Advanced Concepts and Devices for Optical Communications and

Philippe Gallion, November 2006 1

Advanced Concepts and Devices forOptical Communications and

NetworkingBroadband & Wireless Communications WORKSHOP

November 6-8th, 2006, Hsinchu, Taiwan

Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications

(GET, Télécom Paris and CNRS LTCI, UMR 5141)

46 Rue Barrault 75634 Paris Cedex 13

Phone (+33) 1 45 81 78 02

Fax (+33) 1 45 89 00 20

http://perso.enst.fr/~gallion


!Digital Communications

!Quantum Electronics and Optical Communications

!Radiofrequencies et Microwave

!Electronics Digital Systems

!Analog/digital Integrated Systems

Communication and Electronics Dept


" CNRS! Christophe Minot

! Catherine Lepers 2

" Sabbatical! Marcia Costa e Silva 3

! Francisco Javier Mendieta 4

" 8 Phd students in the lab

" 4 Phd students in partner labs

1 On leave from Alcatel R&I2 On leave from the University of Lille3 On leave from Universidade do Rio de Janeiro4 On leave from CICESE Ensenada

Quantum Electronics and OpticalCommunication Group

" ENST Academics! Guy Debarge (MC)

! Didier Erasme (P)

! Renaud Gabet (MC)

! Philippe Gallion (P)

! Yves Jaouën (MC)

! Cédric Ware (MC)

" Associated Professor! Jean Claude Bouley 1


Driving Forces in Optical Networking

" End-User applications and needs! High bandwidth service (HDTV, Video on demand, interactive gaming…)

! Integrated Service (error sensitive + delay sensitive): triple play

! Improved QoS required (no “best effort” any more)

! Security on request

" Bottlenecks! Mismatch between the current static network infrastructures and on-demand

services

! IP Packet size makes processing, conversion (O-E-O), lookup and routing expensiveand inefficient

! Wavelength is a too large unit for processing

! Today “All Optical” processing based on NL is difficult and expensive

! No practical optical buffer

! Last-mile/first-mile distribution network (really high symmetrical throughput)

" Big Market! U.S. “Triple Play” market will be worth US$ 134.5 Billion by 2008

! Worldwide FTTX market will be worth US$ 22.8 Billion by 2013, up from US$ 3.7Billion in 2004

Sources: Yankee Group, Dittberner Associates


Next Optical Network Generation

" Next optical network generation paradigm! From today almost fixed, static optical networks towards flexible, dynamically-

reconfigurable networks

! Dynamic resource allocation : Bandwidth and QoS on demand

! More secure, more robust, more flexible, more efficient

! New architecture, ranging from core to metro, to access networks

! End to End mode with network resource efficiency

! Low cost (CapEx/OpEx)

" Novel photonic technologies! FTTH, FTTO, FTTsomething

! Highly Dynamic WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) optical transport

! Hybrid TDM/WDM/PONs

! Hybrid Optics and Electronics

! Hybrid Optics and Radio : Radio on fiber…

! Cross layer Integration

! Burst mode transmission and switching

! Digital optical communications techniques

! Digital access techniques

! Coherent detection techniques

! Quantum cryptography


Some Research Topics at ENST

" Distributed Raman Amplification! Multi wavelength amplification and signal processing

! Noise reduction and control

" Advanced Digital Optical Communication! Improving performances and spectral efficiency

" “All Optical” Clock Recovery! Optical Regeneration : Re-amplify, Re-timing, Re-shaping (3R)

! Burst mode receiver

" Advanced Characterization Techniques! System performances and modeling validation

! Device parameter extraction

! New theories, new effects and new concepts

" Quantum Cryptography (QC)! Toward unconditional security

" Optical CDMA (OCDMA)! Sharing the optical bandwidth

! Resource allocation

" Radio on Fiber (RoF)! Last/first mile

! Radio network interface


Distributed Raman Amplification 1/2

" Optical Noise in Fiber Raman Amplifiers! Intrinsic amplification noise (ASE)

# Phase-Amplitude modeling of quantum noise

# Minimum noise figure (NF)

! Noises transferred from the pumps (RIN)

! Amplification of multi-path interferences# Discrete reflections – Connectors, splices, etc.

