1

中国优质教育的光与影

牛志奎 （Niu Zhikui）

北京师范大学教育学部

教育管理学院

Light and Shadow of Quality g Q yEducation in China

Niu ZhikuiEd ti D t t f B iji N lEducation Department of Beijing Normal UniversityEducation Administration College

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发表内容

中国教育质量的保障体系

中国优质学校创办的历史、现状与问题

讨论

Content of Presentation

China’s quality education assurance system

History, current situation and problems regarding the establishment of quality school education in China

Discussion

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1.中国教育质量的保障体系

教育制度（6-3-3-4 为主的 多轨制）

教育行政制度教育行政制度 （中央集权、教育督导、教育质量检测中心）

教育课程制度（国家课程标准-三级课程、一纲一本-一纲多本）

考试制度（小升初、中考、高中会考、高考、考研、资格考试）

学校等级制度（重点 示范 实验学校、实验班、少年班）

教师等级制度教师等级制度（特级、高级、骨干、优秀）

1. China’s quality education assurance system

Education system (6-3-3-4 based multiple approaching systems)

Education administration system (centralized authority, educational supervision,Education administration system (centralized authority, educational supervision,

and education quality inspection center)

Education curriculum system (National curriculum standards: three levels

curriculum, state syllabus, and course standard)

Examination system (middle school entry exam, middle school entry exam, high school graduation exam, college entry exam, graduate school entry exam, and qualification exam)graduation exam, college entry exam, graduate school entry exam, and qualification exam)

School ranking system (key model school, experimental school, experimental class, and juvenile class)

Teacher ranking system (premium grade, senior grade, backbone grade, and outstanding grade)

4

中国的教育制度 School System of China

年龄1615141312

（

中等

技

研究生院

成

人

大学

高等教育

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18

職業技術

学院

専科学校

初职

121110987654321

小学

中学

職業 高级中学

初级中学

等専業学校

技術労働

学校

中

等

教

育

人

教

育

機

関

学

初

等

教

育

18171615141312111098761

就学前教育

幼儿园

（■义务教育部分）

6

School System of China

Age1615141312

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Graduate school

University

222120

18 choo

ls

Vocationaland technical College

Tech

nica

l col

lege

stitu

tions

Hig

her e

duca

tion

Primary Vocational school

121110987654321

Elementary school

Middle vocational school High school

Middle school

1817161514131211109876

Technical training school

Sec

onda

ry

voca

tiona

l sc

Adul

t edu

catio

n in

s

Sec

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ryed

ucat

ion

Ele

men

tary

educ

atio

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Kindergarten

（■(Compulsory education)

6

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re-s

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led

ucat

ion

5

中国教育的基本数据(2007)学校类别 学校数 学生在校人数（万） 专任教师人数

学前 12.91 （万） 2348.83 95.19

公立教育

小学 32.01（万） 10564 561.26

中学 5.94（万） 5736.19 347.3

高中 31255普 15681职 14832成 742

4527.492522.401987.01

144.31

成 742

大学 2321普1908成413

2700.001884.90

116.83

私立教育

China’s basic education data (2007)Classification of Schools Number of schools Number of currently enrolled

students (Ten thousand)Number of full-time teachers

Pre-school 12.91 (Ten thousand) 2348.83 95.19

ElementaryElementary school 32.01 (Ten thousand) 10564 561.26

Middle School 5.94 (Ten thousand) 5736.19 347.3

High School 31255General School15681Professional training school 14832Adult School 742

4527.492522.401987.01

144.31

U i it 2321 2700 00 116 83

Publ

ic e

duca

tion

University 2321General School 1908Adult School 413

2700.001884.90

116.83

Private education

6

教育行政组织

教育部

国务院

部教育督导团

省自治区直辖市教育厅

地市县教育局（教委）

省级教育督导

县级教育督导

督学

督政

乡镇教办室

Education administration originationMinistry of Education

The State Council

Office of National Education Inspectorate

Education department of province, autonomous region, and municipality

Education bureau of district, city,

and county (education committee)

