Admin Case Batch 2

7/23/2019 Admin Case Batch 2

1/40

[G.R. No. 112745. October 16, 1997]

AQUILINO T. LARIN, petitioner, vs. THE EXECUTIVE

SECRETARY, SECRETARY OF FINANCE, COMMISSIONER OF THE

BUREAU OF INTERNAL REVENUE AN THE COMMITTEE

CREATE TO INVESTI!ATE THE AMINISTRATIVE COM"LAINT

A!AINST AQUILINO T. LARIN, COM"OSE OF FRUMENCIO A.

LA!USTAN, #OSE B. ALE#ANRINO $n% #AIME M. MA&A,respon%ents.

TORRES, JR., J.:

Challe!e " th"# $et"t"o "# the %al"&"t' o( $et"t"oer# re)o%al (ro)#er%"ce a# *##"#tat Co))"##"oer o( the E+c"#e Ta+ Ser%"ce o( the-rea- o( teral Re%e-e. c"&etall', he /-e#t"o# 0e)ora&-)or&er o. 164 "##-e& b' the Oce o( the re#"&et, 3h"ch $ro%"&e# (orthe creat"o o( * Co))"ttee to %e#t"!ate the *&)""#trat"%eCo)$la"t *!a"#t */-"l"o T. ar", *##"#tat Co))"##"oer, -rea-

o( teral Re%e-e a# 3ell a# the "%e#t"!at"o )a&e " $-r#-acethereto a& *&)""#trat"%e Or&er No. 11 &ate& ece)ber 2, 1993h"ch (o-& h") !-"lt' o( !ra%e )"#co&-ct " the a&)""#trat"%echar!e a& ")$o#e& -$o h") the $ealt' o( &"#)"##al (ro) oce.

"8e3"#e, $et"t"oer #ee8# to a##a"l the le!al"t' o( E+ec-t"%e Or&er No.12, "##-e& b' re#"&et Ra)o# o October 26, 199, 3h"ch $ro%"&e#(or the Strea)l""! o( the -rea- o( teral Re%e-e, a& o( "t#")$le)et"! r-le# "##-e& b' the -rea- o( teral Re%e-e,a)el': a *&)""#trat"%e Or&er No. 49, 3h"ch $ro%"&e# (or the

Or!a";at"oal Str-ct-re a& State)et o( Geeral , 1992, [1] a &ec"#"o 3a# re&ere& b' theSa&"!aba'a co%"ct"! here" $et"t"oer */-"l"o T. ar",Re%e-e S$ec"=c Ta+ Ocer, the *##"#tat Co))"#"oer o( the-rea- o( teral Re%e-e a& h"# coacc-#e& ?e+ce$t J-#t"o E.

Galba, Jr. o( the cr")e# o( %"olat"o o( Sect"o 26> ?4 o( theNat"oal teral Re%e-e Co&e a& Sect"o ?e o( R.*. 19 "Cr")"al Ca#e# No#. 142>1429, et"tle& eo$le o( the h"l"$$"e#,la"t"@ %#. */-"l"o T. ar", Teo&oro T. areo, J-#t"o E. Galba, Jr.a& otec"aa N. E%a!el"#ta, *cc-#e&, the &"#$o#"t"%e $ort"o o( theA-&!)et rea:

BDERE a& 1429 co%"ct"! acc-#e& *##"#tat Co))"##"oer (orS$ec"=c Ta+ */-"l"o T. ar", Ch"e( o( the *lcohol ta+ "%"#"oTEOORO . *RENO, a& Ch"e( o( the Re%e-e acco-t"! "%"#"oOTENC*N* 0. E*NGEST*:

+++

SO ORERE.

The (act o( $et"t"oer# co%"ct"o 3a# re$orte& to the re#"&et o( the

h"l"$$"e# b' the the *ct"! 1429, et"tle& eo$le o( the h"l"$$"e# %#. */-"l"o T.ar", et. al. Re(erre& to the e$art)et o(


2/40

*ct"! b' a-thor"t' o( the re#"&et, Sr. e$-t' E+ec-t"%e Secretar'eoar&o *. F-"#-)b"! "##-e& 0e)ora&-) Or&er No. 164 &ate&*-!-#t 25, 199 3h"ch $ro%"&e# (or the creat"o o( a E+ec-t"%eCo))"ttee to "%e#t"!ate the a&)""#trat"%e char!e a!a"#t here"$et"t"oer */-"l"o T. ar". t #tate# th-#:

* Co))"ttee "# hereb' create& to "%e#t"!ate the a&)""#trat"%e

co)$la"t =le& a!a"#t */-"l"o T. ar", *##"#tat Co))"##"oer,-rea- o( teral Re%e-e, to be co)$o#e& o(:

*tt'. 7"cl-&"! the $o3er to #-))o 3"te##e#, a&)""#ter oath or ta8ete#t")o' or e%"&ece rele%at to the "%e#t"!at"o b' #-b$oea a&te#t"=ca&-) a& #-b$oea &-ce# tec-):

+++

The Co))"ttee #hall co%ee "))e&"atel', co&-ct the "%e#t"!at"o

" the )o#t e+$e&"t"o-# )aer, a& ter)"ate the #a)e a# #oo a#$ract"cable (ro) "t# =r#t #che&-le& &ate o( hear"!.

+++

Co#e/-etl', the Co))"ttee &"recte& the $et"t"oer to re#$o& tothe a&)""#trat"%e char!e le%ele& a!a"#t h") thro-!h a letter &ate&Se$te)ber 17, 199, th-#:

re#"&et"al 0e)ora&-) Or&er No. 164 &ate& *-!-#t 25, 199, a+ero+ co$' o( 3h"ch "# hereto attache& (or 'o-r rea&' re(erece,create& a %e#t"!at"o Co))"ttee to loo8 "to the char!e# a!a"#t

'o- 3h"ch are al#o the #-bAect o( the Cr")"al Ca#e# No. 142> a&1429 et"tle& eo$le o( the h"l"$$"e# %#. */-"l"o T. ar", et. al.

The co))"ttee ha# "t# $o##e##"o a cert"=e& tr-e co$' o( theec"#"o o( the Sa&"!aba'a " the abo%e)et"oe& ca#e#.

-r#-at to re#"&et"al 0e)ora&-) Or&er No. 164, 'o- are hereb'

&"recte& to =le 'o-r $o#"t"o $a$er o the a(ore)et"oe& char!e#3"th" #e%e ?7 &a'# (ro) rece"$t hereo( +++.


3/40

h"), b b' re# A-&"cata, c &o-ble Aeo$ar&', a& & beca-#e to$rocee& 3"th the ca#e 3o-l& be re&-&at, o$$re##"%e a& a $la"$er#ec-t"o a!a"#t h").

0ea3h"le, the re#"&et "##-e& the challe!e& E+ec-t"%e or&er No.12 &ate& October 26, 199 3h"ch )a&ate# (or the #trea)l""! o(the -rea- o( teral Re%e-e. &er #a"& or&er, #o)e $o#"t"o# a&

(-ct"o# are e"ther abol"#he&, rea)e&, &ecetral";e& or tra#(erre&to other oce#, 3h"le other oce# are al#o create&. The E+c"#e Ta+Ser%"ce or the S$ec"=c Ta+ Ser%"ce, o( 3h"ch $et"t"oer 3a# the*##"#tat Co))"##"oer, 3a# oe o( tho#e oce# that 3a# abol"#he&b' #a"& e+ec-t"%e or&er.

The corre#$o&"! ")$le)et"! r-le# o( E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. 12,a)el', re%e-e *&)""#trat"%e Or&er# No#. 49 a& 59, 3ere#-b#e/-etl' "##-e& .b' the -rea- o( teral Re%e-e.

O October 27, 199, or oe &a' a(ter the $ro)-l!at"o o( E+ec-t"%e

Or&er No.12, the re#"&et a$$o"te& the (ollo3"! a# R *##"#tatCo))"##"oer#:

1. erar&o *.


4/40

E.O. No. 12 a# #tate& " "t# $rea)ble are Sect"o 6 o( E.O No.127?Reor!a";"! the 0""#tr' o( 7. a&&"t"o, "t "# clear that " Sect"o 11 o( R.* No.6656 (-t-rereor!a";at"o "# e+$re##l' cote)$late& a& oth"! " #a"& la3 that$roh"b"t# #-b#e/-et reor!a";at"o thro-!h a e+ec-t"%e or&er.S"!"=catl', re#$o&et# clar"=e& that $et"t"oer 3a# ot &"#)"##e&

b' %"rt-e o( EO 12. Re#$o&et# cla")e& that he 3a# re)o%e& (ro)oce beca-#e he 3a# (o-& !-"lt' o( !ra%e )"#co&-ct " thea&)""#trat"%e ca#e# =le& a!a"#t h").

The -lt")ate "##-e to be re#ol%e& " the "#tat ca#e (all# o the&eter)"at"o o( the %al"&"t' o( $et"t"oer# &"#)"##al (ro) oce.c"&etall', " or&er to re#ol%e th"# )atter, "t "# ")$erat"%e that eco#"&er the#e /-e#t"o# : a ho ha# the $o3er to &"#c"$l"e the$et"t"oerH, b ere the $rocee&"!# ta8e $-r#-at to 0e)ora&-)Or&er No. 164 " accor& 3"th &-e $roce##H, c hat "# the e@ect o($et"t"oer# ac/-"ttal " the cr")"al ca#e to h"# a&)""#trat"%e

char!eH & oe# the re#"&et ha%e the $o3er to reor!a";e the Ror to "##-e the /-e#t"oe& E.O. NO. 12H, e # the reor!a";at"o o(R $-r#-at to E.O. No. 12 ta"te& 3"th ba& (a"thH

*t the o-t#et, "t "# 3orth' to ote that the $o#"t"o o( the *##"#tatCo))"##"oer o( the R "# $art o( the Career E+ec-t"%e Ser%"ce.[2]&er the la3,[] Career E+ec-t"%e Ser%"ce ocer#, a)el'&er#ecretar', *##"#tat Secretar', -rea- &"rector, *##"#tat-rea- "rector, Re!"oal "rector, *##"#tat Re!"oal "rector, Ch"e(o( e$art)et Ser%"ce a& other ocer# o( e/-"%alet ra8 a# )a'

be "&et"=e& b' the Career E+ec-t"%e Ser%"ce oar&, are all a$$o"te&b' the re#"&et. Coce&e&l', $et"t"oer 3a# a$$o"te& a# *##"#tatCo))"##"oer " Ja-ar', 19>7 b' the re#"&et */-"o. Th-#,$et"t"oer "# a $re#"&et"al a$$o"tee 3ho belo!# to career #er%"ce o(the C"%"l Ser%"ce. e"! a $re#"&et"al a$$o"tee, he co)e# -&er the&"rect &"c"$l""! a-thor"t' o( the re#"&et. Th"# "# " l"e 3"th the3ell #ettle& $r"c"$le that the $o3er to re)o%e "# "heret " the$o3er to a$$o"t co(erre& to the re#"&et b' Sect"o 16, *rt"cle o( the Co#t"t-t"o. Th-#, "t "# "el-ctabl' clear that 0e)ora&-)Or&er No. 164, 3h"ch create& a co))"ttee to "%e#t"!ate thea&)""#trat"%e char!e a!a"#t $et"t"oer, 3a# "##-e& $-r#-at to the$o3er o( re)o%al o( the re#"&et. Th"# $o3er o( re)o%al, ho3e%er, "#

ot a ab#ol-te oe 3h"ch acce$t# o re#er%at"o. t )-#t be $o"te&o-t that $et"t"oer "# a career #er%"ce ocer. &er the*&)""#trat"%e Co&e o( 19>7, career #er%"ce "# character";e& b' thee+"#tece o( #ec-r"t' o( te-re, a# cotra&"#t"!-"#he& (ro) ocareer #er%"ce 3ho#e te-re "# coter)"-# 3"th that o( thea$$o"t"! or #-bAect to h"# $lea#-re, or l")"te& to a $er"o& #$ec"=e&b' la3 or to the &-rat"o o( a $art"c-lar $roAect (or 3h"ch $-r$o#e the

e)$lo')et 3a# )a&e. *# a career #er%"ce ocer, $et"t"oer eAo'#the r"!ht to #ec-r"t' o( te-re. No le## tha the 19>7 Co#t"t-t"o!-aratee# the r"!ht o( #ec-r"t' o( te-re o( the e)$lo'ee# o( thec"%"l #er%"ce. S$ec"=call', Sect"o 6 o( .. No. >7, a# a)e&e&,other3"#e 8o3 a# C"%"l Ser%"ce ecree o( the h"l"$$"e#, "#e)$hat"c that career #er%"ce ocer# a& e)$lo'ee# 3ho eAo'#ec-r"t' o( te-re )a' be re)o%e& ol' (or a' o( the ca-#e#e-)erate& " #a"& la3. other 3or, the (act that the $et"t"oer "#a $re#"&et"al a$$o"tee &oe# ot !"%e the a$$o"t"! a-thor"t' thel"ce#e to re)o%e h") at 3"ll or at h"# $lea#-re (or "t "# a a&)"tte&(act that he "# l"8e3"#e a career #er%"ce ocer 3ho -&er the la3 "#

the rec"$"et o( te-r"al $rotect"o, th-#, )a' ol' be re)o%e& (or aca-#e a& " accor&ace 3"th $roce&-ral &-e $roce##.

a# $et"t"oer the re)o%e& (ro) oce (or a le!al ca-#e -&er a%al"& $rocee&"!H

*ltho-!h the $rocee&"!# ta8e co)$l"e& 3"th the re/-"re)et# o($roce&-ral &-e $roce##, th"# Co-rt, ho3e%er, co#"&er# that$et"t"oer 3a# ot &"#)"##e& (or a %al"& ca-#e.