# Distributed reflection - Rayleigh back scattering

! Pumping configuration trade off

" Applications! Reduced overall excursion of signal level

# Low nonlinear impairment & High Signal noise ration

! Long distance & high capacity fiber networks

! Band C, L & S - Hybrid (EDFA+Raman) vs Raman only


Simulation and experimental results for the equivalent and intrinsic NFas a function of the Raman on-off gain

for different types of transmission fiber under test

Distributed Raman Amplification 1/2Noise figure optimization

100 km span


Advanced Digital Optical Communication 1/2

" The usual (AGWN channel) relation between SNRand BER is broken by:! Non linear propagation! In line 3R regeneration

" Optical channels are not Gaussian and areasymmetric! Specific FEC! Decision threshold optimization

" Constant envelope modulation format arepromising

" Axes of research :! Phase and amplitude quantum noise modeling! Statistical characterization of the optical channel! Development of FEC adapted to typical optical error! Joint optimization of FEC and modulation formats! Optimization of the “In line/Electronics/Optics”

decision partitioning

ANR National Project : ECOFRAME


Advanced Digital Optical Communication 2/2

" Chi!Statistical model

" Gaussian decision threshold is NOT optimal

" Unbalance between errors on symbols "1" and"0”

" Euclidian norm is no longer valid for codingschemes

" Constraint codes are good candidates for thisnew model


“All Optical” Clock Recovery 1/4

" Self-Pulsation (SP) of Laser Diode (LD)! Beating between optical modes

! Non-linear regime# Saturable absorption in an unpumped region

# Gain non linearity

" Applications for SP lasers! All-optical clock recovery

# All-optical regeneration 3R regeneration (Re-amplify, Re-timing, Re-shaping)

# Transparency

# Burst mode receiver

# Optical signal processing Decision

# Recovering Hidden periodicity

! RZ signal generation

! Short optical pulse generation

! Low-cost optical RF oscillator# Radio over fibres

# PhotoOscillatorTM (NEC)



All Optical 43Ghz Clock Recovery (ANR National Project : ROTOR)

Active section

700-900!m

Bragg section

150!m

Phase section

100!m

InP n

InP p

ion implantation

recoveredclock pulses

Distorted, Jittered

and aperiodic data stream SP laser

Typical Self Pulsating (SP),Distributed Bragg Reflector

(DBR), Laser Structure

" 3 section devices: active, phase and Bragg

" Bragg section providing:! TE polarization filter

! Longitudinal mode selection

" Phase section! Active/passive mode coupling

! Fine tuning of the lasing wavelength

" Active section:! Bulk active Layer

! Nearly square buried ridge (Clock Polarizationinsensitivity )



" Optical measurement performed by self homodyne technique

" All line width decreases with current (Schallow Townes)

" Self pulsating line width for bulk DBR laser close to 1Mhz

" Self pulsating line width for QD FP laser about 20 kHz

SP linewidth

Modes linewidth

Measured Mode and SP Line Widths aFunction of the Current Injected

in the Bragg Section MQW DBR laser

1.5-µm 45 GHzSelf Pulsating RF

Spectra

far belowmode line

with


“All Optical” Clock Recovery 4/4Phase Noise Filtering

" Injected Clock! 10Ghz clock modulated by white noise

! OTDM transformation in RZ 40Gbit/s PRBS signal

" Cut-Off frequency! 60Mhz for Bulk SP (1Mhz SP line with)

! 5.5Mhz QD SP laser (10khz SP line with)


Advanced Characterization Techniques 1/2 10Gbit/s WDM Validation Platform

" Optical system simulation (Optisys)

" 10Gb/s WDM platform including a 70 km recirculation loop

" Functional validation and performances evaluation

70 km

1470 km

3360 km

Eye Diagram evolutionover distance


zero-crossingcircuit

I&Q locking

amplifier

Er3+ ASE source

DUT

He-Ne

PC

piezo

-2,0 -1,5 -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0

Am

plit

ud

e (

a.u

.)

