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ADR common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

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Page 1: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

ADR common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Page 2: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

ADR common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

• Cardiovascular Disorders• Hematological Disorders• Renal Disorders• Liver Disorders

Page 3: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Cardiovascular Disorders

Page 4: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Cardiovascular Disorders

• Rate & Rhythm

Patient Complain Fatigue Dyspnea Othopnea Peripheral

Edema

RateNormal 60-100 beat/min

Tarchy >100 beat/min

Brady < 60 beat/min

Rhythm Regular vs Irregular

Page 5: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Cardiovascular Disorders

• Blood Pressure Patient Complain Dizziness Syncope Lightheadedness Headache• Miscellaneous Chest pain

Normal < 120/80 mmHg

Hyper >= 140/90 mmHg

Hypo < 90/60 mmHg

with symptom

Page 6: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Type of Drug-induced CVD• Disturbance on BP regulation

Hypertension Hypotension• Heart failure• MI• Rhythm disturbance• Myocarditis• Vasculopathy Vasculitis Vasospasm• Disturbance of Haemostatic balance

Page 7: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Common Abnormal EKG

Normal Range• P-R 120-200 millisecond• Q-T < 440 millisecond• Q-R-S < 100 millisecond

Hyper K+ T- wave สู�งมาก

S/E Spironolactone

Hyper K+ QRS abnormal

QRS abnormal No-signal

U wave สู�งผิดปกติTorsade de Pointes

Page 8: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Focus on DrugsNSAID Heart failure *** พบบ�อยที่��สู�ด Increase BP MI Mech. Decrease Renal Perfusion

Increase SNS activity Decrease Renal Blood flowIncrease contractility &Heart Rate Increase Renin release Increase Angiotensin II Na retention

Volume Overload/Edema

Page 9: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

NSAIDs &CVD-ADR Risk Factor

• Patient factors : Heart, Renal Impair• Drug factor : High dose ,Interval of

Dosing ,Prolonged treatment ,PK/PD (long half life)

• CVD-ADR Risk : Naproxen < Diclofenac < Ibuprofen• Na Retention Effect: Selective Cox-2 = Non-selective Cox-2 (bz effect from PGE2)Dose & Duration ADR

Page 10: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Viagra (Sidenafil) & CVD-ADR

• Sidenafil (Inh.PDE5 Increase cGMP Decrease BP)

• Sidenafil+ Nitrates (:ISDN SL ) ควรให้�ห้�างก�น > 24 hr.(Sidenafil half life =3-5 hrs, duration = 4-6+

hrs.)

Page 11: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Alpha blocker (in BPH)

Suggest : Selective -Alpha Blocker (:Tamsulosin, Alsulosin)

จะไม่�ค่�อยลดค่วาม่ด�นโลหิ�ตม่ากน�ก

Page 12: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

QT interval Prolongation

• Prolongation of Ventricular repolarization(cause arrhythmias,esp. torsades de pointes)• Factors Affecting QTc IntervalSex : women > menAge : elderly > youngElectrolyte imbalance :Hypo K ,Hypo MgPresence of CVDD/IGeneticsConcomitant use of dugs prolonging QTc

interval

Page 13: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Drugs causing QTc prolongation

• Astemizole• Terfenadine• Cisapride• Grepafloxacin• Gatifloxacin• Moxifloxacin• Sparfloxacin

• Erythromycin• Clarithromycin• Amiodarone• Procainamide• Quinidine• Sotalol• TCA• Antipsychotics

Page 14: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Mechanism of Drug-induced Arrhythmias

• Blocking of Na channel• Blocking of rectifier potassium channel (IKr)• Result:QT prolongation early after

depolarization + imhomogeneity of ventricular recovery Polymorphic ventricular tarchycardia Torsade de pointes

• Not cases of QTc prolongation will develop Torsade

• Torsade case mostly occurred when QTc> 500 ms• Symptoms of torsade :Dizziness,

lightheadedness, palpitations, presyncope, syncope

Page 15: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Typical Antipsychotic vs QTc ProlongationDrug

