Advanced Motor Fuels

Dina Bacovsky, AMF Secretary

Eco-Mobility 2012

11. + 12. Dec 2012

The IEA BLUE Map Scenario –

Towards a low-carbon energy sector

Baseline Scenario – business-as-usual; no adoption of new energy and climate

policies

BLUE Map Scenario - energy-related CO2-emissions halved by 2050 through CO2-

price and strong support policies

Technical tool box for a

cleaner future

• Improved engine

technologies

• Reduced need for

power

• Hybridisation

• Electrification

• Fuel cell technology

• Alternative fuels

Technical tool box for a

cleaner future – IEA Network

• Improved engine

technologies

• Reduced need for power

• Hybridisation

• Electrification

• Fuel cell technology

• Alternative fuels

• Combustion, AMT

• AMT

• HEV

• HEV, AFC

• AFC, HEV, Hydrogen

• AMF, Bioenergy,

Combustion, Hydrogen

Elements determining

the environmental impacts of traffic

Community structure

Traffic volumes &

choice of transport mode

Energy for transport

Vehicles and user

behaviour

Policy orientation Technology orientation

Routes for creating a sustainable

transport system

The IEA RETD Retrans 2010 reportTo reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector and its

dependence on imported oil requires a true transition of the transport

sector and its energy system

The main ingredients to realise such a transition are:

• reducing the energy demand of vehicles

• shifting towards less carbon-intensive and carbon-neutral,

renewable energy carriers

• shifting towards more energy-efficient or less

carbon-intensive modes of transport

• curbing the growth of transport demand

The transition should start now!

What can AMF do?

AMF is a key player in the promotion of

international collaboration in R&D, deployment

and dissemination of clean, energy-efficient and

sustainable fuels and related vehicle

technologies.

12.12.2012 Eco-Mobility 2012 7

Markets and Deployment

Feedstock

availability

Conversion

process

Infrastructure

compatibility

Vehicle

compatibility Practicality

Exhaust

emissions

WTW

GHG emissionsWTW

energy

Overall costs

Safety

Vehicle

performance

Sustainability

Barriers to the adoption of advanced motor fuels

can be extensive and require careful analysis

AMF Work Program (Annexes)Annex 34: Algae as a Feedstock for Biofuels

Annex 35: Direct-Injection Ethanol Engines

Annex 37: Fuel and Technology Alternatives for Buses

Annex 38: Biodiesel Vehicles in Real Traffic Conditions

Annex 39: Heavy Duty Methane Engines

Annex 40: Life Cycle Analysis of Transportation Fuel Pathways

Annex 41: Alternative Fuels for Marine Applications

Annex 42: Toxicity of Exhaust Gases and Particles from IC Engines

Annex 43: Performance Eval. of Passenger Car Fuel and Powerplant Options

Annex 44: Unregulated Pollutants Emissions of Alcohol Alternative Fuels

Annex 45: Hydro Treated Oils and Fats for Engine Operation

Annex 46: Alcohol Application in CI Engines

Alcohol Fuels I

Direct-Injection Ethanol Engines

Background:

Gasoline direct injection engines

•Energy efficient

•Enter commercial markets

•But: probably emit more PM than port fuel injected engines

AMF investigates the impact of ethanol and butanol fuel blends on emissions from advanced vehicle technologies

12.12.2012 Annex 35: Direct-Injection Ethanol Engines 10

Alcohol Fuels I

Direct-Injection Ethanol Engines

Work scope (engine tests):

•Fuels: gasoline, E10, E15, E85, isobutanol (16%)

•Engine tests at various loads and duty cycles,

different temperatures (25°C, -7°C, -18°C)

•Measurements: particle mass, number, size

distribution

12.12.2012 Annex 35: Direct-Injection Ethanol Engines 11

Alcohol Fuels IIUnregulated Pollutants Emissions of Alcohol Alternative Fuels

Background:

•Alcohol fuels promote complete fuel combustion,

•But: may emit more unregulated pollutants

(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones) –

potential genetic toxicity and carcinogenic activity

AMF: obtain data, establish measurement

methods and standard limits

12.12.2012Annex 44: Unregulated Pollutants

Emissions of Alcohol Alternative Fuels12

Alcohol Fuels IIUnregulated Pollutants Emissions of Alcohol Alternative Fuels

Work scope (chassis dynamometer):

12.12.2012Annex 44: Unregulated Pollutants

Emissions of Alcohol Alternative Fuels13

Measureme

nt Methods

Measuring

Emissions

Vehicles

Technology

Test Fuels Ambient

Temperatur

e

Test Cycles

FTIR

HPLC

GC

MS

HCHO

CH3CHO

CH3OH

C2H5OH

C6H6

C7H8

C8H10

C3H6O

HC

CO

NOX

CH4

PFI

GDI

N.A.

