Admin Law Case Bank w2

8/16/2019 Admin Law Case Bank w2

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Securities and Exchange Commission vs. Chenery

Corp., 332 US 194

Mendoza vs. Dizon, 77 Phil 533 (1946)

Realty Exchange Venture Co. vs. Sendino, 233

SCRA 665 (1994)

Antipolo Realty Co. vs. NHA, 153 SCRA 399 (1987)

Philippine International Trading Co. vs. Angeles, 263

SCRA 421 (1996)

Christian General Assembly vs. Ignacio, 597 SCRA

266 (2009)

Mitchell Coke and Coke Company vs. Pennsylvania

Railroad Co., 230 US 247 (1913)

US vs. Dorr, 2 Phil 332 (1903)

Cebu United Enterprises vs. Gallofin, 106 Phil 491

(1959)

Crisostomo vs. CA, 258 SCRA 134 (1996)

Viola vs. Alunan III, 277 SCRA 409 (1997)

Larin vs. Executive Secretary, 280 SCRA 713 (1997)

Dario vs. Mison, 176 SCRA 84 (1989)

Tondo Medical Center Employees Assoc. vs. CA, 527

SCRA 746 (2007)

Banda vs. Ermita, 618 SCRA 488 (2010)

Pichay, Jr. vs. Office of the Deputy Executive

Secretary, 677 SCRA 408 (2012)

Presidential Anti-Dollar Salting Task Force vs. CA,

171 SCRA 348 (1989)

Balanguan vs. CA, 562 SCRA 184 (2008)

Dacudao vs. Gonzales, 688 SCRA 109 (2003)

Olaguer vs. RTC, 170 SCRA 478 (1989)

Padua vs. Ranada, 390 SCRA 663 (2002)

Joson vs. Executive Secretary, 290 SCRA 279 (1998)

Eugenio vs. CSC, 242 SCRA 196 (1995)

Blaquera vs. Alcala, 295 SCRA 411 (1998)

Lumiqued vs. Exevea, 282 SCRA 125 (1997)

BANDA V. ERMITA G.R. No. 166620 April 20,2010

Jaworski vs PAGCOR and SAGE GR144463, 14 January 2004

MANTRUSTE SYSTEMS vs COURT OF APPEALS

PELAEZ VS AUDITOR GENERAL (196!

"#RISTIAN GENERAL ASSEMBL$ ("GA! VSSPS IGNA"IO (2009!

ENRI!E GARCIA "S E#EC!$I"E

SECRE$AR% &1''2(

TONDO MEDICAL CENTER EMPLOYEES

ASSOCIATION v THE COURT OF APPEALS

La Bugal-B)Laan v. Ramos

"o%&'r'%' o& M)ri*i+' A'%i'- . POEA

Gol/)*'r . ")r*'r, U.S. 996 (199!

Ol)3'r - RT", G.R. No. 4154. '7r3)r8 21,1949

Ppl - D)3838

D)3/)o - Go%)l'-, 644 S"RA 109 (2015!

D'+'*rio - Al7)

P)/3) - R)%)/)

APOE | AUSL | AY 2014-2015| Sat 9 - 12PM | Atty. Berns Guerrero | Ad!n La" #y $. %e Leon |&ee' 2( )*a+ter 2 )ases, Se+arat!on and %eeat!on o/ Po"ers


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Viol) - Al3%)%

ARNAULT vs EUSTAQUIO BALAGTAS

US - A% T)% #o, GR No. 1122

R*a+y E-./an* "*nur* Co vsS*ndino, 233 SCRA 66 &1''4(

Lu!na Send!no ed a o+a!nt /or S+e!Per/orane aa!nst E3 #e/ore t*e oeo/ A++eas, Ad6ud!at!on and Lea A7a!rs8OAALA o/ $LUB. E3 )aneed t*eontrat 8ent!ted eser:at!on Areeent/or t*e reser:at!on o/ Send!no o/ a 120 s;*ouse and ot !n Parana;ue. ? t*e Oe o/ t*e Pres o!tteda Ser!ous Error !n dear!n t*at $LUB *as;uas!-6ud!!a /unt!ons e:en t*ou* t*ere@snot e+ress rant #y EO 90.

%e!s!on( ?O. Set!on 1 o/ P% 144,+ro:!des(

CSet!on 1. n t*e eer!se o/ !ts /unt!ons toreuate rea estate trade and #us!ness and!n add!t!on to !ts +o"ers +ro:!ded /or !nPres!dent!a %eree ?o. 95D, t*e ?at!ona

$ous!n Aut*or!ty s*a *a:e eus!:e 6ur!sd!t!on to *ear and de!de ases o/ t*e/oo"!n nature(*anro#1es :!rtua 1a"!#rary

‘A. Unsound real estate business practices;

‘B. Claims involving refund and any other claims led by subdivision lot or condominium unit buyer against the project owner developer dealer bro!er or salesman; and



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‘C. Cases involving specic performance of contractual and statutory obligations led by buyers of subdivision lot or condominiumunit against the owner developer dealerbro!er or salesman."

=*ere !s no ;uest!on t*at a statute ay :esteus!:e or!!na 6ur!sd!t!on !n anad!n!strat!:e aeny o:er erta!n d!s+utesand ontro:ers!es /a!n "!t*!n t*e aeny@ss+e!a e+ert!se. =*e onst!tut!ona!ty o/ su* rant o/ eus!:e 6ur!sd!t!on to t*e?at!ona $ous!n Aut*or!ty 8no" $ous!nand Land Use euatory Board o:er ases!n:o:!n t*e sae o/ ots !n oer!asu#d!:!s!ons "as u+*ed !n =ro+!a $oesn. :. ?at!ona $ous!n Aut*or!ty 8152 S)A

540 19FD and aa!n susta!ned !n a aterde!s!on !n Ant!+oo eaty )or+orat!on :.?at!ona $ous!n Aut*or!ty 815 S)A 9919FD "*ere &e restated t*at t*e ?at!ona$ous!n Aut*or!ty 8no" $LUB s*a *a:eeus!:e 6ur!sd!t!on to reuate t*e reaestate trade and #us!ness !n aordane"!t* t*e ters o/ P% ?o. 95D "*!* denest*e ;uantu o/ 6ud!!a or ;uas!-6ud!!a+o"ers o/ sa!d aeny.

$LUB ust !nter+ret and a++y ontrats,deter!ne t*e r!*ts o/ t*e +art!es undert*ese ontrats, and a"ard daaes"*ene:er a++ro+r!ate. 15 &e /a! to see *o"t*e $S) - "*!* +ossessed 6ur!sd!t!on o:ert*e at!ons /or s+e! +er/orane /orontratua and statutory o#!at!ons ed #y#uyers o/ su#d!:!s!on ots aa!nst de:eo+ers- *ad suddeny ost !ts ad6ud!atory +o"ers#y t*e ere at o/ a *ane !n naet*rou* E.O. 90. One t*rust o/ t*eut!+!at!on o/ ad!n!strat!:e aen!es !s

t*at t*e !nter+retat!on o/ su* ontrats andareeents and t*e deter!nat!on o/ +r!:ater!*ts under t*ese areeents !s no oner aun!;uey 6ud!!a /unt!on. 1H =*e a#seneo/ any +ro:!s!on, e+ress or !+!ed, !n E. O.90, re+ea!n t*ose ;uas!-6ud!!a +o"ers!n*er!ted #y t*e $S) /ro t*e ?at!ona$ous!n Aut*or!ty, /urt*erore !!tatesaa!nst +et!t!onersI +os!t!on on t*e ;uest!on

&$EE


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!s an undue restr!t!on o/ trade, and *ene,unonst!tut!ona.- =*e tr!a ourt rued t*at P=)Is aut*or!ty to+roess and a++ro:e a++!at!ons /or !+ortsand to !ssue rues and reuat!ons *as

aready #een re+eaed #y EO ?o. 1, !ssuedon

to Be!6!n, a ne" a ne" trade areeent "asentered !nto #et"een t*e P*!!++!nes and)*!na, enoura!n !#era!at!on o/ trade#et"een t*e t"o ountr!es. =*ere#y t*ePres!dent d!ret!n t*e %e+artent o/ =radeand ndustry and t*e P=) to ease!+eent!n Ad!n!strat!:e Order ?o.SO)PE) F9-0F-01.

- n :!e" o/ t*e a#o:e /at, e!nton t*ene+ressed !ts des!re to *a:e t*e +resentat!on to #e deared oot and aade!.P=) d!sareed t*at t*e ase *as #eoeoot and aade! as a resut o/ a#roat!ono/ t*e sa!d Ad!n!strat!:e Order #eausee!nton st! *as outstand!n o#!at!on"!t* P=) ons!st!n o/ *ares /or t*e 0.5N)ounter E+ort %e:eo+ent Ser:!e #e/oret*e sa!d a#roat!on

ssue1( &>? P=) !s eay e+o"ered to!ssue Ad!n!strat!:e Orders.

ssue2( &>? Ad!n!strat!:e Order ?o.SO)PE) F9-0F-01 :a!d

%e!s!on(1

YES. P=) !s eay e+o"ered1 to !ssueAd!n!strat!:e Orders, as a :a!d eer!se o/ a +o"er an!ary to e!sat!on. $eneAd!n!strat!:e Order ?o. SO)PE) F9-0F-01!s onst!tut!ona

%!suss!on(

=*e P=) !s atta*ed to t*e %=2 8asesta#!s*ed #y EO 122 as an !+eent!nar o/ t*e sa!d de+artent.

=*e P=), as an !+eent!n ar o/ atta*ed as an !ntera +art o/ %= as one o/ !ts !ne aen!es, *as t*e aut*or!ty to !ssuet*e ;uest!oned Ad!n!strat!:e Order.

%e!s!on2(

?o. At*ou* P=) *as ;uas!-e!sat!:e+o"er, t*!s does not !+y *o"e:er, t*at t*esu#6et Ad!n!strat!:e Order !s :a!d eer!se

1 =*e rant o/ ;uas!-e!sat!:e +o"ers !n ad!n!strat!:e#od!es !s not unonst!tut!ona. =*us, as a resut o/ t*e ro"!no+e!ty o/ t*e odern so!ety !t *as #eoe neessary toreate ore and ore ad!n!strat!:e #od!es to *e+ !n t*ereuat!on o/ !ts ra!ed at!:!t!es. S+e!a!ed !n t*e+art!uar ed ass!ned to t*e, t*ey an dea "!t* t*e+ro#es t*ereo/ "!t* ore e+ert!se and d!s+at* t*an an#e e+eted /ro t*e e!sature or t*e ourts o/ 6ust!e. =*!s!s t*e reason /or t*e !nreas!n :esture o/ ;uas!-e!sat!:eand ;uas!-6ud!!a +o"ers !n "*at !s no" not unreasona#yaed t*e /ourt* de+artent o/ t*e o:ernent. 4E:!denty, !n t*e eer!se o/ su* +o"ers, t*e aenyonerned ust oony !nter+ret and a++y ontrats anddeter!ne t*e r!*ts o/ +r!:ate +art!es under su* ontrats.One t*rust o/ t*e ut!+!at!on o/ ad!n!strat!:e aen!es !st*at t*e !nter+retat!on o/ ontrats and t*e deter!nat!on o/+r!:ate r!*ts t*ereunder !s no oner un!;uey 6ud!!a/unt!on, eer!sa#e ony #y our reuar ourts. 8Ant!+ooeaty )or+orat!on :. ?at!ona $ous!n Aut*or!ty, G. ?o. L-50444, Auust 1, 19FD, 15 S)A 99.

2 As t*e +r!ary oord!nat!:e, +roote, /a!!tat!:e andreuatory ar o/ o:ernent /or t*e ountryIs trade,!ndustry and !n:estent at!:!t!es, "*!* s*a at as aatayst /or !ntens!ed +r!:ate setor at!:!ty !n order toaeerate and susta!n eono! ro"t*. n /urt*erane o/t*!s andate, t*e %= "as e+o"ered, aon ot*ers, to+an, !+eent, and oord!nate at!:!t!es o/ t*e o:ernentreated to trade !ndustry and !n:estents to /oruate andad!n!ster +o!!es and u!de!nes /or t*e !n:estent+r!or!t!es +an and t*e de!:ery o/ !n:estent !nent!:es to/oruate ountry and +rodut e+ort strate!es "*!* "!u!de t*e e+ort +root!on and de:eo+ent t*rusts o/ t*eo:ernent. )oroary, t*e Seretary o/ =rade and ndustry !s!:en t*e +o"er to +rouate rues and reuat!ons

neessary to arry out t*e de+artentIs o#6et!:es, +o!!es,+ans, +roras and +ro6ets



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o/ su*. =*e or!!na Ad!n!strat!:e Order!ssued on Auust 0, 19F9, under "*!* t*eres+ondents ed t*e!r a++!at!ons /or!+ortat!on, "as not +u#!s*ed !n t*e O!aGaette or !n a ne"s+a+er o/ enera

!ruat!on. =*e ;uest!oned Ad!n!strat!:eOrder, eay, unt! !t !s +u#!s*ed, !s !n:a!d"!t*!n t*e ontet o/ Art!e 2 o/ )!:! )ode. %!suss!on2(

#hus even before the trade balancingmeasures issued by the petitioner werelifted by $resident %idel &. 'amos the samewere never legally e(ective and privaterespondents therefore cannot be madesubject to them because Administrative

)rder *+,-*,-l embodying the same wasnever published as mandated by law for itse(ectivity.

