ADVANCED NURSING PRACTICE

UNIT-V BIO-PSYCHO SOCIAL PATHOLOGY

Pathophysiology and Psychodynamics of disease causation

Pathophysiology versus Pathology

The terms pathology andpathophysiology are most of the

time misused and interchanged. Both terms refer to the

study of disease, but pathology and pathophysiology are

different. PATHOLOGY is applied to the work of

pathologist and physicians whose focus is on the

PHYSICAL CHANGES present in diseased organs and

tissues. These physical changes are studied by obtaining

specimens. Such specimens are obtained post-mortem

or following after death.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, on the other hand, focuses on

the ABNORMAL FUNCTIONING of diseased organs with

application to medical procedures and patient care. It

studies the changes of normal mechanical, physical and

biochemical functions which are either caused by

a diseaseor from an abnormal syndrome.

The study of pathology and pathophysiology often

overlap in diseases and processes. However, pathology

emphasizes direct observations

while pathophysiologyemphasizes quantifiable

measurements. Pathophysiologylooks at the specific

malfunctioning that comes from or causes of

the disease.  In pathology, abnormalities may be grossly

visible from the obtained specimens. Meaning to say, the

abnormalities can be seen with the naked eye or may be

observed microscopically.

Disease and Etiology

When can we tell that a person has a disease? Most

people consider themselves healthy when their physical

and mental capacities can be fully utilized. When

impairment is present then we can hear them say that

a disease is present. What is the exact definition

of disease?

Any disruption in the homeostatic balance required for an

optimal cellular function that is expressed at the somatic

(whole body) level is recognized as disease. Broadly, it

refers to any abnormally condition that impairs normal

function. It is associated with specific signs and

symptomsthat a person clinical manifests.

The word etiology refers to the cause of a

certain disease. It is the study of disease causation or

origination. Frequently, common usages equate the

terms etiology and causes. When the etiology of

a disease is unknown, it is said to be idiopathic. In

general, there are three categories of etiology. Diseases

could be described as genetic (the individual’s genes are

responsible for the defect), congenital (factors in the

embryo’s intrauterine environment interfere with normal

development) or acquired (other factors encountered

later in life produce the disease).

Life processes, homeostatic mechanism, biological and psycho-social dynamics in causation of disease, life style

Common problems: Oxygen insufficiency, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, nutritional problems, hemorrhage] and shock, altered body temperature, unconsciousness, sleep pattern and its disturbances, pain, sensory deprivation.

Treatment aspects: pharmacological and pre- post operative care aspects, Cardio pulmonary resuscitation. End of life Care Infection prevention (including HIV) and standard safety measures, bio-medical

waste management. Role of nurse- Evidence based nursing practice; Best practices Innovations in nursing

NURSING RESEARCH

UNIT-IX ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Plan for data analysis: quantitative and qualitative Preparing data for computer analysis and presentation. Statistical analysis Interpretation of data Conclusion and generalizations Summary and discussion

NURSING MANAGEMENT

UNIT X (10) NURSING INFORMATICS

TRENDS GENERAL PURPOSE USE OF COMPUTERS IN HOSPITAL AND COMMUNITY NURSING RECORDS AND REPORTS MANAGEMENT INFORMATION AND EVALUATION SYSTEM (MIES) E- NURSING, TELEMEDICINE, TELENURSING ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDS