)
Explicarhistòriesenpassat
I had breakfast. Then I went for a walk.(Vaigesmorzar.Desprésvaiganarapassejar.)
Explicarcomerenlescosesenunaltretemps
In the past, people didn’t use computers. (Enelpassat,lagentnoutilitzavaordinadors.)
•AmbelPast Simples’acostumenautilitzaraquestesexpressions temporals:lesqueportenago(fa)alfinal del’expressió,last night/week/year (anit,lasetmanapassada,l’anypassat),at+unahora,on+undiaounadata,in+unany,in the past(enelpassat),yesterday(ahir),etc.
Podenanaralcomençamentoalfinaldelafrase,peròs’acostumenaposaralfinal.
He slept at Tom’s house on Saturday.(Ellvadormiracasad’enTomdissabte.)
Neil Armstrong walked on the moon in 1969.(NeilArmstrongvatrepitjarlallunael1969.)
EL past continuousAfirmativa Negativa Forma abreujada
Iwas doing Iwas not doing Iwasn’t doing
Youwere doing Youwere not doing Youweren’t doing
Hewas doing Hewas not doing Hewasn’t doing
Shewas doing Shewas not doing Shewasn’t doing
Itwas doing Itwas not doing Itwasn’t doing
Wewere doing Wewere not doing Weweren’t doing
Youwere doing Youwere not doing Youweren’t doing
Theywere doing Theywere not doing Theyweren’t doing
InterrogativaRespostes breus
Afirmativa Negativa
WasIdoing? Yes,Iwas. No,Iwasn’t.
Wereyoudoing? Yes,you were. No,youweren’t.
Washedoing? Yes,he was. No,he wasn’t.
Wasshedoing? Yes,she was. No,she wasn’t.
Wasitdoing? Yes,itwas. No,itwasn’t.
Werewedoing? Yes,wewere. No,we weren’t.
Wereyoudoing? Yes,you were. No,you weren’t.
Weretheydoing? Yes,they were. No,they weren’t.
• Afirmativa:subjecte+was/were+unverbacabaten-ing.
I was cooking in the kitchen. (Estavacuinantalacuina.)
Lesreglesperafegir-ing sónalapàgina10.
• Negativa:subjecte+was/were +notolacontracción’t+unverbacabaten-ing.
It wasn’t raining this morning.(Noploviaaquestmatí.)
• Interrogativa:Was/Were+subjecte+unverbacabaten-ing.
Were they driving to work?(Estavenconduintcapalafeina?)
• Respostes breus:esposaelpronompersonalsubjecte +was / weresenseabreujarenafirmativaoabreujatamblapartículanotennegativa.
Was he studying with his friend? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t.(Ellestavaestudiantambelseuamic?Sí./No.)
1212Advanced Real English 2 Catalan © B Burlington Books
• AmbelPast Continuouss’acostumenautilitzarlesexpressions temporalssegüents:lesqueportenago(fa)alfinaldel’expressió,at +unahora, yesterday morning/ afternoon (ahiralmatí/tarda), last night (anit),etc.Podenanaralcomençamentoalfinaldelafrase,peròs’acostumenaposaralfinal.
We were playing football yesterday afternoon. (Estàvemjugantafutbolahiralatarda.)
You were doing your homework two hours ago. (Estavesfentelsdeuresfadueshores.)
Els usos del past continuous
Expressarquèestavapassantenelpassat
They were taking pictures of animals at 3 o’clock. (Estavenfentfotosd’animalsales 3enpunt.)
Descriureduesomésaccionsprolongadesisimultàniesenelpassat,unidesperwhileoas
We were talking on the phone while / as you were reading a magazine. (Estàvemparlantpertelèfonmentreestavesllegintunarevista.)
unIt1
CONTRAST past simple / past continuous• ElPast Simpleindicaquel’accióvatenirllocivaacabar
eneltempsindicatalafrase,mentrequeelPast Continuousparlad’accionsprolongadesqueestavenesdevenintenelpassat.
Jack travelled to China in 1988. (EnJackvaviatjaralaXinael1988.)
I was riding a bike yesterday morning. (Vaigestaranantenbiciahiralmatí.)
• AmbelPast Continuouss’acostumaautilitzarlesconjuncionswhileoas perparlard’accionssimultànies.
While / As we were waiting for my mother, she was buying some fruit. (Mentreestàvemesperantlamevamare,ellaestavacomprantfruita.)
• S’utilitzawhile owhen perparlard’unaaccióprolongadainterrumpudaperunaaltraenelpassat.
While Jack was sleeping, the telephone rang. (MentreenJackestavadormint,vasonareltelèfon.)
I was cleaning the kitchen when he arrived. (Estavanetejantlacuinaquanellvaarribar.)
AmbelPast Simples’acostumaautilitzarwheniambelPast Continuouswhile.
unIt2
ELS TEmpS vERbALS dE FuTuREl futur amb will
Afirmativa Forma abreujadaIwill play I’ll play
Youwill play You’ll play
Hewill play He’ll play
Shewill play She’ll play
Itwill play It’ll play
Wewill play We’ll play
Youwill play You’ll play
Theywill play They’ll play
Negativa Forma abreujada
Iwill not play Iwon’t play
Youwill not play Youwon’t play
Hewill not play Hewon’t play
Shewill not play Shewon’t play
Itwill not play Itwon’t play
Wewill not play Wewon’t play
Youwill not play Youwon’t play
They will not play Theywon’t play
InterrogativaRespostes breus
Afirmativa Negativa
WillIplay...? Yes,Iwill. No,Iwon’t.
Willyouplay...? Yes,youwill. No,youwon’t.
Willheplay...? Yes,hewill. No,hewon’t.
Willsheplay...? Yes,shewill. No,shewon’t.
Willitplay...? Yes,itwill. No,itwon’t.
Willweplay...? Yes,wewill. No,wewon’t.
Willyouplay...? Yes,youwill. No,youwon’t.
Willtheyplay...? Yes,theywill. No,theywon’t.
• Afirmativa:subjecte+l’auxiliarwill+verbenlaformabase.Ésigualperatoteslespersones. Alaconversa,wills’abreujaambelsubjecte(’ll).
He will become a good doctor one day. (Ellesconvertiràenunbondoctoralgundia.)
• Negativa:subjecte+willnotowon’t+verbenlaformabase.
They won’t score any goals. (Nomarcarancapgol.)
• Interrogativa:Will+subjecte+verbenlaformabase.
Will you help me?(M’ajudaràs?)
• Respostes breus:esposaelpronompersonalsubjecte+willowon’t.
Will it be sunny at the weekend? Yes, it will. / No, it won’t.(Faràsolelcapdesetmana?Sí./No.)
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Els usos del futur amb willPredirelqueescreuquetindràlloc
I think they will travel to Ireland.(CrecqueviatjaranaIrlanda.)
Expressardecisionssobtades
It’s hot. I’ll wear my sandals.(Facalor.Emposarélesmevessandàlies.)
Ferpromesesooferiments
I‘ll take you home. (Etportaréacasa.)
• Ambwills’acostumenautilitzarexpressions temporals comlater(méstard),soon(aviat),in an hour(d’aquí aunahora),tomorrow(demà),next week /month / year(lasetmana/elmes/l’anyqueve),etc.Tambés’utilitzend’altresqueindiquenunfuturllunyà:in ten years(d’aquíadeuanys),in+unany,one day(algundia),in the future(enelfutur),etc. Totespodenanaralcomençamentoalfinaldelafrase,peròs’acostumenaposaralfinal.