%SPOS=3E PO=O?4

Art!e 2. La"s s*a ta'e e7et a/ter /teen days /oo"!nt*e o+et!on o/ t*e!r +u#!at!on !n t*e O!a Gaette 8or!n a ne"s+a+er o/ enera !ruat!on !n t*e P*!!++!nes,uness !t !s ot*er"!se +ro:!ded

4 A))O%?GLY, t*e assa!ed de!s!on o/ t*e o"er ourt !s*ere#y A


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ranted. =*erea/ter, t*e oods "erereeased to t*e +a!nt!7.

=*e !+ortat!on o/ t*e a/oresa!d s*!+ents"as ade under and #y :!rtue o/ an +ort

)ontro )o!ss!on L!ense ?o. 1225 !ssued#y t*e de/unt +ort )ontro )o!ss!on.Under t*e ters o/ t*e !ense, t*e +a!nt!7 oud !+ort, on a no-doar re!ttane#as!s, o:er!ssue ne"s+a+ers u+ to t*eaount or :aue o/ R11F,000.00.

=*e re/usa o/ t*e de/endant to de!:er t*e!+orted !tes !s +re!sed on *!s ontent!ont*at "*!e t*e :e #!s o/ ad!n o:er!n t*et"o s*!+ents o/ t*e o:er!ssue ne"s+a+ers"ere a dated at Los Anees, U.S.A.

%ee#er 1D, 195, or one day #e/ore t*ee+!rat!on o/ t*e !+ort !ense !n ;uest!on,t*e :esses M>S 3E?=UA and M>S BA=AA?,arry!n on #oard t*e sa!d er*and!se,a.ua++y +*8 /* ors o8 *9arkaion,Los Anees, and San


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a/ter !ssuane o/ t*e a++eeeIs !ense andannot #e read !nto t*e sae

A++ea o/ t*e %e/endant "as d!s!ssed

Crisoso9o vs CA, 25 SCRA 134&1''6(

GR No 1062'6 Ju+y , 1''6

- Pet!t!oner sa#eo )r!sostoo "as Pres!dento/ t*e P*!!++!ne )oee o/ )oere 8P)),*a:!n #een a++o!nted to t*at +os!t!on #yt*e Pres!dent o/ t*e P*!!++!nes on Quy 1D,19D4.

- ="o ad!n!strat!:e ases "ere ed aa!nst+et!t!oner /or !ea use o/ o:ernent:e*!es, !sa++ro+r!at!on o/ onstrut!onater!as #eon!n to t*e oee,o++ress!on and *arassent, ra:e!sondut, ne+ot!s and d!s*onesty. =*ead!n!strat!:e ases, "*!* "ere ed "!t*t*e Oe o/ t*e Pres!dent, "eresu#se;uenty re/erred to t*e Oe o/ t*eSo!!tor Genera /or !n:est!at!on.- Pet!t!oner "as t*en +re:ent!:ey sus+ended

/ro oe- On A+r! 1, 19DF, P.%. ?o. 141 "as !ssued#y t*en Pres!dent


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t*e sae +os!t!on a/ter !t *ad #eoe:aant !n onse;uene o/ t*e ret!reent o/ %r. Prudente.



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:arin vs E-*.uiv* S*. &GR No112;4 O.o*r 16, 1'';(


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%SPOS=3E PO=O?10

Pi./ay vs O

=*ousand =*ree $undred Se:enty Se:en8445,DD s*ares o/ sto' o/ E+ress Sa:!nsBan', n.

- Pet!t!oner ed a Mot!on to %!s!ss EA#undante Ad )autea an!/est!n t*at aase !n:o:!n t*e sae transat!on and*are o/ ra:e !sondut ent!ted,

ust!o B. =uto, et a. :. Pros+ero P!*ay, eta., and do'eted as OMB-)-A-10-042H-, !saready +end!n #e/ore t*e Oe o/ t*eO#udsan.

- n assa!!n t*e onst!tut!ona!ty o/ E.O. 1,+et!t!oner asse:erates t*at t*e Pres!dent !snot aut*or!ed under any e!st!n a" toreate t*e n:est!at!:e and Ad6ud!atory%!:!s!on, Oe o/ t*e %e+uty Eeut!:eSeretary /or Lea A7a!rs 8A%-O%ESLA andt*at #y reat!n a ne", add!t!ona andd!st!nt oe tas'ed "!t* ;uas!-6ud!!a/unt!ons, t*e Pres!dent *as not ony usur+edt*e +o"ers o/ onress to reate a +u#!oe, a++ro+r!ate /unds and deeate ;uas!-

6ud!!a /unt!ons to ad!n!strat!:e aen!es#ut *as aso enroa*ed u+on t*e +o"ers o/ t*e O#udsan. Pet!t!oner a:ers t*at t*eunonst!tut!ona!ty o/ E.O. 1 !s aso e:!dent"*en "e!*ed aa!nst t*e due +roessre;u!reent and e;ua +rotet!on auseunder t*e 19FD )onst!tut!on.

ssue(

&>? E.O. 1 !s U?)O?S==U=O?AL


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?O. =*e Pres!dent *as )ont!nu!n Aut*or!tyto eoran!e t*e Eeut!:e %e+artentunder E.O. 29214. Set!on 1 o/ E.O. 292,:ests !n t*e Pres!dent t*e ont!nu!naut*or!ty to reoran!e t*e oes under *!

!n order to a*!e:e s!+!!ty, eonoy ande!eny.

%!suss!on(- =*e a" rants t*e Pres!dent t*!s +o"er !nreon!t!on o/ t*e reurr!n need o/ e:eryPres!dent to reoran!e *!s oe to a*!e:es!+!!ty, eonoy and e!eny.

- =*e Oe o/ t*e Pres!dent !s t*e ner:eenter o/ t*e Eeut!:e Bran*. =o rea!ne7et!:e and e!ent, t*e Oe o/ t*e

Pres!dent ust #e a+a#e o/ #e!n s*a+edand res*a+ed #y t*e Pres!dent !n t*e anner*e dees t to arry out *!s d!ret!:es and+o!!es. A/ter a, t*e Oe o/ t*e Pres!dent!s t*e oand +ost o/ t*e Pres!dent.- =*e a#o!t!on o/ t*e PAG) and t*e trans/ero/ !ts /unt!ons to a d!:!s!on s+e!ay reated"!t*!n t*e O%ESLA !s +ro+ery "!t*!n t*e+reroat!:e o/ t*e Pres!dent under *!sont!nu!n deeated e!sat!:e aut*or!ty toreoran!e *!s o"n oe +ursuant to E.O.292.

- $ere, t*e Pet!t!oner !s a Pres!dent!aA++o!ntee15. Pet!t!oner !s a +res!dent!aa++o!ntee ou+y!n t*e *!*-e:e +os!t!ono/ )*a!ran o/ t*e L&UA. ?eessar!y, *eoes under t*e d!s!+!nary 6ur!sd!t!on o/ t*e Pres!dent, "*o !s "e "!t*!n *!s r!*t toorder an !n:est!at!on !nto atters t*atre;u!re *!s !n/ored de!s!on.- Presu+t!on o/ )onst!tut!ona!ty1H

VVVVVVVVVVV

14 ot*er"!se 'no"n as t*e Ad!n!strat!:e )ode o/ 19FD

15 Pres!dent!a a++o!ntees oe under t*e d!ret d!s!+!n!naut*or!ty o/ t*e Pres!dent. =*!s +roeeds /ro t*e "e setted+r!n!+e t*at, !n t*e a#sene o/ a ontrary a", t*e +o"er toreo:e or to d!s!+!ne !s oded !n t*e sae aut*or!ty on"*!* t*e +o"er to a++o!nt !s :ested.2 $a:!n t*e +o"er toreo:e and>or d!s!+!ne +res!dent!a a++o!ntees, t*e

Pres!dent *as t*e oroary aut*or!ty to !n:est!ate su*+u#! o!as and oo' !nto t*e!r ondut !n oe.

1H E:ery a" *as !n !ts /a:or t*e +resu+t!on o/onst!tut!ona!ty, and to 6ust!/y !ts nu!at!on, t*ere ust #ea ear and une;u!:oa #rea* o/ t*e )onst!tut!on, not adou#t/u and aruentat!:e one.9Pet!t!oner *as /a!ed tod!s*are t*e #urden o/ +ro:!n t*e !ea!ty o/ E.O. 1,"*!* S !ndu#!ta#y a :a!d eer!se o/ t*e Pres!dentIs

ont!nu!n aut*or!ty to reoran!e t*e Oe o/ t*e Pres!dent.



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@a+anuan * a+ vs CA &1'/ =ivision(GR 1;430 , 2005

- Pet!t!on /or )ert!orar! assa!!n t*e %e!s!onand esout!on o/ )A "> annued and setas!de t*e esout!on o/ %OQ !n $SB) :sBaanuan "*!* d!s!ssed t*e r!!nao+a!nt /or Esta/a ed aa!nst t*eBaanuan.

- n t*!s Pet!t!on, Baanuans ure t*e S) tore:erse and set as!de t*e de!s!on o/ )A andaord!ny, d!s!ss t*e o+a!nt aa!nstt*e !n :!e" o/ t*e a#sene o/ +ro#a#e

ause

- $SB) ed an esta/a ase aa!nstBaanuans "*!* "as d!s!ssed #y t*eProseutor !n !ts esout!on, nd!n no+ro#a#e ause. $SB) a++eaed to t*eSeretary o/ %OQ #y eans o/ a Pet!t!on /or

e:!e" "*!* "as aso d!s!ssed. M "asaso den!ed.- $SB) t*en "ent to )A #y eans o/ Pet!t!on/or )ert!orar! t*ere#y annu!n and sett!nas!de t*e resout!ons o/ t*e %OQ. Baanuansed an M #e/ore t*e )A #ut "as den!ed.

SSUE( &>?

%e!s!on(- =*e Proseutor eeeded *!s aut*or!ty andra:ey a#used *!s d!sret!on. t ust #e

ree#ered t*at a nd!n o/ +ro#a#eause does not re;u!re an !n;u!ry !nto"*et*er t*ere !s su!ent e:!dene to+roure a on:!t!on. t !s enou* t*at !t !s#e!e:ed t*at t*e at or o!ss!on o+a!nedo/ onst!tutes t*e o7ense *ared.

%!suss!on(

- =*e )ourt o/ A++eas /ound /aut !n t*e%OQIs /a!ure to !dent!/y and d!suss t*e!ssues ra!sed #y $SB) !n !ts Pet!t!on /ore:!e". And, !n su++ort t*ereo/, $SB)a!nta!ns t*at !t !s !norret to arue t*at !t"as not neessary /or t*e Seretary o/

Qust!e to *a:e *!s resout!on re!te t*e /atsand t*e a" on "*!* !t "as #ased, #eauseourts and ;uas!-6ud!!a #od!es s*oud/a!t*/uy o+y "!t* Set!on 14, Art!e 3o/ t*e )onst!tut!on re;u!r!n t*at de!s!onsrendered #y t*e s*oud state eary andd!st!nty t*e /ats o/ t*e ase and t*e a"on "*!* t*e de!s!on !s #ased

- t ust #e ree#ered t*at a +re!!nary!n:est!at!on !s not a ;uas!-6ud!!a+roeed!n, and t*at t*e %OQ !s not a ;uas!-

6ud!!a aeny1D eer!s!n a ;uas!-6ud!!a/unt!on "*en !t re:!e"s t*e nd!ns o/ a+u#! +roseutor reard!n t*e +resene o/ +ro#a#e ause

1D A ;uas!-6ud!!a aeny +er/ors ad6ud!atory /unt!onssu* t*at !ts a"ards, deter!ne t*e r!*ts o/ +art!es, and t*e!rde!s!ons *a:e t*e sae e7et as 6udents o/ a ourt. A;uas!-6ud!!a aeny +er/ors ad6ud!atory /unt!ons su*

t*at !ts a"ards, deter!ne t*e r!*ts o/ +art!es, and t*e!rde!s!ons *a:e t*e sae e7et as 6udents o/ a ourt.



13/50

- =*ou* soe ases desr!#e t*e +u#!+roseutorIs +o"er to ondut a +re!!nary!n:est!at!on as ;uas!-6ud!!a !n nature, t*!s!s true ony to t*e etent t*at, !'e ;uas!-

6ud!!a #od!es

1F

, t*e +roseutor !s an oero/ t*e eeut!:e de+artent eer!s!n+o"ers a'!n to t*ose o/ a ourt, and t*es!!ar!ty ends at t*!s +o!nt.

- =*e aeed !rustanes o/ t*e ase at#ar a'e u+ t*e eeents o/ a#use o/ ondene, dee!t or /rauduent eans, anddaae under Art. 15 o/ t*e e:!sed Pena)ode on esta/a and>or ;ua!ed esta/a. =*ey!:e r!se to t*e +resu+t!on or reasona#e#e!e/ t*at t*e o7ense o/ esta/a *as #een

o!tted and, t*us, t*e !n o/ ann/orat!on aa!nst +et!t!oners Berny andWat*erene !s "arranted.

- )ons!der!n t*e aeat!ons, !ssues andaruents addued, S) d!s!ssed t*e!nstant +et!t!on /or #e!n t*e "ron reedyunder t*e e:!sed ues o/ )ourt, as "e as/or +et!t!oner Berny and Wat*ereneIs /a!ureto su!enty s*o" t*at t*e *aened%e!s!on and esout!on o/ t*e )ourt o/ A++eas "ere rendered !n ra:e a#use o/ d!sret!on aount!n to a' or eess o/

6ur!sd!t!on.