Low potency phenothiazinesChlorpromazine

ThioridazineMesoridazine

High potency phenothiazinesPerphenazineFluphenazine

PimozideButyrophenones

HaloperidolDroperidol

Risk

Rare or UncertainWorst

Problematic

Rare or UncertainRare or Uncertain

Worst

Rare or UncertainWorst

Page 16: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Management of Drug-induced QTc prolongation

• D/C culprit drugs immediately• Control the Arrhythmia by increasing the

heart rate .• Electrolyte abnormalities should be

corrected.• MgSO4 infusion may effectively terminate

arrhythmia ,even in presence of normal Mg levels.

• Antiarrhythmic drugs may worsen the problem and should be avoided

Page 17: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Myocarditis/Cardiomyopathy

• Clozapine is only drug implicated (incidence : 0.29%)

• Myocarditis occur relatively soon after therapy start (2.-3 wks)Histopathology suggests immunological process

• Cardiomyopathy :Time to onset =12 month• Signs/symptoms of

Myocarditis/CardiomyopathyShortness of breathDyspnea on exertionOrthopnea, paroxysmal dyspneaFatiguePeripheral edema

Page 18: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Myocardial Ischaemia• Adrenosine• Amphetamines• Beta-agonists• Caffeine• Dipyridamole• Ergotamine• Nifedipine(short

acting)• Theophylline• Thyroxine• Verapamil

• Fluorouracil• Vincristine• Vinblastine

Page 19: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Drug induced Hematological Disorders

Page 20: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders
Page 21: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders
Page 22: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Type of Hematological disorder

• AnemiaImpair erythropoiesis relate anemiaMegaloblastic anemiaHemolytic anemia (HA):G6PD, Immune typeMethemoglobinemia

• Neutropenia/Agranulocytosis Febrile neutropenia

• ThrombocytopeniaThrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura(TTP)

• Aplastic anemia• Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA)

Page 23: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Clinical course depends on

• สูภาวะที่างคลินกเดมของผิ��ป#วย (ห้ากภาวะโภชนาการด� จะเกดอาการไม�พ(งประสูงค)ช�ากว�า)

• ปรมาณยาแลิะระยะเวลิาที่��ได�ร�บยา (ในกรณ�ที่��เป,นชนด Dose dependent)

• ชนดของเซลิลิ)เม.ดเลิ/อดที่��เกดอาการไม�พ(งประสูงค)(ซ(�งม�อาย�ติ�างก�น)• ผิลิที่��เกดข(0นน�0นเกดที่��ระด�บ precursor ระด�บใดห้ากเป,นระด�บติ�นก.

จะสู�งผิลิเสู�ยมาก ห้ากเป,นช�วงปลิายก.สู�งผิลิไม�มากน�ก**ห้ากไม�น�บ ADR จากเคม�บ1าบ�ดถื/อว�า ADR ระบบน�0พบน�อย**พบมากในกลิ��มผิ��สู�งอาย�แลิะเด.ก**ห้ากเกดในผิ��ป#วยที่��ม�ภาวะผิดปกติที่างระบบเลิ/อดอย��แลิ�วจะเพ�ม

อ�ติราติายสู�งข(0นการพยากรณ)โรคไม�ด�

Page 24: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Drug induced Anemia 4 type

1. Impaired erythropoiesis related anemia

2. Anemia due to impair erythropoiesis

3. Megaloblastic anemia4. Hemolytic anemia

Page 25: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Impaired erythropoiesis related anemia

• เกดการกดไขกระด�กช��วคราว• Incidence , onset, severity จะข(0นอย��ก�บ

สูภาวะที่างคลินกเดมของผิ��ป#วย• Clinical feature ที่��บ�งบอกค/อ

*Hb,Hct ลิดลิง - +/ abnormal RBC indices*blood smear:less RBC +/- abnormal morphology (microcytic, microchromic,anisocytic)