t #ho-l& be ote& that 3hat $rec"$"tate& the creat"o o( the"%e#t"!at"%e co))"ttee to loo8 "to the a&)""#trat"%e char!ea!a"#t $et"t"oer "# h"# co%"ct"o b' the Sa&"!aba'a " cr")"alCa#e No#. 142> a& 1429. *# a&)"tte& b' the re#$o&et#, thea&)""#trat"%e ca#e a!a"#t $et"t"oer "# ba#e& o the Sa&"!aba'aec"#"o o( Se$te)ber 1>, 1992. Th-#, " the *&)""#trat"%e Or&erNo. 11 "##-e& b' Se"or e$-t' E+ec-t"%e Secretar' F-"#-)b"!3h"ch (o-& $et"t"oer !-"lt' o( !ra%e )"#co&-ct, "t clearl' #tate#that:

BTh"# $erta"# to the a&)""#trat"%e char!e a!a"#t *##"#tatCo))"##"oer */-"l"o T. ar" o( the -rea- o( teral Re%e-e, (or


5/40

!ra%e )"#co&-ct b' %"rt-e o( a 0e)ora&-) #"!e& b' *ct"!Secretar' eo! o( the e$art)et o( a& 1429.B[4]

a -t#hell, the cr")"al ca#e# a!a"#t $et"t"oer re(er to h"# alle!e&%"olat"o o( Sect"o 26> ?4 o( the Nat"oal teral Re%e-e Co&e

a& o( #ect"o ?e o( R.*. No.19 a# a co#e/-ece o( h"# act o((a%orabl' reco))e&"! the !rat o( ta+ cre&"t to Ta&-a' "#t"ller',c.. The $ert"et $ort"o o( the A-&!)et o( the Sa&"!aba'area:

B*# abo%e $o"te& o-t, the acc-#e& ha& co#$"re& " 8o3"!l'$re$ar"! (al#e )e)ora&a a& cert"=cat"o " or&er to e@ect a (ra-&-$o ta+e# &-e to the !o%er)et. ' the"r #e$arate act# 3h"ch ha&re#-lte& " a a$$ro$r"ate ta+ cre&"t o( 1>,71,6>2. " (a%or o(Ta&-a'. The !o%er)et ha& bee &e(ra-&e& o( a ta+ re%e-e (orthe (-ll a)o-t, "( oe "# to loo8 at the a%a"l)et# or -t"l";at"o

thereo( ?E+h"b"t# I**I to I**1aI, or (or a #-b#tat"al $ort"o thereo(?7,,. "( 3e are to rel' o the letter o( e$-t'Co))"##"oer E-(rac"o . Sato# ?E+h"b"t# I21I (or all the acc-#e&.

*# $o"te& o-t abo%e, the co-ece o( act# a& o)"##"o#co))"tte& b' acc-#e& ar", areo a& E%a!el"#ta a&e/-atel'$ro%e co#$"rac' a)o! the) (or o other $-r$o#e tha to br"!abo-t a ta+ cre&"t 3h"ch Ta&-a' &"& ot &e#er%e. The#e)"#re$re#etat"o# a# to ho3 )-ch Ta&-a' ha& $a"& " a& %alore)ta+e# ob%"o-#l' co#t"t-te& a (ra-& o( ta+ re%e-e o( the !o%er)et

+++.I[5]

Do3e%er, "t )-#t be #tre##e& at th"# A-ct-re that the co%"ct"o o($et"t"oer b' the Sa&"!aba'a 3a# #et a#"&e b' th"# co-rt " o-r&ec"#"o $ro)-l!ate& o *$r"l 17, 1996 " G.R. No#. 1>7> a&171192. e #$ec"=call' r-le& " o -certa" ter)# that : a$et"t"oer caot be hel& e!l"!et " rel'"! o the cert"=cat"o o( acoe/-al -"t " the R, b "t "# ot "c-)bet -$o ar" to !obe'o& the cert"=cat"o )a&e b' the Re%e-e *cco-t"! "%"#"othat Ta&-a' "#t"ller', c. ha& $a"& the a& %alore) ta+e#, c there "#oth"! "rre!-lar or a'th"! (al#e " ar"I# )ar!"al ote o the)e)ora&-) a&&re##e& to areo, the Ch"e( o( *lcohol Ta+ "%"#"o

3ho 3a# al#o oe o( the acc-#e&, b-t e%et-all' ac/-"tte&, " the#a"& cr")"al ca#e#, a& & there "# o $roo( o( act-al a!ree)etbet3ee the acc-#e&, "cl-&"! $et"t"oer, to co))"t the "lle!al act#char!e&. e are e)$hat"c " o-r re#ol-t"o " #a"& ca#e# that there "#oth"! B"lle!al 3"th the act# co))"tte& b' the $et"t"oer?#.B e al#o&eclare that Bthere "# o #ho3"! that $et"t"oer?# ha& acte&"rre!-larl', or $er(or)e& act# o-t#"&e o( h"# ?the"r oc"al (-ct"o#.B

S"!"=catl', the#e act# 3h"ch e cate!or"call' &eclare to be ot-la3(-l a& ")$ro$er " G.R. No#. 1>7> a& G.R. No#. 171192 are the %er' #a)e act# (or 3h"ch $et"t"oer "# hel& to bea&)""#trat"%el' re#$o#"ble. *' char!e o( )al(ea#ace or)"#(ea#ace o the $art o( the $et"t"oer "# clearl' bel"e& b' o-rcocl-#"o " #a"& ca#e#. the l"!ht o( th"# &ec"#"%e $roo-ce)et,e #ee o rea#o (or the a&)""#trat"%e char!e to cot"-e "t )-#t,th-#, be &"#)"##e&.

e are ot -a3are o( the r-le that #"ce a&)""#trat"%e ca#e# are"&e$e&et (ro) cr")"al act"o# (or the #a)e act or o)"##"o, the

&"#)"##al or ac/-"ttal o( the cr")"al char!e &oe# ot (oreclo#e the"#t"t-t"o o( a&)""#trat"%e act"o or carr' 3"th "t the rel"e( (ro)a&)""#trat"%e l"ab"l"t'.[6] Do3e%er, the c"rc-)#tat"al #ett"! o( the"#tat ca#e #et# "t )"le# a$art (ro) the (ore!o"! r-le a& $lace& "t3ell 3"th" the e+ce$t"o. Corollar"l', 3here the %er' ba#"# o( thea&)""#trat"%e ca#e a!a"#t $et"t"oer "# h"# co%"ct"o " the cr")"alact"o 3h"ch 3a# later o #et a#"&e b' th"# co-rt -$o a cate!or"cala& clear =&"!# that the act# (or 3h"ch he 3a# a&)""#trat"%el'hel& l"able are ot -la3(-l a& "rre!-lar, the ac/-"ttal o( the$et"t"oer " the cr")"al ca#e ece##ar"l' eta"l# the &"#)"##al o( the

a&)""#trat"%e act"o a!a"#t h"), beca-#e " #-ch a ca#e, there "# oba#"# or A-#t"=able rea#o to )a"ta" the a&)""#trat"%e #-"t.

O the a#$ect o( $roce&-ral &-e $roce##, #-ce "t to #a' that$et"t"oer 3a# !"%e e%er' chace to $re#et h"# #"&e. The r-le "# 3ell#ettle& that the e##ece o( &-e $roce## " a&)""#trat"%e $rocee&"!#"# that a $art' be a@or&e& a rea#oable o$$ort-"t' to be hear& a&to #-b)"t a' e%"&ece he )a' ha%e " #-$$ort o( h"# &e(e#e.[7]The recor clearl' #ho3 that o October 1, 199 $et"t"oer#-b)"tte& h"# letterre#$o#e &ate& Se$te)ber , 199 to thea&)""#trat"%e char!e& =le& a!a"#t h"). *#"&e (ro) h"# letter, heal#o #-b)"tte& %ar"o-# &oc-)et# attache& a# ae+e# to h"# letter,


6/40

all o( 3h"ch are e%"&ece# #-$$ort"! h"# &e(e#e. r"or to th"#, herece"%e& a letter &ate& Se$te)ber 17, 199 (ro) the %e#t"!at"oCo))"ttee re/-"r"! h") to e+$la" h"# #"&e cocer"! the char!e. tcaot there(ore be ar!-e& that $et"t"oer 3a# &e"e& o( &-e$roce##.

et -# o3 e+a)"e E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. 12.

*# #tate& earl"er, 3"th the "##-ace o( E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. 12, #o)eo( the $o#"t"o# a& oce#, "cl-&"! the oce o( E+c"#e Ta+ Ser%"ce#o( 3h"ch $et"t"oer 3a# the *##"#tat Co))"##"oer, 3ere abol"#he&or other3"#e &ecetral";e&. Co#e/-etl', the re#"&et relea#e& thel"#t o( a$$o"te& *##"#tat Co))"##"oer# o( the R. *$$aretl',$et"t"oer 3a# ot "cl-&e&.

"t"all', "t "# ar!-e& that there "# o la3 'et 3h"ch e)$o3er# there#"&et to "##-e E.O. No. 12 or to reor!a";e the R.

e &o ot a!ree.

&er "t# rea)ble, E.O. No. 12 la'# &o3 the le!al ba#"# o( "t#"##-ace, a)el': a Sect"o 4> a& 62 o( R.*. No. 7645, b Sect"o6 o( E.O. No. 127, a& c Sect"o 2, oo8 o( E.O. No. 292.

Sect"o 4> o( R.*. 7645 $ro%"&e# that:

BSec. 4>. Scal"! o3 a& ha#e O-t o( *ct"%"t"e# o( *!ec"e# "th"the E+ec-t"%e rach. The hea o( &e$art)et#, b-rea-# a&

oce# a& a!ec"e# are hereb' &"recte& to "&et"(' the"r re#$ect"%eact"%"t"e# 3h"ch are o lo!er e##et"al " the &el"%er' o( $-bl"c#er%"ce# a& 3h"ch )a' be #cale& &o3, $ha#e& o-t or abol"#he&,#-bAect to c"%"l r-le# a& re!-lat"o#. +++. *ct-al #cal"! &o3,$ha#"! o-t or abol"t"o o( the act"%"t"e# #hall be e@ect"%e $-r#-at toC"rc-lar# or Or&er# "##-e& (or the $-r$o#e b' the Oce o( there#"&et.B ?"tal"c# o-r#

Sa"& $ro%"#"o clearl' )et"o# the act# o( B#cal"! &o3, $ha#"!o-t a& abol"t"oB o( oce# ol' a& &oe# ot co%er the creat"o o(oce# or tra#(er o( (-ct"o#. Ne%erthele##, the act o( creat"! a&

&ecetral";"! "# "cl-&e& " the #-b#e/-et $ro%"#"o o( Sect"o 62,3h"ch $ro%"&e# that:

BSec. 62, a-thor";e& Or!a";at"oal Char!e#. le## other3"#ecreate& b' la3 or &"recte& b' the re#"&et o( the h"l"$$"e#, oor!a";at"oal -"t or cha!e# " 8e' $o#"t"o# " a' &e$art)et ora!ec' #hall be a-thor";e& " the"r re#$ect"%e or!a";at"o #tr-ct-re#

a& be (-&e& (ro) a$$ro$r"at"o# b' th"# *ct.B ?"tal"c# o-r#

The (ore!o"! $ro%"#"o e%"&etl' #ho3# that the re#"&et "#a-thor";e& to e@ect or!a";at"oal cha!e# "cl-&"! the creat"o o(oce# " the &e$art)et or a!ec' cocere&.

The cotet"o o( $et"t"oer that the t3o $ro%"#"o# are r"&er#&e#er%e# #cat co#"&erat"o. ell #ettle& "# the r-le that e%er' la3ha# " "t# (a%or the $re#-)$t"o o( co#t"t-t"oal"t'.[>] le## a&-t"l a #$ec"=c $ro%"#"o o( the la3 "# &eclare& "%al"& a&-co#t"t-t"oal, the #a)e "# %al"& a& b"&"! (or all "tet# a&

$-r$o#e#.