E!GENIO vs CSC * a+ GR No 11563ar./ 31, 1''

1F A ;uas!-6ud!!a #ody !s an oran o/ o:ernent ot*ert*an a ourt and ot*er t*an a e!sature "*!* a7ets t*e

r!*ts o/ +r!:ate +art!es t*rou* e!t*er ad6ud!at!on or rue-a'!n.

7AC$SB .

Euen!o !s t*e %e+uty %!retor o/ t*e

P*!!++!ne ?uear esear* nst!tute. S*ea++!ed /or a )areer Eeut!:e Ser:!e 8)ESE!!#!!ty and a )ESO ran',. S*e "as !:en a)ES e!!#!!ty and "as reoended to t*ePres!dent /or a )ESO ran' #y t*e )areerEeut!:e Ser:!e Board.

=*en res+ondent )!:! Ser:!e)o!ss!on +assed a esout!on "*!*a#o!s*ed t*e )ESB, rey!n on t*e +ro:!s!onso/ Set!on 1D, =!te , Su#t!te A. Boo' 3 o/

t*e Ad!n!strat!:e )ode o/ 19FD aeedyon/err!n on t*e )o!ss!on t*e +o"er andaut*or!ty to e7et *anes !n !tsoran!at!on as t*e need ar!ses.Sa!d r*so+uion states(

JPursuant t*ereto, t*e )areer Eeut!:eSer:!e Board, s*a no" #e 'no"n as t*eOe /or )areer Eeut!:e Ser:!e o/ t*e)!:! Ser:!e )o!ss!on. Aord!ny, t*ee!st!n +ersonne, #udet, +ro+ert!es ande;u!+ent o/ t*e )areer Eeut!:e Ser:!eBoard s*a no" /or +art o/ t*e Oe /or)areer Eeut!:e Ser:!e.X


14/50

NO

1. =*e ontro!n /at !s t*at t*e )ESB "as

reated !n P% ?o. 1 on Se+te#er 1, 19D4 tannot #e d!s+uted, t*ere/ore, t*at as t*e)ESB "as reated #y a", !t an ony #ea#o!s*ed #y t*e e!sature. =*!s /oo"s anun#ro'en strea o/ ru!ns t*at t*e reat!onand a#o!t!on o/ +u#! oes !s +r!ar!y ae!sat!:e /unt!on

n t*e +et!t!on at #en*, t*e e!sature *as

not enated any a" aut*or!!n t*ea#o!t!on o/ t*e )ESB. On t*e ontrary, !n at*e Genera A++ro+r!at!ons Ats /ro 19D5to 199, t*e e!sature *as set as!de /unds/or t*e o+erat!on o/ )ESB.

es+ondent )o!ss!on, *o"e:er, !n:o'esSet!on 1D, )*a+ter , Su#t!te A. =!te ,Boo' 3 o/ t*e Ad!n!strat!:e )ode o/ 19FDas t*e soure o/ !ts +o"er to a#o!s* t*e)ESB.

But as "e +o!nted out #y +et!t!oner and t*eSo!!tor Genera, Set!on 1D ust #e readtoet*er "!t* Set!on 1H o/ t*e sa!d )ode"*!* enuerates t*e oes under t*eres+ondent )o!ss!on.

As read toet*er, t*e !nesa+a#e onus!on!s t*at res+ondent )o!ss!on@s +o"er toreoran!e !s !!ted to oes under !ts

ontro as enuerated !n Set!on 1H..

2. .


15/50

t*e )o!ss!on9ay **. ./an*s in /*oraniDaion as /* n**d aris*s

Se. 1H. )0ces in the Commission. =*e)o!ss!on s*a *a:e t*e /oo"!n oes(

81 #he )0ce of the 12ecutive

82 #he 3erit /ystem $rotectionBoard o+osed o/ a )*a!ran and t"o 82e#ers

8 #he )0ce of 4egal A(airs

84 #he )0ce of $lanning and 3anagement

85 #he Central Administrative )0ce.

8H #he )0ce of Central $ersonnel 'ecords

8D #he )0ce of $osition Classication andCompensation

8F #he )0ce of 'ecruitment 12aminationand $lacement

89 #he )0ce of Career /ystems and/tandards

810 #he )0ce of 5uman 'esource6evelopment

811 #he )0ce of $ersonnel 7nspection and Audit .

812 #he )0ce of $ersonnel 'elations

81 #he )0ce of Corporate A(airs

814 #he )0ce of 'etirement

815 #he 'egional and %ield )0ces.



16/50

@+au*ra vs A+.a+a

7a.sB On


17/50

=*e Pres!dent@s duty to eeute t*e a" !s o/ onst!tut!ona or!!n. So, too, !s *!s ontro o/ eeut!:e de+artents.

:u9iu*d vs E-*v*a

Se+te#er and Oto#er 19F9, *e ade

un!;u!dated as* ad:anes !n t*e totaaount o/ P11H,000.00-*ared "!t* o++ress!on and *arassent.Aord!n to +r!:ate res+ondent, *er t"o+re:!ous o+a!nts +ro+ted Lu!;ued to

reta!ate #y re!e:!n *er /ro *er +ost ase!ona )as*!er "!t*out 6ust ause

=*e %OQ ade a++ro+r!ate at!on #y /or!na o!ttee to !n:est!ate t*e o+a!ntsaa!nst Lu!;ued. [)o!ttee *ear!ns ont*e o+a!nts "ere onduted on Quy and10, 1992, #ut Lu!;ued "as not ass!sted #younse. On t*e seond *ear!n date, *eo:ed /or !ts resett!n to Quy 1D, 1992, toena#e *! to e+oy t*e ser:!es o/ ounse. =*e o!ttee ranted t*e ot!on,

#ut ne!t*er Lu!;ued nor *!s ounsea++eared on t*e date *e *!se/ *ad*osen, so t*e o!ttee deeed t*e asesu#!tted /or resout!on. At!n on t*e re+ortand reoendat!on, /orer Qust!eSeretary

On May 19, 1994, 20 *o"e:er, #e/ore *!sot!on oud #e reso:ed, Lu!;ued d!ed.On Se+te#er 2F, 1994, 21 Seretary\u!su#!n den!ed t*e seond ot!on /orreons!derat!on /or a' o/ er!t.



18/50

n :!e" o/ Lu!;uedIs deat* on May 19,1994, *!s *e!rs !nst!tuted t*!s +et!t!on /orert!orar! and andaus, ;uest!on!n su*order.

SSUES(1. &O? t*e ad!n!strat!:e !n:est!at!ononduted #y t*e %OQ !s :a!d.2. &O? t*e r!*t to ounse #y Lu!;ues"as :!oated.

$EL%(1. Yes. &*!e !t !s true t*at under t*eAd!n!strat!:e )ode o/ 19FD, t*e %OQ s*aad!n!ster t*e r!!na 6ust!e syste !naordane "!t* t*e ae+ted +roessest*ereo/ ons!st!n !n t*e !n:est!at!on o/ t*e

r!es, +roseut!on o/ o7enders andad!n!strat!on o/ t*e orret!ona syste,ondut!n r!!na !n:est!at!ons !s not !tssoe /unt!on. By !ts +o"er to +er/or su*ot*er /unt!ons as ay #e +ro:!ded #y a",+roseutors ay #e aed u+on to ondutad!n!strat!:e !n:est!at!ons. Aord!ny,t*e !n:est!at!n o!ttee reated #y%e+artent Order ?o. 145 "as duty-#oundto ondut t*e ad!n!strat!:e !n:est!at!on!n aordane "!t* t*e rues t*ere/or.Moreo:er, t*e o!tteeIs nd!ns +!nn!nu+a#!!ty /or t*e *ares o/ d!s*onesty andra:e !sondut u+on Lu!;ued "ere not,as s*o"n a#o:e, /rau*t "!t* +roedura!s*!e/

2. ?o. under e!st!n a"s, a +arty !n anad!n!strat!:e !n;u!ry ay or ay not #eass!sted #y ounse, !rres+et!:e o/ t*enature o/ t*e *ares and o/ t*eres+ondentIs a+a!ty to re+resent *!se/,and no duty rests on su* a #ody to /urn!s*

t*e +erson #e!n !n:est!ated "!t* ounse.n an ad!n!strat!:e +roeed!n su* as t*eone t*at trans+!red #eo", a res+ondent8su* as Lu!;ued *as t*e o+t!on o/ ena!n t*e ser:!es o/ ounse or not.Eer+ts /ro t*e transr!+t o/ stenora+*!notes o/ t*e *ear!ns attended #y Lu!;uedeary s*o" t*at *e "as ondent o/ *!sa+a!ty and so o+ted to re+resent *!se/ .

=*us, t*e r!*t to ounse !s not !+erat!:e!n ad!n!strat!:e !n:est!at!ons #eausesu* !n;u!r!es are onduted erey to

deter!ne "*et*er t*ere are /ats t*at er!td!s!+!nary easures aa!nst err!n +u#!

oers and e+oyees, "!t* t*e +ur+ose o/ a!nta!n!n t*e d!n!ty o/ o:ernentser:!e.



19/50

BANDA V. ERMITAG.R. No. 166620April 20, 2010

7AC$SB

Soet!e !n 19FD, =*e ?at!onaPr!nt!n Oe 8?PO "as /ored dur!n t*e

ter o/ /orer Pres!dent A;u!no #y :!rtue o/ Eeut!:e Order ?o. 2F5 "*!* +ro:!ded,

aon ot*ers, t*e reat!on o/ t*e ?PO /rot*e erer o/ t*e Go:ernent Pr!nt!nOe and t*e ree:ant +r!nt!n un!ts o/ t*eP*!!++!ne n/orat!on Aeny 8PA. n 2004,Pres!dent Arroyo !ssued Eeut!:e Order ?o.

DF on 2004 aend!n Set!on H o/ Eeut!:e Order ?o. 2F5 #y, !nter a!a,reo:!n t*e eus!:e 6ur!sd!t!on o/ t*e?PO o:er t*e +r!nt!n ser:!es re;u!reentso/ o:ernent aen!es and!nstruenta!t!es.

Pursuant to Eeut!:e Order ?o. DF,o:ernent aen!es and !nstruenta!t!esare ao"ed to soure t*e!r +r!nt!n ser:!es/ro t*e +r!:ate setor t*rou* o+et!t!:e#!dd!n, su#6et to t*e ond!t!on t*at t*e

ser:!es o7ered #y t*e +r!:ate su++!er #e o/ su+er!or ;ua!ty and o"er !n ost o+aredto "*at "as o7ered #y t*e ?PO. Eeut!:eOrder ?o. DF aso !!ted ?PO@sa++ro+r!at!on !n t*e Genera A++ro+r!at!onsAt to !ts !noe.

As su*, t*e +et!t!oners +ere!:ed t*atEeut!:e Order ?o. DF !s a t*reat to t*e!rseur!ty o/ tenure as e+oyees o/ t*e ?PO.$ene, t*ey ed t*!s +et!t!on.

ISS!ESB

a &*et*er or not Pres!dent Arroyo *ast*e +o"er to !ssue Eeut!:e Order?o. DF

# &*et*er or not EO DF !sonst!tut!ona

E:=B

a( %ES Pr*sid*n Arroyo wasran*d y +aw o issu* E-*.uiv*Ord*r No 3;5

=*e a" rants t*e Pres!dent t*e+o"er to reoran!e t*e Oe o/ t*ePres!dent !n reon!t!on o/ t*e reurr!n needo/ e:ery Pres!dent to reoran!e *!s or *eroe Jto a*!e:e s!+!!ty, eonoy ande!eny.X =o rea!n e7et!:e and e!ent,!t ust #e a+a#e o/ #e!n s*a+ed andres*a+ed #y t*e Pres!dent !n t*e anner t*e)*!e/ Eeut!:e dees t to arry out+res!dent!a d!ret!:es and +o!!es. =*eAd!n!strat!:e )ode +ro:!des t*at t*e Oe

o/ t*e Pres!dent ons!sts o/ t*e Oe o/ t*ePres!dent Pro+er and t*e aen!es under !t.



20/50

=*e !ssuane o/ Eeut!:e Order ?o.DF #y Pres!dent Arroyo !s an eer!se o/ adeeated e!sat!:e +o"er ranted #y t*ea/oreent!oned Set!on 1, )*a+ter 10, =!te, Boo' o/ t*e Ad!n!strat!:e )ode o/

19FD, "*!* +ro:!des /or t*e ont!nu!naut*or!ty o/ t*e Pres!dent to reoran!e t*eOe o/ t*e Pres!dent, J!n order to a*!e:es!+!!ty, eonoy and e!eny.X =*!s !s aatter aready "e-entren*ed !n

6ur!s+rudene. =*e reoran!at!on o/ su* anoe t*rou* eeut!:e or ad!n!strat!:eorder !s aso reon!ed !n t*e Ad!n!strat!:e)ode o/ 19FD.

n t*e +resent !nstane, !n:o:!nne!t*er a#o!t!on nor trans/er o/ oes, t*e

assa!ed at!on !s a ere reoran!at!onunder t*e enera +ro:!s!ons o/ t*e a"ons!st!n a!ny o/ strea!n!n t*e ?=A !nt*e !nterest o/ s!+!!ty, eonoy ande!eny. t !s an at "e "!t*!n t*eaut*or!ty o/ t*e Pres!dent ot!:ated andarr!ed out, aord!n to t*e nd!ns o/ t*ea++eate ourt, !n ood /a!t*, a /atuaassessent t*at t*!s )ourt oud ony #utae+t.