Page 26: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Management

• ใหิ�ค่วาม่สำ�าค่�ญที่��การต�ดตาม่หิล�งจากได�ร�บยา• อาจจ�าเป็"นต�องใหิ�เล#อดหิาก Hb < 10 gm/dl

เน#�องจากเสำ��ยงก�บภาวะ Hypoxia• Erythropoietin ไม่�จ�าเป็"นต�องใช้�ในผู้'�ป็(วยที่��ไม่�

ร)นแรงเน#�องจากหิล�งหิย)ดยาอาการก+จะด�ขึ้-.นเอง• แต�อาจต�องรอค่อยเพื่#�อใหิ�กล�บม่าสำ'�สำภาวะป็กต�

Page 27: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Drug induced Megaloblastic anemiaMegaloblastic anemia (ภาวะซ�ดที่��ม�เม.ดเลิ/อดให้ญ่�กว�าปกติ การที่1างาน

ไม�ด�)สูาเห้ติ� 1.ยาที่1าให้�การสูร�าง DNA & RNA ผิดปกติ 2.ยาที่1าให้�เกดการขาด Vit B12 & Folic ซ(�งเป,นป5จจ�ยสู1าค�ญ่ในการเพ�ม

จ1านวนเซลิลิ) ได�แก�กลิ��มยา 1.Antimetabolites chemotherapy: MTX, 5-FU 2.Sulfa & Trimethoprim ** พบบ�อยในผิ��ป#วย HIV3.Anticonvulsant: Phenytoin, Barbiturate, Clinical feature ม�กค�อยๆเกดแลิะอาการไม�ร�นแรงIncidence , onset, severity จะข(0นอย��ก�บสูภาวะที่างคลินกเดมของผิ��

ป#วยPale, Blood smear: large RBC, Polynucleated PMNRBC indices:MCV > 115-120 fl ,BMA:large megaloblastอาจพบอาการแสูดงของการที่��ม� Vit B12& Folic ติ1�าได�

Page 28: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Management

• ไม�เร�งด�วน แติ�ให้�เน�นการป7องก�นแลิะติดติามภาวะเลิ/อดของผิ��ป#วย

ถื�าเกดจากยาที่1าให้�ขาด folic• Severe or High risk case Folinic acid

or rescuvolin• Mild to Moderate anemia Folic acid**Concern D/Iถื�าเกดจากยาที่1าให้�ขาด Vit B 12• Vit B 12 supplement 1-2 dose

Page 29: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Drug induced Methemoglobin anemia

• Hb-Fe2+ Hb-Fe3+ (Methemoglobin)

เกดภาวะ Tissue Hypoxia Oxidant Drug

Antimalarial Drug

Benzocaine

Clofazimine

Dapsone

Phenazopyridine

High dose Sulfa

Nitrate/Nitrite

Paraquat

•Serum methemoglobin >10%

•Anemia/Cyanosis

Management

Methylene blue

1-2 mg/kg over 5 min

If G6PDHemolytic ***

Page 30: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Drug induced Hemolytic anemia

Peripheral RBC destruction

Drug increase risk of hemolysis individual with heredity RBC defect :

Metabolic type Hemolytic anemia

Immune type Hemolytic anemia

Drug induce antibody against RBC

G6PD

Page 31: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Drug induced Hemological defect in

G6PD

Severity depends on

1.ชนดแลิะขนาดยา2 .ป5จจ�ยร�วมอ/�นๆ เช�นการติดเช/0อ3.ระด�บความร�นแรงของ G6PD deficiency level 4 ระด�บ

Clinical feature

RBC count,Hb.Hct

Indirect billirubin, % reticulo count

Blood smear:usually normochromic anemia, poikilocytic,spherocytic,

ติ�วเห้ลิ/องติาเห้ลิ/อง Dark urine

RBC แติก

Metabolic type Hemolytic anemia

X-link gene disorder 10% in black American, Asians, Mediteraneans

G6PD Def. Low Antioxidant Increase Methemoglobin RBC แติกง�าย

Page 32: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

G6PD Deficiency

Drugs Able to Induce Hemolysis in G6PD-Deficient Patients

pentose phosphate pathway

Page 33: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Drug induced Immune type Hemolytic anemia•High affinity hapten type

[Drug-moiety on RBC]-Ab to RBC

(eg. High dose penicillin,tetracycline, tolbutamide)

•Innocent bystander reaction

[Drug-Ab]-RBC (eg.2nd 3rd Ceph.)