Provincial education inspectorate

Prefectural education inspectorate

atio

n in

spec

tora

te a

nd

nist

rativ

e in

spec

tora

te

Education office of village and townEdu

cad

min

7

教育部基础教育质量检测中心

MoEMoE

Experts from colleges & institution

Practical experts Beijing Normal University

NAEQ

Advisory Board

13

j g y

Secretary Office

Standards & Instruments

Data collection

Data Management

Planning &Policy

Basic Education Quality Inspection Center of Ministry of Education

MoEMoE

Experts from colleges & institution

Practical experts Beijing Normal University

NAEQ

Advisory Board

14

j g y

Secretary Office

Standards & Instruments

Data collection

Data Management

Planning &Policy

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中国教育的选拔与淘汰

幼儿园入学（）

学前班（ ）学前班（ ）

小学入学（义务教育 就近入学 名校选拔）

小升初（义务教育 自动升学 各种选拔）

中考（初中毕业统考、）高中升学考试（非义务教育 择校）

高中会考（高中毕业统考）

高考（大学入学考试 全国统考 全国统一命题 分省命题）高考（大学入学考试，全国统考——全国统一命题 分省命题）

硕士、博士入学考试（全国统一考试科目与自命题结合）

公务员考试

Selection and elimination system of Chinese education

Kindergarten entrance ( )Pre-school ( )El t h l tElementary school entrance (compulsory education, nearest school entrance, elite school selection)Middle school entrance (compulsory education, enter a higher school automatically, various selection)High school entrance exam (graduate standard exam)High school entrance exam (non-compulsory education, school picking)High school graduate exam (high school graduate standard exam)College entrance exam (College entrance exam, national standard test, national unification proposition provincial proposition)national unification proposition, provincial proposition)Graduate school entrance exam and doctoral candidate exam (national standard test combined with the test of each school)Civil service examination

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学校等级制度

学龄前阶段实验、双语、贵族

中小学阶段重点实验中小学示范中小学育才学校实验班、贵族班

高等教育阶段985院校 （34）211工程 （100）省属重点院校一般院校

School ranking system

Pre-school periodExperimental school, bilingual school, elite schoolelite schoolBetween elementary and middle school periodKey schoolExperimental elementary and middle schoolModel elementary and middle schoolYucai schoolExperimental class, elite classHigher education periodHigher education period

985 Universities and colleges (34)211 Engineering colleges (100)Provincial key universities and collegesGeneral universities and colleges

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贵州省贵阳第一中学（示范高中）

Gui-Zhou Province Gui-Yang 1st High School (Model High School)

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教师等级及表彰制度

小学 （高级、一级、二级、三级） 特级、骨干等

中学 （高级、一级、二级、三级） 特级、骨干等

大学 （教授、副教授、讲师） 终身教授、特聘教授（长江学者）等

优秀教师表彰 （国家级、省级、县级、校级等）

人才引进

Teacher ranking and reward system

Elementary School (Senior grade, 1st grade, 2nd grade, 3rd grade) premium grade backbone grade etcpremium grade, backbone grade, etc.

Middle and high school (Senior grade, 1st grade, 2nd grade, 3rd grade) premium grade, backbone grade, etc.

University and College (professor, associate professor, lecturer) lifetime professor, specially-appointed professor (Yangtse River scholar),etc.

Outstanding teacher award (national Level, provincial level, county level

and school level)

Introduce talented teacher

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Teachers’ education background and position rank

By education background (学历) % By position ranks (职称) %

Four-year

undergraduate

College

(专科)

High school

& below

Senior

高级

First

一级

Second &

belowundergraduate

(本科 )

(专科) & below

中专及以下

高级 级 below

二级及以下

Primary S.

Urban 19 59 21.9 50 36.7 13

Town 7.6 59 33 46 40 12

Rural 3 44 52 39 44 16

Ju Urban 62 36 1.6 16 43 40 unior S.

Town 34 62 3.9 6 37.7 56.6

Rural 24 69 6.8 3 32.5 64

Niu Zhikui(牛志奎), Reforms on teachers’ employment system and children’s rights to education in

China, International Journal of Educational Management, Volume 23,No.1,2009

Teachers’ education background and position rank

By education background (学历) % By position ranks (职称) %

Four-year

undergraduate

College

(专科)

High school

& below

Senior

高级

First

一级

Second &

below g

(本科 )

(专科) &

中专及以下

高级 级

二级及以下

Primary S.

Urban 19 59 21.9 50 36.7 13

Town 7.6 59 33 46 40 12

Rural 3 44 52 39 44 16

Ju Urban 62 36 1.6 16 43 40 unior S.

Town 34 62 3.9 6 37.7 56.6

Rural 24 69 6.8 3 32.5 64

Niu Zhikui(牛志奎), Reforms on teachers’ employment system and children’s rights to education in