( %ES EO 3;5 is .onsiuiona+

=*e #as! e:!dent!ary rue !s t*at *e "*oasserts a /at or t*e arat!:e o/ an !ssue*as t*e #urden o/ +ro:!n !t. =*e +et!t!oners/a!ed to aee, u* ess +ro:e, su!ent/ats to s*o" t*at t*e !!tat!on o/ t*e ?PO@s#udet to !ts o"n !noe "oud !ndeed eadto t*e a#o!t!on o/ t*e +os!t!on, or reo:a/ro oe, o/ any e+oyee. ?e!t*er d!dt*ey +resent any s*red o/ +roo/ o/ t*e!rassert!on t*at t*e *anes !n t*e /unt!onso/ t*e ?PO "ere /or +o!t!a ons!derat!ons

t*at *ad not*!n to do "!t* !+ro:!n t*ee!eny o/, or enoura!n o+erat!onaeonoy !n, t*e sa!d aeny.


21/50

#ater #it$in t$e territ(ria 4uris!icti(n (, t$eP$ii**ines.

$ie PAGCOR is a(#e! un!er its c$arter t( enter int( (*erat(r+s an!(r mana%ement c(ntracts" i* i-%o* )llo'/ 3%/'r *;' -)+' ;)r*'r *o r'li%


22/50

G.R. N(s. 78;':;1N(vem-er 8" 1979

MANTRUSTE SYSTEMS" INC." *etiti(ner"vs.T2E 2ON. COURT OF APPEALS" ASSETPRI@ATIATION TRUST" MAATI AGRO:TRA6ING" INC." an! LA FILIPINA UY GONGCO.CORP." res*(n!ents.

Facts0

: in 1978 at t$e time #$en Free!(m C(nstituti(n#as in ,(rceH Mantruste S)stem" Inc. MSIH entere!int( an =interim ease a%reement= #it$ t$e6eve(*ment Ban/ (, t$e P$ii**ines (#ner (, t$eBa)vie# Pa5a 2(teH #$erein t$e ,(rmer #(u!(*erate t$e $(te ,(r =a minimum (, t$ree m(nt$s(r unti suc$ time t$at t$e sai! *r(*erties are s(!t( MSI (r (t$er t$ir! *arties -) 6BP.

: On 6ecem-er 7" 1978 t$e Presi!ent issue!Pr(camati(n N(. ' entite! =Launc$in% a Pr(%ram,(r t$e E3*e!iti(us 6is*(siti(n (r Privati5ati(n (,

Certain G(vernment C(r*(rati(ns an!(r t$eacDuire!H Assets t$ere(," an! creatin% aC(mmittee (n Privati5ati(n an! t$e AssetPrivati5ati(n Trust.=

: T$e Ba)vie# 2(te *r(*erties #ere am(n% t$e%(vernment assets I!enti,ie! ,(r *rivati5ati(n an!#ere c(nseDuent) trans,erre! ,r(m 6BP t( APT ,(r !is*(siti(n.

: T( e,,ect t$e !is*(siti(n (, t$e *r(*ert)" t$e 6BPn(ti,ie! MSI t$at it #as terminatin% t$e =interim

ease a%reement.= in Se*t 197 a,ter m(re t$an a)earH

: MSI" in its re*) t( t$e sai! terminati(n" sai! t$at itis (, t$e (*ini(n t$at since its ease (n t$e $(te*r(*erties $as -een ,(r m(re t$an (ne )ear n(#"its ease status $as ta/en t$e c$aracter (, a (n%term (ne. As suc$ MSI as t$e essee $as acDuire!certain ri%$ts an! (, ,irm c(ntenti(n t$at it $asacDuire! a *ri(rit) ri%$t t( t$e *urc$ase (, Ba)vie#2(te *r(*erties (ver an! a-(ve (t$er intereste!*arties an! !(es n(t nee! t( *artici*ate in a*r(*ert) -i!!in% t$at #as (n %(in% at t$at time.



23/50

: APT res*(n!e! ,irm) t$at t$e) !isa%ree #it$MSI+s caims an! rec(mmen!e! t( 4(in t$e -i!!in%instea! s$(u! t$e) inten! t( acDuire t$e *r(*ert).

: Eventua)" Mantruste -ein% ,irm t( t$eir stan!"!i! n(t 4(in t$e -i!!in%. As a resut" t$e -i! #asa#ar!e! t( an(t$er c(m*an).: MSI ,ie! a Civi C(m*aint t( *revent suc$trans,er (, Ba)vie# an! ,r(m t$em -ein% e4ecte!.RTC ren!ere! a !ecisi(n in ,av(r (, MSI. : APT a**eae! t( CA. CA nui,ie! RTCJs !ecisi(n(n t$e %r(un! t$at RTCJs !ecisi(n is vi(ative (, Secti(n N Pr(camati(n N(. '" t$at #as *r(mu%ate!1978" $as cease! t( -e (*erative in vie# (, t$e197 C(nstituti(n: >N Sec


24/50

PELAEZ VS AUDITOR GENERAL (196!

A"TS?Pursuant t( Sec. 87 (, t$e Revise! A!ministrativeC(!e RACH (, 191" aut$(ri5in% t$e Presi!ent (, t$e P$ii**ines t( create ne# munici*aities am(n%(t$ers" t$en Presi!ent Maca*a%aH issue!E3ecutive Or!ers creatin%


25/50

At$(u%$ C(n%ress ma) !ee%ate t( an(t$er -ranc$ (, t$e G(vernment t$e *(#er t( ,i in t$e!etais in t$e e3ecuti(n" en,(rcement (r a!ministrati(n (, a a#" it is essentia" t( ,(resta avi(ati(n (, t$e *rinci*e (, se*arati(n (, *(#ers"t$at sai! a#0

aH -e c(m*ete in itse, K it must set ,(rt$ t$ereint$e *(ic) t( -e e3ecute!" carrie! (ut (r im*emente! -) t$e !ee%ate K an!

-H ,i3 a stan!ar! K t$e imits (, #$ic$ aresu,,icient) !eterminate (r !etermina-e K t( #$ic$t$e !ee%ate must c(n,(rm in t$e *er,(rmance (, $is ,uncti(ns.

>it$(ut a statut(r) !ecarati(n (, *(ic)" t$e

!ee%ate #(u! in e,,ect" ma/e (r ,(rmuate suc$*(ic)" #$ic$ is t$e essence (, ever) a# an!"#it$(ut t$e a,(rementi(ne! stan!ar!" t$ere #(u!-e n( means t( !etermine" #it$ reas(na-ecertaint)" #$et$er t$e !ee%ate $as acte! #it$in (r -e)(n! t$e sc(*e (, $is aut$(rit). 2ence" $e c(u!t$ere-) arr(%ate u*(n $imse, t$e *(#er" n(t (n)t( ma/e t$e a#" -ut" as( K an! t$is is #(rse K t(unma/e it" -) a!(*tin% measures inc(nsistent #it$t$e en! s(u%$t t( -e attaine! -) t$e Act (, C(n%ress" t$us nui,)in% t$e *rinci*e (, se*arati(n(, *(#ers an! t$e s)stem (, c$ec/s an! -aances"

an!" c(nseDuent)" un!erminin% t$e ver),(un!ati(n (, (ur Re*u-ican s)stem.

Furt$er" t$e 19


26/50

#it$ its c(ntractua an! statut(r) (-i%ati(ns t(ma/e t$e su-!ivisi(n a -etter *ace t( ive in.

In %enera" t$e Duantum (, 4u!icia (r Duasi:4u!icia*(#ers #$ic$ an a!ministrative a%enc) ma)e3ercise is !e,ine! in t$e ena-in% act (, suc$a%enc). In (t$er #(r!s" t$e e3tent t( #$ic$ ana!ministrative entit) ma) e3ercise suc$ *(#ers!e*en!s ar%e)" i, n(t #$() (n t$e *r(visi(ns (, t$e statute creatin% (r em*(#erin% suc$ a%enc). Int$e e3ercise (, suc$ *(#ers" t$e a%enc)c(ncerne! must c(mm(n) inter*ret an! a**)c(ntracts an! !etermine t$e ri%$ts (, *rivate*arties un!er suc$ c(ntracts" One t$rust (, t$emuti*icati(n (, a!ministrative a%encies is t$at *;'i%*'rpr'*)*io% o& o%*r)*- )%/ *;'/'*'r+i%)*io% o& pri)*' ri;*- *;'r'3%/'r i- %o

lo%'r ) 3%i


27/50

2e c(nten!s t$at since t$e C(nstituti(n vests t$e

aut$(rit) t( enact revenue -is in C(n%ress" t$e

Presi!ent ma) n(t assume suc$ *(#er -) issuin%

E3ecutive Or!ers N(s. ; an! ;7 #$ic$ are in

t$e nature (, revenue:%eneratin% measures.

ISSUE? >$et$er (r n(t EO ; an! ;7 are

c(nstituti(na.

#ELD? Un!er Secti(n &;" Artice @I (, t$e

C(nstituti(n" t$e enactment (, a**r(*riati(n"

revenue an! tari,, -is" i/e a (t$er -is is" (,

c(urse" #it$in t$e *r(vince (, t$e Le%isative rat$er

t$an t$e E3ecutive 6e*artment. It !(es n(t ,((#"

$(#ever" t$at E3ecutive Or!ers N(s. ; an! ;7"

assumin% t$e) ma) -e c$aracteri5e! as revenue

measures" are *r($i-ite! t( -e e3ercise! -) t$e

Presi!ent" t$at t$e) must -e enacte! instea! -)

t$e C(n%ress (, t$e P$ii**ines.

Secti(n &7&H (, Artice @I (, t$e C(nstituti(n

*r(vi!es as ,((#s0

(2) *"e Congress may! by la&!

aut"ori#e t"e President to fi$ &it"in

specified limits! and sub+ect to suc"

limitations and restrictions as it may impose! tariff rates! import and

e$port quotas! tonnage and

&"arfage dues! and ot"er duties or

imposts &it"in t"e frame&or, of t"e

national development program of

t"e -overnment.

T$ere is t$us e3*icit c(nstituti(na *ermissi(n t(C(n%ress t( aut$(ri5e t$e Presi!ent su-4ect t(

suc$ imitati(ns an! restricti(ns as C(n%ress ma)

im*(se t( ,i3 #it$in s*eci,ic imits tari,, rates . . .

an! (t$er !uties (r im*(sts . . . . In t$is case" it is

t$e Tari,, an! Cust(ms C(!e #$ic$ aut$(ri5e! t$e

Presi!ent t( issue t$e sai! EOs.

TONDO MEDICAL CENTER EMPLOYEES

ASSOCIATION v THE COURT OF APPEALS

527 SCRA 746 G.R. No. 167324 - on delegation

of powers

J. Chico-Nazario

Facts:

In 1999, the DOH launched the Health Sector

Reform Agenda (HSRA). It provided for five general

areas of reform:

To provide fiscal autonomy to government

hospitals;



28/50

Secure funding for priority public health

programs;

Promote the development of local health

systems and ensure its effective performance;

Strengthen the capacities of healthregulatory agencies;

Expand the coverage of the National Health

Insurance Program (NHIP)

On 24 May 1999, then President Joseph Ejercito

Estrada issued Executive Order No. 102, entitled

JRedirecting the Functions and Operations of the

Department of Health,X which provided for the

changes in the roles, functions, and organizational

processes of the DOH. Under the assailed

executive order, the DOH refocused its mandate

from being the sole provider of health services to

being a provider of specific health services and

technical assistance, as a result of the devolution

of basic services to local government units.

A petition for the nullification of the Health Sector

Reform Agenda (HSRA) Philippines 1999-2004 of

the Department of Health (DOH); and Executive

Order No. 102,JRedirecting the Functions andOperations of the Department of Health,X

Petitioners alleged that the HSRA should be

declared void, since it runs counter to the

aspiration and ideals of the Filipino people as

embodied in the Constitution. They claim that the

HSRA's policies of fiscal autonomy, income

generation, and revenue enhancement violate

Sections 5, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15 and 18 of Article II,

Section 1 of Article III; Sections 11 and 14 of

Article XIII; and Sections 1 and 3 of Article XV of

the 1987 Constitution. Such policies allegedly

resulted in making inaccessible free medicine and

free medical services.

The Court of Appeals ruled that the HSRA cannot

be declared void for violating Sections 5, 9, 10, 11,

13, 15, 18 of Article II; Section 1 of Article III;

Sections 11 and 14 of Article XIII; and Sections 1and 3(2) of Article XV, all of the 1987 Constitution,

which directly or indirectly pertain to the duty of the

State to protect and promote the people@s right to

health and well-being. It reasoned that the

aforementioned provisions of the Constitution are

not self-executing; they are not judiciallyenforceable constitutional rights and can only

provide guidelines for legislation. The Court of

Appeals held that Executive Order No. 102 is

detrimental to the health of the people cannot be

made a justiciable issue. The question of whether

the HSRA will bring about the development or

disintegration of the health sector is within the

realm of the political department.

Issue:

WON EO 102 is void on the ground that it was

issued in excess of the president's authority.

Held: No. EO 102 is valid.

Executive Order No. 102 is well within the

constitutional power of the President to issue. The

President did not usurp any legislative prerogativein issuing Executive Order No. 102. It is an

exercise of the President's constitutional power of

control over the executive department, supported

by the provisions of the Administrative Code,

recognized by other statutes, and consistently

affirmed by this Court.

The HSRA cannot be nullified based solely on

petitioners' bare allegations that it violates the

general principles expressed in the non self-

executing provisions they cite herein. There are two

reasons for denying a cause of action to an alleged

infringement of broad constitutional principles:

basic considerations of due process and the

limitations of judicial power.