*other le!al ba#"# o( E.O. No. 12 "# Sect"o 2, oo8 o( E.O. No.292 3h"ch #tate#:

BSec.2. Re#"&-al o3er#. le## Co!re## $ro%"&e# other3"#e, there#"&et #hall e+erc"#e #-ch other $o3er# a& (-ct"o# %e#te& "the re#"&et 3h"ch are $ro%"&e& (or -&er the la3# a& 3h"ch areot #$ec"=call' e-)erate& abo%e or 3h"ch are ot &ele!ate& b' there#"&et " accor&ace 3"th la3.B ?"tal"c# o-r#

Th"# $ro%"#"o #$ea8# o( #-ch other $o3er# %e#te& " the re#"&et-&er the la3. hat la3 the 3h"ch !"%e# h") the $o3er toreor!a";eH t "# re#"&et"al ecree No. 1772[9] 3h"ch a)e&e&re#"&et"al ecree No. 1416. The#e &ecree# e+$re##l' !rat there#"&et o( the h"l"$$"e# the cot"-"! a-thor"t' to reor!a";e theat"oal !o%er)et, 3h"ch "cl-&e# the $o3er to !ro-$, co#ol"&ateb-rea-# a& a!ec"e#, to abol"#h oce#, to tra#(er (-ct"o#, tocreate a& cla##"(' (-ct"o#, #er%"ce# a& act"%"t"e# a& to#ta&ar&";e #alar"e# a& )ater"al#. The %al"&"t' o( the#e t3o &ecree#are -/-e#t"oable. The 19>7 Co#t"t-t"o clearl' $ro%"&e# that Ballla3#, &ecree#, e+ec-t"%e or&er#, $rocla)at"o#, letter# o( "#tr-ct"o#


7/40

a& other e+ec-t"%e "##-ace# ot "co#"#tet 3"th th"# Co#t"t-t"o#hall re)a" o$erat"%e -t"l a)e&e&, re$eale& or re%o8e&.B[1] So(ar, there "# 'et o la3 a)e&"! or re$eal"! #a"& &ecree#.S"!"=catl', the Co#t"t-t"o "t#el( reco!";e# (-t-re reor!a";at"o#" the !o%er)et a# 3hat "# re%eale& " Sect"o 16 o( *rt"cle K,th-#:

BSec. 16. Career c"%"l #er%"ce e)$lo'ee# #e$arate& (ro) #er%"ce ot(or ca-#e b-t a# a re#-lt o( the +++ reor!a";at"o (ollo3"! therat"=cat"o o( th"# Co#t"t-t"o #hall be et"tle& to a$$ro$r"ate#e$arat"o $a' +++.B

Do3e%er, e ca ot co#"&er E.O. No. 127 #"!e& o Ja-ar' ,19>7 a# a le!al ba#"# (or the reor!a";at"o o( the R. E.O. No. 127#ho-l& be relate& to the #eco& $ara!ra$h o( Sect"o 11 o( Re$-bl"c*ct No. 6656.

Sect"o 11 $ro%"&e# "ter al"a:

B+++

the ca#e o( the 19>7 reor!a";at"o o( the e+ec-t"%e brach, all&e$art)et# a& a!ec"e# 3h"ch are a-thor";e& b' e+ec-t"%e or&er#$ro)-l!ate& b' the re#"&et to reor!a";e #hall ha%e "et' &a'#(ro) the a$$ro%al o( th"# act 3"th" 3h"ch to ")$le)et the"rre#$ect"%e reor!a";at"o $la# " accor&ace 3"th the $ro%"#"o# o(th"# *ct.B ?"tal"c# o-r#

E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. 127 3a# $art o( the 19>7 reor!a";at"ocote)$late& -&er #a"& $ro%"#"o. Ob%"o-#l', "t ha& beco)e #tale b'%"rt-e o( the e+$"rat"o o( the "et' &a' &ea&l"e $er"o&. t ca otth-# be -#e& a# a $ro$er ba#"# (or the reor!a";at"o o( the R.Ne%erthele##, a# #ho3 earl"er, there are other le!al ba#e# to #-#ta"the a-thor"t' o( the re#"&et to "##-e the /-e#t"oe& E.O. No. 12.

h"le the re#"&etI# $o3er to reor!a";e ca ot be &e"e&, th"#&oe# ot )ea ho3e%er that the reor!a";at"o "t#el( "# $ro$erl')a&e " accor&ace 3"th la3. ell#ettle& "# the r-le thatreor!a";at"o "# re!ar&e& a# %al"& $ro%"&e& "t "# $-r#-e& " !oo&

(a"th. Th-#, " ar"o %#. 0"#o, th"# co-rt ha# ha& the occa#"o toclar"(' that:

B*# a !eeral r-le, a reor!a";at"o "# carr"e& o-t " !oo& (a"th "( "t "#(or the $-r$o#e o( ecoo)' or to )a8e b-rea-crac' )ore ec"et. that e%et o &"#)"##al or #e$arat"o act-all' occ-r# beca-#e the$o#"t"o "t#el( cea#e# to e+"#t. *& " that ca#e the #ec-r"t' o( te-re

3o-l& ot be a Ch"e#e all. e that a# "t )a', "( the abol"t"o 3h"ch"# oth"! el#e b-t a #e$arat"o or re)o%al, "# &oe (or $ol"t"calrea#o# or $-r$o#el' to &e(eat #ec-r"t' o( te-re, or other3"#e ot "!oo& (a"th, o %al"& abol"t"o ta8e# $lace a& 3hate%er abol"t"o "#&oe "# %o"& ab ""t"o. There "# a "%al"& abol"t"o a# 3here there "#)erel' a cha!e o( o)eclat-re o( $o#"t"o# or 3here cla")# o(ecoo)' are bel"e& b' the e+"#tece o( a)$le (-.B[11]

th"# re!ar&, "t "# 3orth )et"o"! that Sect"o 2 o( R.*. No. 6656l"#t# &o3 the c"rc-)#tace# e%"&ec"! ba& (a"th " the re)o%al o(e)$lo'ee# a# a re#-lt o( the reor!a";at"o, th-#:

Sec. 2. No ocer or e)$lo'ee " the career #er%"ce #hall be re)o%e&e+ce$t (or a %al"& ca-#e a& a(ter &-e ot"ce a& hear"!. * %al"&ca-#e (or re)o%al e+"#t 3he, $-r#-at to a boa =&e reor!a";at"o,a $o#"t"o ha# bee abol"#he& or re&ere& re&-&at or there "# aee& to )er!e, &"%"&e, or co#ol"&ate $o#"t"o# " or&er to )eet thee+"!ec"e# o( the #er%"ce, or other la3(-l ca-#e# allo3e& b' the C"%"lSer%"ce a3. The e+"#tece o( a' or #o)e o( the (ollo3"!c"rc-)#tace# )a' be co#"&ere& a# e%"&ece o( ba& (a"th " there)o%al# )a&e a# a re#-lt o( the reor!a";at"o, !"%"! r"#e to a

cla") (or re"#tate)et or rea$$o"t)et b' a a!!r"e%e& $art':

a here there "# a #"!"=cat "crea#e " the -)ber o( $o#"t"o# "the e3 #ta! $atter o( the &e$art)et or a!ec' cocere&L

b here a oce "# abol"#he& a& aother $er(or)"! #-b#tat"all'the #a)e (-ct"o# "# create&L

c here "c-)bet# are re$lace& b' tho#e le## /-al"=e& " ter)# o(#tat-# o( a$$o"t)et, $er(or)ace a& )er"tL


8/40

& here there "# a recla##"=cat"o o( oce# " the &e$art)et ora!ec' cocere& a& the recla##"=e& oce# $er(or) #-b#tat"all'the #a)e (-ct"o# a# the or"!"al oce#L

e here the re)o%al %"olate# the or&er o( #e$arat"o $ro%"&e& "Sect"o hereo(.B

* rea&"! o( #o)e o( the $ro%"#"o# o( the /-e#t"oe& E.O. No. 12clearl' lea -# to a "e#ca$able cocl-#"o that there arec"rc-)#tace# co#"&ere& a# e%"&ece# o( ba& (a"th " thereor!a";at"o o( the R.

Sect"o 1.1.2 o( #a"& e+ec-t"%e or&er $ro%"&e# that:

B1.1.2 The tell"!ece a& %e#t"!at"o Oce a& the #$ect"oSer%"ce are abol"#he&. * tell"!ece a& %e#t"!at"o Ser%"ce "#hereb' create& to ab#orb the #a)e (-ct"o# o( the abol"#he& ocea& #er%"ce. +++B ?"tal"c# o-r#

Th"# $ro%"#"o "# a clear "ll-#trat"o o( the c"rc-)#tace )et"oe& "Sect"o 2 ?b o( R.*. No. 6656 that a oce "# abol"#he& a& aotheroe $er(or)"! #-b#tat"all' the #a)e (-ct"o "# create&.

*other c"rc-)#tace "# the creat"o o( #er%"ce# a& &"%"#"o# " theR re#-lt"! to a #"!"=cat "crea#e " the -)ber o( $o#"t"o# "the #a"& b-rea- a# cote)$late& " $ara!ra$h ?a o( #ect"o 2 o( R.*.No. 6656. &er Sect"o 1. o( E.O. No. 12, the (or)at"o S'#te)#Gro-$ ha# t3o e3l' create& S'#te)# Ser%"ce#. *#"&e (ro) th"#, #"+

e3 &"%"#"o# are al#o create&. &er Sect"o 1.2.1, three )ore&"%"#"o# o( the *##e##)et Ser%"ce are (or)e&. "th th"# e3l'create& oce#, there "# o &o-bt that a #"!"=cat "crea#e o($o#"t"o# 3"ll corre#$o&"!l' (ollo3.

22 *-!-#t >, 19>9


9/40

*O9

S**OR 0. 0SON, " h"# ca$ac"t' a# Co))"##"oer o( C-#to)#,$et"t"oer,%#.C SERCE CO00SSON, **C*, SSNO T., **, ROGEO C.,***NO, JOSE ., *CEE, NE0ECO C., *OG, EM


10/40

ERN* C., 0*G*T, EO, 0*G*M*,


11/40

o( the b-rea-crac'. The Co-rt "# a$$rehe#"%e that -le## the =al3or& "# !"%e a& the !ro-& r-le# are #ettle&, the "##-e 3"ll (e#ter,a& l"8el' (o)et o the co#t"t-t"oal cr"#"# (or the at"o, "t#el(b"#et 3"th !ra%e a& #er"o-# $roble)#.

The (act# are ot " &"#$-te.

O 0arch 25, 19>6, re#"&et Cora;o */-"o $ro)-l!ate&rocla)at"o No. , BEC*RNG * N*TON* OCM TO 0E0ENTTDE RE6.

SECTON . *' $-bl"c ocer or e)$lo'ee #e$arate& (ro) the#er%"ce a# a re#-lt o( the or!a";at"o e@ecte& -&er th"#

rocla)at"o #hall, "( et"tle& -&er the la3# the " (orce, rece"%ethe ret"re)et a& other bee=t# accr-"! there-&er.

SECTON 4. The recor, e/-"$)et, b-"l&"!#, (ac"l"t"e# a& other$ro$ert"e# o( all !o%er)et oce# #hall be care(-ll' $re#er%e&. ca#e a' oce or bo&' "# abol"#he& or reor!a";e& $-r#-at to th"#rocla)at"o, "t#


12/40

2 E+"#tece o( a $robable ca-#e (or %"olat"o o( the *t"Gra(ta& Corr-$t ract"ce# *ct a# &eter)"e& b' the 0"#tr' Dea&cocere&L

Gro## "co)$etece or "ec"ec' " the &"#char!e o((-ct"o#L

4 0"#-#e o( $-bl"c oce (or $art"#a $ol"t"cal $-r$o#e#L

5 *' other aalo!o-# !ro-& #ho3"! that the "c-)bet "#-=t to re)a" " the #er%"ce or h"# #e$arat"oQre$lace)et "# " the"tere#t o( the #er%"ce.>

O Ja-ar' , 19>7, the re#"&et $ro)-l!ate& E+ec-t"%e Or&er No.127, BREORG*NNG TDE 0NSTRM O< >,

Co))"##"oer 0"#o a&&re##e& #e%eral ot"ce# to %ar"o-# C-#to)#oc"al#, " the teor a# (ollo3#:

S"r:

lea#e be "(or)e& that the -rea- "# o3 " the $roce## o(")$le)et"! the Reor!a";at"o ro!ra) -&er E+ec-t"%e Or&er No.

127.

-r#-at to Sect"o 59 o( the #a)e E+ec-t"%e Or&er, all ocer# a&e)$lo'ee# o( the e$art)et o( , 19>>. S-bAect to the or)alclearace#, 'o- )a' rece"%e the ret"re)et bee=t# to 3h"ch 'o-)a' be et"tle& -&er e+"#t"! la3#, r-le# a& re!-lat"o#.

the )eat")e, 'o-r a)e 3"ll be "cl-&e& " the co#ol"&ate& l"#tco)$"le& b' the C"%"l Ser%"ce Co))"##"o #o that 'o- )a' be !"%e$r"or"t' (or (-t-re e)$lo')et 3"th the Go%er)et a# the ee&ar"#e#.

S"cerel' 'o-r#,

?S!& S**OR 0. 0SONCo))"##"oer15

*# (ar a# the recor 3"ll '"el&, the (ollo3"! 3ere rec"$"et# o( the#eot"ce#:1. CES*R *RO

+++

Ce#ar ar"o "# the $et"t"oer " G.R. No. >1954L "cete


13/40

N"ca#"o C. Ga)boa, 0e#&a)e# Cora;o Rallo# N"e%e# a& >, the C"%"l Ser%"ce Co))"##"o $ro)-l!ate& "t#

r-l"! or&er"! the re"#tate)et o( the 279 e)$lo'ee#, the 279$r"%ate re#$o&et# " G.R. No. >51, the &"#$o#"t"%e $ort"o o(3h"ch rea a# (ollo3#:

DERE

O J-l' 15, 19>>, Co))"##"oer 0"#o, re$re#ete& b' the Sol"c"torGeeral, =le& a )ot"o (or reco#"&erat"o *ct"! o the )ot"o, theC"%"l Ser%"ce Co))"##"o, o Se$te)ber 2, 19>>, &e"e&reco#"&erat"o. 19

O October 2, 19>>, Co))"##"oer 0"#o "#t"t-te& cert"orar"$rocee&"!# 3"th th"# Co-rt, &oc8ete&, a# abo%e#tate&, a# G.R. No.>51 o( th"# Co-rt.

O No%e)ber 16,19>>, the C"%"l Ser%"ce Co))"##"o (-rther &"#$o#e&the a$$eal ?(ro) the re#ol-t"o o( the Reor!a";at"o *$$eal# oar&o( =%e )ore e)$lo'ee#, hol&"! a# (ollo3#:

DERE


14/40

2. The =l"! o( a$$ro$r"ate a&)""#trat"%e co)$la"t# a!a"#ta$$ellat 3"th &ero!ator' re$ort# or "(or)at"o, "( a', a& "(e%"&ece #o 3arrat#.