T.C.

Gasoline

M15

M30

M85

M100

E10

E20

E85

E100

25℃10℃-7℃

FTP75

NEDC

10.15

Alcohol Fuels III

Alcohol Application in CI Engines

Background:

•E10 blend wall, E85 in FFV

•Alcohol can be used in diesel engines (Etamax D fuel (E95+additive package, Scania busses))

but special fuel + additive package needed

AMF investigates suitable fuels and additives

and new combustion schemes.

12.12.2012 Annex 46: Alcohol Application in CI Engines 14

Alcohol Fuels III

Alcohol Application in CI Engines

Work scope (engine tests):

•Engine: Scania´s ethanol engine

•Fuels: 15 combinations varying ethanol

content, additives and other components

•Measurements: combustion parameters,

regulated gaseous emissions, PM (selected

fuels)

12.12.2012 Annex 46: Alcohol Application in CI Engines 15

Diesel Fuels IBiodiesel Vehicles in Real Traffic Conditions

Background:

•Biodiesel works well in diesel engines

•But: in modern diesel engines it may cause

higher emissions

AMF investigates real world emissions of FAME,

HVO and FT-Diesel.

12.12.2012Annex 38: Biodiesel Vehicles in Real Traffic

Conditions16

Diesel Fuels IBiodiesel Vehicles in Real Traffic Conditions

Work scope (vehicle tests):

•Fuels: FAME, HVO, FT-Diesel, Diesel

•Vehicle: Isuzu Motors Limited „ELF“

•Measurements: NOx, PM, CO, CO2, THC

12.12.2012Annex 38: Biodiesel Vehicles in Real Traffic

Conditions17

Load Tank

GPS

Gyro SensorData

Logger

Height Sensor

Video Camera

On-Board Exhaust Gas Analyzer

Exhaust Flow Sensor(Pitot Tube)

ECU

Load Tank

GPS

Gyro SensorData

Logger

Height Sensor

Video Camera

On-Board Exhaust Gas Analyzer

Exhaust Flow Sensor(Pitot Tube)

ECU

Diesel Fuel IIHydro Treated Oils and Fats for Engine Operation

Background:

•FAME and HVO can substitute diesel

•But: high production costs

AMF will test new fuel production technologies

for their fuel properties, processing costs and

sustainability.

12.12.2012Annex 45: Hydro Treated Oils and Fats for

Engine Operation18

Diesel Fuel IIHydro Treated Oils and Fats for Engine Operation

Work scope:

•Fuels: HVO (from HP and LP production processes),

E-FAME (enzyme based conversion process)

•Fuel Analysis

•Engine Tests: performance, emissions,

consumption, impact on exhaust after

treatment systems

•Economic Analysis

12.12.2012Annex 45: Hydro Treated Oils and Fats for

Engine Operation19

Biomethane

Heavy Duty Methane Engines

• Background:

Growing demand for diesel especially for HDV

• But: limited availability and strong

competition

AMF investigates how to modify the heavy,

compression ignited engine to enable use of

other fuels such as biomethane.

12.12.2012 Annex 39: Heavy Duty Methane Engines 20

Biomethane

Heavy Duty Methane Engines

Work scope (chassis dynamometer & on-road ):

•Fuels: biomethane, mix of diesel and biomethane

•Engines: various DDF (diesel dual fuel) concepts, various dedicated gas concepts

•Test cycles: various driving conditions (load, speed)

•Measurements: regulated and (limited) unregulated components , diesel replacement, energy consumption, energy efficiency

12.12.2012 Annex 39: Heavy Duty Methane Engines 21

Technology Options IFuel and Technology Alternatives for Buses

Background:

•City buses provide public transport worldwide

•Now technology options are widening – which advice should be given to decision-makers?

AMF assesses the fuel and powertrain options for their fuel efficiency, regultaed emissions and GHG emissions, and thus generates unbiased data as a basis for procurement decisions.