Petitioners also claim that Executive Order No. 102

is void on the ground that it was issued by the

President in excess of his authority. They maintainthat the structural and functional reorganization of



29/50

the DOH is an exercise of legislative functions,

which the President usurped when he issued

Executive Order No. 102. This line of argument is

without basis.

In Domingo v. Zamora, this Court explained the

rationale behind the President's continuing

authority under the Administrative Code to

reorganize the administrative structure of the Office

of the President. The law grants the President the

power to reorganize the Office of the President in

recognition of the recurring need of every President

to reorganize his or her office "to achieve simplicity,

economy and efficiency." To remain effective and

efficient, it must be capable of being shaped and

reshaped by the President in the manner the Chief

Executive deems fit to carry out presidential

directives and policies.

IN VIEW OF THE FOREGOING, the instant

Petition is DENIED. This Court AFFIRMS the

assailed Decision of the Court of Appeals,

promulgated on 26 November 2004, declaring both

the HSRA and Executive Order No. 102 as valid.No costs.



30/50

La Bugal-B)Laan v. Ramos

G.R. No. 127882. December 1, 2004. J.

Panganiban

Facts:

The Petition for Prohibition and Mandamus before

the Court challenges the constitutionality of (1)

Republic Act 7942 (The Philippine Mining Act of

1995); (2) its Implementing Rules and Regulations

(DENR Administrative Order [DAO] 96-40); and (3)

the Financial and Technical Assistance Agreement

(FTAA) dated 30 March 1995, executed by the

government with Western Mining Corporation

(Philippines), Inc. (WMCP).

On 27 January 2004, the Court en bancpromulgated its Decision, granting the Petition and

declaring the unconstitutionality of certain

provisions of RA 7942, DAO 96-40, as well as of

the entire FTAA executed between the government

and WMCP, mainly on the finding that FTAAs are

service contracts prohibited by the 1987Constitution. The Decision struck down the subject

FTAA for being similar to service contracts,[9]

which, though permitted under the 1973

Constitution, were subsequently denounced for

being antithetical to the principle of sovereignty

over our natural resources, because they allowed

foreign control over the exploitation of our natural

resources, to the prejudice of the Filipino nation.

The Decision quoted several legal scholars and

authors who had criticized service contracts for,

inter alia, vesting in the foreign contractor exclusive

management and control of the enterprise,

including operation of the field in the event

petroleum was discovered; control of production,

expansion and development; nearly unfettered

control over the disposition and sale of the

products discovered/extracted; effective ownership

of the natural resource at the point of extraction;and beneficial ownership of our economic

resources. According to the Decision, the 1987

Constitution (Section 2 of Article XII) effectively

banned such service contracts. Subsequently,

Victor O. Ramos (Secretary, Department of

Environment and Natural Resources [DENR]),

Horacio Ramos (Director, Mines and Geosciences

Bureau [MGB-DENR]), Ruben Torres (Executive

Secretary), and the WMC (Philippines) Inc. filed

separate Motions for Reconsideration.

Petitioners argued that no amendatory laws have

been passed to make the Mining Act of 1995

conform to constitutional strictures (assuming that,

at present, it does not); that public respondents will

continue to implement and enforce the statute until

this Court rules otherwise; and that the said law

continues to be the source of legal authority in

accepting, processing and approving numerousapplications for mining rights.



31/50

Issue:

WON the court can decide on the controversy on

the ground that it is a justiciable question.

Held: Yes, it is a justiciable question.

All the protagonists are in agreement that the Court

has jurisdiction to decide this controversy, even

assuming it to be moot.

Petitioners stress the following points. First, while

a case becomes moot and academic whenJthere

is no more actual controversy between the parties

or no useful purpose can be served in passing

upon the merits,X[18] what is at issue in the instant

case is not only the validity of the WMCP FTAA, but

also the constitutionality of RA 7942 and its

Implementing Rules and Regulations. Second, the

acts of private respondent cannot operate to cure

the law of its alleged unconstitutionality or to divest

this Court of its jurisdiction to decide. Third, the

Constitution imposes upon the Supreme Court theduty to declare invalid any law that offends the

Constitution.

Petitioners also argue that no amendatory laws

have been passed to make the Mining Act of 1995

conform to constitutional strictures (assuming that,

at present, it does not); that public respondents will

continue to implement and enforce the statute until

this Court rules otherwise; and that the said law

continues to be the source of legal authority in

accepting, processing and approving numerous

applications for mining rights.

Indeed, it appears that as of June 30, 2002, some

43 FTAA applications had been filed with the Mines

and Geosciences Bureau (MGB), with an

aggregate area of 2,064,908.65 hectares -- spread

over Luzon, the Visayas and Mindanao[19] --

applied for. It may be a bit far-fetched to assert, aspetitioners do, that each and every FTAA that was

entered into under the provisions of the Mining Act

Jinvites potential litigationX for as long as the

constitutional issues are not resolved with finality.

Nevertheless, we must concede that there exists

the distinct possibility that one or more of the futureFTAAs will be the subject of yet another suit

grounded on constitutional issues.

But of equal if not greater significance is the cloud

of uncertainty hanging over the mining industry,

which is even now scaring away foreign

investments. Attesting to this climate of anxiety is

the fact that the Chamber of Mines of the

Philippines saw the urgent need to intervene in the

case and to present its position during the Oral

Argument; and that Secretary General Romulo Neri

of the National Economic Development Authority

(NEDA) requested this Court to allow him to speak,

during that Oral Argument, on the economic

consequences of the Decision of January 27, 2004.

[20]

We are convinced. We now agree that the Court

must recognize the exceptional character of thesituation and the paramount public interest

involved, as well as the necessity for a ruling to put

an end to the uncertainties plaguing the mining

industry and the affected communities as a result

of doubts cast upon the constitutionality and validity

of the Mining Act, the subject FTAA and future

FTAAs, and the need to avert a multiplicity of suits.

Paraphrasing Gonzales v. Commission on

Elections,[21] it is evident that strong reasons of

public policy demand that the constitutionality issue

be resolved now.[22]

In further support of the immediate resolution of the

constitutionality issue, public respondents cite Acop

v. Guingona,[23] to the effect that the courts will

decide a question -- otherwise moot and academic

-- if it is Jcapable of repetition, yet evading

review.X[24] Public respondents ask the Court to

avoid a situation in which the constitutionality issuemay again arise with respect to another FTAA, the



32/50

resolution of which may not be achieved until after

it has become too late for our mining industry to

grow out of its infancy. They also recall Salonga v.

Cruz Pa]o,[25] in which this Court declared that

J(t)he Court also has the duty to formulate guidingand controlling constitutional principles, precepts,

doctrines or rules. It has the symbolic function of

educating the bench and bar on the extent of

protection given by constitutional guarantees. x x

x.X

The mootness of the case in relation to the WMCP

FTAA led the undersigned ponente to state in his

dissent to the Decision that there was no more

justiciable controversy and the plea to nullify the

Mining Law has become a virtual petition for

declaratory relief.[26] The entry of the Chamber of

Mines of the Philippines, Inc., however, has put into

focus the seriousness of the allegations of

unconstitutionality of RA 7942 and DAO 96-40

which converts the case to one for prohibition[27] in

the enforcement of the said law and regulations.

Indeed, this CMP entry brings to fore that the realissue in this case is whether paragraph 4 of

Section 2 of Article XII of the Constitution is

contravened by RA 7942 and DAO 96-40, not

whether it was violated by specific acts

implementing RA 7942 and DAO 96-40.J[W]hen

an act of the legislative department is seriously

alleged to have infringed the Constitution, settling

the controversy becomes the duty of this Court. By

the mere enactment of the questioned law or the

approval of the challenged action, the dispute is

said to have ripened into a judicial controversy

even without any other overt act.X[28] This ruling

can be traced from Ta]ada v. Angara,[29] in which

the Court said:

JIn seeking to nullify an act of the Philippine

Senate on the ground that it contravenes the

Constitution, the petition no doubt raises a

justiciable controversy. Where an action of thelegislative branch is seriously alleged to have

infringed the Constitution, it becomes not only the

right but in fact the duty of the judiciary to settle the

dispute.

x x x x x x

x x xJAs this Court has repeatedly and firmly

emphasized in many cases, it will not shirk, digress

from or abandon its sacred duty and authority to

uphold the Constitution in matters that involve

grave abuse of discretion brought before it in

appropriate cases, committed by any officer,

agency, instrumentality or department of the

government.X[30]

Additionally, the entry of CMP into this case has

also effectively forestalled any possible objections

arising from the standing or legal interest of the

original parties.

For all the foregoing reasons, we believe that the

Court should proceed to a resolution of the

constitutional issues in this case.

AFTER ALL IS SAID AND DONE, it is clear thatthere is unanimous agreement in the Court upon

the key principle that the State must exercise full

control and supervision over the exploration,

development and utilization of mineral resources.

This Court cannot but be mindful that any decision

rendered in this case will ultimately impact not only

the cultural communities which lodged the instant

Petition, and not only the larger community of the

Filipino people now struggling to survive amidst a

fiscal/budgetary deficit, ever increasing prices of

fuel, food, and essential commodities and services,

the shrinking value of the local currency, and a

government hamstrung in its delivery of basic

services by a severe lack of resources, but also

countless future generations of Filipinos.

For this latter group of Filipinos yet to be born, their

eventual access to education, health care andbasic services, their overall level of well-being, the



33/50

very shape of their lives are even now being

determined and affected partly by the policies and

directions being adopted and implemented by

government today. And in part by the this

Resolution rendered by this Court today.

Verily, the mineral wealth and natural resources of

this country are meant to benefit not merely a

select group of people living in the areas locally

affected by mining activities, but the entire Filipino

nation, present and future, to whom the mineral

wealth really belong. This Court has therefore

weighed carefully the rights and interests of all

concerned, and decided for the greater good of the

greatest number. JUSTICE FOR ALL, not just for

some; JUSTICE FOR THE PRESENT AND THE

FUTURE, not just for the here and now.

WHEREFORE, the Court RESOLVES to GRANT

the respondents@ and the intervenors@ Motions for

Reconsideration; to REVERSE and SET ASIDE

this Court@s January 27, 2004 Decision; to

DISMISS the Petition; and to issue this new

judgment declaring CONSTITUTIONAL (1)Republic Act No. 7942 (the Philippine Mining Law),

(2) its Implementing Rules and Regulations

contained in DENR Administrative Order (DAO) No.

9640 -- insofar as they relate to financial and

technical assistance agreements referred to in

paragraph 4 of Section 2 of Article XII of the

Constitution; and (3) the Financial and Technical

Assistance Agreement (FTAA) dated March 30,

1995 executed by the government and Western

Mining Corporation Philippines Inc. (WMCP),

except Sections 7.8 and 7.9 of the subject FTAA

which are hereby INVALIDATED for being contrary

to public policy and for being grossly

disadvantageous to the government.



34/50

"o%&'r'%' o& M)ri*i+' A'%i'- . POEAG.R. No. 111

A"TS0Petiti(ner C(n,erence (, Maritime Mannin%

A%encies" Inc." an inc(r*(rate! ass(ciati(n (, icense! Fii*in( mannin% a%encies" an! its c(:*etiti(ners" a icense! mannin% a%encies #$ic$$ire an! recruit Fii*in( seamen ,(r an! in -e$a, (, t$eir res*ective ,(rei%n s$i*:(#ner:*rinci*as" ur%et( annu Res(uti(n N(. '1" series (, 199;" (, t$eG(vernin% B(ar!= (, t$e POEA an! POEAMem(ran!um Circuar N(. '.

Petiti(ners c(nten! t$at POEA !(es n(t

$ave t$e *(#er an! aut$(rit) t( ,i3 an! *r(mu%aterates a,,ectin% !eat$ an! #(r/menJs c(m*ensati(n(, Fii*in( seamen #(r/in% in (cean:%(in% vesses(n) C(n%ress can.

G(vernin% B(ar! Res(uti(n N(. 10 t$ePOEA G(vernin% B(ar! res(ves t( amen! an!increase t$e c(m*ensati(n an! (t$er -ene,its ass*eci,ie! un!er Part II" Secti(n. C" *ara%ra*$ 1an! Secti(n L" *ara%ra*$s 1 an! & (, t$e POEAStan!ar! Em*()ment C(ntract ,(r Sea,arers

ISSUE0>$et$er (r N(t t$e POEA can *r(mu%ate

rues -) virtue (, !ee%ati(n (, e%isative *(#er

#ELD0YES T$e *rinci*e" (, n(n:!ee%ati(n (,

*(#ers is a**ica-e t( a t$e t$ree ma4(r *(#ers(, t$e G(vernment -ut is es*ecia) im*(rtant int$e case (, t$e e%isative *(#er -ecause (, t$eman) instances #$en !ee%ati(n is *ermitte!. T$e(ccasi(ns are rare #$en e3ecutive (r 4u!icia

*(#ers $ave t( -e !ee%ate! -) t$e aut$(rities t(#$ic$ t$e) e%a) *ertain. In t$e case (, e%isative*(#er" $(#ever" suc$ (ccasi(ns $ave -ec(mem(re an! m(re ,reDuent" i, n(t necessar). T$is $a!e! t( t$e (-servati(n t$at t$e !ee%ati(n (, e%isative *(#er $as -ec(me t$e rue an! its n(n:!ee%ati(n t$e e3ce*ti(n.

T$e reas(n is t$e increasin% c(m*e3it) (,

t$e tas/ (, %(vernment an! t$e %r(#in% ina-iit) (,

t$e e%isature t( c(*e !irect) #it$ t$e m)ria!

*r(-ems !eman!in% its attenti(n. T$ese s(uti(ns

ma)" $(#ever" -e e3*ecte! ,r(m its !ee%ates" #$(

are su**(se! t( -e e3*erts in t$e *articuar ,ie!sassi%ne! t( t$em.

