Admin Law Exam Notes

8/12/2019 Admin Law Exam Notes

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TABLE OF CONTENTS:

ADMIN LAW:

1 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW..................................................................................................................6

1.1 WHATISADMINISTRATIVELAW?....................................................................................................6

1.2 STRUCTUREOFTHEEXECUTIVE......................................................................................................61.3 CONTROLLINGADMINISTRATION....................................................................................................6

1.3.1 The nature of bureaucratic rules............................................................................................7

1.3.2 Should we have strong legal rights against the bureaucracy?............................................7

1.4 OUTLINEOFCTHADMINLAW........................................................................................................7

2 RISE OF ADMIN LAW.......................................................................................................................8

A. Bay!" A#$% La& a# '(! N!& Maa)!*%a+%,$ % -/+%0 A#$%..................... ............... .......... ..... .1

3 DELEGATED LEGISLATION.........................................................................................................11

3.1.1 Terminology..........................................................................................................................113.1.2 egislative !nstruments "ct 2##3 $%th&................................................................................11

3.1.3 '(ceeding )ower $*ltra vires& and reasonableness ............................................................1+

3.1.+ ,ays to control delegated legislation...................................................................................1-

A. By -a*+%a$!'"..................................................................................................................................1

B. A#$%%,'*a'%! 0'*+".....................................................................................................................16

C. 5#%0%a+ 0'*+".................................................................................................................................17

4 FREEDOM OF INFORMATION.....................................................................................................21

+.1.1 reeedom of !nformation "ct 1/02 $%th&.............................................................................214.2 THEBASICSCHEMEOFTHELEGISLATION.....................................................................................22

+.2.1 acground to !...............................................................................................................2+

+.2.2 T4' ''%T!5'6'SS ! '!S"T!6................................................................2+

4.3 -OLIC RATIONALE FOR FOI LEGISLATION.....................................................................2A. W(a' %, '(! -/+%0 I'!*!,'8?..............................................................................................................26

B. T!,', 9 :/+%0 %'!*!,' % FOI.............................................................................................................26

+.3.2 %onfidentiality.......................................................................................................................27

+.3.3 *nreasonable disclosure.......................................................................................................20

+.3.+ 8eliberative 8ocuments........................................................................................................20

4.4 A -RESUM-TIONINFAVOROFDISCLOSURE..................................................................................2;4. CRITICISMSOFFOI SCHEMES" .....................................................................................................2ublic Service "ct. T(!y $,' /!y '(!

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2 RISEOFADMINLAW

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7. FAIR AND O$EN GOVT IN T%E 1990,

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A. By Parliament:

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Aa%+a/%+%'y %0,!>!'%a+ ' >!,'% 9 '%9%0a'% &(a' $a''!*, %, '(a' '(!:+a0! &(!*! '(! 0:%!, 0a /! :*0(a,!# a*! 0+!a*+y ,'a'!#. I9 0$:+%a0! '(!*!)+a'% %, %#. :!* S'!:(! 5 &($ A%0% 5 a)*!!#

4. A9'!* Wa', L!!

R-A &a, a$!#!# a# *!a$!# S'a''*y R+!, -/+%0a'% A0' 1%*!$!', T(!*! %, a 9*$a+ 0,+'a'% :*0!,, ' 0,+' '(,!

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+. /udicial control:

5#%0%a+ R!%!&" '(%, $!'(# 0a *!a++y +y (!+: a9'!* a :!*, (a, ,99!*!# ,$! ,*'9 9a%*!,, /!0a,! 9 '(! *!)+a'% 0a '(! )!' %' ,'*%! #& 9* %a+%#%'y !'0.

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, *()* ))?, /-, *


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" G+#!B*& H' 1!0!, &a, ' %a+%#%'y =,' '(a' *#%a0! ' :!*a'%! '%+'%9%0a'% :*0!#*!, ''a++y 0$:+%!# &%'(. D%#8' )%! %=0'% a, %'&+# (a! /!! a &a,'! 9 '%$! :*/+!$ 0+# /! *!0'%9%!# %$$!#%a'!+y

$a%) %=0'% !0!,,a*y.

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D%99!*, 9*$ F 5 &%'( *!,:!0' ' )*# a % '(a' '(!y /!+%!! '(! '%0! % '(! Ga!''!&a, #!9!0'%! /!0a,! %' #%# ' !:*!,,+y ,'a'! '(! *#%a0! (a, a+*!a#y /!! $a#!.

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'(! +a#. T(! %$:*'a0! 9 '(! #!0%,% ,!!$ ' /! '(a'"

a '%9%0a'% *+!, a*! ,'*%0' %'!*:*!'a'% ' +y ,(+# '(! '%9%0a'% $a! /%,*!9!*!0! ' '(! *#%a0! (a%) /!! $a#! /' '(! aa%+a/%+%'y 9 '(! 0:%!, 9 '(!*#%a0!, $,' /! *!a+%,'%0 9* ay :!*, ' /'a%.

/ B' a+'()( ,'*%0' %'!*:*!'a'% /*!a0(!, 9 '(! '%9%0a'% *+!, *!a++y +y *!#!*,

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:*+), '(! a::+%0a/%+%'y 9 '(! *!)+a'%.

3atson v Lee

F)*," -+ &!*! 0(a*)!# &%'( 0$$%''%) 99!0!, #!* *!) 6 a# 42 9 '(!aning $oreign

'(change& Aegulations S)(' a #!0+a*a'% '(a' '(! *!)+a'%, &!*! %a+%# * %:!*a'%! a' a++ '%$!, #*%) '(!

0$$%,,% 9 '(! 99!0!,. T(!"cts !nter)retation "ct ,4;1 ,ay, H!*!% AIA"

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#a'! %, ,:!0%9%!# % '(! *!)+a'%, 9*$ '(! ,'a'! ,:!0%9%!#K a#0 ,(a++ /! +a%# /!9*! !a0( (,! 9 '(! -a*+%a$!' &%'(% 9%9'!! ,%''%) #ay, 9 '(a' H,!

a9'!* $a%) '(! *!)+a'%,.Q T(!Aules >ublication "ct ,3 ,ay, (!*!% R-A"

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B)+ J"

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/ 0:%!, a+, !!# ' /! aa%+a/+! a' ,/,!>!' '%$!, ' 9 ,'08 %, ' a )# !)(!0,!.

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4 FREEDOMOFINFORMATION

4.1.1 F- I/)*+/ A* 1982 *(

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S18 A,, * - * !,' $ay /! *!9,!#. R!)a*# $,' /! $a#! ' '(! *!a, '(! #0 %, ,)(' a# &(y '(! #0 &%++' /! :*0*!#.

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E!$:' %9 %' 0+# 0a,! #a$a)! ' *!+a'%, /!'&!! '(! C'( a# '(! ,'a'!, * #%+)! %9 :*%#!# %09%#!0! /!'&!! '(! C'( a# '(! ,'a'!,. T(%, !0!:'% #!, ' a::+y ' #08, '(a' /a+a0!&+# /! % '(! :/+%0 %'!*!,'.

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o V+$%, *!>!,'?