Mirror position (mm)

LP02

LP01

LP11

LP21

Advanced Characterization Techniques 2/2 OLCR : Optical Low Coherence Reflectometry

" Complex reflectivity! Bragg fiber grating

" Distributed gain and loss

" Group velocity Dispersion! Photonic Xtal Fibers

! High order mode fiber

1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590

-200

-100

0

GV

D (

ps/n

m/k

m)

Wavelength (nm)

1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620-10

-5

0

5

10

GD

(ps)

LP02

LP01

LP11

LP21

1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

Gro

up

de

lay

(p

s)

Wavelength (nm)

Measurements GVD = 115.8 ps/nm/km


Quantum Cryptography 1/5

" Quantum key distribution! Unconditional security guaranteed by quantum mechanic laws

! BB84 protocol (2 conjugated bases)

" Optical layer implementation! Communication Wavelength (1550nm)

! 4 state Phase encoding (QPSK)

! On way system

! Dual Electrode Mach Zehnder modulation

! Differential operation to relax phase and polarization stabilization constraints

! Photon counting vs super homodyne receiver

" System vertical integration! From well-known modern physics concepts to electrical engineering

! From promising potentiality to technological system reality

! True Random Number Generation (TRNG)

! Secure key electronics processing

! Overall system security

! IP application layer interface

0

0

1

1

polarisation

0

1 0

1

phase


Quantum Cryptography 2/5 Photon counting implementation (0.1photon/bit)

!B

BobAlice

MonitorAliceReference

PhotonCounter 2!

A

Laser!=1550nm

Optical Fiber11km

Attenuator "2

"1

EOM-A

"3

EOM-B

!A

DelayPhoton

Counter 1Delay

!A-!

B

!A-!

B=0

!A-!

B= !

Basis coincidences Basis anticoincidences

- Continuous raw key generation over few minutes- High contrast TClock =250ns- QBER<10% TFrame = 2.5ns


Quantum Cryptography 3/5Super homodyne implementation

- 2 photon/bit sensitivity already reached

- Raw key rate in the Mhz range already reached- Phase reference available for phase tracking

Anti-Coincidences

Bit 0

Bit 1

BobAlice

MonitorAliceReference

DetectorBob 2!

A

Laser!=1550nm Optical Fiber

11km

Attenuator

"2

"1

EOM-A

"3

EOM-B

!A

!B

Delay

Decision

DetectorBob 1Delay

!A-!

B


Super Homodyne! P.I.N PD at room T! Potential Ghz range operation

! High quantum efficiency! Mixing gain

" Strong reference (LO)" Post-detection decision

! Shot noise limit (CBER+QBER)! Easy phase and time synchronization

! Filtering of optical multiplexed signal

Photon Counting" Cooled APD in Geiger mode

" Low duty cycle gate mode

" Inherent few 100’Khz range

" Low quantum efficiency

" Dark count and after pulse noise

! No strong reference

! Built-in decision (eigenstates)

" Dark count limit (QBER)

" Difficult phase synchronization

Quantum Cryptography 4/5Super homodyning vs. photon counting

p(i)

i-DC+AB-AB 0

i0 i1

p(i)

i2A20

i1i0


Quantum Cryptography 5/5 Quantum secure system integration


- Unipolar codes (OOC, PS …)

- MAI (non-orthogonality)

- Optical coder/ decoder possible

- Direct optical detection

- Bipolar codes (Walsh, Gold …)

- Orthogonal signals (synchronous)

- Electrical coder/ decoder

- Coherent optical detection

Incoherent Optical CDMACoherent Optical CDMA

Optical CDMA (OCDMA) 1/4

" Optical CDMA Interests! Fair sharing of optical bandwidth

! No frequency and time managements required

! Asynchronous user transmission

! Service differentiation (Triple Play )

! Achieving last/first mile communication (FTTx)

! Flexible network control and management

! Low cost implementation

" Different implementation! Time and/or Frequency

! Coherent/incoherent detection


Optical CDMA (OCDMA) 2/4Coherent Direct–Sequence OCDMA System with Direct Detection

" DS-OCDMA: Time domain encoding

" All optical coder/decoder using fiber Bragg gratings

" Quasi-orthogonal prime sequence codes! Shorter code length for given number of users

! Low weight leading to low SNR

! Performance improved by asynchronism

" Pulsed coherent laser source

" Direct detection at chip time

" Source coherence time>> Receiver Integration time


Input pulse

Tp= Tc = 50 ps LFBG1-FBG2 LFBG2-FBG3

FBG1 FBG2 FBG3

S-FBG

R1R2

R3

!B =1551nm

Optical CDMA (OCDMA) 3/4Optical sequence generation by distributed fiber Bragg gratings

time

space

Reflected codessequences


Optical CDMA (OCDMA) 4/4

~2 dB

Rate:1.25 Gbps per user

~3 dB

B2B

Mono-user case

Asy two users

Cross and autocorrelation 15km network span


Radio on Fiber (RoF) 1/2

" Optical Generation of RF signals! Modulated Distributed Feedback master laser

! Side band injection locking of slave Lasers

! Optical beating of phase correlated signals

! Phase noise free under correlation control

" Applications! Radio-over-Fiber Systems (HFR)