SO ORERE. 2

O Ja-ar' 6, 19>9, Co))"##"oer 0"#o challe!e& the C"%"l Ser%"ceCo))"##"oI# Re#ol-t"o " th"# Co-rtL h"# $et"t"oer ha# bee&oc8ete& here" a# G.R. No. >6241. The e)$lo'ee# or&ere& to bere"#tate& are See ")a!-"la, Ro)eo *rabe, e)ar&oF-"to!,Gre!or"o Re'e#, a& Ro)-lo a&"llo. 21

O J-e 1, 19>>, Re$-bl"c *ct No. 6656, B*N *CT TO ROTECT TDESECRTM O< TENRE O< C SERCE O77.

O October 21, 19>>, th"rt'=%e )ore C-#to)# oc"al# 3ho) theC"%"l Ser%"ce Co))"##"o ha& or&ere& re"#tate& b' "t# J-e ,19>>Re#ol-t"o =le& the"r o3 $et"t"o to co)$el the Co))"##"oer o(C-#to)# to co)$l' 3"th the #a"& Re#ol-t"o. The $et"t"o "# &oc8ete&a# G.R. No. >55.

O No%e)ber 29, 19>>, 3e re#ol%e& to co#ol"&ate all #e%e$et"t"o#.

O the #a)e &ate, 3e re#ol%e& to #et the )atter (or hear"! oJa-ar' 12, 19>9. *t the #a"& hear"!, the $art"e#, re$re#ete& b'the"r co-#el# ?a ret"re& J-#t"ce R-$erto 0art"L ?b ret"re& J-#t"ce"o ataAo. ?c (or)er ea 619>7 re%ol-t"oar'!o%er)et. t #ho-l& al#o be ote& that -&er the $re#etCo#t"t-t"o, there "# a reco!"t"o, albe"t ")$l"e&, that a !o%er)etreor!a";at"o )a' be le!"t")atel' -&erta8e, #-bAect to certa"co&"t"o#. 24

The Co-rt -&er#ta that the $art"e# are a!ree& o the %al"&"t' o( areor!a";at"o $er #e the ol' /-e#t"o be"!, a# #hall be later #ee:hat "# the at-re a& e+tet o( th"# !o%er)et reor!a";at"oH


15/40

The Co-rt &"#re!ar the /-e#t"o# ra"#e& a# to $roce&-re, (a"l-re toe+ha-#t a&)""#trat"%e re)e&"e#, the #ta&"! o( certa" $art"e# to#-e, 25 a& other tech"cal obAect"o#, (or t3o rea#o#, B[b]eca-#e o(the &e)a o( $-bl"c "tere#t, "cl-&"! the ee& (or #tab"l"t' " the$-bl"c #er%"ce,B26 a& beca-#e o( the #er"o-# ")$l"cat"o# o( the#eca#e# o the a&)""#trat"o o( the h"l"$$"e c"%"l #er%"ce a& ther"!ht# o( $-bl"c #er%at#.

The -r!"!# " G.R. No#. >55 a& >51, that the C"%"l Ser%"ceCo))"##"oI# Re#ol-t"o &ate& J-e , 19>> ha& atta"e& acharacter o( =al"t' (or (a"l-re o( Co))"##"oer 0"#o to a$$l' (orA-&"c"al re%"e3 or a#8 (or reco#"&erat"o #ea#oalbl' -&erre#"&et"al ecree No. >7, 27 or -&er Re$-bl"c *ct No. 6656, 2> or-&er the Co#t"t-t"o, 29 are l"8e3"#e reAecte&. The recor #ho3that the -rea- o( C-#to)# ha& -t"l J-l' 15, 19>> to a#8 (orreco#"&erat"o or co)e to th"# Co-rt $-r#-at to Sect"o 9 o(re#"&et"al ecree No. >7. The recor l"8e3"#e #ho3 that theSol"c"tor Geeral =le& a )ot"o (or reco#"&erat"o o J-l' 15,

19>>. The C"%"l Ser%"ce Co))"##"o "##-e& "t# Re#ol-t"o &e'"!reco#"&erat"o o Se$te)ber 2, 19>>L a co$' o( th"# Re#ol-t"o3a# rece"%e& b' the -rea- o Se$te)ber 2, 19>>.1 Dece the-rea- ha& -t"l October 2, 19>> to ele%ate the )atter o cert"orar"to th"# Co-rt.2 S"ce the -rea-I# $et"t"o 3a# =le& o October 2,19>>, "t 3a# =le& o t")e.

e reAect, =all', cotet"o# that the -rea-I# $et"t"o ?" G.R.>51 ra"#e# o A-r"#&"ct"oal /-e#t"o#, a& "# there(ore bere(t o(a' ba#"# a# a $et"t"o (or cert"orar" -&er R-le 65 o( the R-le# o(

Co-rt. e =& that the /-e#t"o# ra"#e& " Co))"##"oer 0"#oI#$et"t"o ?" G.R. >51 are, "&ee&, $ro$er (or cert"orar", "( b'BA-r"#&"ct"oal /-e#t"o#B 3e )ea /-e#t"o# ha%"! to &o 3"th Ba"&"@eret &"#re!ar& o( the la3, arb"trar"e## a& ca$r"ce, or o)"##"oto 3e"!h $ert"et co#"&erat"o#, a &ec"#"o arr"%e& at 3"tho-trat"oal &el"berat"o, 4 a# &"#t"!-"#he& (ro) /-e#t"o# that re/-"reB&"!!"! "to the )er"t# a& -earth"! error# o( A-&!)et 5 3h"ch"# the oce, o the other ha&, o( re%"e3 -&er R-le 45 o( the #a"&R-le#. hat caot be &e"e& "# the (act that the act o( the C"%"lSer%"ce Co))"##"o o( re"#tat"! h-&re o( C-#to)# e)$lo'ee#Co))"##"oer 0"#o ha& #e$arate&, ha# ")$l"cat"o# ot ol' o the

et"re reor!a";at"o $roce## &ecree& o le## tha b' the ro%"#"oal

Co#t"t-t"o, b-t o the h"l"$$"e b-rea-crac' " !eeralL the#e")$l"cat"o# are o( #-ch a )a!"t-&e that "t caot be #a"& that Va##-)"! that the C"%"l Ser%"ce Co))"##"o erre& V the Co))"##"oco))"tte& a $la" Berror o( A-&!)etB that *rat-c #a'# caot becorrecte& b' the e+traor&"ar' re)e&' o( cert"orar" or a' #$ec"alc"%"l act"o. e rear) the teach"! o( *rat-c V a# re!ar reco-r#eto th"# Co-rt 3"th re#$ect to r-l"!# o( the C"%"l Ser%"ce Co))"##"oV 3h"ch "# that A-&!)et# o( the Co))"##"o )a' be bro-!ht to theS-$re)e Co-rt thro-!h cert"orar" aloe, -&er R-le 65 o( the R-le# o(Co-rt.

*rat-c 3e &eclare&:

t "# oce e%"&et (ro) the#e co#t"t-t"oal a& #tat-tor')o&"=cat"o# that there "# a &e="te te&ec' to ehace a&"%"!orate the role o( the Co))"##"o o Elect"o# a# the"&e$e&et co#t"t-t"oal bo&' char!e& 3"th the #a(e!-ar&"! o((ree, $eace(-l a& hoe#t elect"o#. The (ra)er# o( the e3

Co#t"t-t"o )-#t be $re#-)e& to ha%e &e="te 8o3le&!e o( 3hat "t)ea# to )a8e the &ec"#"o#, or&er# a& r-l"!# o( the Co))"##"oB#-bAect to re%"e3 b' the S-$re)e Co-rtI. *& #"ce "#tea& o()a"ta""! that $ro%"#"o "tact, "t or&a"e& that the Co))"##"oI#act-at"o# be "#tea& Ibro-!ht to the S-$re)e Co-rt o cert"orar"B,e caot "#"#t that there 3a# o "tet to cha!e the at-re o( there)e&', co#"&er"! that the l")"te& #co$e o( cert"orar", co)$are& toa re%"e3, "# 3ell 8o3 " re)e&"al la3.6

e ob#er%e o (-&a)etal &"@erece bet3ee the Co))"##"o o

Elect"o# a& the C"%"l Ser%"ce Co))"##"o ?or the Co))"##"o o*-&"t (or that )atter " ter)# o( the co#t"t-t"oal "tet to lea%ethe co#t"t-t"oal bo&"e# aloe " the e(orce)et o( la3# relat"%e toelect"o#, 3"th re#$ect to the (or)er, a& the c"%"l #er%"ce, 3"thre#$ect to the latter ?or the a-&"t o( !o%er)et acco-t#, 3"thre#$ect to the Co))"##"o o *-&"t. *# the $oll bo&' "# the B#oleA-&!eB 7 o( all elect"o ca#e#, #o "# the C"%"l Ser%"ce Co))"##"o the#"!le arb"ter o( all cotro%er#"e# $erta""! to the c"%"l #er%"ce.

t #ho-l& al#o be ote& that -&er the e3 Co#t"t-t"o, a# -&er the197 Charter, Ba' &ec"#"o, or&er, or r-l"! o( each Co))"##"o )a'

be bro-!ht to the S-$re)e Co-rt o cert"orar",B > 3h"ch, a# *rat-c


16/40

tell# -#, Btech"call' coote# #o)eth"! le## tha #a'"! that the#a)e I#hall be #-bAect to re%"e3 b' the S-$re)e Co-rt,I B 9 3h"ch "t-r #-!!e#t# a a$$eal b' $et"t"o (or re%"e3 -&er R-le 45.There(ore, o-r A-r"#&"ct"o o%er ca#e# e)aat"! (ro) the C"%"lSer%"ce Co))"##"o "# l")"te& to co)$la"t# o( lac8 or e+ce## o(A-r"#&"ct"o or !ra%e ab-#e o( &"#cret"o tata)o-t to lac8 or e+ce##o( A-r"#&"ct"o, co)$la"t# that A-#t"(' cert"orar" -&er R-le 65.

h"le Re$-bl"c *ct No. 6656 #tate# that A-&!)et# o( theCo))"##"o are B=al a& e+ec-tor'B4 a& hece, -a$$ealable,-&er R-le 65, cert"orar" $rec"#el' l"e# " the ab#ece o( a a$$eal.41

*ccor&"!l', 3e acce$t Co))"##"oer 0"#o $et"t"o ?G.R. No. >513h"ch clearl' char!e# the C"%"l Ser%"ce Co))"##"o 3"th !ra%e ab-#eo( &"#cret"o, a $ro$er #-bAect o( cert"orar", altho-!h "t )a' ot ha%e#o #tate& " e+$l"c"t ter)#.

*# to char!e# that the #a"& $et"t"o ha# bee =le& o-t o( t")e, 3ere"terate that "t ha# bee =le& #ea#oabl'. t "# to be #tre##e& that theSol"c"tor Geeral ha& th"rt' &a'# (ro) Se$te)ber 2, 19>> ?the &atethe Re#ol-t"o, &ate& Se$te)ber 2,19>>, o( the C"%"l Ser%"ceCo))"##"o, &e'"! reco#"&erat"o, 3a# rece"%e& to co))ecethe "#tat cert"orar" $rocee&"!#. *# 3e #tate&, -&er theCo#t"t-t"o, a a!!r"e%e& $art' ha# th"rt' &a'# 3"th" 3h"ch tochalle!e Ba' &ec"#"o, or&er, or r-l"!B 42 o( the Co))"##"o. To#a' that the $er"o& #ho-l& be co-te& (ro) the Sol"c"torI# rece"$t o(the )a" Re#ol-t"o, &ate& J-e , 19>>, "# to #a' that he #ho-l& ot

ha%e a#8e& (or reco#"&erat"o -t to #a' that "# to &e' h") ther"!ht to cote#t ?b' a )ot"o (or reco#"&erat"o a' r-l"!, othertha the )a" &ec"#"o, 3he, $rec"#el', the Co#t"t-t"o !"%e# h")#-ch a r"!ht. That "# al#o to $lace h") at a Bo3"B #"t-at"o beca-#e"( he &"& ot )o%e (or a reco#"&erat"o, he 3o-l& ha%e bee (a-lte&(or &e)a&"! cert"orar" too earl', -&er the !eeral r-le that a)ot"o (or reco#"&erat"o #ho-l& $re(ace a re#ort to a #$ec"al c"%"lact"o. 4 Dece, 3e )-#t rec8o the th"rt'&a' $er"o& (ro) rece"$to( the or&er o( &e"al.

e co)e to the )er"t# o( the#e ca#e#.