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- 5,' /!0a,! a #0$!' >a+%9%!, 9* a !!$:'% #!, ' $!a %' 0a8' /!*!+!a,!#. T(! a)!0y (a, #%,0*!'% % a++ 0a,!, !0!:' &(!*! '(! #0$!' %,,/=!0' ' a M%%,'!*%a+ 0!*'%9%0a'!.

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- B0 :! ' :/+%0 ,0*'%y %$:,!, a 0,'a' #%,0%:+%! '(! /*!a0*a0y.

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$%*%'y 9 FOI *!>!,',. Ra%,! '(! >!,'% %, A0' ,!*%) %'8, :*:,!?

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0!*'a%'y 9* '(! /*!a0*a0y3 *!>!,', 9'! #!!+: >%0+y %' +!)a+%,'%0 a#!*,a*%a+ 0'!,',4 0,' %, :*(%/%'%! A0' 0a /! 09,%) a# #%99%0+' ' ,!6 E!$:'% 0+!a* :! ' a/,! /y a)!0%!,7 A0' #!, ' a##*!,, %9 $)'

; T!,% /& FOI a# :*%a0y

4.3 $OLIY RATIONALE FOR FOI LEGISLATION

T(! :/+%0 :+%0y /!(%# FOI %,"

:!*,a+ %#%%#a+, ,(+# /! !'%'+!# ' & &(a' %9*$a'% '(! )!*$!' (a,

'(!$ a# 0**!0' %' %9 %' %, &*).

0$$%'y '(! *%)(' ' & a/' '(! )!*$!' ' a++& %9*$!# #!0%,%, a# #!/a'!,

' ' a++& :a*'%0%:a'% % '(! :+%'%0a+ :*0!,,.

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A++&, y ' 0(a++!)! #!0%,%, %9 y & &(a' #!0%,% /a,!# %! !,*!, a00'a/%+%'y

A++&, ::+ ' #!*,'a# a# :a*'%0%:a'! % &*%) 9 )' 00!:' '(a' )' #!,8' & '(!

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A. 3hat is 4the Public Interest56

T(! 00!:' 9 :/+%0 %'!*!,' #!* '(! FOI +!)%, )**@*, *


27/126

/ @%'! a**&+y ''(! ))+, *( +/-++-)&( $a#! '(! *!>!,'.

- ,39& 401-& 441)& '(! DM $,' #!'!*$%! '(a' #%,0+,*! &%++ (a! a,/!9*! '(! !!$:'% 0a /! 0+a%$!#. T(! 0,!>!0!,

9 '(! #%,0+,*! $,' /! ,+,>* ,+;/++)/*>.

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FATS" J &a'!# ' & &(y (%, =/ a::+%0a'% !:' )!''%) *!=!0'!# , &a', a00!,,' *!9!*!! *!:*',. T(! ANU *!9,!# a00!,, #!* ,36#!+%/!*a'%! :*0!,,!, !!$:'%,40 '(! :!*a'%, 9 a)!0%!, !!$:'% a# ,45 '(! $a'!*%a+ /'a%!# % 09%#!0!!!$:'% 9 '(! C'( FOI A0'. T(! a::+%0a' ,)(' a *!%!& 9 '(! #!0%,% ' *!9,!(%$ a00!,,.%-" %9 $ay /! !!$:' #!* ! 0a'!)*y /' ' a'(!*.

- ,361a #0 %, *!+a'!# ' #!+%/!*a'%! :*0!,,. / #%,0+,*! &+# /! 0'*a*y ' :/+%0 %'!*!,'

- ,451 #%,0+,*! &+# /! /*!a0( 9 09%#!0!. -+a%'%99 $,' ,(&"% ,:!0%9y '(! %9%% ,(& '(a' %9 &a, ,::+%!# % 09%#!0!%%% %9 &a, ,::+%!# ' #!9 0*!a'%) a /+%)a'% 9 09%#!'%a+%'y% a0'a+'(*!a'!!# $%,,! 9 '(a' %9.

- !$:+y!! *!:*', a*! ,a++y 09%#!'%a+ , !!$:' #!* ,4

C,%#!*a'% a, ' &(!'(!* a #0$!' %, 09%#!'%a+ #!* '(! 0$$ +a& %, ' 'a! %' a00'#!* , 36 /' %, #!* , 4. T #!'!*$%! &(!'(!* '(%, &+# /! a /*!a0( 9 09%#!0! *!>%*!, '(!-*+/)*+/ (*(& + *( ANU ),- *( -/*, /, , - *(

, %'y 9 a++!)!#+y09%#!'%a+ %9 '(! :+ $,' ,a'%,9y '(a'

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1. M,' /! a/+! ' %#!'%9y &%'( ,@+++*? a# ' $!*!+y % )+/a+ '!*$, '(a' &(%0( %,,a%# ' /! '(! %9 % >!,'% a#

2. S(& '(! %9 (a, '(! !0!,,a*y )+*? /+-/*+)+*?3. T(! %9 &a, *!0!%!# /y '(! #!9 % ,0( 0%*0$,'a0!, a, ' %$:*' a


29/126

involved. 'ach is to be inter)reted according to the words usedE bearing in mind the stated ob=ect of the

"ct9.

9earle Aust v Public interest Advocacy centre $re medical re#orts(

FATS" a00!,, ' *!:*', $!#%0a+ :*#0',.

%-" +!a%) a::*a0( -, /* )@@?. A::+%0a' $ay !,'% :*:!*+y %, ' &(y '(! %9,(+# /! #%,0+,!# !,',

N :!*, * *)a%a'% %, *!,: 9* !*,!!%) '(! a#$%%,'*a'% 9 '(! A0'

T(! A0' #!, ' )%! ,99%0%!' :*$%!0! ' *!0*# $aa)!$!' &(%0( %, 9#a$!'a+ ' '(!

!99!0'%!!,, 9 '(! FOI A0'

T(!*! a*! 0!*'a%'%!, a/' '(! a::+%0a'% 9 '(! A0' a, )' a)!0%!, a*! 0*:*a'%,!#

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5 DUTYTOGIVEREASONS

A' 0$$ +a& '(!*! %, )!!*a+ *!>%*!$!' '(a' /*!a0*a', )%! *!a,, 9* '(!%*#!0%,%,.

A. Policy reasons for duty to give reasons for administrative decisions:

-!:+! a*! +!,, +%!+y ' a::!a+ a #!0%,% %9 '(!y & '(! *!a, 9* %' a# a *a'%a+ 0(!*!'

!:+aa'% %, )%!.

-*0!#*a+ 9a%*!,,

5#%0%a+ a00'a/%+%'y

Fa%*!,, % :/+%0 a#$%%,'*a'% '(,! !'*,'!# &%'( :&!*, ' $a! #%,0*!'%a*y #!0%,%, #!*,'a''! &%++ !!*0%,! :&!* *a'%a++y a# =,'+y

F* :*!0!#!'

T(! '(!*y * '(! (:! %, '(a' %9 =#)!, (a! ' )%! *!a,, '(!y a*! #!* a %'!++!0'a+ #%,0%:+%!

&(%0( &%++ %$:*! '(! >a+%'y 9 '(! *!a,,#!0%,%,.

I$:*!, '*a,:a*!0y 9 B

La&y!*, a*)! '(a' &%'(' *!a,, 0a8' 0(a++!)!