# Last mile first mile

! Optical control of low cost base station

! Optically controlled Phased Array Antenna

" RF beating of phase correlated optical signals! Injection locking of different SC lasers

! Single modulated master SC laser

! Slave lasers locked on different modulation side-band


RF Generation at 15 GHz

Radio on Fiber (RoF) 2/2

CNR >32dB

SMR > 8dB

>40% efficiency

Below Hz line width

-14 &-9 overtones

CNR >45dB

SMR > 23dB

Below Hz line width

Optical Spectra RF Spectra

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Inje

ctio

n R

ate

- 5 d

B/d

iv

Frequency - GHz

i

ii

iii

iv

Locking rangeOptically induced modulation ranges

(FWM)

Chaotic rangeUndampedrange

Locking range

Injection locking of Distributed Feedback Laser


" Georgia Tech

" Stanford University

" General Physics Institute of Moscow

" Université Laval (Québec)

" Dublin University

" University of PaderBorn

" CICESE (Mexique)

" Shanghai (Jiatong) Univ

" ETHZ (Zürich)

" …

Partnerships and Research Collaborations

" CNRS/LPN (Marcoussis)

" CNRS/PhLAM (Lille)

" CNRS/FEMTO (Besançon)

" CNRS/Gergia Tech Lorraine

" ENSAAT

" University of Limoges

" Alcatel CIT R&I

" III-V Labs (Thales/Alcatel)

" France Télécom R&D

" Agilent Laboratoires

" OFS Labs

" Draka Comtec

" Smart quantum

" Photline

" Keopsys

" ONERA


Conclusions

" Theory, Modeling and Design of Quantum Electronics Devices! Semiconductor and fiber functional devices

! New material and structural effects

! Representation modeling for system implementation

" All Optical Functional Devices! Optical routing,

! Wavelength Conversion

! 3R Regeneration (Re amplification, Re Timing, Re Shaping)

! Clock recovery

! AND, NAND, XOR operators

" Characterization and WDM System Validation Platform! System performances an modeling validation

! Devices parameter extraction

! Theory Resourcing

" Advanced Communications and Network techniques! Optical CDMA

! Quantum cryptography

! Hybrid Fiber and Radio System http://perso.enst.fr/~gallion/Publication download available on:


Some Publications in 2006Complete list on : http://perso.enst.fr/~gallion/

" J. RENAUDIER , G.-H. DUAN, P. LANDAIS and P. GALLION - "Phase Correlation and Linewidth Reduction of40 GHz Self-Pulsation in Distributed Bragg Reflector Semiconductor Lasers"- to be published in IEEE J.Quantum Electron., Vol XX-XX, pp.XX-XX..

" P. GALLION, J. RENAUDIER, G.-H. DUAN, AND B. LAVIGNE - "Self-pulsating semiconductor lasers for highbit-rate all-optical clock recovery" , Proceedings of SPIE -Volume 6389 : Active and Passive OpticalComponents for Communications VI , Edited by Achyut K. Dutta, Yasutake Ohishi, Niloy K. Dutta, JesperMoerk, Editors, 63890N, SPIE Bellingham, WA, October 2006. Download (pdf file)

" I. FSAIFES, C. LEPERS, A.F. OBATON -"DS-OCDMA Encoder/Decoder Performance Analysis using OpticalLow Coherence Reflectometry" - IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol 24-8, pp. 3121-3128,Aug 2006. Download (pdf file)

" M.B.COSTA e SILVA, Q. XU, S. AGNOLINI, P. GALLION and F.J. MENDIETA - "Homodyne Detection forQuantum Key Distribution : an Alternative to Photon Counting in BB84 protocol". Proceedings of SPIE -Volume 6343 : Photonics North 2006, Pierre Mathieu, Editor, SPIE Bellingham, WA, September2006.Download

" J. RENAUDIER, B. LAVIGNE, F. LELARGE, M. .JOURDRAN, B. DAGENS, O. LEGOUEZIGOU, P. GALLION andG.-H DUAN - "Standard-Compliant Jitter Transfer Function of All-optical Clock Recovery at 40 GHz Basedon a Quantum-Dot Self-Pulsating Semiconductor Laser"- IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol.18-11,pp. 1249-1251, June 2006.