G.R. No#. >1954, >1967, >22, a& >55:

The Ca#e (or the E)$lo'ee#

The $et"t"oer " G.R. No. >1954, Ce#ar ar"o 3a# oe o( the e$-t'Co))"##"oer# o( the -rea- o( C-#to)# -t"l h"# rel"e( o or&er# o(Co))"##"oer 0"#o o Ja-ar' 26, 19>>. e##ece, he /-e#t"o#the le!al"t' o( h"# &"#)"##, 3h"ch he alle!e# 3a# -$o the a-thor"t' o(Sect"o 59 o( E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. 127, #-$ra, here"belo3re$ro&-ce& a# (ollo3#:

SEC. 59. Ne3 Str-ct-re a& atter. $o a$$ro%al o( th"#E+ec-t"%e Or&er, the ocer# a& e)$lo'ee# o( the 0""#tr' #hall, " ahol&o%er ca$ac"t', cot"-e to $er(or) the"r re#$ect"%e &-t"e# a&re#$o#"b"l"t"e# a& rece"%e the corre#$o&"! #alar"e# a& bee=t#-le## " the )eat")e the' are #e$arate& (ro) !o%er)et #er%"ce$-r#-at to E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. 17 ?19>6 or *rt"cle o( the


17/40

a B["c-)bet] 3ho#e [$o#"t"o] ["#] ot "cl-&e& there" or 3ho ["#]ot rea$$o"te&B45 to A-#t"(' h"# #e$arat"o (ro) the #er%"ce. Decote that e"ther the E+ec-t"%e Or&er ?-&er the #eco&$ara!ra$h o( the #ect"o or the #ta! $atter $ro$o#e& b' theSecretar' o( 6 V &-r"! the e@ect"%"t' o(the ro%"#"oal Co#t"t-t"o. De a& that -&er E+ec-t"%e Or&er No.9, BEN*RGNG TDE OERS *N 22, collector# a& e+a)"er# " %eo-#$ort# o( the h"l"$$"e#, #a', o the other ha&, that the $-r$o#e o(reor!a";at"o "# to e& corr-$t"o at the -rea- o( C-#to)# a& that#"ce there "# o =&"! that the' are !-"lt' o( corr-$t"o, the'caot be %al"&l' &"#)"##e& (ro) the #er%"ce.

The Ca#e (or Co))"##"oer 0"#o

h"# co))et#, the Co))"##"oer rel"e# o th"# Co-rtI# re#ol-t"o "Jo#e %. *rro'o54 " 3h"ch the (ollo3"! #tate)et a$$ear# " the la#t$ara!ra$h thereo(:

The cotet"o o( $et"t"oer that E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. 127 "# %"olat"%eo( the $ro%"#"o o( the 19>7 Co#t"t-t"o !-aratee"! career c"%"l#er%"ce e)$lo'ee# #ec-r"t' o( te-re o%erloo8# the $ro%"#"o# o(Sect"o 16, *rt"cle K ?Tra#"tor' ro%"#"o# 3h"ch e+$l"c"tl'a-thor";e the re)o%al o( career c"%"l #er%"ce e)$lo'ee# Bot (orca-#e b-t a# a re#-lt o( the reor!a";at"o $-r#-at to rocla)at"oNo. &ate& 0arch 25, 19>6 a& the reor!a";at"o (ollo3"! therat"=cat"o o( th"# Co#t"t-t"o.B ' %"rt-e o( #a"& $ro%"#"o, thereor!a";at"o o( the -rea- o( C-#to)# -&er E+ec-t"%e Or&er No.127 )a' cot"-e e%e a(ter the rat"=cat"o o( the Co#t"t-t"o, a&career c"%"l #er%"ce e)$lo'ee# )a' be #e$arate& (ro) the #er%"ce3"tho-t ca-#e a# a re#-lt o( #-ch reor!a";at"o.55


18/40

/-e#t"o 3ere Bot (or ca-#eB a& 3ere a re#-lt o( !o%er)etreor!a";e or!a";at"o &ecree& b' E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. 127. *etRe$-bl"c *ct No. 6656, he e+$re##e# &o-bt# o the co#t"t-t"oal"t'o( the !rat o( retroact"%"t' there" ?a# re!ar the re"(orce)et o(#ec-r"t' o( te-re #"ce the e3 Co#t"t-t"o clearl' allo3#reor!a";at"o a(ter "t# e@ect"%"t'.

G.R. No#. >51 a& >6241

The o#"t"o o( Co))"##"oer 0"#o

Co))"##"oerI# t3" $et"t"o# are &"rect challe!e# to three r-l"!#o( the C"%"l Ser%"ce Co))"##"o: ?1 the Re#ol-t"o, &ate& J-e ,19>>, re"#tat"! the 265 c-#to)# e)$lo'ee# abo%e#tate&L ?2 theRe#ol-t"o, &ate& Se$te)ber 2, 19>>, &e'"! reco#"&erat"oL a&? the Re#ol-t"o, &ate& No%e)ber 16, 19>>, re"#tat"! =%ee)$lo'ee#. The Co))"##"oerI# ar!-)et# are a# (ollo3#:

1. The o!o"! !o%er)et reor!a";at"o "# " the at-re o( aB$ro!re##"%eB 6 reor!a";at"o B")$elle& b' the ee& to o%erha-lthe et"re !o%er)et b-rea-crac'B 61 (ollo3"! the $eo$le $o3erre%ol-t"o o( 19>6L

2. There 3a# (a"th(-l co)$l"ace b' the -rea- o( the %ar"o-#!-"&el"e# "##-e& b' the re#"&et, " $art"c-lar, a# to &el"berat"o,a& #elect"o o( $er#oel (or a$$o"t)et -&er the e3 #ta!$atterL

. The #e$arate& e)$lo'ee# ha%e bee, -&er Sect"o 59 o(E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. 127, o )ere hol&o%er #ta&"!, B3h"ch )ea#that all $o#"t"o# are &eclare& %acatLB 62

4. Jo#e %. *rro'o ha# &eclare& the %al"&"t' o( E+ec-t"%e Or&er No.127 -&er the tra#"tor' $ro%"#"o# o( the 19>7 Co#t"t-t"oL

5. Re$-bl"c *ct No. 6656 "# o( &o-bt(-l co#t"t-t"oal"t'.

The R-l"! o( the C"%"l Ser%"ce Co))"##"o

The $o#"t"o o( the C"%"l Ser%"ce Co))"##"o "# a# (ollo3#:

1. Reor!a";at"o# occ-r 3here there ha# bee a re&-ct"o "$er#oel or re&-&ac' o( (-ct"o#L there "# o #ho3"! that thereor!a";at"o " /-e#t"o ha# bee carr"e& o-t (or e"ther $-r$o#e Vo the cotrar', the &"#)"##al# o3 &"#$-te& 3ere carr"e& o-t b')ere #er%"ce o( ot"ce#L

2. The c-rret C-#to)# reor!a";at"o ha# ot bee )a&eaccor&"! to 0alacaLa! !-"&el"e#L "(or)at"o o =le 3"th theCo))"##"o #ho3# that Co))"##"oer 0"#o ha# bee a$$o"t"!-/-al"=e& $er#oelL

. Jo#e %. *rro'o, " %al"&at"! E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. 127, &"& otco-teace "lle!al re)o%al#L

4. Re$-bl"c *ct No. 6656 $rotect# #ec-r"t' o( te-re " the co-r#eo( reor!a";at"o#.

The Co-rtI# r-l"!

Reor!a";at"o, 7 Co#t"t-t"o. e /-ote:

Sec. 16. Career c"%"l #er%"ce e)$lo'ee# #e$arate& (ro) the

#er%"ce ot (or ca-#e b-t a# a re#-lt o( the reor!a";at"o $-r#-at torocla)at"o No. &ate& 0arch 25, 19>6 a& the reor!a";at"o(ollo3"! the rat"=cat"o o( th"# Co#t"t-t"o #ha! be et"tle& toa$$ro$r"ate #e$arat"o $a' a& to ret"re)et a& other bee=t#accr-"! to the) -&er the la3# o( !eeral a$$l"cat"o " (orce at thet")e o( the"r #e$arat"o. l"e-l thereo(, at the o$t"o o( thee)$lo'ee#, the' )a' be co#"&ere& (or e)$lo')et " theGo%er)et or " a' o( "t# #-b&"%"#"o#, "#tr-)etal"t"e#, ora!ec"e#, "cl-&"! !o%er)eto3e& or cotrolle& cor$orat"o#a& the"r #-b#"&"ar"e#. Th"# $ro%"#"o al#o a$$l"e# to career ocer#3ho#e re#"!at"o, te&ere& " l"e 3"th the e+"#t"! $ol"c', ha& bee

acce$te&. 6


19/40

The Co-rt co#"&er# the abo%e $ro%"#"o cr"t"cal (or t3o rea#o#: ?1 t"# the ol' $ro%"#"o V " #o (ar a# "t )et"o# re)o%al# ot (or ca-#eV that 3o-l& ar!-abl' #-$$ort the challe!e& &"#)"##al# b' )ereot"ce, a& ?2 t "# the #"!le e+"#t"! la3 o reor!a";at"o a(ter therat"=cat"o o( the 19>7 Charter, e+ce$t Re$-bl"c *ct No. 6656, 3h"chca)e )-ch later, o J-e 1, 19>>. [Nota bee E+ec-t"%e Or&er# No.116 ?co%er"! the 0""#tr' o( *!r"c-lt-re W ?Sc"ece W Techolo!', 129 ?*!rar"a Re(or), 11?Nat-ral Re#o-rce#, 12 ?7, $r"or to the a&o$t"o o( theCo#t"t-t"o o 6.67

Other tha re(erece# to Breor!a";at"o (ollo3"! the rat"=cat"o o(th"# Co#t"t-t"o,B there "# o $ro%"#"o (or Ba-to)at"cB %acac"e#-&er the 19>7 Co#t"t-t"o.

%ar"abl', tra#"t"o $er"o are character";e& b' $ro%"#"o# (orBa-to)at"cB %acac"e#. The' are &"ctate& b' the ee& to ha#te the$a##a!e (ro) the ol& to the e3 Co#t"t-t"o (ree (ro) the B(etter#Bo( &-e $roce## a& #ec-r"t' o( te-re.

*t th"# $o"t, 3e )-#t &"#t"!-"#h re)o%al# (ro) #e$arat"o# ar"#"!(ro) abol"t"o o( oce ?ot b' %"rt-e o( the Co#t"t-t"o a# a re#-lto( reor!a";at"o carr"e& o-t b' rea#o o( ecoo)' or to re)o%ere&-&ac' o( (-ct"o#. the latter ca#e, the Go%er)et "#obl"!e& to $ro%e !oo& (a"th.6> ca#e o( re)o%al# -&erta8e toco)$l' 3"th clear a& e+$l"c"t co#t"t-t"oal )a&ate#, theGo%er)et "# ot har& $-t to $ro%e a'th"!, $la"l' a& #")$l'beca-#e the Co#t"t-t"o allo3# "t.

E%"&etl', the /-e#t"o "# 3hether or ot Sect"o 16 o( *rt"cle K o(

the 19>7 Co#t"t-t"o "# a !rat o( a l"ce#e -$o the Go%er)et tore)o%e career $-bl"c oc"al# "t co-l& ha%e %al"&l' &oe -&er aBa-to)at"cB %acac'a-thor"t' a& to re)o%e the) 3"tho-t rh')e orrea#o.

*# 3e ha%e #ee, #"ce 195, tra#"t"o $er"o ha%e beecharacter";e& b' $ro%"#"o# (or Ba-to)at"cB %acac"e#. e ta8e the#"lece o( the 19>7 Co#t"t-t"o o th"# )atter a# a re#tra"t -$othe Go%er)et to &"#)"## $-bl"c #er%at# at a )o)etI# ot"ce.


20/40

hat "#, "&ee&, a$$aret "# the (act that "( the $re#et Chartere%"#"oe& a Ba-to)at"cB %acac', "t #ho-l& ha%e #a"& #o " clearerter)#, a# "t# 195, 197, a& 19>6 co-ter$art# ha& #o #tate&.

The co#t"t-t"oal Bla$#eB )ea# e"ther oe o( t3o th"!#: ?1 TheCo#t"t-t"o )eat to cot"-e the reor!a";at"o -&er the $r"orCharter ?o( the Re%ol-t"oar' Go%er)et, " the #e#e that thelatter $ro%"&e# (or Ba-to)at"cB %acac"e#, or ?2 t )eat to $-t a#to$ to tho#e Ia-to)at"cB %acac"e#. ' "t#el(, ho3e%er, "t "#a)b"!-o-#, re(err"! a# "t &oe# to t3o #ta!e# o( reor!a";at"o V the=r#t, to "t# co(er)et or a-thor";at"o -&er rocla)at"o No. ?7.l3$h1.Ut -t a# 3e a##erte&, "(the "tet o( Sect"o 16 o( *rt"cle K o( the 19>7 Co#t"t-t"o 3ereto e+te& the e@ect# o( reor!a";e t"o -&er the 7, t3o re/-"#"te#, oe e!at"%e a& the other $o#"t"%e, )-#t

coc-r, to 3"t:

1. the #e$arat"o )-#t ot be (or ca-#e, a&

2. the #e$arat"o )-#t be &-e to a' o( the three #"t-at"o#)et"oe& abo%e.

' "t# ter)#, the a-thor"t' to re)o%e $-bl"c oc"al# -&er thero%"#"oal Co#t"t-t"o e&e& o


21/40

3e cate!or"call' &eclare& that a(ter ,19>6:

DERE*S, " or&er to ob%"ate -ece##ar' a+"et' a&&e)oral";at"o a)o! the &e#er%"! oc"al# a& e)$lo'ee#,$art"c-larl' " the career c"%"l #er%"ce, "t "# ece##ar' to $re#cr"be ther-le# a& re!-lat"o# (or ")$le)et"! the #a"& co#t"t-t"oal$ro%"#"o to $rotect career c"%"l #er%at# 3ho#e /-al"=cat"o# a&$er(or)ace )eet the #ta&ar o( #er%"ce &e)a&e& b' the Ne3Go%er)et, a& to e#-re that ol' tho#e (o-& corr-$t, "ec"et

a& -&e#er%"! are #e$arate& (ro) the !o%er)et #er%"ceL 71

Note3orth' "# the "A-ct"o e)bo&"e& " the E+ec-t"%e Or&er that&"#)"##al# #ho-l& be )a&e o the ba#"# o( =&"!# o( "ec"ec',!ra(t, a& -=te## to re&er $-bl"c #er%"ce.X

The re#"&etI# 0e)ora&-) o( October 14, 19>7 #ho-l&(-rther)ore be co#"&ere&. e /-ote, " $art:

7 o the #a)e#-bAect, ha%e or&ere& that there 3"ll be o (-rther la'o@# th"# 'earo( $er#oel a# a re#-lt o( the !o%er)et reor!a";at"o. 72

*##-)"!, the, that th"# reor!a";at"o allo3# re)o%al# Bot (orca-#eB " a )aer that 3o-l& ha%e bee $er)"##"ble " are%ol-t"oar' #ett"! a# Co))"##"oer 0"#o #o $-r$ort#, "t 3o-lee) that the Co))"##"oer 3o-l& ha%e bee $o3erle##, " a'e%et, to or&er &"#)"##al# at the C-#to)# -rea- le(t a& r"!ht.