I$:*!, %'!++!0'a+ 9 #!0%,% %',!+9

-!*,a#! '(! %#%%#a+ '(a' '(! #!0%,% &a, =,'%9%!#.

M%;(" !a/+! '(! :a*'%!, ' ,!! '(! !'!' ' &(%0( '(!%* a*)$!', (a! /!! #!*,'# a#

a00!:'!# a, &!++ a, '(! /a,%, 9* '(! #!0%,% a# :*%#! a 9#a'% 9* '(! a00!:'a/%+%'y 9 '(!#!0%,% /y '(! :a*'%!, a# '(! :/+%0.

!+


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W(? *( ,(-


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S))!,', +a& (a, /!0$! &(a' D!a! 5 9*!,(a#&!#" a+'()( ,'%++ )!!*a+ *%)(''(! a'*! a# !'!' 9 '(! /+%)a'% ' )%! *!a, %, %0*!a,%)+y #!:!#!' '(!0%*0$,'a0!,.

F* !a$:+! % SoulemeFis v 8udley $4oldings& >ty td M0H)( 5 *!0)%,!# '(a''(! ,'a'!$!' 9 *!a,, ,(+# a++& '(! :a*'%!, ' ,!! &(a' &a, 'a! %' a00'

a# % &(a' $a!*.

+. ther ?urisdictions:

Caa#a" Ba!* )!!*a+ a::*a0( ' )%! *!a,, a9'!* Ba!* *!a,, '(a' &+# /!)%! &+# /! $*! ,a%'%!#. 0'!' 9 *!a,, 9+!%/+!.

N'! a+, '(! #%99!*!0! /!'&!! a0'a+ a# )# *!a,, '(!*! %, a /+%)a'% ':*%#! a0'a+ *!a,, ' )# *!a,,.UJ" %0*!$!'a+%,' a::*a0(

NB" ,!! S:%)!+$a8, -*a0'%0! N'! 11< 9* NSW ,: 0*'. T(! -*a0'%0! N'! (a, a 9!&'(%), ' ,ay a/' '(! ,*' 9 :*!'*%a+ #%*!0'%, &(%0( '(! 'y:%0a+ 0a,! % '(! +%,' $%)('*!0!%!.:16. -'!'%a++y )!', a*# O,$# % a a#$%%,'*a'%! &ay '9+a,O,$#?5,'%0! J%*/y (a, ,a%# *!:!a'!#+y '(a' '(! :*!0!#!' (! &+# $,' +%! ' ,!! *!a*)!# %'(! HC %, O,$#.

5.2 D*? * ;+ ),/ /- ,*)** )

S%0! '(! 1a'!.

A::+%0a', # ' (a! ' *!0!%! *!%!& a' AAT 9%*,' /!9*! a++&!# ' /'a%*!a,,.

E0!:'%" &(!*! *!a,, $%)(' :*!=#%0! '(! :/+%0 %'!*!,' % A,'*a+%a@, ,!0*%'y #!9!0! *%'!*a'%a+ *!+a'%, * &+# %+! #%,0+,*! 9 0a/%!' #%,0,,%, * '(!*&%,! &+# /!

!'%'+!# ' C*& :*%%+!)! '(!y $ay /! !!$:'!# /y a 0!*'%9%0a'! %,,!# /y '(! A''*!yG!!*a+ a# *!a, !!# ' /! )%!.

A+, %9 a::+%0a'% 9 *!%!& a+*!a#y $a#! ' AAT ,37 *!>%*!, #!0%,%$a!* ':*%#! ' T*%/a+ a ,'a'!$!' 9 9a0', % &(%0( '(! #!0%,% &a, /a,!# a+, '/! $a#! aa%+a/+! ' '(! a::+%0a'.

B. A8/, Act

AD5R , ( ;/-'(a AAT. ,13 a++&, ay :!*, &( %, !'%'+!# ' a::+y #!* , 9 '(! A0' 9* *!%!& a00!,,

' a ,'a'!$!' 9 *!a,,. 9setting out the findings on material Duestions of factE referring to the

evidence or other material on which those findings were basedE and giving reasons for the decision9

32


33/126

I9 #!0%,% $a!* 9%#, '(a' a::+%0a' %, ' !'%'+!# ' ,!! *!a,, a, ,'a'!# % '(!A0' (! * ,(! $ay a::+y ' '(! C*' 9* a *#!* ' )%! *!a,,.

T(! 0*' $ay *#!* a##%'%a+ *!a,, %9 %' 0,%#!*, *!a,, a+*!a#y :*%#!# a*!%a#!>a'!.

A++ '(! !!$:'%, #!* AD5R ' a::+%0a', ,!!%) *!%!& 0!*, :!*,, ,!!%) *!a,,.

,13A %,!*'!# % 1


34/126

4. I9 #!0%,% ' 0!*!# #!* !%'(!* '(! AAT * '(! AD5R A0' '(! $ay :,,%/+y+ '&a*#, FOI A*&(%0( a++&, *!a,, 9* #!0%,%, :*/+!$ %," +0a'%) '(!#0$!'.

. I9 a++ 9a%+, + ' / ) )!!*a+ *%)(' 9 *!a,, y!' /' D!a!8,a::*a0( % smonda# F%')!*a+#8, #%,0,,% % %y)ressvale,))!,' '(a' 0*',

&%++ $! '&a*#, a++&%) )!!*a+ *%)('.

5.4 N)*) C,*+ )/- *( -*? * ;+ ),/,

F*$ J%*/y - % smond" '(! a*)$!' '(a' '(! /+%)a'% ' )%! *!a,, %, ,$!(&*!+a'!# ' '(! *+!, 9 a'*a+ =,'%0! %, &*)9'!#. Na'*a+ =,'%0! :*%0%:+!, #%0'a'!'(a' 9a%*!,, /! #! +!a#%) : ' '(! #!0%,%. G%! '(a' %' 00!*, !!*y'(%) +!a#%): ' '(! #!0%,% '(,! 00!*, 0a' %+! ,$!'(%) a9'!* '(! #!0%,% %, $a#!.T(! 9a0' '(a' a =#)! (a, $a#! a #!0%,% % a %9!*%* 0*' a# %, & 0a++!# : '$a! a #!0%,% % a ,%$%+a* 0a,! %, )*# 9* #%,>a+%9%0a'% 9 '(! =#)!. E,:!0%a++y

0,%#!*%) '(a' % '(! %'!*!%) :!*%# '(! +a& 0+# (a! 0(a)!# &(%0( $!a, '(a''(! =#)! &%++ /! (!a*%) '(! 0a,! % a !& 0'!'.B' %9 %' %, '(! 0a,! '(a' %' %, :*! '(a' '(! =#)! (a, a :*!#%,:,%'% a %,,!'(*)( 9* !a$:+! !'*a 0*%a+ a0'%%'%!, a# %9 %' 0a /! ,(& '(a' '(! =#)! (!+# '(a'%!& ,!!*a+ 00a,%, '(! '(!*! $ay /! )*#, 9* #%,>a+%9%0a'% !.). I9 J%*/y 5&!' a*# '(! 0'*y a# ' a*%, %!*,%'%!, ,ay%) .I '(% %' ,(+# /! .!'0.