•Ag-Ab Immune cpx.

Auto against RBC (eg. Cefotetan, ceftriaxone)

Clinical feature-+/ ติ�วเห้ลิ/องติาเห้ลิ/อง - +/ Dark urine

RBC count ,Hb.Hct

Indirect billirubin,% reticulo count

Blood smear: normochromic anemia,poikilocytic,spherocytic,

•Slow onset

•moderate- severe Hemolytic

Immune type Hemolytic anemia

•sudden onset

•severe Hemolytic - +/ renal fail.

Page 34: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Management

• เลิ��ยงยาที่��ควรห้ลิ�กเลิ��ยงในผิ��ป#วย G6PD def.• ห้ย�ดยาที่��ที่1าให้�เกด Immune type Hemolytic

anemia แลิ�วเปลิ��ยนยาที่างเลิ/อกแที่น ห้�าม rechallenge

• ให้� PRC ห้าก Hb ติ1�ามากแติ�ควรระว�งห้ากให้�ในขณะที่�� Active อย��ถื�าม�แติกเพ�มอาจเกด renal failure เพ�มข(0นได�

• ประสูที่ธิผิลิการใช� steriod ใน Autoimmune ย�งไม�ช�ดเจน

Page 35: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Drug induced Neutropenia or Agranulocytosis

Leukopenia = WBC < 3000/µl

Granulocytopenia =granulocyte<1500/µl

Neutopenia =ANC< 1500/µl

Agraulocytosis =ANC < 500/µl

ANC = WBC [%N+%band]

(if band cell >= 10%)

ANC = WBC *%N

(if band cell <10%)

•Rapid onset (2-14 day) in direct toxic or hypersens

•Delay onset in Immune type(คร�0งแรก)•Drug attack peripherally mature

myeloid

•Hypersens

•Immun mediated reaction Infection

WBC, %N ลิดลิง

ห้ย�ดยา ใช�ยาให้ม�ที่��โครงสูร�างแติกติ�าง

Mech.

Clinical Features

management

Page 36: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Drug induced Thrombocytopenia

Mech.1.Direct toxic to thrombopoiesis/

peripheral platelet2.Immunoreaction to peripheral

plateletHapten-type Rx(Heparin, abciximab)Innocent bystander type (quinidine

high dose)Drugs induced Ab against platelet**Other factors: heavy alcohol,hepatic disease

•Impair coagulation•ห้ากม�ป5ญ่ห้าเลิ/อดออกอย�� ภาวะโรคก1าเรบได�•ความเสู��ยงเพ�มข(0นในผิ��ป#วยที่��ใช�ยากลิ��ม Anticoagulant

Clinical Feature•Plt.count < 100,000/µl(normal:150,000-300,000/µl)•If < 50,000 spontanous bleeding•Sign of Impair coagulation(petechia,bruisebleeding)

•ห้ย�ดยาที่��สูงสู�ย•ให้�เกลิ.ดเลิ/อด (ห้ากเกดจาก immuneไม�ม�ประโยชน))•ห้�าม rechallenge(immune)•ระว�ง IM,SCbleeding

management

Page 37: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Heparin induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)• Incident 0.3- 0.7%

• Course of reaction: 2 type • HIT type I: mild, reversible, non- immune

type (onset 2-4 days) due to platelet clump

• HIT type II :Severe immune mediated (onset 5-10 day(1st exposure) Next timerapid) **concern Hep-lock,catheter

Page 38: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Heparin induced Dual Thrombocytopenia /Embolism

Platelet-Heparin-PF4

IgG +

Immune complex-Platelet

Platelet-Heparin-PF4

IgG

Thrombocytopenia

Thrombosis

Stroke, arterial occlusion*

*HEP treatment failure ?

