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ADT TrainingAnimal Health
Richard F. Randle, DVMBeef Extension Veterinarian
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
The Health Program
• To decrease likelihood of a devastating outbreak within a population of animals.
• Effects are mild or subclinical in nature if a pathogen (germ) is introduced into the herd.
Goal
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The Health Program
• Increase Immunity
• Limit or prevent transmission
• Reduce or eliminate the agent
The Health Program• Biosecurity
– Reduces the likelihood of introducing a new disease from external sources.
• Biocontainment– Reduces the spread and severity of
infectious disease already on the farm.
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Herd Health Strategy:The Herd Vaccination Program
Immunity
• Focus on young-stock– Young calves ( birth – 3 months)
– weaning-age calves (6-8 months)
– replacement heifers
– young bulls
Herd Health Strategy:The Herd Vaccination Program
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• Focus on young-stock– Young calves ( birth – 3 months)
• Effects of colostral immunity
Herd Health Strategy:The Herd Vaccination Program
Colostral Immunity
passive active
Time (months)
0 3 5
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• Focus on young-stock– Young calves ( birth – 3 month)
• Clostridial diseases– 2-way, 5-way, 7-way, 8-way– Blackleg– Malignant edema– Black disease– Sordelli– Enterotoxemia
Herd Health Strategy:The Herd Vaccination Program
• Focus on young-stock– Replacement heifers, bulls
• Focus on reproductive diseases– Viral (IBR, BVD)
– Bacterial (Lepto, Vibrio)
• IDEAL – 2 vaccinations between weaning and breeding
Herd Health Strategy:The Herd Vaccination Program
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• Adult animals– Cows
• Focus on reproductive diseases– Viral (IBR, BVD)
– Bacterial (Lepto, Vibrio)
– Bulls• Same as adult cows
• IDEAL – annual vaccinations between calving and breeding
Herd Health Strategy:The Herd Vaccination Program
Types of Viral Vaccines
• MLV vaccines–Quicker Immunity
–Longer Immunity
–Good CMI
–Less Reaction
–Careful Handling
–Side Effects
• Killed Vaccines–Slower Immunity
–Shorter Immunity
–Poor CMI
–More Reaction
–Careful Handling
–Side Effects
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MLV Precautions• Keep Refrigerated.
• Do Not Expose to Direct Sunlight.
• Use Shortly after Reconstitution.
• Do Not Use in Syringes Contaminatedwith Cleaning and Disinfectant Residues.
Injection Site Locations - Yes/No
YesNo
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Intramuscular injection
from: Penn State, College of Agricultural Sciences, Special Circular 306
16g. or 18g.
1”-1 1/2” needle
Skin Muscle
Subcutaneous tissue
Subcutaneous injection
16g. or 18g. 1” needleSkin
Muscle
Subcutaneous tissue
from: Penn State, College of Agricultural Sciences, Special Circular 306
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The Health Program• Biosecurity
– Reduces the likelihood of introducing a new disease from external sources.
• Biocontainment– Reduces the spread and severity of
infectious disease already on the farm.
Biosecurity…and the Farm Visitor
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Protecting your personal health
Preventing disease transmission
Concerns about
farm visits
Salmonella
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Shiga-toxin
producing
Escherichia
coli (STEC)
Campylobacter
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Biosecurity
Actions to prevent the spread of infectious agents
Between herds
Within herds
BIOSECURE AREAHelp keep our
livestock healthy
Please report to the office
BEFORE ENTERING
the premises
• Where have you been?
• Where do you want to go?
• What do you need to do to get there?
BIOSECURE AREAHelp keep our
livestock healthy
Please report to the office
BEFORE ENTERING
the premises
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Previous livestock exposure-24 hr. rule
Getting there
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Sanitation and hygiene
Cleaning and disinfection:
PhysicalChemical
target organismconcentrationcontact time
Thermal/UV
Cleaning and disinfection
• Clorox–½ to 1 oz per gallon of water
• Contact time–30 seconds minimum
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Clean-up
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Clean-up
Internal Parasites in Cattle
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MSD Agvet - US Cattle Parasite Control Program
Life Cycle of Roundworms In Cattle
Signs of parasitism
• Weight loss
• Rough hair coat
• Diarrhea
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Pasture Contamination:Factors Determining
• Climatic effect
• Level of egg shedding• Stocking rate
• Grazing patterns
Control & PreventionDewormers
Four classes of anti-parasite drugs
1) Imidazothiazoles
Levamisole Levamisole
Levasole
Prohibit
Totalon
Tramisol
Adult worms only
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Control & PreventionDewormers
Four classes of anti-parasite drugs
Morantel Rumatel
2) Tetrahydropyrimidines Adult worms only
Control & PreventionDewormers
Four classes of anti-parasite drugs
3) Benzimidazoles (white pastes)
Albendazole Valbazen
Fenbendazole Panacure
Safe-Guard
Oxfendazole Synanthic
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Control & PreventionDewormers
Four classes of anti-parasite drugs
4) Macrocyclic lactones
Doracectin Dectomax
Eprinomectin Ivomec Eprinex
Ivermectin Double Impact
Ivomec
TopLine
Moxidectin Cydectin
Control & PreventionDewormers
How classes differ
Benzimidazoles are short-acting -animal can become reinfected within days
Macrocyclic lactones remain active for 4 to 6 weeks, killing all parasites that are ingested during that time
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External Parasites
Parasite Control - External
• Flies
• Lice
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Two General Groups of Flies