Dece, e%e "( 3e acce$te& h"# B$ro!re##"%eB reor!a";at"o theor',he 3o-l& #t"ll ha%e to co)e to ter)# 3"th the Ch"e( E+ec-t"%eI##-b#e/-et &"rect"%e# )o&erat"! the re%ol-t"oar' a-thor"t'I#$lear' $o3er to #e$arate !o%er)et oc"al# a& e)$lo'ee#.

Reor!a";at"o -&er the 19>7 Co#t"t-t"o, Nat-re, E+tet, a&")"tat"o# o(L Jo#e %. *rro'o, clar"=e&. V

The cotro%er#' #ee)# to be that 3e ha%e, o-r#el%e#, #-$$o#e&l'e+te&e& the e@ect# o( !o%er)et reor!a";at"o -&er the

ro%"#"oal Co#t"t-t"o to the re!")e o( the 19>7 Co#t"t-t"o. Jo#e%. *rro'o7 "# #a"& to be the a-thor"t' (or th"# ar!-)et. E%"&etl', "(*rro'o "&ee& #o r-le&, *rro'o 3o-l& be "co#"#tet 3"th the earl"er$roo-ce)et o( E#!-erra a& the later hol&"! o( al)a


22/40

career c"%"l #er%"ce e)$lo'ee# )a' be #e$arate& (ro) the #er%"ce3"tho-t ca-#e a# a re#-lt o( #-ch reor!a";at"oB 74 "# " the at-reo( a ob"ter &"ct-). e &"#)"##e& Jo#eI# $et"t"o 75 $r")ar"l'beca-#e "t 3a# Bclearl' $re)at-re, #$ec-lat"%e, a& $-rel'at"c"$ator', ba#e& )erel' o e3#$a$er re$ort# 3h"ch &o ot #ho3a' &"rect or threatee& "A-r',B 76 "t a$$ear"! that thereor!a";at"o o( the -rea- o( C-#to)# ha& ot bee, the, #et ")ot"o. Jo#e there(ore ha& o ca-#e (or co)$la"t, 3h"ch 3a# eo-!hba#"# to &"#)"## the $et"t"o. The re)ar8 aet #e$arat"o B3"tho-tca-#eB 3a# there(ore ot ece##ar' (or the &"#$o#"t"o o( the ca#e. 0orale# %. ara&e#,77 "t 3a# hel& that a ob"ter &"ct-) Blac8# the(orce o( a a&A-&"cat"o a& #ho-l& ot or&"ar"l' be re!ar&e& a##-ch.B7>

Seco&l', *rro'o "# a -#"!e& re#ol-t"o 3h"le al)a 1 *# a !eeral r-le, areor!a";at"o "# carr"e& o-t " B!oo& (a"thB "( "t "# (or the $-r$o#e o(ecoo)' or to )a8e b-rea-crac' )ore ec"et. that e%et, o

&"#)"##al ?" ca#e o( a &"#)"##al or #e$arat"o act-all' occ-r#beca-#e the $o#"t"o "t#el( cea#e# to e+"#t. *& " that ca#e, #ec-r"t'o( te-re 3o-l& ot be a Ch"e#e 3all. e that a# "t )a', "( theBabol"t"o,B 3h"ch "# oth"! el#e b-t a #e$arat"o or re)o%al, "# &oe(or $ol"t"cal rea#o# or $-r$o#el' to &e(eat #t' o( te-re, or other3"#eot " !oo& (a"th, o %al"& Babol"t"oI ta8e# $lace a& 3hate%erBabol"t"oI "# &oe, "# %o"& ab ""t"o. There "# a "%al"& Babol"t"oB a#3here there "# )erel' a cha!e o( o)eclat-re o( $o#"t"o#, >2 or3here cla")# o( ecoo)' are bel"e& b' the e+"#tece o( a)$le (-.>


23/40

t "# to be #tre##e& that b' $re&"#$o#"! a reor!a";at"o to the'art"c8 o( !oo& (a"th, 3e are ot, a# a co#e/-ece, ")$o#"! aBca-#eB (or re#tr-ct-r"!. Retrech)et " the co-r#e o( areor!a";at"o " !oo& (a"th "# #t"ll re)o%al Bot (or ca-#e,B "( b'Bca-#eB 3e re(er to B!ro-B or co&"t"o# that call (or &"#c"$l"ar'act"o.XX

Goo& (a"th, a# a co)$oet o( a reor!a";at"o -&er a co#t"t-t"oalre!")e, "# A-&!e& (ro) the (act# o( each ca#e. Do3e%er, -&erRe$-bl"c *ct No. 6656, 3e are tol&:

SEC. 2.No ocer or e)$lo'ee " the career #er%"ce #hall be re)o%e&e+ce$t (or a %al"& ca-#e a& a(ter &-e ot"ce a& hear"!. * %al"&ca-#e (or re)o%al e+"#t# 3he, $-r#-at to a boa =&ereor!a";at"o, a $o#"t"o ha# bee abol"#he& or re&ere& re&-&ator there "# a ee& to )er!e, &"%"&e, or co#ol"&ate $o#"t"o# " or&erto )eet the e+"!ec"e# o( the #er%"ce, or other la3(-l ca-#e# allo3e&b' the C"%"l Ser%"ce a3. The e+"#tece o( a' or #o)e o( the

(ollo3"! c"rc-)#tace# )a' be co#"&ere& a# e%"&ece o( ba& (a"th" the re)o%al# )a&e a# a re#-lt o( reor!a";at"o, !"%"! r"#e to acla") (or re"#tate)et or rea$$o"t)et b' a a!!r"e%e& $art': ?ahere there "# a #"!"=cat "crea#e " the -)ber o( $o#"t"o# " thee3 #ta! $atter o( the &e$art)et or a!ec' cocere&L ?bhere a oce "# abol"#he& a& aother $er(or)"! #-b#tat"all' the#a)e (-ct"o# "# create&L ?c here "c-)bet# are re$lace& b'tho#e le## /-al"=e& " ter)# o( #tat-# o( a$$o"t)et, $er(or)acea& )er"tL ?& here there "# a recla##"=cat"o o( oce# " the&e$art)et or a!ec' cocere& a& the recla##"=e& oce# $er(or)

#-b#tat"all' the #a)e (-ct"o# a# the or"!"al oce#L ?e here there)o%al %"olate# the or&er o( #e$arat"o $ro%"&e& " Sect"o hereo(.>4

t "# " l"!ht hereo( that 3e ta8e -$ /-e#t"o# abo-t Co))"##"oer0"#oI# !oo& (a"th, or lac8 o( "t.

Reor!a";at"o o( the -rea- o( C-#to)#,ac8 o( Goo& 9


24/40

*ccor&"!l', 3"th re#$ect to e$-t' Co))"##"oer# Ce#ar ar"o a&"cete 7 3he the 19>7 Co#t"t-t"o beca)ee@ect"%e ?e eo. et al., %#. Do. eAa)" . E#/-erra, et. al., G.R.No. 7>59, 1 *-!-#t 19>7. *(ter the #a"& &ate the $ro%"#"o# o( thelatter o #ec-r"t' o( te-re !o%er. 9

t #ho-l& be #ee, =all', that 3e are ot barr"! Co))"##"oer0"#o (ro) carr'"! o-t a reor!a";at"o -&er the tra#"tor'$ro%"#"o# o( the 19>7 Co#t"t-t"o. -t #-ch a reor!a";at"o #ho-l&be #-bAect to the cr"ter"o o( !oo& (a"th.

Re#-)e. V

re#-)e, 3e re#tate a# (ollo3#:

1. The re#"&et co-l& ha%e %al"&l' re)o%e& !o%er)ete)$lo'ee#, electe& or a$$o"te&, 3"tho-t ca-#e b-t ol' be(ore thee@ect"%"t' o( the 19>7 Co#t"t-t"o o 7, the State &oe# ot lo#e the r"!ht toreor!a";e the Go%er)et re#-lt"! " the #e$arat"o o( career c"%"l#er%"ce e)$lo'ee# [CONST. ?19>7, #-$ra] $ro%"&e&, that #-ch areor!a";at"o "# )a&e " !oo& (a"th. ?Re$. *ct No. 6656, #-$ra.

G.R. No. >77

Th"# &"#$o#"t"o al#o re#ol%e# G.R. No. >77. *# 3e ha%e "&"cate&,G.R. No. >77 "# a challe!e to the %al"&"t' o( Re$-bl"c *ct No. 6656. br"e(, "t "# ar!-e& that the *ct, "#o(ar a# "t #tre!the# #ec-r"t' o(te-re 91 a& a# (ar a# "t $ro%"&e# (or a retroact"%e e@ect, 92 r-#co-ter to the tra#"tor' $ro%"#"o# o( the e3 Co#t"t-t"o ore)o%al# ot (or ca-#e.

t ca be #ee that the *ct, "#o(ar a# "t $ro%"&e# (or re"#tata)et o(e)$lo'ee# #e$arate& 3"tho-t Ba %al"& ca-#e a& a(ter &-e ot"ce a&hear"!B 9 "# ot cotrar' to the tra#"tor' $ro%"#"o# o( the e3Co#t"t-t"o. The Co-rt re"terate# that altho-!h the CharterI#tra#"tor' $ro%"#"o# )et"o #e$arat"o# Bot (or ca-#e,B#e$arat"o# there-&er )-#t e%erthele## be o acco-t o( a %al"&reor!a";at"o a& 3h"ch &o ot co)e abo-t a-to)at"call'.Other3"#e, #ec-r"t' o( te-re )a' be "%o8e&. 0oreo%er, "t ca be#ee that the #tat-te "t#el( reco!";e# re)o%al# 3"tho-t ca-#e.

Do3e%er, "t al#o ac8o3le&!e# the $o##"b"l"t' o( the lea&er#h"$ -#"!the art"=ce o( reor!a";at"o to (r-#trate #ec-r"t' o( te-re.


25/40

NOE N G.R. NOS. >51, >55, *N >6241, *N 0*M >, 19>9,NOE N G.R. NO. >51, *RE *1967, >22, *N >55 *REGR*NTE. TDE ETTONS N G.R. NOS. >77, >51 *N >6241*RE S0SSE.

TDE CO00SSONER O< CSTO0S S ORERE TO RENST*TE TDEE0OMEES SE*R*TE *S * REST O< DS NOTCES *TEJ*N*RM 26, 19>>.

TDE E0OMEES DO0 CO00SSONER 0SON 0*M D*E*ONTE *S RE*CE0ENTS *RE ORERE TO *C*TE TDEROSTS SJECT TO TDE *M0ENT O< D*TEER ENE45. *-!-#t 5, 2]

RIANITA BA!AOISAN, FELY MARIA!A, SHIRLY TA!ABAN,

RICARO SARANI, SUSAN IM"ERIAL, BEN#AMIN EMEM,

ROOLFO A!A, E!ARO BACLI!, !RE!ORIO LABAYAN,

HILARIO #ERE&, $n% MARIA CORA&ON CUANAN!, petitioners,

vs. NATIONAL TOBACCO AMINISTRATION, represente%

ANTONIO E !U&MAN $n% "ERLITA BAULA, respon%ents.

TG, J.:

re#"&et Jo#e$h E#tra&a "##-e& o Se$te)ber 199> E+ec-t"%eOr&er No. 29, et"tle& 0a&at"! the Strea)l""! o( the Nat"oalTobacco *&)""#trat"o ?NT*, a !o%er)et a!ec' -&er the

e$art)et o( *!r"c-lt-re. The or&er 3a# (ollo3e& b' aother"##-ace, o 27 October 199>, b' re#"&et E#tra&a o( E+ec-t"%eOr&er No. 6, a)e&"! E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. 29, "#o(ar a# the e3#ta! $atter 3a# cocere&, b' "crea#"! (ro) (o-r h-&re&?4 to ot e+cee&"! #e%e h-&re& =(t' ?75 the $o#"t"o#a@ecte& thereb'. co)$l"ace there3"th, the NT* $re$are& a&a&o$te& a e3 Or!a";at"o Str-ct-re a& Sta! atter ?OSS3h"ch, o 29 October 199>, 3a# #-b)"tte& to the Oce o( there#"&et.

O 11 No%e)ber 199>, the ra8 a& =le e)$lo'ee# o( NT* atac,a)o! 3ho) "cl-&e& here" $et"t"oer#, =le& a lettera$$eal 3"ththe C"%"l Ser%"ce Co))"##"o a& #o-!ht "t# a##"#tace " recall"!the OSS. O 4 ece)ber 199>, the OSS 3a# a$$ro%e& b' thee$art)et o( -&!et a& 0aa!e)et ?0 #-bAect to certa"re%"#"o#. O e%e &ate, the NT* create& a $lace)et co))"ttee toa##"#t the a$$o"t"! a-thor"t' " the #elect"o a& $lace)et o($er)aet $er#oel " the re%"#e& OSS. The re#-lt# o( thee%al-at"o b' the co))"ttee o the "&"%"&-al /-al"=cat"o# o(a$$l"cat# to the $o#"t"o# " the e3 OSS 3ere the &"##e)"ate&a& $o#te& at the cetral a& $ro%"c"al oce# o( the NT*.