B))*+ -+,+/ )+/; ,* %*!# '(!y 0a"1 W*%'! /a0 a,%) 9* 9*'(!* /!''!* :a*'%0+a*,2 T*!a' %' a, a 9a%+*! ' 0$:+y

%omcare "ustralia v ees )*: a,,%)$!' F%+!,'!% 5 '+%!, '(! :*:,!, 9* )%%)*!a,, '(!*! a*! .

C,!>!0!, 9 ' )%%) *!a,, %omcare "ustralia v ees:!* F%+!,'!% 5"

T*%/a+ 0a /! *#!*!# ' %,,! *!a,, Ma#a$, * '(! +%! D!0%,% 0a /! ,!' a,%#! a, % S%a*a$ *!9!**!# /a0 ' a %9!*%* '*%/a+ ' $a! a :*:!*

#!0%,%. 5#)!$!' 9 B*!a 5 % '(! 9rien0a,! %, '(! +!a#%) a'(*%'y 0,!>!0!,.

Fa%+*! ' )%! *!a,, %, NOT a !*** 9 +a& %' %, a 9a%+*! ' :!*9*$ a ,'a''*y #'y a# %' 0a /!

0**!0'!# /y a &*%' 9 $a#a$,.

Sivaram@, 0a,! ,!' /a0 a# 9*'(. T(!*! a*! a*# 4 Sivaram0a,!,. B' '(! +a,' ! 9%', %' a++

')!'(!*. I' &+# a+, (!+: ' *!a# '(! ,!0# ! 16; * 16 ALR 24.

34


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6

3


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7 OMBUDSMAN

7.1 T( O%*! /%) 9#, ' :*,! %', +% ('%) *+!.

A. Anderson$%&&( 9ome Nuts and Bolts

36


37/126

+ W()* +, )/ a+%'y 9 :/+%0 a#$% '(*)( %#!'%9y%) #!9!0'%! a#$%. E#0a'%! a#

:*!!'%! *+!.

- T ,'%$+a'! a !%*. 9 #!/a'! /y a)!0%!, a# 0,$!*, a, ' &(a' ,'a#a*#, 9 ,!*%0!

a# DM ,(+# /! !:!0'!# % '(! :/+%0 ,!0'*.++ J+,-+*+/ O


38/126

- *( @@, O< +/,*+;)*+/,

- ,!! &(!'(!* a#$% a0'% &a, #!9!0'%! $a+a#$%%,'*a'%8. U,a++y '(!,! )*#,K %' a::!a*, ' (a! /!! /*)? * )K %' &a, /),/)


39/126

A. "hree +ase 9tudies

"he Australian "a ffice +aseTa '!a$ %!,'%)a'!# a 0$:+a%' &(%0( 00!*!# a 0,0%, #!0%,% /y ATO ,'a99 ' ) a)a%,' ! 9'(! C$$%,,%!*8, %0$! 'a *+%),. ATO 9a%+!# ' *!0!* a/' Y42 '(a' %' &+# '(!*&%,!*!0!%!# %9 %' (a# 9++&!# '(! C$$%,,%!*8, *+%),.

C$:+a%'" ATO &a, ,!!%) ' *!0!* 'a 9*$ M* X

"he +otton caseD!$,'*a'! '(! +%$%'a'%, a# '(! #%99%0+'%!, 9 '(! O$/8, 90'%. T(! -*%0%:a+ 9 a WA T!0(%0a+C++!)! /*)(' a 0$:+a%' ' '(! C'( O$/ a++!)%) '(a' '(! :*)*a$ Na'%&%#!8 '(! ABC (a#P,%)+!# (%$ 'Q. T(! ABC *!=!0'4# '(! 0$:+a%' '(! )*#, '(! :*)*a$$%) #!0%,% &!*! '&%'(% %'8, =*%,#%0'%. S0( a 0a,! &%++ +y /! %!,'%)a'!# %9 '(!*! %, !+!$!' 9 #!9!0'%! a#$%%,'*a'%

:+a%+y )%) /!y# '(! $!*%', 9 a :*)*a$$%) #!0%,%8.

A*)$!' /!'&!! '(! ABC a# '(! O$/#,$aU#!* '(! /*a#0a,'%) a0' '(! ABC %, % 0'*+ 9 %', /*a#0a,'%) :*)*a$ a# !#%'*%a+ 0$$!',. T(!ABC a*)!, '(a' '(!*!9*! %' %, ' ,/=!0' ' '(! =*%,#%0'% 9 '(! O$/#,$a. T(! O$/#,$a #!,8'a)*!!. U%!*,%'%!, a*! a+, % #%,:'! &%'( '(! O$/#,$a % '(! ,a$! &ay a, '(! ABC. T(! %!*,%'%!,

a*)%) '(a' '(!%* a0a#!$%0 9*!!#$ 0a' a# ,(+# ' /! ,::*!,,!# =,' +%! '(! ABC a,,!*', %', *%)('' 9*!!#$ 9 /*a#0a,'%) a# !#%'*%a+ 0$$!'. T(! ABC (a! ,!' : a ,y,'!$ ' #!a+ &%'( 0$:+a%',

=,' +%! '(! %!*,%'%!, a++& a a!! 9* 2#$a*%) !'0. T(%, % !99!0' )%!, '(! '(! *%)(' ' a' +!a,',ay )!' ' 9 (!*! O$/#,$a %' %, /!%) #!a+' &%'(.

3


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8 MERITSREVIEW

T(!*! a*! ,!!*a+ a+'!*a'%! $!a, 9 0(a++!)! ' a#$%%,'*a'%! #!0%,%, /!,%#!, '(! O$/#,$a '(!,!

%0+#%)"ZNB %' %, )!!*a++y a#%,a/+! ' ) '(*)( '(! :*0!,, % '(%, *#!* a, 0,' a#/'(!* %0*!a,!, a, y ) ! ,'!: :[

a::*a0( M- ' a, '(!$ ' %'!*!!.

a::*a0( '(! #!0%,%$a!* a# #%,0,, %' #%*!0' &%'( '(!$

,!! %'!*a+ *!%!&

,!! *!%!& /y a ,:!0%a+%,' '*%/a+ ,!' : 9* '(! :a*'%0+a* 0a'!)*y 9 a#$%%,'*a'% !).

S0%a+ S!0*%'y A::!a+, T*%/a+

,!! *!%!& /y '(! AAT * ,%$%+a* ,'a'! '*%/a+ %9 ! !%,',

+ A@@)( ? M!,'%, % -a*+%a$!' a# '(%, %, 9*!!.

++ N;*+)* +*( *( DM&E%'(!* '(*)( %'!*a+ 0$:+a%', %9 y &+# +%! ' $!*!+y *!)%,'!* #%,,a'%,9a0'% /!0$%) $*!0$$ * /y :+%'!+y a,%) '(! DM ' *!0,%#!* !& %9*$a'% , '(a' '(! a#$%%,'*a'* ,a!, 9a0!%9 y #!,%*! '(! #!0%,% ' /! 0(a)!#.