We will arrive in an hour.(Arribaremd’aquíaunahora.)
El futur amb be going toAfirmativa Forma abreujada
Iam going to travel I’m going to travel
Youare going to travel You’re going to travel
He is going to travel He’s going to travel
Sheis going to travel She’s going to travel
Itis going to travel It’s going to travel
Weare going to travel We’re going to travel
Youare going to travel You’re going to travel
Theyare going to travel They’re going to travel
Negativa i forma abreujada
Iam not/I’m not going to travel
Youare not/Youaren’t/You’re not going to travel
Heis not/Heisn’t/ He’s not going to travel
Sheis not/Sheisn’t/She’s not going to travel
Itis not/Itisn’t/ It’s not going to travel
Weare not/Wearen’t/We’re not going to travel
Youare not/Youaren’t/You’re not going to travel
Theyare not/Theyaren’t/ They’re not going to travel
InterrogativaRespostes breus
Afirmativa Negativa
AmIgoing to travel? Yes,I am. No,I’m not.
Areyougoing to travel? Yes,you are. No,you aren’t.
Ishegoing to travel? Yes,he is. No,he isn’t.
Isshegoing to travel? Yes,she is. No,she isn’t.
Isitgoing to travel? Yes,it is. No,it isn’t.
Arewegoing to travel? Yes,we are. No,we aren’t.
Areyougoing to travel? Yes,you are. No,you aren’t.
Aretheygoing to travel? Yes,they are. No,they aren’t.
• Afirmativa:subjecte+to beenpresent+ going to+verbenlaformabase.
Jack is going to compete in the championship next summer.(EnJackcompetiràenelcampionatl’estiuqueve.)
• Negativa:subjecte+ to beenpresent+ not (n’t)+going to+verbenlaformabase.
They aren’t going to play tennis next Friday.(Nojugaranatennisdivendresqueve.)
• Interrogativa:to beenpresent+subjecte+going to+verbenlaformabase.
Is she going to join the team?(Ellas’uniràal’equip?)
• Respostes breus:esposaelpronompersonalsubjecte+elverbto be,senseabreujarenafirmativaoabreujatamblapartículanotennegativa.
Are you going to watch the match on Saturday? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.(Veuràselpartitdissabte?Sí./No.)
Els usos del futur amb be going to
Parlard’intencions,plansodecisions
I’m going to meet them at the cinema.(Quedaréambellsalcinema.)
Expressarallòqueesdevindràperquè enveiemindicis
Look at the score! They’re going to win.(Miraelmarcador!Guanyaran.)
• Ambbe going tos’acostumenautilitzarlesexpressions temporals següents:later(méstard),soon(aviat),in an hour(d’aquíaunahora),tomorrow(demà),next week / month / year(lasetmana/elmes/l’anyqueve),etc.
Totespodenanaralcomençamentoalfinaldelafrase,peròs’acostumenaposaralfinal.
I’m going to buy a new shirt next week.(Compraréunacamisanovalasetmanaqueve.)
They are going to study for the exam later.(Estudiaranperal’examenméstard.)
El present continuous amb valor de futur• ElPresent Continuousexpressaquèestàpassantenel
momentenquèesparla,peròtambés’utilitzaperanunciaraccionsfixadesperendavantquetindranllocenelfuturproper.Expressaalgunacosaquetindràllocambseguretat,nounaintenció.
We’re playing volleyball tomorrow.(Juguem/Jugaremavoleiboldemà.)[jas’hadecidit]
• ElPresent Continuousambvalordefuturhad’anaracompanyatd’unaexpressiótemporalqueindiquiquantindràllocl’acció:soon(aviat),later(méstard),tomorrow(demà),tonight(aquestanit),next week/month/year(lasetmana/elmes/l’anyqueve),etc.
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He is running a race next weekend.(Ellcorre/correràunacursalasetmanaqueve.)
We are flying to Paris this evening.(Volem/VolaremaParísaquestvespre.)
unIt3
EL pRImER CONdICIONALS’utilitzaperparlard’unaacció(oresultat)quetindràllocsiescompleixlacondicióassenyalada.
• Afirmativa:lacondició(oraciósubordinada)s’expressaambif+Present Simple,ielresultat(oracióprincipal)acostumaaanarenfuturambwill.
Silacondicióvaprimer,esposaunacomaentrel’oracióprincipalilasubordinada.
If he studies hard, he will get good marks. (Siellestudiamolt,obtindràbonesnotes.)
He will get good marks if he studies hard.(Ellobtindràbonesnotessiestudiamolt.)
• Negativa:espotnegarelverbenpresent,elverbenfuturoambdós.
If she doesn’t go to the party, I will stay at home. (Siellanovaalafesta,emquedaréacasa.)
If she goes to the party, I won’t stay at home.(Siellavaalafesta,noemquedaréacasa.)
If she doesn’t go to the party, I won’t stay at home.(Siellanovaalafesta,noemquedaréacasa.)
• Interrogativa:Will+subjecte+predicatdel’oracióprincipal+oraciósubordinada.
Will they go to the beach if it rains?(Aniranalaplatjasiplou?)
• Respostes breus:esposaelpronompersonalsubjecte+willowon’t.
Will you play the guitar if he sings? Yes, I will. /No, I won’t.(Tocaràslaguitarrasiellcanta?Sí./No.)
Espotutilitzarunlessowhenenlacondició.
Perexpressarquealgunacosatindràlloconosinoescompleixlacondició,lasubordinadas’introdueixamblalaconjuncióunless,queequivalaif not (“sino”,“llevatque”).
Unless you concentrate, you will fail the exam.(Sinoetconcentres,suspendràsl’examen.)
Amb when parlemsobrealgunacosaquetindràllocambseguretat.
When I arrive home, I will call you.(Quanarribiacasa,ettrucaré.)
EL SEGON CONdICIONALS’utilitzaperparlard’accionshipotètiquesquefanreferènciaalpresent,ésadir,queéspocprobablequepassiniperdonarconsell.
• Afirmativa:lacondiciós’expressaambif+Past Simple, ielresultatambwould(olacontracció’d)+elverben laformabase.
If I understood the problem, I’d solve it.(Sientenguéselproblema,elresoldria.)
Sielverbdelacondicióésto be,normalmentesfaservirwere atoteslespersonesdelsingularidelplural.
If he were rich, he’d buy a new car. (Siellfosric,escomprariauncotxenou.)
Perdonarconsellss’utilitzalafórmulaIf I were.
If I were you, I’d send him a text message. (Sijofostu,lienviariaunmissatgedetext.)
• Negativa:espotnegarlacondició,elresultatoambdós.
If I didn’t have money, I would work hard. (Sijonotinguésdiners,treballariamolt.)
If I had money, I wouldn’t work hard.(Sijotinguésdiners,notreballariamolt.)
If I didn’t work hard, I wouldn’t have money.(Sijonotreballésmolt,notindriadiners.)
• Interrogativa:Would+subjecte+predicatdel’oracióprincipal+oraciósubordinada.
Would you ride a camel if you were in the desert?(Aniriesencamellsiestiguessiseneldesert?)