T$e reas(ns %iven a-(ve ,(r t$e !ee%ati(n

(, e%isative *(#ers in %enera are *articuar)

a**ica-e t( a!ministrative -(!ies. >it$ t$e

*r(i,erati(n (, s*eciai5e! activities an! t$eir

atten!ant *ecuiar *r(-ems" t$e nati(na

e%isature $as ,(un! it m(re an! m(re necessar)t( entrust t( a!ministrative a%encies t$e aut$(rit)

t( issue rues t( carr) (ut t$e %enera *r(visi(ns (,

t$e statute. T$is is cae! t$e = po&er of subordinate

legislation.

>it$ t$is *(#er" a!ministrative -(!ies ma)

im*ement t$e -r(a! *(icies ai! !(#n in a statute

-) =filling in= t$e !etais #$ic$ t$e C(n%ress ma)

n(t $ave t$e (**(rtunit) (r c(m*etence t( *r(vi!e.

T$is is e,,ecte! -) t$eir *r(mu%ati(n (, #$at are

/n(#n as su**ementar) re%uati(ns" suc$ as t$eim*ementin% rues issue! -) t$e 6e*artment (,

La-(r (n t$e ne# La-(r C(!e. T$ese re%uati(ns

$ave t$e ,(rce an! e,,ect (, a#.


http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1995/apr1995/gr_114714_1995.htmlhttp://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1995/apr1995/gr_114714_1995.html


35/50

Gol/)*'r . ")r*'r, U.S. 996 (199!

FACTS0

Presi!ent Carter terminate! a treat) #it$ Tai#an"

an! a ,e# C(n%ressi(na mem-ers ,et t$at t$is

!e*rive! t$em (, t$eir C(nstituti(na #it$ res*ect t(

a c$an%e in t$e su*reme a# (, t$e an!. C(n%ress

$as ta/en n( (,,icia acti(n. 2(#ever" n(

C(n%ressi(na acti(n #as ever ta/en. T$e Senate

c(nsi!ere! a res(uti(n t$at #(u! reDuire t$e

Presi!ent t( %et Senate a**r(va -e,(re an)

mutua !e,ense treat) c(u! -e terminate!" -utt$ere #as n( ,ina v(te (n t$e res(uti(n.

ISSUE0

>$et$er t$e issue as t$e Presi!ent can terminate a

treat) #it$(ut C(n%ressi(na a**r(va is a n(n:

4usticia-e *(itica Duesti(n.

2EL60Yes" -ecause it inv(ves t$e aut$(rit) (, t$e

Presi!ent in t$e c(n!uct (, (ur c(untr)Js ,(rei%n

reati(ns an! t$e e3tent t( #$ic$ t$e Senate (r t$e

C(n%ress is aut$(ri5e! t( ne%ate t$e acti(n (, t$e

Presi!ent. T$e Duesti(n (, t$e e,,icac) (,

rati,icati(ns -) state e%isatures" in t$e i%$t (,

*revi(us re4ecti(n (r attem*te! #it$!ra#a" s$(u!

-e re%ar!e! as a *(itica Duesti(n *ertainin% t( t$e

*(itica !e*artments" #it$ t$e utimate aut$(rit) in

t$e C(n%ress in t$e e3ercise (, its c(ntr( (ver t$e

*r(mu%ati(n (, t$e a!(*ti(n (, t$e Amen!ment.

T$e c(ntr(vers) is a n(n:4usticia-e *(itica

!is*ute t$at s$(u! -e e,t ,(r res(uti(n -) t$e

E3ecutive an! Le%isative Branc$es (, t$e

G(vernment an! mi%$t -e ans#ere! in !i,,erent

#a)s ,(r !i,,erent amen!ments #$ic$ must sure)

-e c(ntr(e! -) *(itica stan!ar!s" rat$er t$an

stan!ar!s easi) c$aracteri5e! as =4u!icia)

mana%ea-e=. In i%$t (, t$e a-sence (, an)

c(nstituti(na *r(visi(n %(vernin% t$e terminati(n

(, a treat)" an! t$e ,act t$at !i,,erent terminati(n

*r(ce!ures ma) -e a**r(*riate ,(r !i,,erent

treaties" t$e instant case" in m) vie#" as( =must

sure) -e c(ntr(e! -) *(itica stan!ar!s.=



36/50

Ol)3'r - RT", G.R. No. 4154. '7r3)r8 21,1949

FACTS0

>$en t$e 6eve(*ment Ban/ (, t$e P$ii**ines6BPH *r(vi!e! certain ,inancin% acc(mm(!ati(nst( P$ii**ine (urnaists" Inc. PIH" Pu-is$er" t$ev(tin% ri%$ts (ver 8 (, t$e t(ta su-scri-e! an!(utstan!in% v(tin% s$ares (, st(c/ (, t$e c(m*an)

$e! -) t$e st(c/$(!ers #ere assi%ne! t( t$e-an/. T$e -an/ a**(inte! s(me st(c/$(!ers as*r(3ies t( e3ercise its ri%$t t( v(te. But #$en PI!e,aute!" t$e -an/ cancee! t$e sai! *r(3ies an!!esi%nate! as its *r(3ies *etiti(ner E!uar!(Oa%uer" (se Mari @ee5 an! Manue !e Le(n.6BP sc$e!ue! a s*ecia st(c/$(!ers meetin% ,(r t$e *ur*(se (, eectin% ne# set (, !irect(rs.2(#ever" c(m*aints #ere ,ie! a%ainst t$em !uet( s(me ae%e! ie%a acts c(mmitte! -) t$em. Am(n% #$ic$ is t$at Oa%uer c(ntinue! t( e3ercisean! retain ,u mana%ement an! c(ntr( (, PI

!es*ite (, $is terminati(n (, $is a**(intment asmem-er (, t$e -(ar! (, !irect(rs (, 6BP -) Pres. ADuin(. It #as ae%e! t$at Oa%uer" et. a $ave-een actin% as c(r*(rate (,,icers an!(r mem-ers(, t$e -(ar! #it$(ut t$eir $avin% -een eecte! -)t$e ma4(rit) v(te (, st(c/$(!ers an! #it$(ut t$eir (#nin% in t$eir (#n ri%$t even a sin%e Duai,)in%s$are. It #as as( ae%e! in t$e c(m*aint" t$at*etiti(ner Re)es $a! -een sen!in% (ut n(tices t(*rivate res*(n!ents a-(ut an ae%e! st(c/$(!ersmeetin% t( -e $e! (n 6ecem-er &1" 197 at t$ePI -ui!in%" an! t$at in t$e etter #ritten -) t$e

6BP c$ie, e%a c(unse" it is state! t$at *etiti(ner Oa%uer an! $is ass(ciates #$( caim t( -emem-ers (, t$e -(ar! an! c(r*(rate (,,icers (, PI!( n(t re*resent 6BP an! t$at t$e) are n(taut$(ri5e! t( act in its -e$a,.

A c(m*aint #as ,ie! in t$e RTC (, Mania$(#ever" Oa%uer c(nteste! t$at $e $as 4ust -een!esi%nate! t$e ,isca an! team ea!er (, t$ePresi!entia C(mmissi(n (n G((! G(vernmentPCGGH assi%ne! t( t$e PI an! t$at a $is acti(nsare sancti(ne! an! re*(rte! t( PCGG.

ISSUE0

>$et$er (r n(t t$e tria c(urt $as 4uris!icti(n (ver t$e case n(t#it$stan!in% Oa%uerJs a**(intment as,isca a%ent (, t$e PCGG.

2EL60

N(. Oa%uer" -ein% a ,isca a%ent (, t$e PCGG an!C$airman (, t$e B(ar! (, 6irect(rs (, t$e PI" #asactin% ,(r an! in -e$a, (, t$e PCGG. Un!er Secti(n & (, E3ecutive Or!er N(. 1;" t$eSan!i%an-a)an $as e3cusive an! (ri%ina 4uris!icti(n (ver a cases re%ar!in% =t$e ,un!s"m(ne)s" assets an! *r(*erties ie%a) acDuire! -)F(rmer Presi!ent Fer!inan! E. Marc(s" Mrs.Ime!a R(mua!e5 Marc(s" t$eir c(se reatives"su-(r!inate" -usiness ass(ciates" !ummies"a%ents" (r n(minees"= civi (r crimina" incu!in%inci!ents arisin% ,r(m suc$ cases. T$e 6ecisi(n (, t$e San!i%an-a)an is su-4ect t( revie# (ncerti(rari e3cusive) -) t$e Su*reme C(urt. In t$ee3ercise (, its ,uncti(ns" t$e PCGG is a c(:eDua-(!) #it$ t$e re%i(na tria c(urts an! c(:eDua-(!ies $ave n( *(#er t( c(ntr( t$e (t$er. T$e

re%i(na tria c(urts an! t$e C(urt (, A**eas $aven( 4uris!icti(n (ver t$e PCGG in t$e e3ercise (, its*(#ers un!er t$e a**ica-e E3ecutive Or!ers an!Secti(n &8" Artice ?@III (, t$e 197 C(nstituti(nan!" t$ere,(re" ma) n(t inter,ere #it$ an! restrain(r set asi!e t$e (r!ers an! acti(ns (, t$e PCGG.T$e C(mmissi(n s$(u! n(t -e em-r(ie! in an!s#am*e! -) e%a suits -e,(re in,eri(r c(urts a(ver t$e an!. Ot$er#ise" t$e C(mmissi(n #i -e,(rce! t( s*en! vaua-e time !e,en!in% a itsactuati(ns in suc$ c(urts. T$is #i !e,eat t$e ver)*ur*(se -e$in! t$e creati(n (, t$e C(mmissi(n.



37/50

G.R. N(. L:;1& Ma) " 1979

Petiti(ner0 PEOPLE O T#E P#ILIPPINES"re*resente! -) t$e Pr(vincia Fisca (, Le)te

Res*(n!ent0 #ON. UDGE AUCEN"IO ".DA"U$"U$, "ELESTINO S. MATONDO,SEGUNDINO A, "AVAL )%/ "IRILO M.ZANORIA (TOPI"? TESTS OR VALIDDELEGATION!

P(nente0 REGALA6O" .0

A"TS?

T$e Private res*(n!ents #ere c$ar%e! (, vi(ati(n(, Re*u-ic Act ;8'. 6urin% t$e arrai%nment t$ePrivate res*(n!ents *ea!e! %uit) an! m(ve! t(Duas$ t$e c$ar%e (n t$e %r(un! t$at t$e ,acts (, t$e c$ar%e !( n(t c(nstitute (,,ense" Sec $at )li/ /'l')*io% pr'-3ppo-'- an!

sancti(ns is )% ''ri-' o& /i-r'*io% *o &i *;'

l'%*; o& -'ri' o& ) *'r+ o& i+pri-o%+'%*

;i; must be encompassed within specific or

designated limits provided by law " t$e )7-'%'

o& ;i; /'-i%)*'/ li+i*- 'll o%-*i*3*' -3;

''ri-' )- )% 3%/3' /'l')*io%" i, n(t:an

(utri%$t intrusi(n int( (r assum*ti(n" (, e%isative

*(#er.

Secti(n


38/50

in Secti(n


39/50

D)3/)o - Go%)l'-, 644 S"RA 109 (2015!

)*-?

T$e *etiti(ners ,ie! a case (, s)n!icate!esta,a a%ainst Ces( 6e(s An%ees an! $isass(ciates in t$e Le%ac) Gr(u* (, c(m*anies" a,ter t$e *etiti(ners #ere!e,rau!e! in a -usiness venture.

T$erea,ter" t$e 6O Secretar) G(n5aesissue! 6e*artment Or!er 17& #$ic$ !irectsa *r(secut(rs in t$e c(untr) t( ,(r#ar! acases area!) ,ie! a%ainst Ces( 6e(s An%ees" r an! $is ass(ciates t( t$esecretariat (, 6O in Mania ,(r a**r(*riateacti(n.

2(#ever" in se*arate (r!er #$ic$ inMem(ran!un !ate! Marc$ &''9" it #as sai!t$at cases area!) ,ie! a%ainst Ces( 6e(sSant(s et. a (, t$e Le%ac) Gr(u* (,

c(m*anies in Ca%a)an 6e Or( Cit) nee!t( -e sent an)m(re t( t$e secretariat (, 6O Mania.

Because (, suc$ (r!ers" t$e c(m*aint (, *etiti(ners #as ,(r#ar!e! t( t$e secretariat(, t$e S*ecia Pane (, t$e 6O (, Mania.

A%%rieve!" S*(uses 6acu!a( ,ie! a*etiti(n ,(r certi(rari" *r($i-iti(n an!man!amus assaiin% t( t$e res*(n!entSecretar) (, ustice %rave a-use (,

!iscreti(n in issuin% t$e 6.O. an!Mem(ran!um #$ic$ acc(r!in%) vi(ate!

t$eir ri%$t t( !ue *r(cess" ri%$t t( eDua*r(tecti(n (, t$e a# an! ri%$t t( s*ee!)!is*(siti(n (, t$e cases.

I--3'?

>$et$er (r n(t t$e Secretar) (, 6O c(mmite!%rave a-use (, !iscreti(n in issuin% t$e6e*artment Or!er 17& an! Mem(ran!um

#'l/?

N(. T$e Secretar) (, 6O !i! n(t c(mmit %ravea-use (, !iscreti(n in issuin% t$e 6O 17&.