T( R $++/)? N;*+)*+/,F*# 1


41/126

A-)/*);, * -@)*/*" L!,, !'!*a+ ,0*'%y T*a%%) 9* 9%%) '(%), : B#)!'. Ea0( #!:a*'$!' )!', a 0!*'a% a$' 9 9#%). T(! #!*,!0*!'a*y 9 !a0(#!:a*'$!' $,' $aa)! &(a'!!* a$' '(!y )!' ,$!'%$!, %' 0+# /! !*y +%''+!. I9 '(!y

* ' '(!y #8' )!' ay$*!. O! &ay 9 0''%) 0,', %, ' *!#0! !'!*a+ *!%!& 0,',. G%!, '(!$ a /!''!* %$a)!

I/*/) R+ C*!y! 1a+%'y 9 :*%$a*y #!0%,%$a%)

0'*%/'!, ' *!%!& 9a'%)!

#!, +%''+! $*! '(a !'!# '%$! 'a! ' *!a0( !'!*a+ *!%!& ,'a)! %$:!#!, %9*$a+ %'!*a+ *!%!& :*0!,,!,.

+ E:*/) R+" S@+)+,* T+


42/126

- A ,%)+! '*%/a+ !$:&!*!# ' + *( +*, )-+/. -+,+/, !,:. '(,! &%'(#%,0*!'% a# :+%0y %+!# +/,*+**+/)? ,@))*- 9*$ '(! *#%a*y 0*' a#

/*!a0*a'%0 ,y,'!$,.

- T(! AAT $a#! $!*%', *!%!& aa%+a/+! a# '(! *%)(' ' /'a% a ,'a'!$!' 9 '(! *!a,, 9* a#!0%,%.

- T(! %#%%#a+ &(,! +/*,*, ) )*-)a%!# '(! *%)(' ' ,*+/ *( *(-,a#;)+*?9 '(! *!+!a' !!*0%,! 9 :&!* a# &(! &%'(% '(! AAT@, =*%,#%0'% a *%)(' '@)*++@)*% '(! $a%) 9 '(! 9%a+ #!0%,%.

- A+, #%*!0'!# ' #!a+ &%'( '(! +%$%'a'%, 9 -a*+%a$!'a*y *!%!& a# '(! 0*#%a'!#)*&'( 9 #%,0*!'%a*y #!0%,% $a%).

- M)+/ *), +, )-C-+)*+/& *( ? C-++) ,*)*, * -*+/ ;)+*?& ?* ),

+,* ) +*, +.

- A/+! ' *!%!& $a''!*, 9 :+%0y , 43 /' '(%, %, ,!! ' /! +%$%'!# ' #!:a*'$!'a+ :+%0y*a'(!* '(a )!*$!' a::*!# /y Ca/%!' * a M%%,'!* :+%0y.

- S**a -*!,%#!' =#)! 9 '(! F!#!*a+ C*' D!:'y -*!,%#!', +!)a+ :*a0'%'%!*,&%'( a' +!a,' y*, !:!*%!0! ,!%* $!$/!*, a# $!$/!*, a++ a::%'!# /y '(! GG. , 6

- J+,-+*+/

8ra>e v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic AffairsD*a! 0%0'!# 9 :,,!,,%) 0aa/%,. T(! M%%,'!* $a#! a *#!* 9* (%, #!:*'a'% &(%0(&a, a99%*$!# /y '(! AAT. D*a! a::!a+!# ' '(! F++ F!#!*a+ C*' ! 9 '(! )*#, &a, '(a'%' &a, 0,'%''%a+ 9* Da%!, 5 ' ,%' '(! AAT a, (! &a, a =#)! 9 F!# C*'. F!# C*'*!=!0'!# '(%, a*)$!' ,ay%) '(a' (%, a::%'$!' ' '(! AAT &a, :!*,a+ a# #%# ' %+!'(! 09!**%) 9 90'%, ' a 0*'. H%, '(!* a*)$!' '(a' %' &a, /!y# '(! +!)%,+a'%!0$:!'!0! 9 '(! C$$&!a+'( -a*+%a$!' ' 09!* :a*' 9 '(! =#%0%a+ :&!* 9 '(!C$$&!a+'( : a a#$%%,'*a'%! /#y &(%0( &a, ' a C(a:'!* III 0*'. T(%, &a, a+,*!=!0'!# '(! )*#, '(a' '(! )!!*a+ 90'%, 9 '(! T*%/a+ /!%) a#$%%,'*a'%! %0(a*a0'!*. -*!+y a#$%%,'*a'%! /#%!, $ay a0' % a =#%0%a+ $a!* &%'(' /!%) =#%0%a+

/#%!,.

+ollector of +ustoms $N93( v Brian Lawlor Automotive Pty LtdI,, #!, '(! AAT (a! =*%,#%0'% % 0a,!, &(!*! '(! #!0%,% ' /! *!%!&!# &a, /!y# '(!

:&!*, 9 '(! DM? !, '(!*&%,! '(! a::+%0a' &+# (a! *!+%!9 9* a +a&9++y $a#! /a##!0%,%.F)*," A &a*!(,! +%0!,! &a, :*:*'!#+y 0a0!++!# /y '(! C++!0'* 9 C,'$, NSW. T(!+%0!,!! a*)!, /!9*! '(! AAT '(a' '(! C++!0'* (a# a0'!# ',%#! (%, :&!*, % 0a0!++%) aa*)$!' '(! AAT a00!:'!#. T(! C++!0'* %, (!*! a::!a+%) '(! )*# '(a' %9 (! &a, a0'%) +'*a%*!, '(! AAT a+, (a# =*%,#%0'%.B/ J"A &%#! $!a%) 9 '(! &*# #!0%,% % '(! AAT A0' %, )%! a &%#! $!a%) /y , 33.T(! &*# ,%$:+y *!9!*, ' adecision in fact made irres)ective of whether it is legally effective or not.D%,0,,% 9 a $/!* 9 &ay, '(! :(*a,! $a#! % '(! !!*0%,! 9 :&!*, 09!**!# /y '(a'!a0'$!' ::2323 /!9*! #!0%#%) '(! a::*:*%a'! %'!*:*!'a'% %, ;in )ur)orted e(ercise of

)owers conferred by the enactment; where ;)ur)orted e(ercise; includes where the decisionCmaer is

maing the decision on the basis that he is e(ercising )owers conferred by the enactmentE whether or

not this is a correct inter)retation. T(! a#:'% 9 '(%, %!& $!a, '(! AAT &+# (a! =*%,#%0'%' !'!*'a% a a::!a+ 9*$ a #!0%,% % 9a0' $a#! #!* a %0**!0' %'!*:*!'a'% 9 '(! :&!*, a##!'!*$%! &(!'(!* '(! #!0%,% &a, :*:!*+y $a#! % 9a0' a# +a&.S+*(, J"T(! !0!,,a*y 00+,% %, '(a' #!0%,%, *!%!&a/+! /y '(! AAT a*! '(,! $a#! /y aa#$%%,'*a'* % :*:*'!# * a,,$!# :*,a0! 9 '(! *!+!a' ,'a''*y :*%,%.D)/ J"#%,,!' A a#$%%,'*a'%! '*%/a+ &%++ *#%a*%+y (a! a'(*%'y ' '*a,0!# '(! +%$%', 9 '(!