Splenic macrophages

Incidence 75-88%

Page 39: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

LMWH induced Thrombocytopenia

•Incidence < Heparin

•Mech:~ HIT

•LMWH: Not recommend to use alternative in pt. HITAbciximab induced Thrombocytopenia•Incidence :Abciximab alone < 1%,Hep alone 0.3-0.7% ,Abciximab+Hep 1.3-1.6%•Mech:Non-immune dose-dependent Hapten-type: [Abciximab-GPIIb/IIIa]-Ab

Thrombocytopenia

Page 40: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Drug Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)

5 Cardinal Features

•Thrombocytopenia

•Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia RBC fragment & organlesion

•Neurological changes

•Progressive renal failure

•Fever

Incidence 3.7 cases/1 million/year

Mortality rate 10-20%

Onset < 1 mo.

(not relate to pre-treatment plt.level)

Drug induced TTP•Ticlopidine/ Clopidogrel•Penicillin•Some antineoplastics•Oral contraceptive drugs

•ห้ย�ดยา•ให้� plasma ไปจน recovery

management

Page 41: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Drug Induced Aplastic anemia•BM suppression rapid & seriously impair hematopoiesis

•Cardinal feature = 2 from 3 defects with BM aplasiaClinical feature•Sign & symptom of anemia,granulocytopenia,thrombocytopenia depending on affected cell line•BM aspiratehypocellular•10-40% died from complication (2/3bac./fungal inf.) •Massive bleeding•Onset:variable av.~6-8 wk. usually after drug D/C

Mech.•Dose dependent,reversible direct damage•Idiosyncratic possibly from toxic metabolite•Immune Type AA

Incidence :0.5-7.8 cases/million/year(25-50% drug)

WBC <3,000, Plt. <50,000 Hb<10 g/dl, Reticulocyte<30,000

Page 42: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Drug Induced Aplastic anemia

•ห้ย�ดยาที่�นที่�•Supportive treatment similar to anemia, thrombocytopenia & agranulocytosis•Major treatment to BM aplasia including 1.immunosuppressant: methyprednisolone 1-2 mg/kg in severe case or > 45 years 2.Alternative treatments: ATG , ALG, Cyclosporin, androgen

management

Page 43: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Drug induced Pure Red Cell Aplasia (PRCA)PRCA = Anemia that affect only erythroid cell

line Condition induce PRCA

•Autoimmune disease.

•Viral infection:Hepatitis B, Parvovirus B19

•Immunocompromise status

•Post-transplantation

•Neoplasm:Thymus carcinoma, B-LL

•Folic acid Def.

•PRCA inheritant

Drug induce PRCA

•Immunosupressive ag.

•Antiviral drugs

•Anti-infective ag.

•Anticonvulsants

•Drug related to Folic acid def.

•Erythropoetin like products:

• EPOα>β

•Other:Alloprinol, α-methyldopa

Page 44: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Drug induced Pure Red Cell Aplasia (PRCA)Clinical feature

Reduction of RBC count ,Hb, Hct, reticulocyte count < 1%+/- moderate granulocytopenia or thrombocytopeniaNormal or Low billirubinBlood smear: less cells may be smallBM aspirate: hypocellular erythroid cellsMech.•Hypersensitivity•Direct toxic to erythroid cell line•Immune induction Immune cpx.of drug/metabolite(eg.EPO α Hapten (eg.diphenylhydantoin)*may be Folic def. to induce aplastic crisis

•ห้ย�ดยาที่��สูงสู�ยเพ/�อก1าจ�ดป5จจ�ยเสู��ยง•Blood cell supplement maintain O2 supply

•ติ�องรอเวลิาในการกลิ�บสู��สูภาวะปกติ(ว�น-สู�ปดาห้))

management

Page 45: ADR Common Drug -Induced Organ Disorders

Drug induced renal and Liver disorder are coming soon ^^”