T$e Secretar) (, ustice !i! n(t e3ercise an) 4u!icia (r Duasi:4u!icia ,uncti(ns -ecause $isDuesti(ne! issuance #ere (stensi-) inten!e! t(ensure $is su-(r!inatesJ e,,icienc) an! ec(n(m) inc(n!uctin% t$e *reiminar) investi%ati(n inv(vin%t$e e%ac) %r(u*. T$e ,uncti(n inv(ve! is *ure)e3ecutive an! a!minstrative.

Furt$erm(re" Preiminar) Investi%ati(n is n(t aDuasi:4u!icia *r(cee!in%. T$e 6O as a *rimar)*r(secuti(n arm (, t$e %(vernment" !(es n(te3ercise a Duasi:4u!icia ,uncti(n #$en it revie#st$e ,in!in%s (, a *u-ic *r(secut(r (n t$e ,in!in% (, *r(-a-e cause in an) case.



40/50

G.R. No. 19 '7r3)r8 2, 194

DEMETRIO G. DEMETRIA, M.P.,*etiti(ners" vs.

#ON. MANUEL ALBA i% ;i- )p)i*8 )- *;'

MINISTER O T#E BUDGET, res*(n!ents.

FACTS0

• Assaie! in t$is *etiti(n ,(r *r($i-iti(n #it$

*ra)er ,(r a #rit (, *reiminar) in4uncti(n is t$e

c(nstituti(nait) (, t$e ,irst *ara%ra*$ (, Secti(n

;; (, Presi!entia 6ecree N(. 11" (t$er#ise

/n(#n as t$e =Bu!%et Re,(rm 6ecree (, 19.=

• One (, t$e %r(un!s reie! u*(n -) t$e

Petiti(ners" is t$at state! in Para%ra*$ 6 #$ic$

states t$at Secti(n ;; (, t$e same !ecree

am(unts t( un!ue !ee%ati(n (, e%isative

*(#ers t( t$e e3ecutive

• T$e c(n,ict -et#een *ara%ra*$ 1 (, Secti(n ;;

(, Presi!entia 6ecree N(. 11 an! Secti(n

18" Artice @III (, t$e 19< C(nstituti(n is

rea!i) *erceiva-e ,r(m a mere curs(r)

rea!in% t$ere(,. Sai! *ara%ra*$ 1 (, Secti(n ;;

*r(vi!es0

*"e President s"all "ave t"e aut"ority to

transfer any fund! appropriated for t"e

different departments! bureaus! offices and

agencies of t"e /$ecutive 0epartment!&"ic" are included in t"e -eneral

Appropriations Act! to any program! pro+ect

or activity of any department! bureau! or

office included in t"e -eneral

Appropriations Act or approved after its

enactment.

• On t$e (t$er $an!" t$e c(nstituti(na *r(visi(n

un!er c(nsi!erati(n rea!s as ,((#s0

Sec. 134. 5o la& s"all be passed

aut"ori#ing any transfer of appropriations!

"o&ever! t"e President! t"e Prime 6inister!

t"e Spea,er! t"e C"ief 7ustice of t"e

Supreme Court! and t"e "eads of

constitutional commis ions may by la& be

aut"ori#ed to augment any item in t"e

general appropriations la& for t"eir respective offices from savings in ot"er

items of t"eir respective appropriations.

ISSUE0 >ON Presi!entia 6ecree 1 am(unts t(

un!ue !ee%ati(n (, e%isative *(#ers t( t$e

e3ecutive

2EL60

Para%ra*$ 1 (, Secti(n ;; (, P.6. N(. 11 un!u)

(ver e3ten!s t$e *rivie%e %rante! un!er sai!

Secti(n 18. It em*(#ers t$e Presi!ent t(

in!iscriminate) trans,er ,un!s ,r(m (ne

!e*artment" -ureau" (,,ice (r a%enc) (, t$e

E3ecutive 6e*artment t( an) *r(%ram" *r(4ect (r

activit) (, an) !e*artment" -ureau (r (,,ice

incu!e! in t$e Genera A**r(*riati(ns Act (r

a**r(ve! a,ter its enactment" #it$(ut re%ar! as t(

#$et$er (r n(t t$e ,un!s t( -e trans,erre! are

actua) savin%s in t$e item ,r(m #$ic$ t$e same

are t( -e ta/en" (r #$et$er (r n(t t$e trans,er is ,(r

t$e *ur*(se (, au%mentin% t$e item t( #$ic$ sai!

trans,er is t( -e ma!e. It !(es n(t (n) c(m*ete)

!isre%ar! t$e stan!ar!s set in t$e ,un!amenta a#"

t$ere-) am(untin% t( an un!ue !ee%ati(n (,

e%isative *(#ers" -ut i/e#ise %(es -e)(n! t$e

ten(r t$ere(,. In!ee!" suc$ c(nstituti(na in,irmities

ren!er t$e *r(visi(n in Duesti(n nu an! v(i!.

T$(mas M. C((e) in $is = A *reatise on t"e

Constitutional Limitations"= @(. 1" Ei%$t E!iti(n"

Litte" Br(#n an! C(m*an)" B(st(n" e3*aine!0



41/50

... T$e e%isative an! 4u!icia are c((r!inate

!e*artments (, t$e %(vernment" (, eDua

!i%nit) eac$ is ai/e su*reme in t$e

e3ercise (, its *r(*er ,uncti(ns" an! cann(t

!irect) (r in!irect)" #$ie actin% #it$in t$e

imits (, its aut$(rit)" -e su-4ecte! t( t$ec(ntr( (r su*ervisi(n (, t$e (t$er" #it$(ut

an un#arranta-e assum*ti(n -) t$at (t$er

(, *(#er #$ic$" -) t$e C(nstituti(n" is n(t

c(n,erre! u*(n it. T$e C(nstituti(n

a**(rti(ns t$e *(#ers (, %(vernment" -ut it

!(es n(t ma/e an) (ne (, t$e t$ree

!e*artments su-(r!inate t( an(t$er" #$en

e3ercisin% t$e trust c(mmitte! t( it. T$e

c(urts ma) !ecare e%isative enactments

unc(nstituti(na an! v(i! in s(me cases"

-ut n(t -ecause t$e 4u!icia *(#er issu*eri(r in !e%ree (r !i%nit) t( t$e

e%isative. Bein% reDuire! t( !ecare #$at

t$e a# is in t$e cases #$ic$ c(me -e,(re

t$em" t$e) must en,(rce t$e C(nstituti(n"

as t$e *aram(unt a#" #$enever a

e%isative enactment c(mes in c(n,ict #it$

it. But t$e c(urts sit" n(t t( revie# (r revise

t$e e%isative acti(n" -ut t( en,(rce t$e

e%isative #i" an! it is (n) #$ere t$e) ,in!

t$at t$e e%isature $as ,aie! t( /ee* #it$in

its c(nstituti(na imits" t$at t$e) are ati-ert) t( !isre%ar! its acti(n an! in !(in%

s(" t$e) (n) !( #$at ever) *rivate citi5en

ma) !( in res*ect t( t$e man!ates (, t$e

c(urts #$en t$e 4u!%es assume! t( act an!

t( ren!er 4u!%ments (r !ecrees #it$(ut

4uris!icti(n. =In e3ercisin% t$is $i%$

aut$(rit)" t$e 4u!%es caim n( 4u!icia

su*remac) t$e) are (n) t$e a!ministrat(rs

(, t$e *u-ic #i. I, an act (, t$e e%isature

is $e! v(i!" it is n(t -ecause t$e 4u!%es

$ave an) c(ntr( (ver t$e e%isative *(#er"-ut -ecause t$e act is ,(r-i!!en -) t$e

C(nstituti(n" an! -ecause t$e #i (, t$e

*e(*e" #$ic$ is t$erein !ecare!" is

*aram(unt t( t$at (, t$eir re*resentatives

e3*resse! in an) a#.= Lin!sa) v.

C(mmissi(ners" c." & Ba)"


42/50

G.R. No. 1199 O*o7'r 1, 2002

"EERINO PADUA, *etiti(ner" vs. #ON.SANTIAGO RANADA, PRESIDING UDGE OMAATI, RT", BRAN"# 15 '* )l

FACTS0

• T$e T( Re%uat(r) B(ar! TRBH issue!

Res(uti(n N(. &''1:79 aut$(ri5in% *r(visi(nat( rate a!4ustments at t$e Metr( ManiaS/)#a)

• T$e a-(ve Res(uti(n a**r(vin% *r(visi(na t(

rate a!4ustments #as *u-is$e! in t$ene#s*a*ers (, %enera circuati(n.

• Tracin% -ac/ t$e events t$at e! t( t$e

issuance (, t$e sai! Res(uti(n" it a**ears t$at

Citra Metr( Mania T(#a)s C(r*(rati(nCITRAH ,ie! #it$ t$e TRB an a**icati(n ,(r an

interim a!4ustment (, t$e t( rates at t$e Metr(Mania S/)#a) Pr(4ect Sta%e 1.CITRAm((re! its *etiti(n (n t$e *r(visi(ns (, t$e=Su**ementa T( O*erati(n A%reement=STOAH" aut$(ri5in% it" as t$e invest(r" t( a**),(r an! i, #arrante!" t( -e %rante! an interima!4ustment (, t( rates in t$e event (, a=si%ni,icant currenc) !evauati(n.=

• Caimin% t$at t$e *es( e3c$an%e rate t( a U.S.

!(ar $a! !evauate!" CITRA ae%e! t$at t$ere#as a c(m*ein% nee! ,(r t$e increase (, t$et( rates t( meet t$e (an (-i%ati(ns (, t$ePr(4ect an! t$e su-stantia increase in !e-t:service -ur!en.

• 6ue t( $eav) (**(siti(n" CITRA+s *etiti(n

remaine! unres(ve!. T$is *r(m*te! CITRA t(,ie an =Ur%ent M(ti(n ,(r Pr(visi(na A**r(va"=

t$is time" inv(/in% Secti(n


43/50

reDuire! *u-icati(n an! in vi(ati(n (, !ue*r(cess &H a(ne" TRB E3ecutive 6irect(r aime S. 6uma(" r." c(u! n(t aut$(ri5e t$e*r(visi(na t( rate a!4ustments -ecause t$eTRB is a c(e%ia -(!) an!


44/50

G.R. No. 114. A33-* 1,199

"ESAR G. VIOLA, ";)ir+)%, B8. 16, Zo%' 1,

Di-*ri* II, M)%il), p'*i*io%'r, -. #ON. RAAEL

M. ALUNAN III, S'r'*)r8, DILG, ALEC L. DAVID,

Pr'-i/'%*FS'r'*)r8 G'%'r)l, N)*io%)l Li) %

+) B)r)%)8, LEONARDO L. ANGAT,

Pr'-i/'%*, "i*8 o& M)%il), Li) % +)

B)r)%)8,r'-po%/'%*-.

A"TS? Petiti(ner Cesar @i(a" a B%). C$airman"

c$aen%e! t$e vai!it) (, Art. III" VV1:& (, t$e

Revise! Im*ementin% Rues an! Gui!eines

,(r t$e Genera Eecti(ns (, t$e Li%a n% m%aBaran%a) O,,icers s( ,ar as t$e) *r(vi!e ,(r

t$e eecti(n (, ,irst" sec(n! an! t$ir! vice

*resi!ents an! ,(r au!it(rs ,(r t$e Nati(na

Li%a n% m%a Baran%a) an! its c$a*ters.

Petiti(ner+s c(ntenti(n is t$at t$e

*(siti(ns in Duesti(n are in e3cess (, t$(se*r(vi!e! in t$e L(ca G(vernment C(!e

R.A. N(. 18'H"Petiti(ner ar%ues t$at" in

*r(vi!in% ,(r t$e *(siti(ns (, ,irst" sec(n! an!

t$ir! vice *resi!ents an! au!it(r ,(r eac$

c$a*ter" VV1:& (, t$e Im*ementin% Rues

e3*an! t$e num-er (, *(siti(ns aut$(ri5e! in

V;9< (, t$e L(ca G(vernment C(!e in

vi(ati(n (, t$e *rinci*e t$at im*ementin%

rues an! re%uati(ns cann(t a!! (r !etract

,r(m t$e *r(visi(ns (, t$e a# t$e) are

!esi%ne! t( im*ement.

ISSUE? Is t$e *(#er t( create a!!iti(na *(siti(ns

necessar) ,(r t$e mana%ement (, t$e

Nati(na Li%a an! L(ca Li%a C$a*ter veste!

u*(n t$e res*ective B(ar! (, 6irect(rs.

#ELD? C(ntrar) t( *etiti(ner+s c(ntenti(n" t$e

creati(n (, t$e a!!iti(na *(siti(ns is

aut$(ri5e! -) t$e LGC #$ic$ *r(vi!es as

,((#s0

V;9e $(! t$at V;9< (, t$e L(ca

G(vernment C(!e" in !irectin% t$e -(ar! (,

!irect(rs (, t$e i%a t( create suc$ (t$er

*(siti(ns as ma) -e !eeme! necessar) ,(r

t$e mana%ement (, t$e c$a*ters"

em-(!ies a ,air) intei%i-e stan!ar!. T$ere



45/50

is n( un!ue !ee%ati(n (, *(#er -)

C(n%ress.

>$ie t$e -(ar! (, !irect(rs (, a (ca

c$a*ter can create a!!iti(na *(siti(ns t(

*r(vi!e ,(r t$e nee!s (, t$e c$a*ter" t$e-(ar! (, !irect(rs (, t$e Nati(na Li%a must

-e !eeme! t( $ave t$e *(#er t( create

a!!iti(na *(siti(ns n(t (n) ,(r its

mana%ement -ut as( ,(r t$at (, a t$e

c$a*ters at t$e munici*a" cit)" *r(vincia an!

metr(*(itan *(itica su-!ivisi(n

eves. Ot$er#ise t$e Nati(na Li%a #(u! -e

n( !i,,erent ,r(m t$e (ca c$a*ters.