=*%,#%0'% 09!**!# : %' /y (!a*%) a a::+%0a'% a%$!# ' a' %%) '(! =*%,#%0'% &(%0( %':,,!,,!, /' a' ,!0*%) a a'(*%'a'%! #!'!*$%a'% 9 >!,'%, 9 9a0' * +a& a'!*%* ' '(! !%,'!0!9 '(a' =*%,#%0'%. T(! A0' #!, ' 09!* ,0( a :&!* '(! AAT. I9 %' #%# a ,!*%, >!,'% &+#

!!# ' /! a,!# a, ' &(!'(!* ' '(a' !'!' %' :*:*'!# ' 09!* :a*' 9 '(! =#%0%a+ :&!* 9 '(!C$$&!a+'( : a a#$%%,'*a'%! /#y '(a' %, ' a C( III 0*'.

42


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- S*)/-+/; T /*%) a $a''!* /!9*! '(! AAT '(! :!*, $,' /! )*-


44/126

,e Lindsey and the AP+ $%&;&( $AA"( and AP+ v 2ayes $%&;&( $.+.(T(! #%99!*!0! /!'&!!indsey 4ayes%, '(! '%$! % &(%0( '(! *!,:#!' ,)(' ' :*#0! '(! %#!'a:! !%#!0!. Iindsey '(! :+a%'%99 a*)!# 9* :*0!#*a+ 9a%*!,, %.!. &%'(' '(! 'a:! '(!y 0a@' a*)!'(!%* 0a,! :*:!*+y. T(! a*)$!' a)a%,' '(a' &a, ' :*!,!*! '(! *%)(' 9 '(! !$:+y!* ' '!,' '(!0*!#%'&*'(%!,, 9 '(! a::+%0a' a !+!$!' 9 ,*:*%,! &a, a )# &ay 9 #%) '(%,. D+,+/"egal

)rofession )rivilege is more than a rule of evidenceE but a fundamental common )rivilege. Therefore

statutes will be read to not remove it unlessE on construction or in clear termsE it has been removed. The""T "ct does not allow the )rivilege to be overridden and therefore the ""T cannot override it.

F)*,"M, Ba*/*! ,)(' a *!%!& /y '(! AAT 9 a #!0%,% ' '!*$%a'! (!* :!,%. T(! A-C (!*!$:+y!* ,)(' ' %'*#0! %#! !%#!0! ' *!/' (!* 0+a%$. A' '(! 0$$!0!$!' 9 '(! AAT(!a*%) M, B ,)( ' )a% a00!,, ' '(! %#! &(!*!/y Hay!, T*%/a+ *+!# '(a' ,(! ,(+# (a!a00!,,. T(! A-C ,)(' *!%!&.

%-" I '(! 1,'%,'a0! D*. Hay!, )a! a00!,, /!0a,! (! ,!# '(! /a+a0! 9 0!%!0!&(a' &+# /! )a%!# . &(a' &+# /! ,99!*!# /y $a%) %' aa%+a/+!. '(! C$$&!a+'( %,,'*)!* , +!' '(!$ 0a**y '(! /*#! 9 #%,a#a'a)!. W%+0. 5. ,a%# @O.J. '(! a::+%0a' &a',

:*0!#*a+ 9a%*!,, /' '(a' %, a 2 &ay ,'*!!' &(%0( $!a, y 0a@' #!y '(! *!,:#!' ' 9++y'!,' '(! a::+%0a', !%#!0!@. S '(! ,a$! :%' '(! a::!++a' :,'a+ 0$$%,,% ,!# ' )!' '(!

'a:! %, '(! *!a, &(y '(!y &!*!@' a/+! ' )!' '(! 'a:! .

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9A" M Pty Ltd v Australian Broadcasting Authority $%&&( $.+.(A B*a#0a,'%) -+a :*!:a*!# /y '(! a'(*%'y :*%#!# '(a' a##%'%a+ 0$$!*0%a+ +%0!0!,&!*! ' /! $a#! aa%+a/+!. T(! a::+%0a' &(%0( (a# /!! %'!*!,'!# % /%##%) 9* a 9*'(!*+%0!0! ,)(' *!%!& 9 '(! #!0%,% #!* '(! AD5R A0'. T(! a'(*%'y ,a%# '(! :+a &a,+!)%,+a'%! '(, &a, *!%!&a/+!.

I,," %, '(! -+a +!)%,+a'%! * a#$%%,'*a'%! % a'*!? D!0%,%, 9 a +!)%,+a'%! * =#%0%a+a'*! a*!' *!%!&a/+!. %-" Wa, +!)%,+a'%! /!0a,!1. -+a 0*!a'!, !& *+!, 9 )!!*a+ a::+%0a'% *a'(!* '(a a::+y%) ,0( *+!, % a :a*'%0+a*

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2. T(! -+a $,' /! '%9%!# % '(! Ga!''!" ,3. T(%, :/+%0a'% *!>%*!$!' %, ,!! a,,))!,'%) '(! +!)%,+a'%! 0(a*a0'!* 9 '(! ,/=!0' 9 '(! :/+%0a'%.

3. T(! :&!* 9 '(! A'(*%'y /y '%0! % &*%'%) ' Pa*yQ a :+a %, aa+), ' '(!+!)%,+a'*!8, :&!* ' a$!# +!)%,+a'%.

4. O0! a -+a %, $a#! %' %, ' ,/=!0' ' !!0'%! a*%a'% * 0'*+.. T(! #!0%,% ' :*$+)a'! a :+a %, ' *!%!&a/+! /y '(! AAT. T(! 9a0' '(a' a !a0'$!'

a++&, 9* '(! *!%!& /y '(! T*%/a+ 9 0!*'a% #!0%,%, $a#! #!* %', :*%,%, /' '9* '(!*, (a, /!! ,!! a, a %#%0a'% '(a' '(! '(!* #!0%,%, a*! ' 9 a a#$%%,'*a'%!0(a*a0'!*K"ustral isheries.

6. A -+a (a, /%#%) +!)a+ !99!0' 0! :*!:a*!# % '(! ,!,! '(a' a*%, ,'a''*y :*%,%,+y 0$! %' !99!0' 9++&%) %', :*!:a*a'%. T(! 9a0' '(a' a :+a (a, '(%, P0a**y Q !99!0',::*', %', 0(a*a0'!*%,a'% a, a +!)%,+a'%! $!a,*!Q.

++ T( -+,+/ ,* !,'% 9 ,/,'a0! !a$%!, '(! P'*! 0(a*a0'!*%,a'% 9 '(! #!0%,%%',!+9Q !) 0,%#!* '(! +a)a)! a# :!*a'% 9 '(! !a0'$!' a# 0'*a0'.

- H!*! '(! 0'*a0' #!'!*$%!# '(! *%)(', 9 '(! :a*'%!, a+'()( '(! a'(*%'y ' !'!* %' '(!0'*a0' ,'!$$!# 9*$ '(! A0'.