26/40

O 1 J-e 1996, $et"t"oer#, all occ-$'"! &"@eret $o#"t"o# at theNT* oce " atac, loco# Norte, rece"%e& "&"%"&-al ot"ce# o(ter)"at"o o( the"r e)$lo')et 3"th the NT* e@ect"%e th"rt' ?&a'# (ro) rece"$t thereo(.


27/40

"t# re#ol-t"o o( 1 J-l' 22, the Co-rt re/-"re& the NT* to =le "t#co))et o the $et"t"o. O 1> No%e)ber 22, a(ter the NT* ha&=le& "t# co))et o( 2 Se$te)ber 22, the Co-rt "##-e& "t#re#ol-t"o &e'"! the $et"t"o (or (a"l-re o( $et"t"oer# to #-c"etl'#ho3 a' re%er#"ble error o the $art o( the a$$ellate co-rt " "t#challe!e& &ec"#"o #o a# to 3arrat the e+erc"#e b' th"# Co-rt o( "t#&"#cret"oar' a$$ellate A-r"#&"ct"o. * )ot"o (or reco#"&erat"o =le&b' $et"t"oer# 3a# &e"e& " the Co-rt# re#ol-t"o o( 2 Ja-ar'22.

O 21 7 ?*e+, et"t"o, "##-e& b' the Re%ol-t"oar' !o%er)et o( (or)erre#"&et Cora;o */-"o, a& the la3 creat"! NT*, 3h"ch $ro%"&e#that the !o%er"! bo&' o( NT* "# the oar& o( "rector#, 3o-l& bere&ere& )ea"!le##, "e@ect"%e a& a &ea& letter la3 beca-#e thechalle!e& NT* reor!a";at"o 3h"ch 3a# erroeo-#l' -$hel& b' theCo-rt o( *$$eal# 3a# a&o$te& a& ")$le)ete& b' the NT**&)""#trator *to"o &e G-;)a 3"tho-t the corre#$o&"!a-thor"t' (ro) the oar& o( "rector# a# )a&ate& there". br"e(,the reor!a";at"o "# a -ltra %"re# act o( the NT* *&)""#trator.

4. The challe!e& E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. 29 "##-e& b' (or)er re#"&etJo#e$h E#tra&a b-t -#"!e& b' the E+ec-t"%e Secretar' Roal&oa)ora 3o-l& " e@ect be erroeo-#l' -$hel& a& !"%e le!al e@ect

a# to #-$er#e&e, a)e& a&Qor )o&"(' E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. 245, ala3 "##-e& &-r"! the


28/40

the Ecoo)"c tell"!ece a& %e#t"!at"o -rea- a& E+ec-t"%eOr&er No. 22 ?S-$$le)etar' E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. 191 o theeact"%at"o o( the Ecoo)"c tell"!ece a& %e#t"!at"o -rea-a& (or Other 0atter# o the !ro-& that the' 3ere "##-e& b' there#"&et 3"th !ra%e ab-#e o( &"#cret"o a& " %"olat"o o( the"rco#t"t-t"oal r"!ht to #ec-r"t' o( te-re. The Co-rt e+$la"e&:

The !eeral r-le ha# al3a'# bee that the $o3er to abol"#h a $-bl"coce "# lo&!e& 3"th the le!"#lat-re. Th"# $rocee (ro) the le!al$rece$t that the $o3er to create "cl-&e# the $o3er to &e#tro'. *$-bl"c oce "# e"ther create& b' the Co#t"t-t"o, b' #tat-te, or b'a-thor"t' o( la3. Th-#, e+ce$t 3here the oce 3a# create& b' theCo#t"t-t"o "t#el(, "t )a' be abol"#he& b' the #a)e le!"#lat-re thatbro-!ht "t "to e+"#tece.

The e+ce$t"o, ho3e%er, "# that a# (ar a# b-rea-#, a!ec"e# or oce#" the e+ec-t"%e &e$art)et are cocere&, the re#"&et# $o3er o(cotrol )a' A-#t"(' h") to "act"%ate the (-ct"o# o( a $art"c-lar

oce, or certa" la3# )a' !rat h") the broa& a-thor"t' to carr' o-treor!a";at"o )ea#-re#. The ca#e " $o"t "# ar" %. E+ec-t"%eSecretar' [2> SCR* 71]. th"# ca#e, "t 3a# ar!-e& that there "# ola3 3h"ch e)$o3er# the re#"&et to reor!a";e the R. &ecree"! other3"#e, th"# Co-rt #-#ta"e& the (ollo3"! le!al ba#"#,th-#:

Y"t"all', "t "# ar!-e& that there "# o la3 'et 3h"ch e)$o3er# there#"&et to "##-e E.O. No. 12 or to reor!a";e the R.

Ye &o ot a!ree.

Y+ + + + + +

YSect"o 4> o( R.*. 7645 $ro%"&e# that:

YYSec. 4>. Scal"! o3 a& ha#e O-t o( *ct"%"t"e# o( *!ec"e#"th" the E+ec-t"%e rach. The hea o( &e$art)et#, b-rea-# a&oce# a& a!ec"e# are hereb' &"recte& to "&et"(' the"r re#$ect"%eact"%"t"e# 3h"ch are o lo!er e##et"al " the &el"%er' o( $-bl"c#er%"ce# a& 3h"ch )a' be #cale& &o3, $ha#e& o-t or abol"#he&,

#-bAect to c"%"l #er%"ce r-le# a& re!-lat"o#. + + +. *ct-al #cal"!

&o3, $ha#"! o-t or abol"t"o o( the act"%"t"e# #hall be e@ecte&$-r#-at to C"rc-lar# or Or&er# "##-e& (or the $-r$o#e b' the Oce o(the re#"&et.

YSa"& $ro%"#"o clearl' )et"o# the act# o( Y#cal"! &o3, $ha#"!o-t a& abol"t"o o( oce# ol' a& &oe# ot co%er the creat"o o(oce# or tra#(er o( (-ct"o#. Ne%erthele##, the act o( creat"! a&&ecetral";"! "# "cl-&e& " the #-b#e/-et $ro%"#"o o( Sect"o 623h"ch $ro%"&e# that:

YYSec. 62. a-thor";e& or!a";at"oal cha!e#. le## other3"#ecreate& b' la3 or &"recte& b' the re#"&et o( the h"l"$$"e#, oor!a";at"oal -"t or cha!e# " 8e' $o#"t"o# " a' &e$art)et ora!ec' #hall be a-thor";e& " the"r re#$ect"%e or!a";at"o #tr-ct-re#a& be (-&e& (ro) a$$ro$r"at"o# b' th"# *ct.

YThe (ore!o"! $ro%"#"o e%"&etl' #ho3# that the re#"&et "#a-thor";e& to e@ect or!a";at"oal cha!e# "cl-&"! the creat"o o(

oce# " the &e$art)et or a!ec' cocere&.

Y+ + + + + +

Y*other le!al ba#"# o( E.O. No. 12 "# Sect"o 2, oo8 o( E.O. No.292 3h"ch #tate#:

YYSec. 2. Re#"&-al o3er#. le## Co!re## $ro%"&e# other3"#e, there#"&et #hall e+erc"#e #-ch other $o3er# a& (-ct"o# %e#te& "the re#"&et 3h"ch are $ro%"&e& (or -&er the la3# a& 3h"ch areot #$ec"=call' e-)erate& abo%e or 3h"ch are ot &ele!ate& b' there#"&et " accor&ace 3"th la3.

YTh"# $ro%"#"o #$ea8# o( #-ch other $o3er# %e#te& " the re#"&et-&er the la3. hat la3 the !"%e# h") the $o3er to reor!a";eH t "#re#"&et"al ecree No. 1772 3h"ch a)e&e& re#"&et"al ecree No.1416. The#e &ecree# e+$re##l' !rat the re#"&et o( the h"l"$$"e#the cot"-"! a-thor"t' to reor!a";e the at"oal !o%er)et,3h"ch "cl-&e# the $o3er to !ro-$, co#ol"&ate b-rea-# a&a!ec"e#, to abol"#h oce#, to tra#(er (-ct"o#, to create a&cla##"(' (-ct"o#, #er%"ce# a& act"%"t"e# a& to #ta&ar&";e #alar"e#

a& )ater"al#. The %al"&"t' o( the#e t3o &ecree# are -/-e#t"oable.


29/40

The 19>7 Co#t"t-t"o clearl' $ro%"&e# that Yall la3#, &ecree#,e+ec-t"%e or&er#, $rocla)at"o#, letter o( "#tr-ct"o# a& othere+ec-t"%e "##-ace# ot "co#"#tet 3"th th"# Co#t"t-t"o #hallre)a" o$erat"%e -t"l a)e&e&, re$eale& or re%o8e&. So (ar, there "#'et o la3 a)e&"! or re$eal"! #a"& &ecree#.

No3, let -# ta8e a loo8 at the a##a"le& e+ec-t"%e or&er.

the 3herea# cla-#e o( E.O. No. 191, (or)er re#"&et E#tra&aachore& h"# a-thor"t' to &eact"%ate E o Sect"o 77 o( Re$-bl"c*ct >745 ? e -$ 3"th the )a&ate that theact-al #trea)l""! a& $ro&-ct"%"t' ")$ro%e)et " a!ec'or!a";at"o a& o$erat"o #hall be e@ecte& $-r#-at to C"rc-lar# orOr&er# "##-e& (or the $-r$o#e b' the Oce o( the re#"&et. The la3ha# #$o8e clearl'. e are le(t ol' 3"th the &-t' to #-#ta".

-t o( co-r#e, the l"#t o( le!al ba#"# a-thor";"! the re#"&et toreor!a";e a' &e$art)et or a!ec' " the e+ec-t"%e brach &oe#

ot ha%e to e& here. e )-#t ot lo#e #"!ht o( the %er' #o-rce o(

the $o3er that 3h"ch co#t"t-te# a e+$re## !rat o( $o3er. &erSect"o 1, oo8 o( E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. 292 ?other3"#e 8o3 a#the *&)""#trat"%e Co&e o( 19>7, the re#"&et, #-bAect to the $ol"c'" the E+ec-t"%e Oce a& " or&er to ach"e%e #")$l"c"t', ecoo)'a& ec"ec', #hall ha%e the cot"-"! a-thor"t' to reor!a";e thea&)""#trat"%e #tr-ct-re o( the Oce o( the re#"&et. ]

The Co-rt o( *$$eal#, " "t# o3 a##a"le& &ec"#"o, ha# (o-& o

e%"&ece o( ba& (a"th o the $art o( the NT*L th-#


30/40

the ca#e at bar, 3e =& o e%"&ece that the re#$o&et#co))"tte& ba& (a"th " "##-"! the ot"ce# o( oa$$o"t)et to the$et"t"oer#.

o( the Geeral ro%"#"o# o( Re$-bl"c

*ct No. >522 ?Geeral *$$ro$r"at"o# *ct o( ha# &ecree&that the re#"&et )a' &"rect cha!e# " the or!a";at"o a& 8e'$o#"t"o# " a' &e$art)et, b-rea- or a!ec' $-r#-at to *rt"cle ,Sect"o 25,[12] o( the Co#t"t-t"o, 3h"ch !rat# to the E+ec-t"%ee$art)et the a-thor"t' to reco))e& the b-&!et ece##ar' (or "t#o$erat"o. E%"&etl', th"# !rat o( $o3er "cl-&e# the a-thor"t' toe%al-ate each a& e%er' !o%er)et a!ec', "cl-&"! the&eter)"at"o o( the )o#t ecoo)"cal a& ec"et #ta! $atter,

-&er the E+ec-t"%e e$art)et.

the recet ca#e o( Ro#a "!a'a C. o)"!o, et al. %#. Do. Roal&o. a)ora, " h"# ca$ac"t' a# the E+ec-t"%e Secretar', et al.,[1] th"#Co-rt ha# ha& occa#"o to al#o &el%e o the re#"&et# $o3er toreor!a";e the Oce o( the re#"&et -&er Sect"o 1?2 a& ? o(E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. 292 a& the $o3er to reor!a";e the Oce o(the re#"&et ro$er. The Co-rt ha# there ob#er%e&:

+ + +. &er Sect"o 1?1 o( EO 292, the re#"&et ca reor!a";e

the Oce o( the re#"&et ro$er b' abol"#h"!, co#ol"&at"! or)er!"! -"t#, or b' tra#(err"! (-ct"o# (ro) oe -"t to aother. cotra#t, -&er Sect"o 1?2 a& ? o( EO 292, the re#"&et#$o3er to reor!a";e oce# o-t#"&e the Oce o( the re#"&et ro$erb-t #t"ll 3"th" the Oce o( the re#"&et "# l")"te& to )erel'tra#(err"! (-ct"o# or a!ec"e# (ro) the Oce o( the re#"&et toe$art)et# or *!ec"e#, a& %"ce %er#a.

The $ro%"#"o# o( Sect"o 1, oo8 , Cha$ter 1, o( E+ec-t"%e Or&erNo. 292 ?*&)""#trat"%e Co&e o( 19>7, abo%ere(erre& to, reath-#l':

SEC. 1. Cot"-"! *-thor"t' o( the re#"&et to Reor!a";e h"#Oce. The re#"&et, #-bAect to the $ol"c' " the E+ec-t"%e Oce a&" or&er to ach"e%e #")$l"c"t', ecoo)' a& ec"ec', #hall ha%ecot"-"! a-thor"t' to reor!a";e the a&)""#trat"%e #tr-ct-re o( theOce o( the re#"&et.