" 86. F.KEFELIAN and P. GALLION - "Theoretical analysis of forward and backward optical injection lockingconfiguration in semiconductor Fabry-Perot and DFB lasers"- Proceedings of SPIE -Volume 6184 :Semiconductor Lasers and Laser Dynamics II, Vol 6184 , Edited by Daan Lenstra, Markus Pessa, Ian H.White, (61840I), SPIE Bellingham, WA, April 2006.

" 85. B. BRISTIEL, S. JIANG, P. GALLION and E. PINCEMIN - "New Model of Noise Figure and RIN Transfer inFiber Raman Amplifiers" - IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. PTL, 18-8, pp. 980 - 982, April 2006.

" 84. F. KEFELIAN, R. GABET and P. GALLION - "Phase Noise Characterization of a RF Signal Generationand Transmission Optical System" - Optical and Quantum Electronics Journal (Springer-Verlag) ,Vol 38-4/6 pp. 467-478, May 2006


Some Communications in 2006Complete list on : http://perso.enst.fr/~gallion/

" Q. XU, M.B. COSTA E SILVA, S. AGNOLINI, P. GALLION and F.J. MENDIETA - "Photon Counting and SuperHomodyne Detection of Weak QPSK Signals for Quantum Key Distribution Applications" - Acceptedpaper EOS Annual Meeting 2006, Topical Meeting on Extreme Optics (QEOD/EPS and EOS, Paris, Oct2006.

" P. GALLION, J. RENAUDIER, G-H. DUAN and B.LAVIGNE - "Semiconductor lasers for optical clockrecovery" - Invited Paper, Optics East, SPIE conference: "Active and Passive Optical Components forCommunications VI." Boston, Massachusetts, Paper 6389-23, 1-4 October 2006. Download (pdf file)

" M. B. COSTA e SILVA, Q. Xu, S. AGNOLINI, S. GUILLEY, J-L. DANGER, P. GALLION and F. J. MENDIETA -"Integrating a QPSK Quantum Key Distribution Link". European Conference on Optical CommunicationECOC’06, CLEO Focus Meeting on Nonlinear, Quantum and Chaotic Optics: New Directions in Photonicsand Optical Communications Paper Tu4.1.2, Cannes (France), Sept 2006.

" M.B.COSTA e SILVA, Q. XU, S. AGNOLINI, P. GALLION and F.J. MENDIETA - "Homodyne QPSK Detectionfor Quantum Key Distribution". Coherent Optical Technologies and Applications (COTA) Topical Meeting.of the OAA, Paper CFA2, Whistler B.C. (Canada), June 2006.

" M.B.COSTA e SILVA, Q. XU, S. AGNOLINI, P. GALLION and F.J. MENDIETA - "Homodyne Detection forQuantum Key Distribution : an Alternative to Photon Counting", International Conference OnApplications of Photonic Technology, Photonics North 2006, Paper XXXX-XX, Quebec City, (Canada),June 2006.

" I. FSAIFES, C. LEPERS, M. LOURDIANE, R. GABET and P. GALLION- "Pulsed laser source coherence timeimpairments in a direct detection DS-OCDMA system", Conference on Lasers and Electro-optics CLEOEurope 2006, Paper CWH6, Long Beach (CA), May 2006.

" F.KEFELIAN and P. GALLION - "Theoretical analysis of forward and backward optical injection lockingconfiguration in semiconductor Fabry-Perot and DFB lasers"- Photonics Europe'06, paper 6184-18,Strasbourg (France), April 2006


Research Clusters and Networks

" Ecole Doctorale EDITE http://www.edite-de-paris.com.fr/

" University Pierre et Marie Curie (so-called Paris VI University)! Research Master in Electronics and Communications

" Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)! Advanced digital optical communication program

http://www.cem2.univ-montp2.fr/costo/

" IEEE Laser and Electro Optics Society (LEOS)

! French Chapter Chair http://LEOS-fr.enst.fr

" Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) www.telecom.gouv.! “Rotor” National project

! Ecoframe

! Supercode

" Information Society Technologies (IST) Europeans Programs! Optimist/Bread

! e-photon

! COST 288 http://www.ist-optimist.org/

" Optics Valley http://www.opticsvalley.org/

" System@tic National Cluster

Documents

Advanced Concepts and Devices for Optical Communications and