• Respostes breus:esposaelpronompersonalsubjecte+wouldowouldn’t.
Would you play the piano if you didn’t play the guitar? Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn’t. (Tocarieselpianosinotoquessislaguitarra?Sí./No.)
unIt4
EL COmpARATIu dELS AdJECTIuSLa forma comparativa
Percompararduescoses,animalsopersoness’utilitzenelsadjectiusengraucomparatiu.
• Elcomparatiudesuperioritat(més...que)s’utilitzapercompararduescoses,animalsopersonesquanunasuperal’altraenalgunaspecte.Performar-localfixar-seenlalongituddel’adjectiu:
1.Sitéunasíl·laba,o2iacabaeny,l’adjectiuesconsideracurtis’hiafegeixlaterminació-er.Darrere esposalapartículathan.
The silver necklace is cheaper than the gold one.(Elcollaretdeplataésmésbaratqueeld’or.)
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Enelscasossegüents,l’adjectiucanviaquans’hiafegeix-er:
-Sité1síl·labaiacabaen1 vocal+1 consonant,esdoblalaconsonant:
thin - thinner big - bigger
-Sité2síl·labesiacabaenconsonant+y,escanvialayperunai: heavy - heavier
easy - easier
-Siacabaenl,esdoblaaquestalletra: cruel - crueller
-Siacabaenemuda,noméss’hiafegeix-r: nice - nicer
2.Sité2síl·labesomés,l’adjectiuesconsiderallargilaformacomparativaesfaambmore+adjectiu+than.
Paul is more attractive than Jim.(EnPaulésmésatractiuqueenJim.)
• Elcomparatiud’inferioritatesfaamb:less+adjectiu+than(menys...que).
Modern jewellery is less elaborate than ancient jewellery.(Lajoieriamodernaésmenyselaboradaquel’antiga.)
• Elcomparatiud’igualtatesfautilitzant:(not)as+adjectiu+as((no)tan...com).
This picture is as colourful as that one.(Aquestquadreéstanacoloritcomaquell.)
La forma superlativaS’utilitzapercompararmésdeduescoses,animalsopersonesidirqueunaendestacasobrelaresta.
• Esposathedavantl’adjectiuil’adverbimostolaterminació-es. Caltenirencomptelasevalongitud:
-Siéscurt,hiafegimlaterminació-est.
These are the lightest clothes in the shop.(Aquestaéslarobaméslleugeradelabotiga.)
Segueixlesmateixesreglesdelcomparatiuamb-er.
big - biggest sad - saddest pretty - prettiest happy - happiest wide - widest large - largest cruel - cruellest
-Siésllarg,hiposemdavantthe most.
This beach is the most peaceful place in the world.(Aquestaplatjaéselllocméstranquildelmón.)
• Perindicarquealgúoalgunacosaésinferioralarestaenalgunaspectes’utilitzal’estructurathe least+adjectiu.
This is the least lively market in the city.(Aquestéselmercatmenysanimatdelaciutat.)
• Elsuperlatiupotanardavantdelespreposicionsin,of ion
He’s the most intelligent boy in the class. (Elléselnoimésintel·ligentdelaclasse.)
Next Friday is the longest day of the year.(Divendresqueveéseldiamésllargdel’any.)
Which is the highest mountain on Earth?(QuinaéslamuntanyamésaltadelaTerra?)
Els adjectius irregularsComquenosegueixencapregla,calaprendredememòrialessevesformescomparativaisuperlativa.
Adjectiu Comparatiu Superlatiu
good(bo/bona)
better than the best
bad(dolent/a)
worse than the worst
far(llunyà/ana)
farther / further than the farthest / furthest
little(poc/a)
less than the least
too,(not) ... enough• Toovadavantdel’adjectiuiindicaquelaqualitatque
expressaésexcessiva.Significa“massa”.
This ring is too bright.(Aquestanellésmassabrillant.)
• Not+adjectiu+enoughsignifica“prou”o“suficientment”.
That football player is good enough for our team.(Aquelljugadordefutbolésprou/suficientmentboperalnostreequip.)
She is not old enough to drive. (Ellanoésprou/suficientmentgranperconduir.)
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EL COmpARATIu dELS AdvERbIS• Elsadverbisensdonenmésinformaciósobreelsverbs.
Descriuenlaformaenquèesrealitzal’acció.
She walks slowly. (Ellacaminalentament.)
• Espodencompararduesaccionsutilitzantaquestaestructura:more+adverbi+than.
She walks more slowly than her sister. (Ellacaminaméslentamentquelasevagermana.)
• Tambéespodencompararduesaccionsutilitzant:less+adverbi+than.
I drive less carefully than my father. (Jocondueixoambmenyscuraqueelmeupare.)
• Ambas+adverbi+ass’indicaqueduesaccionsesrealitzendelamateixamanera.
She walks as slowly asher sister.(Ellacaminatanlentamentcomlasevagermana.)
Els adverbis irregularsComquenosegueixencapregla,calaprendredememòriaaquestsadverbisilasevaformacomparativa.
Adjectiu Adverbi Forma comparativa
fast (ràpid/a)fast (depressa,ràpidament)
faster than
hard (dur/a;difícil)
hard (durament,molt)
harder than
high (alt/a)high (agranaltura,alt)
higher than
far (llunyà/ana) far (lluny) farther / further than
good (bo/bona) well (bé) better than
bad (dolent/a) badly (malament) worse than
unIt5
EL present perFect simple
Afirmativa Forma abreujadaIhave washed I’ve washed
Youhave washed You’ve washed
Hehas washed He’s washed
Shehas washed She’s washed
Ithas washed It’s washed
Wehave washed We’ve washed
Youhave washed You’ve washed
Theyhave washed They’ve washed
Negativa Forma abreujada
Ihave not washed Ihaven’t washed
Youhave not washed Youhaven’t washed
Hehas not washed Hehasn’t washed
Shehas not washed Shehasn’t washed
Ithas not washed Ithasn’t washed
Wehave not washed Wehaven’t washed
Youhave not washed Youhaven’t washed
They have not washed Theyhaven’t washed
InterrogativaRespostes breus
Afirmativa Negativa
HaveIwashed...? Yes,Ihave. No,Ihaven’t.
Haveyouwashed...? Yes,youhave. No,youhaven’t.
Hashewashed...? Yes,hehas. No,hehasn’t.
Hasshewashed...? Yes,shehas. No,shehasn’t.
Hasitwashed...? Yes,ithas. No,ithasn’t.
Havewewashed...? Yes,wehave. No,wehaven’t.
Haveyouwashed...? Yes,youhave. No,youhaven’t.
Havetheywashed...? Yes,theyhave. No,theyhaven’t.
• Afirmativa:subjecte+has/have+unverbenparticipi.Lamajoriadeverbsafegeixen-edalaformabasedelverbperferelparticipi.
We have explored this area.(Hemexplorataquestazona.)
Elsverbsirregularsacostumenacanviardeformaenelparticipi.Nosegueixencapreglai,pertant,calaprendre’ls dememòria.Alespàgines23-24n’hihaunallista.
I have eaten soup and sausages for dinner.(Hemenjatsopaisalsitxespersopar.)
• Negativa:subjecte+has/have +noton’t+unverbenparticipi.
The plane hasn’t landed.(L’aviónohaaterrat.)