China, International Journal of Educational Management, Volume 23,No.1,2009

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2.中国优质学校创办的历史、现状与问题

中国教育的关键词

优质学校的历史由来

优质学校的办学方式

学校教育的现状与问题学校教育的现状与问题

2. History, current situation and problem regarding the establishment of quality

school education in China

Keyword of Chinese education

Origin of quality school history

School management of quality schoolq y

Current situation and problem of school education

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中国教育的关键词

素质教育VS应试教育

优质教育VS教育均衡

平等教育 VS差异教育

Keyword of Chinese education

Quality-oriented education vs exam-education vs. exam-oriented education

Quality education vs. all-round education

Equal education vs. differential education

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优质学校的历史（政策变迁）

延安时期（1937— 重规范、质量）

建国初期（1950—接管、改造，从数量—质量，“重点学校”1953年《关于有重点地办好 些中学与师范学校的意见》）好一些中学与师范学校的意见》）

大跃进时期（1958—重数量、轻质量）

1960年代初（调整、提高 1962年《关于有重点地办好一批全日制中小学的通知》）

文化大革命期间（1966—1976，1966《五七指示》取消重点，废除高考，王帅日记、白卷英雄张铁生）

改革开放（1977— 1978《关于办好一批重点中小学试行方案》、1980《关于分期分批办好重点中学的决定》）

1990年代（1995《关于评价验收1000所左右示范性普通高级中学的通知》）

2000年以来 素 教 教 中 中央 务 教2000年以来（素质教育，教育均衡 1999《中共中央国务院关于深化教育改革全面推进素质教育的决定》、2001《基础教育改革与发展的决定》，2006新《义务教育法》）

History of quality school (policy change)

Yan-An period （1937 - Standard and quality-oriented ）

In the early days after foundation of PRC (1950 - take over, reform, from quantity-oriented to quality oriented “Key school” “Suggestion for focusing to establish some good middle schools and normalquality-oriented, Key school”. Suggestion for focusing to establish some good middle schools and normal colleges” -published in 1953)Great Leap Forward period (1958 - quantity-oriented without quality consideration)In the early 1960s (adjustment, improvement, “Notification of focusing to establish a number of full-time elementary and middle schools” - published in 1962)The Cultural Revolution period (1966-1976, “May 7th Directive” in 1966, abolishment of key schools, abolition of college entrance exam, “Diary of Huang Shuai” and Zhang Tie Sheng, a role model who finished his exam with a blank paper)

Reform and opening period (1977- “Pilot programs regarding to establish a number of key elementary and middle schools”- published in 1978, “Decision on establishment of key middle schools batch by batch and stage by stage” - published in 1980)

1990s (“Notification on evaluation for inspection and acceptance of about 1000 demonstrative ordinary high h l ” bli h d i 1995)schools” - published in 1995)

Since year 2000 (quality-oriented education, all-round education, “Decision on deepening the education reform and promoting quality-oriented education by Chinese Communist Party Central Committee and The State Council of China”- published in 1999, “The decision on basic education reform and development” - published in 2001, and ”The new laws of compulsory education” in 2006.)

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优质学校的创建与经营

改头换面（重点—示范、实验）

节外生枝扩大繁衍（校中校、分校）

变异非公非私（改制学校、公办民助、民办公助、单位共建、联合办学）

新建 （房地产开发 地方政府与名校 大学附属学校 分校）新建 （房地产开发、地方政府与名校 大学附属学校、分校）

集团办学：（沈阳育才、浙江翔宇，垄断与均衡）

Establishment and management of the quality school

Elevate to a new level (key school - model school, experimental school)

Expanding and multiplying more schools (school in school, branch school)

Variation of non-public and non-private schools (restructuring schools, private sectors sponsored public schools, civilian-run school helped by government, schools jointly established by companies, and jointly running school)

New schools (The development of real estate, schools established by local

government and well-known university, attached schools and branch schools of university)

Private group running school: (Shen-Yang Yucai School, Zhe-Jiang Xiang-Yu School, monopoly and equilibrium)

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优质学校面临的问题

择校学校规模两极分化 VS 学校经营管理学校规模两极分化 S 学校经营管理

优质生源的恶性竞争 VS 教育的本质择校制度不规范 VS 钱权交易校际差距加大 VS 教育的公共性

唯升学率成绩第一管理方式 全封闭军事化管理 高考集中营 魔鬼训练负担过重与“过学死”学生自杀事件学生自杀事件学生杀害教师事件学生杀害家长事件

社会阶层的再生

Problems that Quality Schools are facing

School SelectionSchool size polarization vs. school managementCutthroat competition in source of quality student vs. essence of educationLack of standardization in school selection vs. power-for-money dealWidening gap in quality between schools vs. public education

Enrolment rate oriented education Grade-oriented educationSchool management style - closed and militarized management,

concentration camp for college entrance examination, Devil's trainingOver-burdened study and “death from overstudy”Incident of student suicideIncident of teacher murdered by student

Incident of parent murdered by student

Regeneration of social class gap

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四川地震灾区的C校高三部（2008.10）

The third grade of C high school in Si Chuan earthquake region (Oct. 2008)

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2008.5

2008.5

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3.讨论

什么是优质学校 优质教育？

家长：为何中国家长对教育如此的狂热？

国家：为何国家要优质教育而又如此左右摇摆？

学校：为谁的需求？学校：为谁的需求

对日本教育的拙见

3. DiscussionWhat is the quality school? What is the quality education?

Parents: Why are Chinese parents so mad on kids’ education?