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3. O* 9a%+*! ' :!*9*$ a ,'a''*y #'y ,7T(! :*/+!$ 9 @&(a' 0,'%''!, a #!0%,%?@ ,'!$, :a*'+y 9*$ '(! 9a0' '(a' a $ay #!0%,%, a*! :*!0!#!#

/y a (,' 9 :*%* #!0%,%,. W(%0( 9 '(!,! #!0%,%, a*! *!%!&a/+!?

AB" v Bond $%&&'(

B# 0(a++!)%) '(! 9%#%) /y '(! B*a#0a,'%) T*%/a+ '(a' (! &a, P9%'Q ' (+# a+%0!,!.Ma, 5" R!%!&a/+! #!0%,%, #!* , $,' /!

a 9%a+ a# :!*a'%!K */ ,/,'a'%!K *0 #!'!*$%a'%!

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9.1.5 T( @;)*+ +*,L%! '(! AD5R *!$!#%!, '(! :*!*)a'%! &*%', a*! ' aa%+a/+! % *!+a'% ' +!)%,+a'%! #!0%,%, a##!+%/!*a'%! a0'%%'%!, +!a#%) : ' '(! $a%) 9 +!)%,+a'%! #!0%,%,. M*!!* '(!y a*! aa%+a/+! +y% *!+a'% ' 9%a+ a# :!*a'%! #!0%,%, a99!0'%) *%)(', a# #'%!, a# '(! #!0%,% $a%) :*0!,,'(!*!'K '(!y a*! ' aa%+a/+! % *!+a'% ' *!:*', /y C$$%,,%, 9 I>%*y &(%0( # ' a99!0' *%)(',.M*!!* '(!y a*! aa%+a/+! +y % *!+a'% ' :/+%0 /#%!,.

+ha#mans v Australian 9toc> Echange $%&&D( $.+.(B!a$' 5 (!+# '(a' '(! +%,'%) *+!, a# a)*!!$!', #!*%!# '(!%* 9*0! 9*$ 0'*a0' a# ' 9*$!a0'$!', '(!*!9*! C(a:$a, 0+# ' ,!! *!%!& #!* '(!"8@A "ct. S'a''*y *!0)%'% 9 '(!*+!, #%# ' $a! '(!$ %,'*$!',. H! '!# (&!!* '(a' +!)%,+a'% $ay :!*$%' a #!)*!! 9 *!)+a'%

/y :/+%0 a'(*%'%!, % '(! :/+%0 %'!*!,' a# '(, '(!*! $ay /! #'%!, 9 a :/+%0 0(a*a0'!* %$:,!# '(!,'0 !0(a)! &(%0( $ay /! ,,0!:'%/+! ' =#%0%a+ *!%!&.

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%**!+!a' ' '(! 0*', '(!y a*! +y 00!*!# &%'( :*0!#*a+ 9a%*!,,.

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#a)!* 9 !$/a**a,,$!' ' A,'*a+%a % %', *!+a'%, &%'( '(a' S'a'!.

9.3 LASS DISUSSION NOTES

T(! "8@A "ct )a! '(! 0*', =*%,#%0'% !* C$$&!a+'( a#$%%,'*a'*,. T(!

#%99!*!0! /!'&!! '(! :*!*)a'%! &*%', a# '(! ,'a''*y /a,!, 9* =#%0%a+ *!%!& %, '(a' '(!:*!*)a'%! &*%', a*! &%#!* &(!*!a, '(! ,'a''*y !, a*! 09%!# ' '*a#%'%a+a#$%%,'*a'%! %,,!, !.). )*a'%) 9 *ya+ :a*#,. W(!*! a :*!*)a'%! :&!* %, /!%) ,!#'(! *!%!& 9 %' %, /y &ay 9 '(! :*!*)a'%! &*%',. I9 '(! '(!* (a# ,'a''*y :&!*, a*!,!# '(! '(! *!%!& &%++ /! /y ,'a''*y $!0(a%,$,. T(! F!#!*a+ C*' a# '(! D%,'*%0'C*' 9 S'( A,'*a+%a a*! !a$:+!, 9 0*', '(a' (a! /!! )%! :&!* /y ,'a''! '

%,,! :*!*)a'%! &*%',.

5#%0%a+ *!%!& #0'*%! a, ,0( %, ' aa%+a/+! a)a%,' '(! :*%a'! ,!0'*. B' !

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=*%,#%0'%a+ /a,%, 9* '(! 0*', ,:!*%,%) '(! :*0!#*!, 9 ,:*'%) a,,0%a'%,"1 I9 '(!y :*%#!# a ,!*%0! '(a' %, % ay &ay 0!0'!# &%'( )!*$!'.2 T(*)( '(! !'!,% 9 '(! *+!, 9 a'*a+ =,'%0! %' )!*$!' a0'%%'%!,

!.). '(!y $ay (a! (a# '(! *%)(' ' !:!+ /' '(!y #%#8' )%! $! a 0(a0! ' )%! $y*!a,, !'0.

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10 STANDINGTOSEE!JUDIIALREVIEW

10.1 S*)/-+/;

T(! !'%'+!$!' 9 a :!*, * *)a%,a'% ' /*%) a =#%0%a+ *!%!& a0'% &(%0( %, =,'%0%a/+!* ' /*%) a $!*%', a::!a+. S'a#%) $ay /! 09!**!# /y +!)%,+a'% * $ay #!:!# '(!0$$ +a& *+!,. A' 0$$ +a& '(! A''*!yG!!*a+ (a, ,'a#%) 9 (%, & $'% * '(! *!+a'% 9 a %#%%#a+ ' /*%) a a0'% ' *%)(' a :/+%0 &*) * ' *!,'*a% a /*!a0( 9 a+a& !a0'!# % '(! :/+%0 %'!*!,'. A %#%%#a+ &( (a, :*%a'! *%)(' a99!0'!# /y '(!a#$%%,'*a'%! a0'% #!, ' (a! ,'a#%) ' ,!! =#%0%a+ *!%!& +!,, '(!y (a! a ,:!0%a+%'!*!,' % '(! ,/=!0' $a''!* 9 '(! a0'%" "% v %ommonwealthA :!*, * *)a%,a'% &%'( a $!*! !$'%a+ * %'!++!0'a+ 00!* * /!+%!9 a99!0'!# /y '(!a#$%%,'*a'%! a0'% #!, ' (a! ,'a#%). U#!* '(! "8@A $%th& "ctE ss.3$+&6 a# 7 aa::+%0a' $,' /! a @:!*, a))*%!!#@. T(%, %, #!9%!# a, a :!*, &(,! %'!*!,', a*! a#!*,!+ya99!0'!# /y a #!0%,% * 0#0' =,'%0%a/+! #!* '(! a0'" gle v Stricland

A :*%,% '(a' @ay :!*,@ $ay /*%) a a0'% !99!0'%!+y *!$!, ay ,'a#%) *!>%*!$!'.

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T( *,*, ,*)/-+/; -+ )-+/; * *( -? ,;(*.Australian +onservation oundation Incor#orated v +ommonwealth $%&;'(5a:a!,! 0$:ay &a'!# ' !,'a/+%,( a# :!*a'! a '*%,' a*!a % LD. B!9*! a 9%a+ %$:a0'

,'a'!$!' &a, %,,!# /y '(! 5a:a!,! C. '(! M%%,'!* a0!# %' 0+# :*0!!#. ACF ,)('#!0+a*a'% a# %=0'%, % *!+a'% ' '(! :*:,!# #!!+:$!'. 5#)! (!+# ACF #%# ' (a!,'a#%) % '(%, %,,!. T(!y a::!a+!# a)a%,' :*%$a*y =#)!, 9%#%), G%//, Ma, a# S'!:(!, (!+# ACF #%# ' (a! ,'a#%). M*:(y #%,,!'!#.