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• Interrogativa:Has/have+subjecte+unverbenparticipi.
Have you studied this unit?(Hasestudiataquestaunitat?)
• Respostes breus:esposaelpronompersonalsubjecte +has / havesenseabreujarenafirmativaoabreujatamblapartículanotennegativa.
Have they received a letter? Yes, they have. / No, they haven’t.(Hanrebutunacarta?Sí./No.)
• AmbelPresent Perfect Simples’acostumenautilitzarlesexpressions temporalsiadverbis següents:
ever
interrogativa:“algunavegada”
Have you ever trekked through the jungle?
negativa:“mai”
I haven’t ever rowed a boat
never afirmativa:“mai” She has never visited Paris.
always “sempre”They’ve always listened to their mother.
already afirmativa:“ja”We’ve already discovered the truth.
justafirmativa:“acabarde”
I have just cleaned my room.
yet
negativa:“encara”
She hasn’t completed her homework yet.
interrogativa:“ja” Have you found your ring yet?
recently “recentment”Have they travelled to London recently?
lately “últimament”He hasn’t watered the plants lately.
several times
“unesquantesvegades”
They have dug for treasure several times.
so far“finsalmoment,finsara”
I’ve done five exercises so far.
Caltenirencompteque:
-Just,already,always,everineveresposenentrel’auxiliarhaveielparticipidelverbprincipal.
-Yetescol·locaalfinaldelafrase.
-Larestapotanaralcomençamentoalfinaldelafrase,peròs’acostumenaposaralfinal.
for /sinceAmbelPresent Perfect Simple tambés’utilitzenlesexpressionstemporalsquecomencenamb:
- Lapreposiciófordavantd’unperíodedetempsqueindicaladuradadel’acció.Estradueixcom“durant”onoestradueix.
Her mother has worked here for 15 years.(Lasevamarehatreballataquídurantquinzeanys.)
- Lapreposiciósince,queindicaelmomentenquèvacomençarl’acció.Estradueixcom“desde“.
I haven’t watched a film since Sunday. (Nohevistunapel·lículadesdeldiumenge.)
Els usos del present perfect simple
Accionsquevancomençarenelpassatiencaracontinuen(portaforosinceiestradueixenpresent)
She has lived in Germany since 1998.(EllaviuaAlemanyadesde1998.)
Accionspassadesqueafectenelpresentotenenconseqüènciesenelmomentactual
They have moved to a new house.(Ellss’hanmudataunacasanova.)
Accionspassadessenseespecificarquanvantenirlloc
She has survived the accident.(Ellahasobreviscutal’accident.)
Accionsmoltrecents(portajustiestradueixper“acabarde”+infinitiu)
He has just fallen on the ground.(Ellacabadecaureaterra.)
CONTRAST present perFect simple / past simple
ElPresent Perfect Simpleindicaqueelquevaesdevenirenelpassatestàrelacionatambelpresentinodiuquanvatenirlloc.Encanvi,elPast Simpleparlad’accionspassadesquejanoafectenelmomentactualiindicaquanvantenirllocambexpressionsdetempscomyesterday,last night,etc.
They have parachuted many times.(Ellshansaltatenparacaigudesmoltesvegades.)
She parachuted yesterday.(Ellavasaltarenparacaigudesahir.)
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unIt6
ELS dETERmINANTS
a / an
Ambnomscomptablesensingular.S’utilitzendavantd’unnomquenoésconegutpelparlant.
un/a a guitar, an ambulance
some
Ambnomscomptablesenpluralinocomptables.
uns/unesalguns/esunamicade(onoestradueix)
There are some concerts this month. We’ve got some chocolate.
any
Frasesnegativesiinterrogatives:Ambnomscomptablesenpluralinocomptables.
cap,gensde(onoestradueix)
We haven’t got any hip-hop CDs. He hasn’t got any butter.
algun/aalguns/esunamicade(onoestradueix)
Do you play any musical instruments? Have you got any time for me?
ELS QuANTIFICAdORS
a lot ofmolt/a,molts/esunapilade
Ambnomscomptablesenpluralinocomptables.
A lot of students play football. There is a lot of food.
many molts/es
Ambnomscomptablesenplural.
Many people like pop music.
muchmolt/a,gaire/s
Frasesnegativesiinterrogatives:ambnomsnocomptables.
I haven’t got much work.Was there much noise?
a fewuns/unesquants/esalguns/es
Ambnomscomptablesenplural.
The plane landed a few hours late.
a littleunamicade
Ambnomsnocomptables.
I have got a little money for you.
How many ...?Quants/es...?
Ambnomscomptablesenplural.
How many MP4 players have you got?
How much ...?Quant/a...?
Nomsnocomptables.Quanvaambelverbto beserveixperpreguntarelpreud’algunacosa.
How much time do you need? How much is the hairdryer?
Aquestesexpressionss’utilitzenperparlarsobrequantitat.
unIt7
ELS mOdALS
can / can’tAfirmativa Negativa Forma abreujada
Ican sail Icannot sail Ican’t sail
Youcan sail Youcannot sail Youcan’t sail
Hecan sail Hecannot sail Hecan’t sail
Shecan sail Shecannot sail Shecan’t sail
Itcan sail Itcannot sail Itcan’t sail
Wecan sail Wecannot sail Wecan’t sail
Youcan sail Youcannot sail Youcan’t sail
Theycan sail Theycannot sail Theycan’t sail
InterrogativaRespostes breus
Afirmativa Negativa
CanIsail? Yes,Ican. No,Ican’t.
Canyousail? Yes,youcan. No,you can’t.
Canhesail? Yes,hecan. No,hecan’t.
Canshesail? Yes,shecan. No,shecan’t.
Canitsail? Yes,it can. No,it can’t.
Canwesail? Yes,we can. No,wecan’t.
Canyousail? Yes,youcan. No,youcan’t.
Cantheysail? Yes,theycan. No,theycan’t.
• Afirmativa:subjecte+can+verbenlaformabase.
He can speak German very well.(Ellsapparlaralemanymoltbé.)
I can come to your party.(Pucveniralatevafesta.)
You can watch TV now.(Potsmirarlatelevisióara.)
• Negativa:subjecte+cannotocan’t+verbenlaformabase.
They cannot do any magic tricks.(Ellsnosaben/podenfertrucsdemàgia.)
• Interrogativa:Can +subjecte+verbenlaformabase.
Can they write good stories?(Saben/Podenescriureboneshistòries?)
• Respostes breus:esposaelpronompersonalsubjecte+canocan’t.
Can you pick a flower? Yes, I can. / No, I can’t.(Potsagafarunaflor?Sí./No.)
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Els usos de can / can’tHabilitatocapacitatperferalgunacosa:“saber”
She can sing beautifully.(Ellasapcantarmeravellosament.)
Possibilitatdeferalgunacosa:“poder”
You can break the mirror. Be careful.(Potstrencarelmirall.Vésambcompte.)
Demanarpermísounfavoraalgúdeconfiança:“poder”
Can you put the eggs in the fridge? Yes, I can.(Potsposarelsousalanevera?Sí.)
could / couldn’tAfirmativa Negativa Forma abreujada
Icould ski Icould not ski Icouldn’t ski
Youcould ski Youcould not ski Youcouldn’t ski
Hecould ski Hecould not ski Hecouldn’t ski
Shecould ski Shecould not ski Shecouldn’t ski
Itcould ski Itcould not ski Itcouldn’t ski
Wecould ski Wecould not ski Wecouldn’t ski
Youcould ski Youcould not ski Youcouldn’t ski
Theycould ski Theycould not ski Theycouldn’t ski
InterrogativaRespostes breus
Afirmativa Negativa
CouldIski? Yes,I could. No,I couldn’t.