Country: Why does the country pursue a high-quality education but the education policies are changed so much?

School: For whose demand of education?

Opinion towards Japanese education system

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Jens Henrik Haahr领衔的研究小组分析了教育体制、学生社会经济背景、学校

情况以及学生个体特征等四大方面因素对学生基本技能教育的影响。

【结论】对学生分流会加大两极分化，而非带来整体水平的提高学校的制度性差异程度（按成绩对学生进行分流，或让差生留级等）与学生

成绩之间在统计上没有明显的相关 但与学生的两极分化程度有明显相关成绩之间在统计上没有明显的相关，但与学生的两极分化程度有明显相关。制度性差异增大，学校作用越小，一个国家为所有学生提供平等机会的能力便逐渐变弱。

【结论】教育制度的竞争性将由个体为之付出代价

竞争性较强的教育体制（如中国香港、中国、日本、韩国等），学

生基本技能水平较高但表现出的焦虑水平高于平均值，内部动机

（兴趣和喜爱）较低，意味着教育在学生的动机和心理健康方面

会付出不可预见的代价。

The research group headed by Jens Henrik Haahr has analyzed four major factors, education system, student social economic background, school current situation, and individual student

characteristic, which will have influence on education of basic skills of the students.

【Conclusion 】 Splitting stream method for students will increase polarization. It cannot improve the overall level.Statistics show that the school system different level (to separate students intoStatistics show that the school system different level (to separate students into

different groups according to their score or let the backward student repeat a year) has no clear correlation with the student score, but has clear correlation with the polarization level of the students. The larger the system difference, the smaller the school’s effect. The ability for a state to provide equal opportunity for all students will weaken gradually.

【Conclusion 】 The individual student will pay for the competitive education system

In highly competitive education societies such as China, Hong Kong, Japan and South Korea etc it helps student’s basic technical acknowledge butand South Korea, etc. it helps student s basic technical acknowledge but the anxious level shows higher than the average; moreover, their intrinsic motivation such as interests and hobbies are relatively low. This means that such kind of education will have unforeseen influence in student motivation and mental health.

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一位纳粹集中营幸存者, 在美国当一所中学校长,他给每一位教师一封信:

“亲爱的教师 我亲眼目睹人类不应该见到的情景“亲爱的教师,我亲眼目睹人类不应该见到的情景:

---儿童被学识渊博的医生毒死;

---婴儿被训练有素的护士杀害;

---看到这一切,我怀疑:教育究竟是为什么?

---我的请求是:请你帮助学生成长为有人性的我的请求是:请你帮助学生成长为有人性的

人,只有使孩子们在成长为有人性的人的情

况下,读写算的能力才有价值”

A US middle school principal who has survived from a Nazi concentration

camp sent a letter to every teacher:

“Dear teacher, I have witnessed the scene that no mankind should see:

- Children were poisoned to death by a doctor who had a large stock of knowledge;

- Babies were murdered by a well-trained nurse;- After seeing all these, I was wondering what should be the

purpose of education. I kindly request all of you: please help your student grow upI kindly request all of you: please help your student grow up

to be a person with great humanity. Only with that, his or her study has a true value.”

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袁振国：《论中国教育政策的转变——对我国重点中学平等与效益的个案研究》，广东教育出版社，1999。劳凯声 主编 《中国教育改革30年 政策与法律卷》 北京师范大学出版社，2009。吴福光 香港“优质学校”计划及其启示—简论对我国素质教育的启示 《教育导刊》2001年 5月号第9期素质教育的启示 《教育导刊》2001年 5月号第9期。

（美）亚历克 克莱因 著 马蕾 李旭晴 译 《揭秘美国最好的学校》, 华东师范大学出版社，2007。（A Class Apart: Prodigies, Pressure and Passion Inside One of America’s Best High Schools By Alec Klein）

牛志奎Zhikui Niu (牛志奎), Reforms on teachers’ employment system and children’s rights to education in China, International Journal of Educational Management, Volume 23,No.1,2009.

袁振国：《论中国教育政策的转变——对我国重点中学平等与效益的个案研究》，广东教育出版社，1999。劳凯声 主编 《中国教育改革30年 政策与法律卷》 北京师范大学出版社，2009。吴福光 香港“优质学校”计划及其启示—简论对我国素质教育的启示 《教育导刊》2001年 5月号第9期素质教育的启示 《教育导刊》2001年 5月号第9期。

A Class Apart: Prodigies, Pressure and Passion Inside One of America’s Best High Schools By Alec KleinZhikui Niu (牛志奎), Reforms on teachers’ employment system and children’s rights to education in China, International Journal of Educational Management, Volume 23,No.1,2009.