12.12.2012Annex 37: Fuel and Technology Alternatives

for Buses22

Technology Options IFuel and Technology Alternatives for Buses

Work scope:

•Well-to-tank analysis

•Tank-to-wheel analysis

•Well-to-wheel analysis

•Cost estimates

•Reporting on test fleets

12.12.2012Annex 37: Fuel and Technology Alternatives

for Buses23

Technology Options IIAlternative Fuels for Marine Applications

Background

•Residual oil is widely used as marine fuel

•Tightening emission requirements, mandates for use of renewable fuels and fuel prices drive the search for alternatives

AMF compiles an extensive volume of information relative to the implementation of various alternative fuels for ships.

12.12.2012Annex 41: Alternative Fuels for Marine

Applications24

Technology Options IIAlternative Fuels for Marine Applications

Work scope:

•Literature survey

•Evaluate various engines and propulsion

systems (Technical evaluation)

•Economic evaluation

•Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Asessment

12.12.2012Annex 41: Alternative Fuels for Marine

Applications25

Technology Options IIIPerformance Eval. of Fuel and Powerplant Options

Background

•Multiple options for fuels and powertrains for passenger cars are available

•But: direct comparison of these options regarding fuel efficiency and emissions is not available

AMF provides data on energy efficiency and exhaust emissions of different powerplant options for passenger vehicles.

12.12.2012Annex 43: Performance Eval. of Passenger

Car Fuel and Powerplant Options26

Technology Options IIIPerformance Eval. of Fuel and Powerplant Options

Work scope (chassis dynamometer):

•Fuels: gasoline, E85, diesel, CNG

•Engines: SI, CI, HEV, BEV

•Measurements:

exhaust emissions,

fuel consumption

12.12.2012Annex 43: Performance Eval. of Passenger

Car Fuel and Powerplant Options27

Value Chain Assessment I

Algae as a Feedstock for Biofuels

Background:

•Algal fuels are seen as a promising alternative

•Many R&D initiatives underway

•Inventory on the state of technology needed

AMF describes the important R&D activities emerging in the algal fuel industry and makes recommendations about the most promising pathways to scale-up the production of transportation fuels from algae.

12.12.2012 Annex 34: Algae as a Feedstock for Biofuels 28

Value Chain Assessment I

Algae as a Feedstock for Biofuels

Work scope:

•Literature review and data

collection

•Industry mapping

•Market feasibility

assessment

•Oil analysis

12.12.2012 Annex 34: Algae as a Feedstock for Biofuels 29

Value Chain Assessment IILife Cycle Analysis of Transportation Fuel Pathways

Background

•LCA initially used as tool for research

•Now used for policy and regulation

•But: LCA findings highly differ and are not well

understood among non-technical people

AMF explains why Transportation Fuels LCA results

differ and provides guidance for decision-makers.

12.12.2012Annex 40: Life Cycle Analysis of

Transportation Fuel Pathways30

Value Chain Assessment IILife Cycle Analysis of Transportation Fuel Pathways

Work scope

•LCA concept description

•Current use of LCA in transport sector

•LCA sensitivities description

•Overview of LCA models and databases

•LCA of fuel and vehicle technology options

•State of the art in specific countries

•Discussion and Conclusions

12.12.2012Annex 40: Life Cycle Analysis of

Transportation Fuel Pathways31

Toxicity of Exhaust Gases and

Particles from IC Engines

Background

•New method for toxicity assessment: exposing

living cells to exhaust gases

AMF financially supports the activities of the

Engine Toxicity Network that applies this new

method and aims to correlate its results to the

current method (TEQ).

12.12.2012Annex 42: Toxicity of Exhaust Gases and

Particles from IC Engines32

Toxicity of Exhaust Gases and

Particles from IC Engines

Work scope:

•Assessment of the toxical influences of exhaust emissions from vehicles

•Establish contacts between research groups

•Data collation

•Preparation of annual information report

12.12.2012Annex 42: Toxicity of Exhaust Gases and

Particles from IC Engines33

Global Network of Experts

12.12.2012 Eco-Mobility 2012 34

BMVIT – CANMETENERGY – CATARC – DTU – VTT – ADEME – FNR – Eni –

LEVO – AIST – KATECH – IDAE – STA – AVL – SFOE – NSTDA - USDOE

AMF ContactsChairman

Ms. Sandra Hermle, SFOE, Switzerland

Vice ChairmenDr. Shinichi Goto, AIST, JapanDr. Nils-Olof Nylund, VTT, FinlandDr. Kevin Stork, USDoE, USA

SecretaryMs. Dina Bacovsky, Bioenergy 2020+, Austriadina.bacovsky@bioenergy2020.eu

www.iea-amf.orgincluding the quarterly

newsletter “AMFI”