Couldyouski? Yes,youcould. No,youcouldn’t.
Couldheski? Yes,hecould. No,hecouldn’t.
Couldsheski? Yes,she could. No,she couldn’t.
Coulditski? Yes,it could. No,itcouldn’t.
Couldweski? Yes,we could. No,we couldn’t.
Couldyouski? Yes,youcould. No,you couldn’t.
Couldtheyski? Yes,they could. No,they couldn’t.
• Afirmativa:subjecte+could+ verbenlaformabase.
I could play basketball when I was seven.(Josabiajugarabàsquetquanteniasetanys.)
In the past, mirrors could make people feel ill.(Enelpassat,elsmirallspodienferquelagentsesentísmalalta.)
• Negativa:subjecte+could notocouldn’t+verbenlaformabase.
They couldn’t play outside because it was raining.(Nopodienjugarforaperquèplovia.)
• Interrogativa:Could +subjecte+verbenlaformabase.
Could he sail on Friday?(Ellvapodernavegardivendres?)
• Respostes breus:esposaelpronompersonalsubjecte+couldocouldn’t.
Could you carry the bags? Yes, I could. / No, I couldn’t.(Podriesportarlesbosses?Sí./No.)
Els usos de could / couldn’tHabilitatocapacitatperferalgunacosaenelpassat
Sam could speak at the age of two.(EnSamsabiaparlaralsdosanys.)
Possibilitatdeferalgunacosaenelpassat
They couldn’t see the beach from the window.(Novanpoderveurelaplatjadesdelafinestra.)
Permisosopeticions(deformaméseducadaqueambcan)
Could I have a glass of water?(Podriaprendreungotd’aigua?)
must / mustn’tAfirmativa Negativa
Imust sweep Imustn’t sweep
Youmust sweep Youmustn’t sweep
Hemust sweep Hemustn’t sweep
Shemust sweep Shemustn’t sweep
Itmust sweep Itmustn’t sweep
Wemust sweep Wemustn’t sweep
Youmust sweep Youmustn’t sweep
Theymust sweep Theymustn’t sweep
• Afirmativa:subjecte+must+ verbenlaformabase.
I must play the piano three times a week.(Hedetocarelpianotrescopsalasetmana.)
• Negativa:subjecte+must not omustn’t+verbenlaformabase.
People mustn’t feed animals in the zoo.(Lagentnohadedonarmenjaralsanimalsenelzoo.)
You mustn’t tell me his secret. (Nohasd’explicar-meelseusecret.)
• Interrogativa:Must +subjecte+verbenlaformabase.Enaquestcas,mustexpressaobligacióonecessitat,encaraqueaquestverbmodalnos’acostumaautilitzarenlaformainterrogativa.
Must we speak to the doctor?(Hemdeparlarambeldoctor?)
• Respostes breus:esposaelpronompersonalsubjecte+mustomustn’t.
Must I call the police? Yes, you must. / No, you mustn’t.(Hedetrucaralapolicia?Sí./No.)
2020Advanced Real English 2 Catalan © B Burlington Books
L’ús de must
Obligació,necessitatoconveniènciadeferalgunacosa:“haverde”
I must work harder.(Hedetreballarmoltmés.)
L’ús de mustn’t
Prohibiciódeferalgunacosaperquènoéspermèsonoésconvenientocorrecte
You mustn’t eat in the classroom. (Nohasdemenjaralaclasse.)
should / shouldn’tAfirmativa Negativa
Ishould buy Ishouldn’t buy
Youshould buy Youshouldn’t buy
Heshould buy Heshouldn’t buy
Sheshould buy Sheshouldn’t buy
Itshould buy Itshouldn’t buy
Weshould buy Weshouldn’t buy
Youshould buy Youshouldn’t buy
Theyshould buy Theyshouldn’t buy
InterrogativaRespostes breus
Afirmativa Negativa
ShouldIbuy? Yes,I should. No,I shouldn’t.
Shouldyoubuy? Yes,you should. No,youshouldn’t.
Shouldhebuy? Yes,heshould. No,heshouldn’t.
Shouldshebuy? Yes,sheshould. No,sheshouldn’t.
Shoulditbuy? Yes,it should. No,it shouldn’t.
Shouldwebuy? Yes,we should. No,weshouldn’t.
Shouldyoubuy? Yes,you should. No,you shouldn’t.
Shouldtheybuy? Yes,they should. No,theyshouldn’t.
• Afirmativa:subjecte+should+ verbenlaformabase.
You should go to the dentist tomorrow.(Hauriesd’anaraldentistademà.)
• Negativa:subjecte+should not oshouldn’t+verbenlaformabase.
She shouldn’t believe in superstitions.(Ellanohauriadecreureensupersticions.)
• Interrogativa:Should +subjecte+verbenlaformabase.
Should I be angry?(Hauriad’estarenfadada?)
• Respostes breus:esposaelpronompersonalsubjecte+shouldoshouldn’t.
Should we take an umbrella with us? Yes, you should. / No, you shouldn’t.(Hauríemd’agafarunparaigua?Sí./No.)
Els usos de should / shouldn’t
Donarconsells She should bring a coat. It’s cold.(Hauriadeportarunabric.Fafred.)
Dirquès’hauriaonodefer
You shouldn’t eat too many sweets. (Nohauriesdemenjarmassacaramels.)
Have to / Don’t have toAfirmativa Negativa
Ihave to go Idon’thave to go
Youhave to go Youdon’t have to go
Hehas to go Hedoesn’t have to go
Shehas to go Shedoesn’t have to go
Ithas to go Itdoesn’t have to go
Wehave to go Wedon’t have to go
Youhave to go Youdon’t have to go
Theyhave to go Theydon’t have to go
InterrogativaRespostes breus
Afirmativa NegativaDoIhave to go? Yes,I do. No,I don’t.
Doyouhave to go? Yes,you do. No,youdon’t.
Doeshehave to go? Yes,hedoes. No,hedoesn’t.
Doesshehave to go? Yes,shedoes. No,shedoesn’t.
Doesithave to go? Yes,it does. No,it doesn’t.
Dowehave to go? Yes,we do. No,wedon’t.
Doyouhave to go? Yes,you do. No,you don’t.
Dotheyhave to go? Yes,they do. No,theydon’t.
• Afirmativa:subjecte+have / has to+ verbenlaformabase.Significa“haverde”iexpressa,commust,l’obligacióonecessitatdeferalgunacosa.Ladiferènciaésquehave toesconjuga,iperaixò,s’utilitzaenelstempsquemustnoté.
We have to put the chicken in the oven.(Hemdeposarelpollastreenelforn.)
• Negativa:subjecte+don’t / doesn’t have to+verbenlaformabase.Significa“nohaverde/nocaldreque”.
You don’t have to help me. I can do it alone.(Nocalquem’ajudis.Pucfer-hosol.)
• Interrogativa:Do/Does+subjecte+have to+ verbenlaformabase.
Do they have to come with you?(Handevenirambtu?)