Secti(n ;9< actua) %ives t$e -(ar! t$e

*(#er t( 1 a**(int its secretar) an!treasurer an! & create suc$ (t$er *(siti(ns

as it ma) !eem necessar) ,(r t$e

mana%ement (, t$e c$a*ter. T$e a!!iti(na

*(siti(ns t( -e create! nee! n(t t$ere,(re

-e a**(intive *(siti(ns.

EAN L. ARNAULT vs EUSTAQUIO BALAGTAS

FACTS0

Petiti(ner #as an att(rne) in:,act in t$e

ne%(tiati(ns ,(r t$e *urc$ase (, t$e Buenavista

an! Tam-(-(n% Estates -) t$e G(vernment (, t$e

P$ii**ines.

T$e Senate (, t$e P$ii**ines a!(*te! Res(uti(n

N(. 7" #$ere-) create! a S*ecia C(mmittee t(

!etermine #$et$er t$e sai! *urc$ase #as $(nest"

vai! an! *r(*er" an! #$et$er t$e *rice inv(ve! in

t$e !ea #as ,air an! 4ust" t$e *arties res*(nsi-e

t$ere,(r" an) (t$er ,acts t$e C(mmittee in

*ursuance (, sai! Res(uti(n.

Petiti(ner #as as/e! t( #$(m a *art (, t$e

*urc$ase *rice #as !eivere!. Petiti(ner re,use! t(

ans#er t$is Duesti(n.

Petiti(ner #as im*ris(ne! in t$e ne# Bii-i! Pris(n

unti suc$ time #$en $e s$a revea t( t$e Senate

t$e name (, t$e *ers(n #$( receive! t$e *art (,

t$e *urc$ase *rice.

Petiti(ner c(nten!e! t$at t$e Senate (, t$eP$ii**ines $as n( *(#er t( *unis$ $im ,(r

c(ntem*t ,(r re,usin% t( revea t$e name (, t$e

*ers(n t( #$(m $e %ave t$e m(ne) t(" t$at t$e

Le%isature ac/s aut$(rit) t( *unis$ $im ,(r

c(ntem*t.

ISSUE0

>ON t$e c(urts $ave t$e ri%$t t( revie# t$e

,in!in%s (, e%isative -(!ies in t$e e3ercise (, t$e

*rer(%ative (, e%isati(n" (r inter,ere #it$ t$eir

*r(cee!in%s.

RULING0

T$ere #as an in$erent ,un!amenta err(r in t$e

c(urse (, acti(n t$at t$e (#er c(urt ,((#e!. It

assume! t$at c(urts $ave t$e ri%$t t( revie# t$e

,in!in%s (, e%isative -(!ies in t$e e3ercise (, t$e

*rer(%ative i, e%isati(n" (r inter,ere #it$ t$eir

*r(cee!in%s (r t$eir !iscreti(n in #$at is /n(#n as

t$e e%isative *r(cess.



46/50

Since t$e e%isature is %iven a ar%e !iscreti(n in

re,erence t( t$e means it ma) em*() t( *r(m(te

t$e %enera #e,are" an! a(ne ma) 4u!%e #$at

means are necessar) an! a**r(*riate t(

acc(m*is$ an en! #$ic$ t$e C(nstituti(n ma/es

e%itimate" t$e c(urts cann(t un!erta/e t( !eci!e#$et$er t$e means a!(*te! -) t$e e%isature are

t$e (n) means (r even t$e -est means *(ssi-e t(

attain t$e en! s(u%$t" ,(r suc$ c(urse #(u! -est

t$e e3ercise (, *(ice *(#er (, t$e state in t$e

4u!icia !e*artment.

T$e 4u!icia !e*artment (, t$e %(vernment $as n(

ri%$t (r *(#er (r aut$(rit) t( !(" muc$ in t$e same

manner t$at t$e e%isative !e*artment ma) n(t

inva!e t$e 4u!icia ream in t$e ascertainment (, trut$ an! in t$e a**icati(n an! inter*retati(n (, t$e

a#" in #$at is /n(#n as t$e 4u!icia *r(cess"

-ecause t$at #(u! -e in !irect c(n,ict #it$ t$e

,un!amenta *rinci*e (, se*arati(n (, *(#ers

esta-is$e! in t$e C(nstituti(n. T$e (n) instances

#$en 4u!icia interventi(n ma) a#,u) -e inv(/e

are #$en t$ere $as -een a vi(ati(n (, a

c(nstituti(na in$i-iti(n" (r #$en t$ere $as -een an

ar-itrar) e3ercise (, t$e e%isative !iscreti(n.

US - A% T)% #o, GR No. 1122, '7r3)r8 2,

1922

)*-?

At its s*ecia sessi(n (, 1919" t$e P$ii**ine

Le%isature *asse! Act N(. &787" entite! =An Act*enai5in% t$e m(n(*() an! $(!in% (," an!

s*ecuati(n in" *aa)" rice" an! c(rn un!er

e3tra(r!inar) circumstances" re%uatin% t$e

!istri-uti(n an! sae t$ere(," an! aut$(ri5in% t$e

G(vern(r:Genera" #it$ t$e c(nsent (, t$e C(unci (,

State" t( issue t$e necessar) rues an! re%uati(ns.

Au%ust 1" 1919" t$e G(vern(r:Genera issue! a

*r(camati(n ,i3in% t$e *rice at #$ic$ rice s$(u! -e

s(!.

Au%ust 7" 1919" a c(m*aint #as ,ie! a%ainst t$e

!e,en!ant" An% Tan% 2(" c$ar%in% $im #it$ t$e sae

(, rice at an e3cessive *rice #$en $e s(! t( Pe!r(

Trini!a!" (ne %anta (, rice at t$e *rice (, ei%$t)

centav(s P.7'H" #$ic$ is a *rice %reater t$an t$at

,i3e! -) E3ecutive Or!er N(. < (, t$e G(vern(r:

Genera (, t$e P$ii**ines" !ate! t$e 1st (, Au%ust"

1919" un!er t$e aut$(rit) (, secti(n 1 (, Act N(.

&787.

U*(n t$is c$ar%e" $e #as trie!" ,(un! %uit) an!

sentence! t( ,ive m(nt$sJ im*ris(nment an! t( *a) a

,ine (, P''" ,r(m #$ic$ $e a**eae! t( t$is c(urt"

caimin% t$at t$e (#er c(urt erre! in ,in!in%

E3ecutive Or!er N(. < (, 1919" t( -e (, an) ,(rce

an! e,,ect" in ,in!in% t$e accuse! %uit) (, t$e (,,ense

c$ar%e!" an! in im*(sin% t$e sentence.

T$e (,,icia rec(r!s s$(# t$at t$e Act #as t( ta/e

e,,ect (n its a**r(va t$at it #as a**r(ve! u)


47/50

N(. T$e sai! Act c(nstitute! an invai! !ee%ati(n (,

*(#er since t$e sai! Act aut$(ri5e! t$e G(vern(r:

Genera t( *r(mu%ate a#s an! n(t mere) rues an!

re%uati(ns t( e,,ect t$e a#. T$e sai! Act #as n(t

c(m*ete #$en it e,t t$e e%isature as it ,aie! t(

s*eci,) #$at c(n!iti(ns t$e G(vern(r:Genera s$aissue t$e *r(camati(n as t$e sai! Act states ,(r an)

cause. It as( ,aie! t( !e,ine e3tra(r!inar) rise t$at

suc$ *r(camati(n -) t$e G(vern(r:Genera aims t(

*revent. Last)" t$e sai! Act aut$(ri5e! t$e

*r(mu%ati(n (, tem*(rar) rues an! emer%enc)

measures -) t$e G(vern(r:Genera.

It must -e c(nce!e! t$at" a,ter t$e *assa%e (, act N(.

&787" an! -e,(re an) rues an! re%uati(ns #ere

*r(mu%ate! -) t$e G(vern(r:Genera" a !eaer in

rice c(u! se it at an) *rice" even at a *es( *er

=%anta"= an! t$at $e #(u! n(t c(mmit a crime"

-ecause t$ere #(u! -e n( a# ,i3in% t$e *rice (, rice"

an! t$e sae (, it at an) *rice #(u! n(t -e a crime.

T$at is t( sa)" in t$e a-sence (, a *r(camati(n" it

#as n(t a crime t( se rice at an) *rice. 2ence" it

must ,((# t$at" i, t$e !e,en!ant c(mmitte! a crime"

it #as -ecause t$e G(vern(r:Genera issue! t$e

*r(camati(n. T$ere #as n( act (, t$e Le%isature

ma/in% it a crime t( se rice at an) *rice" an! #it$(ut

t$e *r(camati(n" t$e sae (, it at an) *rice #as t( a

crime.

ANTIPOLO REALT$ "ORPORATION vs. T#E

NATIONAL #OUSING AUT#ORIT$ (N#AH" 2(n. G.@.

T(-ias" in $is ca*acit) as Genera Mana%er (, t$e

Nati(na 2(usin% Aut$(rit)" T$e 2(n. ac(-( C. Cave"

in $is ca*acit) as Presi!entia E3ecutive Assistant an!

@ir%ii( A. Yus(n G. R. N(. L:';;; Au%ust


48/50

Reat) -e,(re N2A. Anti*(( Reat) ,ie! a m(ti(n t(!ismiss" #$ic$ N2A !enie!. A,ter $earin%" t$e N2Aren!ere! a !ecisi(n (n 9 Marc$ 197 (r!erin% t$ereinstatement (, t$e C(ntract t( Se. A m(ti(n ,(r rec(nsi!erati(n (, Anti*(( Reat) #as as( !enie!.

ISSUE?>$et$er (r n(t in $earin% t$e c(m*aint (, Yus(n an! in(r!erin% t$e reinstatement (, t$eC(ntract t( Se -et#een t$e *arties N2A assume! t$e*er,(rmance (, 4u!icia (r Duasi:4u!icia ,uncti(ns #$ic$it #as n(t aut$(ri5e! t( *er,(rm.

#ELD?

N(. It is -) n(# c(mm(n*ace earnin% t$at man)a!ministrative a%encies e3ercise an! *er,(rm

a!4u!icat(r) *(#ers an! ,uncti(ns" t$(u%$ t( a imite!e3tent (n). Limite! !ee%ati(n (, 4u!icia (r Duasi: 4u!icia aut$(rit) t( a!ministrative a%encies e.%." t$eSecurities an! E3c$an%e C(mmissi(n an! t$e Nati(naLa-(r Reati(ns C(mmissi(nH is #e rec(%ni5e! in (ur 4uris!icti(n"-asica) -ecause t$e nee! ,(r s*eciac(m*etence an! e3*erience $as -een rec(%ni5e! asessentia in t$e res(uti(n (, Duesti(ns (, c(m*e3 (r s*eciai5e! c$aracter an! -ecause (, a c(m*ani(nrec(%niti(n t$at t$e !(c/ets (, (ur re%uar c(urts $averemaine! cr(#!e! an! c(%%e!.

T$e C(urt $e! t$at un!er t$e a# creatin% N2A it is

em*(#ere! t( re%uate t$e rea estate tra!ean! -usiness inv(vin% ...s*eci,ic *er,(rmance (, c(ntractua an! statut(r) (-i%ati(ns ,ie! -)-u)ers (, su-!ivisi(n (ts (r c(n!(minium units a%ainstt$e (#ner" !eve(*er" !eaer" -r(/er (rsaesman..

T$e C(urt $e! t$at un!er t$e =sense:ma/in% an!

e3*e!iti(us !(ctrine (, *rimar) 4uris!icti(n . . . t$e c(urts

cann(t (r #i n(t !etermine a c(ntr(vers) inv(vin% a

Duesti(n #$ic$ is #it$in t$e 4uris!icti(n (, an

a!ministrative tri-una #$ere t$e Duesti(n !eman!s t$e

e3ercise (, s(un! a!ministrative !iscreti(n reDuirin% t$e

s*ecia /n(#e!%e" e3*erience" an! services (, t$e

a!ministrative tri-una t( !etermine tec$nica an!

intricate matters (, ,act" an! a uni,(rmit) (, ruin% is

essentia t( c(m*) #it$ t$e *ur*(ses (, t$e re%uat(r)

statute a!ministere!.=

%AO 3S MSO?


49/50

ter!nated. =o #e!n "!t* t*e)o!ss!oner@s a++o!nt!n +o"er !ssu#6et to t*e +ro:!s!ons o/ EO ?o. 9.Under EO ?o. 9 t*e )o!ss!oner o/ )ustos ay a++o!nt a Bureau

+ersonnes ee+t t*ose a++o!nted #yt*e Pres!dent.• Aord!ny "!t* res+et to %e+uty

)o!ss!oner %ar!o, )o!ss!onerM!son oud not *a:e :a!dyter!nated t*e, t*ey #e!nPres!dent!a a++o!ntees.

G.. ?o. 11255 May 20, 199F QOSO? :s EKE)U=3E SE)E=AY

PO?E?=E( PU?O, Q.(


50/50

ssue(&*et*er t*e Seretary o/ %LG *as

6ur!sd!t!on and aut*or!ty o:er t*e ase$ed(

Qur!sd!t!on o:er ad!n!strat!:e d!s!+!nary

at!ons aa!nst eet!:e oa o!as !soded !n t"o aut*or!t!es( t*e %!s!+!n!nA

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