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nus v "lcoa of "ustraliaH U+%! ACF '(! A/*%)%a+, ,(&!# '(a' '(!y &+# ,99!* $*! '(a ay)!!*a+ $!$/!* 9 '(! :/+%0 /!0a,! %' &a, '(!%* 0+'*! ,:%*%'a+ #'y ' :*'!0' '(! *!+%0,. S '(!y &!*!*!0)%,!# a, (a%) $*! '(a a !$'%! * %'!++!0'a+ %'!*!,'.

Bateman5s Bay Local Aboriginal Land +ouncil v Aborig +ommunity Benefit und1,'R!,:#!' :!*a'!# a 0'*%/'*y 9!*a+ /!!9%' 9#. A *%a+ 9# &a, !,'a/+%,(!# /y #!!#9 '*,' /!'&!! '(! a::!++a', Ba'!$a8, ALC a# NSW ALC. T(%, 9# (a# $0( +&!*,/,0*%:'% *a'!, a, %' &a, ,/,%#%,!# /y NSW ALC.I,,," 1,'R!,:#!' ,)(' %=0'% ' *!,'*a% a::!++a', 9*$ 0#0'%) '(!%* /,%!,,a*)%) '(a' %' &a, /!y# '(!%* :&!*,.D%,$%,,!# a, +a0!# ,'a#%) '(! AG! (a%) *!9,!# ' +!# (%, 9%a' ' '(! :a*'y. A::!a+,00!,,9+ ' C*' 9 A::!a+.S+/;" a::!++a', ,!!%) #%,$%,,a+ 9 '(! a::!a+ ' '(! H%)( C'.R,*," R!,:#!' & %! (a! a ,99%0%!' ,:!0%a+ %'!*!,' ' ,!! !>%'a/+! *!+%!9%=0'%.

T*!a', ACF C$$&!a+'( a, a'(*%'a'%!.%-" T(a' ,!!*! #!'*%$!' ' '(! /,%!,, 9 '(! *!,:#!', %, ,99%0%!' ,:!0%a+ %'!*!,' ' ,!!!>%'a/+! *!+%!9 ,!!*! #!'*%$!' a*%,%) %9 '(! a::!++a', &!*! ' P*!,'*a%!# 9*$ 0$$!0%)a# 00+#%) '(!%* a0'%%'%!,Q '(!*! (a%) /!! ,'a''*y +%$%'a'%, : '(! a::!++a',a0'%%'%!, *!" 0'*%/'*y 9!*a+ 9#, %.!. '(! %'!*!,' &a, (!+# ' /! P%$$!#%a'! ,%)%9%0a' a#

:!0+%a* ' '(!$Q.

North +oast Environmental +ouncil Inc v Minister for ,esourcesA::+%0a' ,)(' *!a,, #!*s13 of "8@A "ct9* R!,:#!'8, #!0%,% ' )*a' a (%:!:*' +%0!0!. M%%,'!* *!9,!# ' :*%#! *!a,, )*#, '(a' a::+%0a' &a, ' a :!*,a))*%!!#. ,*+/" ' + a' '(! %$:*'a0! 9 %', 00!* &%'( a# '(! 0+,!!,, 9 %',*!+a'%,(%: ' '(! ,/=!0' $a''!*.

S)+" N*'( Ca,' &a, a/+! ' ,(& '(a' %' 9+9%++!# '(! *!>%*!$!', 9 a :!*, a))*%!!#/!%) a *!,:!0'!# *!,:,%/+! a# *!0)%,!# !%*$!'a+ /#yD%99!*!0! '"%$!a, '(a' '(! 0a,! %, Pcloser to the line where a s)ecial interest in the sub=ectmatter of the action endsQ. S(&!# '(a' %', 00!*, &!*! 9a* $*! '(a P +/**) *+/)Q !,. A8/, Act +, /* +/*/-- *


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:+a%'%99 $,' ,(& '(a' (!,(! (a, /!! P,:!0%a++y a99!0'!#Q %.!. ' a ,/,'a'%a++y )*!a'!* #!)*!!* % a ,%)%9%0a'+y #%99!*!' $a!* % 0$:a*%, &%'( '(! :/+%0 a' +a*)!. N' %>!+ya99!0'!# '(!*, $ay /! Pa99!0'!# % +%! $a!*Q./*,"T(! ,'a#%) *+!, #!* '(!"8@A "cta*! $*! +%/!*a+. L0(a*' 5 0$$!'!# '(a'%9 '(! :*%!,', &!*!8' )%! ,'a#%) '(! &( &+# /! ' 0(a++!)! '(! C!,*,(%: /a*#,#!0%,% ' a++& '(! $%!? T(! #%99!*!0! %"%%, '(a' ! !+,! &a, %'!*!,'!# % '(! ACF0a,! !0!:' '(! ACF.

,ight to life Association $N93( $Inc( v 9ecretaryF 8e#t of 2uman 9ervices and 2ealth

$%&&D( $.+.(T(! A,,0%a'% &*'! ' '(! S!0*!'a*y *!" :!*$%,,% )%! ' %$:*' a #*) 9* ,! % 0+%%0a+ '*%a+, &(%0('(! A,,0%a'% 0+a%$!# &a, 0'*a*y ' S'a'! a/*'% +a&,. S!0*!'a*y &a, ' :!*,a#!# /y A,,0%a'%8,0+a%$, a# #%# ' ,': '(! '*%a+,. A,,0%a'% ,)(' *!%!& 9 S!08, #!0%,%9a%+*! ' a0'.

I,,"T(! S!0*!'a*y a*)!# %'!* a+%a '(a' a::+%0a'% #%# ' *!+a'! ' a *!%!&a/+! #!0%,% a#'(! a::+%0a' +a0!# ,'a#%).R!,+'," Wa, a *!%!&a/+! #!0%,% G$$& #%,,!'%) /' A,,0%a'% (a# ,'a#%) #!* s-.

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e()ressio unius estas e(clusio ulterius '(! !:*!,, $!'% 9 ! '(%) %, '(!

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A. 9tatutory Inter#retation

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Acts inter#retation Act

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B. Presum#tions 1 ##.D%&1D)'

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grounds of @A and the accom)anying grounds in "8@A outline errors of law which

invalidate a decision and thus are =urisdictionalLultra vires. !n generalE it is difficult for

an admin body to mae an error of law and still be within =urisdiction

'rror of law

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'rror of factH

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A. Powers of rule ma>ers and #owers of administrators

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much entitled to decide that Duestion wrongly as it is to decide it rightlyM;T(! #0'*%a+ *!a, 9* (%,a::*a0( %, '(a' a++ '(! :%', (! $!'%!# )!, ' '(! a+%#%'y 9 '(! #!0%,% /' ' ' =*%,#%0'%.

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