• Respostes breus:esposaelpronompersonalsubjecte+do/doesodon’t/doesn’t.
Does she have to study for the exam? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.(Ellahad’estudiarperal’examen?Sí./No.)
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Advanced Real English 2 Catalan © B Burlington Books
L’ús de have to
Obligacióonecessitatdeferalgunacosa
I have to bring my sister to the party. (Hedeportarlamevagermanaalafesta.)
L’ús de don’t have to
Mancad’obligacióonecessitat
You don’t have to buy me anything. (Nocalqueemcomprisres.)
unIt8
ELS pRONOmS RELATIuS
• Introdueixenunaoraciósubordinada.
I don’t like salads which / that have got onions in them.(Nom’agradenlesamanidesquetenenceba.)
• L’oraciósubordinadadónainformaciósobreunantecedent.Hivandarrereipodenferdesubjecteodecomplement,totiqueenaquestdarrercasésfreqüentometre’lsalaconversa.
• Elspronomsrelatiussónwho,which,that,where, when iwhose:
-Whos’utilitzaquanl’antecedentésunapersona.Espotsubstituirperthat.
These are the girls who / that I met at the café.(Aquestessónlesnoiesqueemvaigtrobaralacafeteria.)
-Whichs’utilitzaperferreferènciaacosesoanimals.Espotsubstituirperthat.
I was wearing a new skirt which / that was quite long.(Portavaunafaldillanovaqueeraforçallarga.)
He has got a dog which / that eats vegetables. (Elltéungosquemenjaverdures.)
-Thats’utilitzaperferreferènciaapersones,cosesoanimals.
The penguins that I saw at the zoo were swimming.(Elspingüinsquevaigveureenelzooestavennedant.)
The woman that was sitting at the desk was beautiful.(Ladonaqueestava(asseguda)al’escriptorieramaca.)
-Wheres’utilitzaquanl’antecedentésunlloc.
We went shopping at a market where you can find everything.(Vamanaracompraraunmercatonpotstrobardetot.)
-Whens’utilitzaquanl’antecedentésunaexpressiótemporal.Espotometreosubstituirperthat.
He took this photo on the day when we went to the theme park.(Vaferaquestafotoeldiaenquèvamanaralparctemàtic.)
-Whoses’utilitzaquanl’antecedentésunaexpressiótemporal.Expressapossessió.
She’s got a friend whose father is Irish. (Ellatéunamicelparedelqualésirlandès.)
unIt9
LA vEu pASSIvA
La veu passiva en present
Afirmativa Negativa
Iam accepted I’m notaccepted
Youare accepted Youaren’t accepted
Heis accepted Heisn’t accepted
Sheis accepted Sheisn’t accepted
Itis accepted Itisn’t accepted
Weare accepted Wearen’t accepted
Youare accepted Youaren’t accepted
Theyare accepted Theyaren’t accepted
InterrogativaRespostes breus
Afirmativa NegativaAmIaccepted? Yes,I am. No,I’m not.
Areyouaccepted? Yes,you are. No,youaren’t.
Isheaccepted? Yes,heis. No,heisn’t.
Issheaccepted? Yes,sheis. No,sheisn’t.
Isitaccepted? Yes,it is. No,it isn’t.
Areweaccepted? Yes,we are. No,wearen’t.
Areyouaccepted? Yes,you are. No,you aren’t.
Aretheyaccepted? Yes,they are. No,theyaren’t.
2222Advanced Real English 2 Catalan © B Burlington Books
La veu passiva en passat
Afirmativa Negativa
Iwas accepted Iwasn’taccepted
Youwere accepted Youweren’t accepted
Hewas accepted Hewasn’t accepted
Shewas accepted Shewasn’t accepted
Itwas accepted Itwasn’t accepted
Wewere accepted Weweren’t accepted
Youwere accepted Youweren’t accepted
Theywere accepted Theyweren’t accepted
InterrogativaRespostes breus
Afirmativa NegativaWasIaccepted? Yes,I was. No,Iwasn’t.
Wereyouaccepted? Yes,you were. No,youweren’t.
Washeaccepted? Yes,hewas. No,hewasn’t.
Wassheaccepted? Yes,shewas. No,shewasn’t.
Wasitaccepted? Yes,it was. No,it wasn’t.
Wereweaccepted? Yes,we were. No,weweren’t.
Wereyouaccepted? Yes,you were. No,you weren’t.
Weretheyaccepted? Yes,they were. No,theyweren’t.
• Afirmativa:subjecte+to becomaauxiliareneltempscorresponent+elparticipidelverbprincipal.
Ben Stiller is known in many countries. (BenStillerésconegutamoltspaïsos.)
They were given new computers.(Se’lsvandonarnousordinadors.)
Alesoracionsdepassiva,l’accióésmésimportantqueelsubjecte.Siesvolesmentarquirealitzal’acció,esposaalfinaldelafrasepreceditdeby.
The Lightning Thief was written by Rick Riordan.(The Lightning ThiefvaserescritperRickRiordan.)
• Negativa: subjecte+to becomaauxiliareneltempscorresponent+noton’t+elparticipidelverbprincipal.
They aren’t expected to fly to London next week. (Nos’esperaquevolinaLondreslasetmanaqueve.)
This meal wasn’t prepared at home.(Aquestmenjarnoesvaprepararacasa.)
• Interrogativa:to becomaauxiliareneltempscorresponent+subjecte+elparticipidelverbprincipal.
Are these biscuits sold in the supermarket?(Esvenenaquestesgaletesenelsupermercat?)
Was the film based on the novel?(Lapel·lículaestavabasadaenlanovel·la?)
• Respostes breus:esposaelpronompersonalsubjecte+to becomaauxiliareneltempscorresponent,senseabreujarenafirmativaoabreujatamblapartículanotennegativa.
Was he chosen for president? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t.(Ellvaserescollitpresident?Sí./No.)
Els usos de la veu passiva
Destacarl’accióinoelsubjectequelarealitza
Clothes are washed in a washing machine.(Larobaesrentaenunarentadora.)
Quanelsubjectequerealitzal’accióésobvi,desconegutonoesvolesmentar
The glass was broken.(Elgotesvatrencar.)
Com passar una frase activa a passivaEsposato beenelmateixtempsdelverbprincipalenactiva,iaquestverbenparticipi.Activa: They clean the building every morning.Passiva: The building is cleaned every morning.
Esposacomasubjecteelprimercomplementquehihagidarreredelverbenlaveuactiva,jasiguieldirecteol’indirecte.Activa: My brothers share a bedroom. Passiva: A bedroom is shared by my brothers.
Sielcomplementésunpronompersonal,escanviaperlasevaformadesubjectecorresponent.Activa: My friends told me the secret.Passiva: I was told the secret.
Passemelsubjectedel’oracióactivaalfinaldelapassivapreceditdeby.Activa: My aunt bought a pair of jeans.Passiva: A pair of jeans was bought by my aunt.
Sielsubjecteésunpronompersonal,escanviapelpronomobjectecorresponent.Activa: They care for my grandmother.Passiva: My grandmother is cared for by them.
• Lesexpressions temporals ques’utilitzenenlaveupassivasónlesmateixesqueenl’activa.Sielverbestàenpresent:every day/week/year,once/twice a year,on+undiadelasetmanaenplural,oadverbiscomusually,sometimes,etc.Sielverbestàenpassat:last night / week,at+unahora,in+unany,on+undia/data,in the past,yesterday,etc.