• Biting FliesHorn fliesStable fliesHorse fliesSmall gnats
• Non-biting FliesFace fliesHouse flies
Fly Control• Several insecticides for control
Ear tags, dust bags, oilers, sprays…
• Several delivery systems
Avermectins
Pyrethroids
Organophosphates Possible Resistance
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Lice Control
• Large populations of lice cause intense itching
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Lice Control
• Lice are most prevalent in the late fall, winter, and early spring
Lice Control
• Sucking LiceFeed by piercing the animals skin with sharp mouth parts
Drink blood
Loss of blood reduces weight gain
Irritation hinders feeding activities
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Lice Control• Biting LiceFeed by biting and chewing
Feed on hair, scabs, and skin excretions
Irritate the skin with claws and mouthparts
Irritation hinders feeding activities
Lice Control• Organophosphate and pyrethroids are
effective against adults
• Injectable avermectins are effective against sucking lice (but not biting lice)
• Pour-on avermectins are effective against sucking & biting lice
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Physical Examination of Cattle
Indications:
• When an individual animal requires examination to allow diagnosis and treatment for an illness
• Examination of a representative sample of animals to investigate a herd outbreak of disease
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Procedure:
• Develop a systematic procedure for performing a complete physical examination– Personalized
– Prevents omission of important information
– Enables easier recall of abnormal findings
Physical Examination
• Observe 1st from a distance– Demeanor
– Level of alertness
– Responsiveness
– Segregation from herdmates
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Visual Observation:
• Proprioception
• Strength
• Lameness
• Head and neck position
• Udder symmetry
• BCS
Rumination Rate
• Listen, count and record the primary and secondary rumen contractions over two full minutes– Mid Left
Paralumbar Fossa
• Normal 1-2 per Minute
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Direct Heart Rate, Rhythm and Sounds
• Left side– Intercost
al Spaces 3-5
– Behind the elbow
– Normal Rate?• 48-84
Adults• 70-100
Calves
Respiratory Rate and Lung Sounds
• Rate can be evaluated by observation of chest excursions– Normal 26-50
• Sounds (triangle)– Crackles– Wheezes– No sounds
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Peripheral Lymph Nodes
• Prescapular
• Prefemoral
• Supramammary
• Parotid
• Submandibular
Abdominal Auscultation and Percussion
• Simultaneous Auscultation and Percussion– “Pinging”
• Entire Abdomen
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Abdominal Auscultation and Percussion
• Simultaneous Auscultation and Percussion– “Pinging”
• Entire Abdomen
Left limbs and Udder
• Swelling of the limbs? – Fore and Rear
• Palpate left quarters of the mammary gland– Heat
– Hardness (swelling)
– Edema
– Teat lesions
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Proceed to Right Side
Heart Sounds
• Right AV Valve Area– 3rd to 5th
Intercostal Space
• Murmurs?
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Respiratory System
• Mirror Image of Left Thorax– Crackles– Wheezes– No sounds
Peripheral Lymph Nodes
• Prescapular
• Prefemoral
• Supramammary
• Parotid
• Submandibular
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Abdominal Auscultation and Percussion
• Simultaneous Auscultation and Percussion– “Pinging”
• Entire Abdomen
Abdominal Auscultation and Percussion
• Simultaneous Auscultation and Percussion– “Pinging”
• Entire Abdomen
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Examination of the Head
• Eyes– Enophthalmus– Exophthalmus– Discharge– Corneal Opacity– Lenticular Opacity– Scleral Injection– Pupillary Light
Response– Masses
Examination of the Head
• Nares– Discharge
• Unilateral/Bilateral
– Plaques
– Erosions
– Hemorrhage/ Epistaxis
– Flaring
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Examination of the Head
• Oral Cavity– Dentition
– Erosions
– Vesicles
– Masses
– Blunted Oral Papillae
Diseases of Special Interest
• Vesicular Diseases– Foot and Mouth Dicease (FMD)
– Vesicular Stomatitis (VS)
– Malignant Catahhral Fever (MCF)
– Enzootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD)
– Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD)
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Diseases of Special Interest
Diseases of Special Interest
• Zoonotic Diseases– Tuberculosis
– Brucellosis
– Q Fever
– Anthrax
– Rabies
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Antibiotic Use
Benefits
Cautions
Antibiotics labeled for use in cattle
• Penicillin
• Ampicillin
• Amoxicillin
• Ceftiofur
• Erythromycin
• Oxytetracycline
• Chlortetracycline
• Spectinomycin
• Tilmicosin
• Tylosin
• Enrofloxacin
• Tulathromycin
• Florfenicol
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Follow Label Directions
• Dosage rate
• Route of administration
• Withdrawal for meat and milk
Dosage Rate
• Weight of animal (lbs or kgs)
• Drug dosage (mg/lb or mg/kg)– From bottle of text source
• Drug concentration (mg/ml)– From bottle
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Dosage Rate
Weight of animal X drug dose = total drug needed
Total drug needed ÷ drug concentration = volume of drug
500 lbs X 5 mg/lb = 2500 mg
2500 mg ÷ 50 mg/ml = 50ml
Conversion pounds to kilograms ---- lbs ÷ 2.2 = kgs
227.25 kgs X 11 mg/kg = 2500 mg
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Contacts
Richard Randle, DVM, MSBeef Extension Veterinarian
Dept. of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences
107 VBS
P.O. Box 830905
Lincoln, NE [email protected]
David R. Smith, DVM, PhDDipl. ACVPM (Epidemiology)Extension Dairy / Beef VeterinarianDept. of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences
126D VBS
P.O. Box 830905
Lincoln, NE 68583-0905
(402) 472-2362
FAX: (402) 472-9690