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IrregularVerb List
BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) CATALÀbe /VA/ was/were /rFh/rK/ been /VAm/ ser, estarbeat /VAW/ beat /VAW/ beaten /'VAWm/ donar copsbecome /VB'YJl/ became /VB'YMl/ become /VB'YJl/ convertir-sebegin /VB'ZBm/ began /VB'Zæm/ begun /VB'ZJm/ començarbend /VCmX/ bent /VCmW/ bent /VCmW/ doblegar(-se)bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ apostarbite /VOW/ bit /VBW/ bitten /'VBWm/ mossegarbleed /VoAX/ bled /VoCX/ bled /VoCX/ sagnarblow /VoLH/ blew /VoI/ blown /VoLHm/ bufarbreak /VpMY/ broke /VpLHY/ broken /'VpLHYLm/ trencarbring /VpBn/ brought /VpGW/ brought /VpGW/ portarbuild /VBoX/ built /VBoW/ built /VBoW/ construirburn /VKm/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ cremarbuy /VO/ bought /VGW/ bought /VGW/ comprarcatch /Yæa/ caught /YGW/ caught /YGW/ agafar, enxamparchoose /aIh/ chose /aLHh/ chosen /'aLHhm/ triarcome /YJl/ came /YMl/ come /YJl/ venircost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ costarcut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ tallardig /XBZ/ dug /XJZ/ dug /XJZ/ cavardo /XI/ did /XBX/ done /XJm/ ferdraw /XpG/ drew /XpI/ drawn /XpGm/ dibuixardream /XpAl/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ somiardrink /XpBnY/ drank /XpænY/ drunk /XpJnY/ beuredrive /XpOd/ drove /XpLHd/ driven /'XpBdm/ conduireat /AW/ ate /CBW/ eaten /AWm/ menjarfall /cGo/ fell /cCo/ fallen /'cGoLm/ caurefeed /cAX/ fed /cCX/ fed /cCX/ alimentarfeel /cAo/ felt /cCoW/ felt /cCoW/ sentir-sefight /cOW/ fought /cGW/ fought /cGW/ lluitar, barallar-sefind /cOmX/ found /cPmX/ found /cPmX/ trobarfly /coO/ flew /coI/ flown /coLHm/ volarforget /cL'ZCW/ forgot /cL'ZFW/ forgotten /cL'ZFWm/ oblidarforgive /cL'ZBd/ forgave /cL'ZMd/ forgiven /cL'ZBdm/ perdonarfreeze /cpAh/ froze /cpLHh/ frozen /'cpLHhm/ congelar(-se)get /ZCW/ got /ZFW/ got /ZFW/ aconseguir; arribargive /ZBd/ gave /ZMd/ given /ZBdm/ donargo /ZN/ went /rCmW/ gone /ZFm/ anargrow /ZpN/ grew /ZpI/ grown /ZpNm/ créixer; cultivarhang /kæn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ penjarhave /kæd/ had /kæX/ had /kæX/ tenir; haverhear /kBL/ heard /kKX/ heard /kKX/ sentirhide /kOX/ hid /kBX/ hidden /'kBXm/ amagar(-se)hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ colpejar, pegarhold /kNoX/ held /kCoX/ held /kCoX/ subjectarhurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ ferir, fer malkeep /YAU/ kept /YCUW/ kept /YCUW/ guardar, mantenir; desarknow /mN/ knew /mqI/ known /mNm/ saber, conèixerlay /oCB/ laid /oCBX/ laid /oCBX/ posar; estendrelead /oAX/ led /oCX/ led /oCX/ guiar, conduir
2424Advanced Real English 2 Catalan © B Burlington Books
Irregular Verb List
BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) CATALÀ
learn /oKm/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ aprendreleave /oAd/ left /oCcW/ left /oCcW/ deixar; marxar, sortirlend /oCmX/ lent /oCmW/ lent /oCmW/ prestarlet /oCW/ let /oCW/ let /oCW/ permetre, deixarlie /oO/ lay /oCB/ lain /oCBm/ estirar-selie /oO/(regular verb) lied /oOX/ lied /oOX/ mentirlight /oOW/ lit /oBW/ lit /oBW/ encendrelose /oIh/ lost /oFgW/ lost /oFgW/ perdremake /lCBY/ made /lCBX/ made /lCBX/ fer, fabricarmean /lAm/ meant /lCmW/ meant /lCmW/ significar, voler dir meet /lAW/ met /lCW/ met /lCW/ conèixer; quedar ambpay /UM/ paid /UMX/ paid /UMX/ pagarput /UHW/ put /UHW/ put /UHW/ posarread /pAX/ read /pCX/ read /pCX/ llegirride /pOX/ rode /pLHX/ ridden /'pBXm/ muntar, pujarring /pBn/ rang /pæn/ rung /pJn/ trucar (per telèfon)rise /pOh/ rose /pLHh/ risen /'pBhm/ enlairar-se, aixecar-serun /pJm/ ran /pæm/ run /pJm/ córrersay /gM/ said /gCX/ said /gCX/ dirsee /gA/ saw /gG/ seen /gAm/ veuresell /gCo/ sold /gLHoX/ sold /gLHoX/ vendresend /gCmX/ sent /gCmW/ sent /gCmW/ enviarset /gCW/ set /gCW/ set /gCW/ col·locar, posarshake /iMY/ shook /iHY/ shaken /'iMYLm/ sacsejarshine /iOm/ shone /iFm/ shone /iFm/ brillarshoot /iIW/ shot /iFW/ shot /iFW/ dispararshow /iLH/ showed /iLHX/ shown /iLHm/ mostrar, ensenyarshut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ tancarsing /gBn/ sang /gæn/ sung /gJn/ cantarsink /gBnY/ sank /gænY/ sunk /gJnY/ enfonsar-sesit /gBW/ sat /gæW/ sat /gæW/ seuresleep /goAU/ slept /goCUW/ slept /goCUW/ dormirsmell /glCo/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ olorarspeak /gUAY/ spoke /gULHY/ spoken /gULHYLm/ parlarspell /gUCo/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ lletrejarspend /gUCmX/ spent /gUCmW/ spent /gUCmW/ gastar; passar (temps)stand /gWæmX/ stood /gWHX/ stood /gWHX/ estar dret/asteal /gWAo/ stole /gWLHo/ stolen /'gWLHoLm/ robarstick /gWBY/ stuck /gWJY/ stuck /gWJY/ enganxarsweep /grAU/ swept /grCUW/ swept /grCUW/ escombrarswim /grBl/ swam /græl/ swum /grJl/ nedartake /WMY/ took /WHY/ taken /'WMYLm/ agafar; portarteach /WAa/ taught /WGW/ taught /WGW/ ensenyartear /WCL/ tore /WG/ torn /WGm/ esquinçar, estripartell /WCo/ told /WLHoX/ told /WLHoX/ dir, explicarthink /eBnY/ thought /eGW/ thought /eGW/ pensarthrow /epN/ threw /epI/ thrown /epNm/ llançar; llençarunderstand /JmXC'gWæmX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ comprendre, entendrewake up /rMY'JU/ woke up /rLHY'JU/ woken up /rLHYLm'JU/ despertar(-se)wear /rCL/ wore /rG/ worn /rGm/ portar posat; posar-s’hiwin /rBm/ won /rJm/ won /rJm/ guanyarwrite /pOW/ wrote /pLHW/ written /'pBWm/ escriure
2525Advanced Real English 2 Catalan © B Burlington Books
WritingGuide
•Assegura’tqueentenseltemasobreelqualhasd’escriure.
•Fesunallistad’ideesrelacionadesambaquesttemaianotatoteslesqueset’acudeixinsensepreocupar-te perlagramàticanil’ortografia.
•Després,llegeixaquestallistad’ideesitria’nlesimportants.
History of Tennis
MajorWalterWingfieldinventedthegamein1873.
HegaveitthenameSpharistike.
Peopleplaytennisontenniscourts.
ThefirstworldtenniscompetitionatWimbledonwasin1877.
In1877,therewere22playersand200spectators.
Peopleweartennisshoeswhentheyplaytennis.
SpencerGorewonthefirstcompetition.
In1884,womenstartedcompetinginWimbledon.
Untextesdivideixentresparts:
•Laintroduccióoprimeraoració(opening sentence),quepresentaeltema.
•Eldesenvolupamentocosdeltext(body of the paragraph),queamplialaideaprincipalambinformacióimportant.
•Elfinalodarreraoració(closing sentence),queresumeixeltemairepeteixlaideaprincipalambaltresparaules.
LES MAJÚSCULES(Capital letters)
S’escriuenambmajúscula:
• elsnomsitítolsdelespersones:
Mrs Sandra Bennett, Dr Perry, Ray Mears
• elsnomsdellocscomaraciutats,països,continents,edificisfamosos,museus,etc.:London, Italy, Asia, the Eiffel Tower, the Guggenheim Museum
• lesnacionalitats:English, Chinese, Peruvian
• elsdies: Saturday, Tuesday, Friday
• elsmesos:January, July, October
• laprimeraparaulad’unaoració:My sister is 13 years old.
• elpronompersonalI:I paint and I play the guitar.
• elsidiomes:French, Thai, Arabic
• lesparaulesimportantsdelstítolsdellibresipel·lícules,cançons,festivitatsijocsd’ordinador:
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
Avatar
California Dreamin’
Christmas
Tomb Raider II
LA PUNTUACIÓ (Punctuation)
• Elpunt(.)vaalfinaldelesoracionsafirmativesinegatives.
Mary is 14 years old.
• �Lacoma(,)s’utilitzapersepararparaulesoidees.Normalmentnoesposadavantdeand.
� I had chicken, chips and an apple for lunch today.
• Elsigned’interrogació(?)esposanomésalfinaldelespreguntes.
Do you like sport?
• �Elsigned’exclamació(!)tambéesposanomésalfinaldelafraseiserveixperexpressarunaemocióounsentimentiperposarèmfasienalgunacosa.
I love football!
opening sentenceIlovemusic.
IusemyMP4playeronthewayto
school.Iusemypocketmoneyto
downloadsongsfromtheInternet
ontomyMP4playerandIlistentoit
allthetime.Ilikemanysingersand
bands:Beyoncé,Kesha,U2andthe
Beatles,too.
Whenthereisgoodmusic,I’mhappy.
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L’oRDRE DE LES PARAULES: SUbJECTE - VERb (Word order: Subject – Verb)
Elsubjectedel’oracióesposadavantdelverb.
David walks to school.
sv
David is riding a new bike.
sv
Peròalespreguntes,elverbvadavantdelsubjecte.Where is my diary?vs
Does David walk to school? auxsv
L’oRDRE DE LES PARAULES: ELS ADJECTIUS (Word order: Adjectives)
•Normalmentvandavantdelssubstantius. warm sweater
adj n
Itambédarreredelverbto be. The sweater is warm. v adj
•Sihihadosadjectiusdavantd’unnom,acostumenaanarenaquestordre:midaicolor.
He was wearing a long purple coat.
m c
L’oRDRE DE LES PARAULES: ELS ADVERbIS (Word order: Adverbs)
•Elsadverbisd’intensitatimaneravandarreredelverb.Elsd’intensitatvandavantdelsdemanera.
Anna is sitting very quietly.
adverbofdegreeadverbofmanner
•Elsadverbisdefreqüènciavandavantdelverbenlesoracionsafirmatives.
He usually takes the bus to school.
adv v
Peròsielverbésto be,l’adverbivadarrere.
She is never lazy.
v adv
ELS CoNNECToRS DE SEQÜÈNCIA(Connectors of Sequence)
Quanexpliquemunasèriedefetsutilitzemaquestesparaulespermostrarl’ordreenquèvantenirlloc:
•first(primer,enprimerlloc)
•then(després,llavors)
•next(totseguit)
•after that(després[d’allò])
•finally(finalment,peracabar)
I had a fun day on Saturday. First, I made pancakes for breakfast and my family loved them. Then, we watched some old video films of my family. They were very funny. Next, we went to the beach and had a picnic. After that, we visited my grandparents and played Monopoly together. Finally, in the evening I went to a party with my friends. Saturday was a great day.
LES CoNJUNCIoNS (Linking words)
Sónparaulesqueuneixenduesomésidees.
•and(i)uneixduesoracionsoidees.
I sailed to Greece and I flew to Australia last year.
• or(o)uneixduesideesdiferents.
We walk to school or we take a bus.
• but(però)uneixduesideescontradictòriesentresi.
David likes travelling but he doesn’t like flying.
• because(perquè)expressalaraóocausad’algunacosa.
Janice doesn’t go on a motorboat because she doesn’t like water.
LES PREPoSICIoNS DE TEMPS (Prepositions of Time)
S’utilitzendiferentspreposicionsdavantdeleshoresielsperíodesdefesta,elsdiesilesdates,elsmesos,lesestacions,elsanysilespartsdeldia.Ésmoltimportantquesàpiguesutilitzar-nelacorrectaencadacas.Paraatencióaaquestsexemples:
•at +hores: at two o’clock
+festivitats: at Christmas
•on +diesdelasetmana: on Sunday
+dates: on 10th May
on Christmas Day
•in +mesos: in June
+estacions: in winter
+anys: in 2010
+partsdeldia: in the evening
Excepcions: at the weekend
at night
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WritingGuide
LES CoNJUNCIoNS CAUSALS I CoNSECUTIVES (Connectors of Cause and Effect)
•Lesconjuncionscausalss’utilitzenperexpressarlacausaperlaqualvaesdeveniralgunacosa. Laconjunciómésfreqüentésbecause.
He can’t come because his sister is ill.
•Lesconjuncionsconsecutivess’utilitzenperexpressarl’efectecausatperalgunacosa.Lamésfreqüentésso.
The baby was hungry, so my mother gave him his food.
ELS ADJECTIUS PoSSESSIUS I ELS PRoNoMS(Referencing)
S’utilitzenperferreferènciaalsnomsesmentatsprèviamentiaixínorepetir-los.
My school is in this village. It is next to the supermarket.
I went to the party with my friends. I had fun with them.
Cindy’s CDs are on the table. Those are her CDs.
LA TRIA DE LES PARAULES(Word Choice)
Afegeixadjectiuspermillorarlatevaredaccióifer-lamésinteressant.
We went to see a frightening film at the new cinema.