31/40

b' abol"#h"!, co#ol"&at"! or )er!"! -"t# thereo( or tra#(err"!(-ct"o# (ro) oe -"t to aotherL

?2 Tra#(er a' (-ct"o -&er the Oce o( the re#"&et to a'other e$art)et or *!ec' a# 3ell a# tra#(er (-ct"o# to theOce o( the re#"&et (ro) other e$art)et# a& *!ec"e#L a&

? Tra#(er a' a!ec' -&er the Oce o( the re#"&et to a' other

&e$art)et or a!ec' a# 3ell a# tra#(er a!ec"e# to the Oce o(the re#"&et (ro) other &e$art)et# a& a!ec"e#.

The =r#t #etece o( the la3 "# a e+$re## !rat to the re#"&et o( acot"-"! a-thor"t' to reor!a";e the a&)""#trat"%e #tr-ct-re o( theOce o( the re#"&et. The #-ccee&"! -)bere& $ara!ra$h# are ot" the at-re o( $ro%"#o# that -&-l' l")"t the a") a& #co$e o( the!rat to the re#"&et o( the $o3er to reor!a";e b-t are to be%"e3e& " co#oace there3"th. Sect"o 1?1 o( E+ec-t"%e Or&erNo. 292 #$ec"=call' re(er# to the re#"&et# $o3er to re#tr-ct-re the

"teral or!a";at"o o( the Oce o( the re#"&et ro$er, b'abol"#h"!, co#ol"&at"! or )er!"! -"t# hereo( or tra#(err"!(-ct"o# (ro) oe -"t to aother, 3h"le Sect"o 1?2 a& ?cocer e+ec-t"%e oce# o-t#"&e the Oce o( the re#"&et ro$erallo3"! the re#"&et to tra#(er a' (-ct"o -&er the Oce o( there#"&et to a' other e$art)et or *!ec' a& %"ce%er#a, a& thetra#(er o( a' a!ec' -&er the Oce o( the re#"&et to a' other&e$art)et or a!ec' a& %"ce%er#a.[14]

the $re#et "#tace, "%ol%"! e"ther a abol"t"o or tra#(er o(oce#, the a##a"le& act"o "# a )ere reor!a";at"o -&er the!eeral $ro%"#"o# o( the la3 co#"#t"! )a"l' o( #trea)l""! theNT* " the "tere#t o( #")$l"c"t', ecoo)' a& ec"ec'. t "# a act3ell 3"th" the a-thor"t' o( re#"&et )ot"%ate& a& carr"e& o-t,accor&"! to the =&"!# o( the a$$ellate co-rt, " !oo& (a"th, a(act-al a##e##)et that th"# Co-rt co-l& ol' b-t acce$t.[15]

$a##"!, relat"%e to $et"t"oer# 0ot"o (or a E ac Re#ol-t"o o(the Ca#e, "t )a' be 3ell to re)"& co-#el, that the Co-rt E ac "#ot a a$$ellate tr"b-al to 3h"ch a$$eal# (ro) a "%"#"o o( theCo-rt )a' be ta8e. * "%"#"o o( the Co-rt "# the S-$re)e Co-rt a#

(-ll' a& %er"tabl' a# the Co-rt E ac "t#el( a& a &ec"#"o o( "t#

"%"#"o "# a# a-thor"tat"%e a& =al a# a &ec"#"o o( the Co-rt Eac. Re(erral# o( ca#e# (ro) a "%"#"o to the Co-rt E ac &o otta8e $lace a# A-#t a )atter o( ro-t"e b-t ol' o #-ch #$ec"=e&!ro- a# the Co-rt " "t# &"#cret"o )a' allo3.[16]

DERE


32/40

[G.R. No. 142>1>2. J-l' 1, 21]

BU/LO N! /A0ANIN! EIIB, CESAR "OSAA, REMEIOS !.

"RINCESA, BEN#AMIN /HO, BENI!NO MAN!A, LULU

MENO&A, petitioners, vs. HON. EXECUTIVE SECRETARY

RONALO B. &AMORA, HON. SECRETARY #OSE "ARO,

E"ARTMENT OF FINANCE, HON. SECRETARY BEN#AMIN

IO/NO, E"ARTMENT OF BU!ET AN MANA!EMENT, HON.

SECRETARY ARTEMIO TUQUERO, E"ARTMENT OF #USTICE,

respon%ents.

S*NO*GTERRE, J.:

th"# $et"t"o (or cert"orar", $roh"b"t"o a& )a&a)-#, $et"t"oer#-8lo& N! a3a"! E, Ce#ar o#a&a, Re)e&"o# r"ce#a,eAa)" ho, e"!o 0a!a a& -l- 0e&o;a, (or the)#el%e# a&" behal( o( other# 3"th 3ho) the' #hare a co))o or !eeral"tere#t, #ee8 the -ll"=cat"o o( E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. 191[1] a&E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. 22[2] o the !ro-& that the' 3ere "##-e& b'the Oce o( the re#"&et 3"th !ra%e ab-#e o( &"#cret"o a& "%"olat"o o( the"r co#t"t-t"oal r"!ht to #ec-r"t' o( te-re.

The (act# are -&"#$-te&:

O J-e , 19>7, (or)er re#"&et Cora;o C. */-"o, "##-e&E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. 127[] e#tabl"#h"! the Ecoo)"c tell"!ecea& %e#t"!at"o -rea- ?E a# $art o( the #tr-ct-ral or!a";at"oo( the 0""#tr' o(


33/40

0ea3h"le, re#"&et E#tra&a "##-e& E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. 196[>]creat"! the re#"&et"al *t"S)-!!l"! Ta#8


34/40

the oce cea#e# to e+"#t, the #a)e "# ot tr-e " &eact"%at"o 3herethe oce cot"-e# to e+"#t, albe"t re)a""! &or)at or "o$erat"%e.e that a# "t )a', &eact"%at"o a& abol"t"o are both reor!a";at"o)ea#-re#.

The Sol"c"tor Geeral ol' "%o8e# the abo%e &"#t"ct"o# o the)"#ta8e a##-)$t"o that the re#"&et ha# o $o3er to abol"#h aoce.

The !eeral r-le ha# al3a'# bee that the $o3er to abol"#h a $-bl"coce "# lo&!e& 3"th the le!"#lat-re.[16] Th"# $rocee (ro) the le!al$rece$t that the $o3er to create "cl-&e# the $o3er to &e#tro'. *$-bl"c oce "# e"ther create& b' the Co#t"t-t"o, b' #tat-te, or b'a-thor"t' o( la3.[17] Th-#, e+ce$t 3here the oce 3a# create& b'the Co#t"t-t"o "t#el(, "t )a' be abol"#he& b' the #a)e le!"#lat-rethat bro-!ht "t "to e+"#tece.[1>]

The e+ce$t"o, ho3e%er, "# that a# (ar a# b-rea-#, a!ec"e# or oce#

" the e+ec-t"%e &e$art)et are cocere&, the re#"&et# $o3er o(cotrol )a' A-#t"(' h") to "act"%ate the (-ct"o# o( a $art"c-laroce,[19] or certa" la3# )a' !rat h") the broa& a-thor"t' to carr'o-t reor!a";at"o )ea#-re#.[2] The ca#e " $o"t "# ar" %.E+ec-t"%e Secretar'.[21] th"# ca#e, "t 3a# ar!-e& that there "# ola3 3h"ch e)$o3er# the re#"&et to reor!a";e the R. &ecree"! other3"#e, th"# Co-rt #-#ta"e& the (ollo3"! le!al ba#"#,th-#:

"t"all', "t "# ar!-e& that there "# o la3 'et 3h"ch e)$o3er# there#"&et to "##-e E.O. No. 12 or to reor!a";e the R.

e &o ot a!ree.

+ + + + + +

Sect"o 4> o( R.*. 7645 $ro%"&e# that:

Sec. 4>. Scal"! o3 a& ha#e O-t o( *ct"%"t"e# o( *!ec"e# "th"the E+ec-t"%e rach. The hea o( &e$art)et#, b-rea-# a& oce#a& a!ec"e# are hereb' &"recte& to "&et"(' the"r re#$ect"%e

act"%"t"e# 3h"ch are o lo!er e##et"al " the &el"%er' o( $-bl"c

#er%"ce# a& 3h"ch )a' be #cale& &o3, $ha#e& o-t or abol"#he&,#-bAect to c"%"l #er%"ce r-le# a& re!-lat"o#. K + +. *ct-al #cal"!&o3, $ha#"! o-t or abol"t"o o( the act"%"t"e# #hall be e@ecte&$-r#-at to C"rc-lar# or Or&er# "##-e& (or the $-r$o#e b' the Oce o(the re#"&et.

Sa"& $ro%"#"o clearl' )et"o# the act# o( #cal"! &o3, $ha#"! o-ta& abol"t"o o( oce# ol' a& &oe# ot co%er the creat"o o( oce#

or tra#(er o( (-ct"o#. Ne%erthele##, the act o( creat"! a&&ecetral";"! "# "cl-&e& " the #-b#e/-et $ro%"#"o o( Sect"o 623h"ch $ro%"&e# that:

Sec. 62. a-thor";e& or!a";at"oal char!e#. le## other3"#ecreate& b' la3 or &"recte& b' the re#"&et o( the h"l"$$"e#, oor!a";at"oal -"t or cha!e# " 8e' $o#"t"o# " a' &e$art)et ora!ec' #hall be a-thor";e& " the"r re#$ect"%e or!a";at"o #tr-ct-re#a& be (-&e& (ro) a$$ro$r"at"o# b' th"# *ct. ?"tal"c# o-r#

The (ore!o"! $ro%"#"o e%"&etl' #ho3# that the re#"&et "#a-thor";e& to e@ect or!a";at"oal cha!e# "cl-&"! the creat"o o(oce# " the &e$art)et or a!ec' cocere&.

+ + + + + +

*other le!al ba#"# o( E.O. No. 12 "# Sect"o 2, oo8 o( E.O. No.292 3h"ch #tate#:

Sec. 2. Re#"&-al o3er#. le## Co!re## $ro%"&e# other3"#e, there#"&et #hall e+erc"#e #-ch other $o3er# a& (-ct"o# %e#te& "the re#"&et 3h"ch are $ro%"&e& (or -&er the la3# a& 3h"ch areot #$ec"=call' e-)erate& abo%e or 3h"ch are ot &ele!ate& b' there#"&et " accor&ace 3"th la3. ?"tal"c o-r#

Th"# $ro%"#"o #$ea8# o( #-ch other $o3er# %e#te& " the re#"&et-&er the la3. hat la3 the !"%e# h") the $o3er to reor!a";eH t "#re#"&et"al ecree No. 1772 3h"ch a)e&e& re#"&et"al ecree No.1416. The#e &ecree# e+$re##l' !rat the re#"&et o( the h"l"$$"e#the cot"-"! a-thor"t' to reor!a";e the at"oal !o%er)et,3h"ch "cl-&e# the $o3er to !ro-$, co#ol"&ate b-rea-# a&

a!ec"e#, to abol"#h oce#, to tra#(er (-ct"o#, to create a&


35/40

cla##"(' (-ct"o#, #er%"ce# a& act"%"t"e# a& to #ta&ar&";e #alar"e#a& )ater"al#. The %al"&"t' o( the#e t3o &ecree# are -/-e#t"oable.The 19>7 Co#t"t-t"o clearl' $ro%"&e# that all la3#, &ecree#,e+ec-t"%e or&er#, $rocla)at"o#, letter# o( "#tr-ct"o# a& othere+ec-t"%e "##-ace# ot "co#"#tet 3"th th"# Co#t"t-t"o #hallre)a" o$erat"%e -t"l a)e&e&, re$eale& or re%o8e&. So (ar, there "#'et o la3 a)e&"! or re$eal"! #a"& &ecree#. ?E)$ha#"# #-$$l"e&

No3, let -# ta8e a loo8 at the a##a"le& e+ec-t"%e or&er.

the 3herea# cla-#e o( E.O. No. 191, (or)er re#"&et E#tra&aachore& h"# a-thor"t' to &eact"%ate E o Sect"o 77 o( Re$-bl"c*ct >745 ? e -$3"th the )a&ate that the act-al #trea)l""! a& $ro&-ct"%"t'")$ro%e)et " a!ec' or!a";at"o a& o$erat"o #hall be e@ecte&$-r#-at to C"rc-lar# or Or&er# "##-e& (or the $-r$o#e b' the Oce o(the re#"&et.[24] The la3 ha# #$o8e clearl'. e are le(t ol' 3"ththe &-t' to #-#ta".

-t o( co-r#e, the l"#t o( le!al ba#"# a-thor";"! the re#"&et toreor!a";e a' &e$art)et or a!ec' " the e+ec-t"%e brach &oe#ot ha%e to e& here. e )-#t ot lo#e #"!ht o( the %er' #o-rce o(the $o3er that 3h"ch co#t"t-te# a e+$re## !rat o( $o3er. &erSect"o 1, oo8 o( E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. 292 ?other3"#e 8o3 a#the *&)""#trat"%e Co&e o( 19>7, the re#"&et, #-bAect to the $ol"c'" the E+ec-t"%e Oce a& " or&er to ach"e%e #")$l"c"t', ecoo)'a& ec"ec', #hall ha%e the cot"-"! a-thor"t' to reor!a";e the

a&)""#trat"%e #tr-ct-re o( the Oce o( the re#"&et.


36/40

et"t"oer# cla") that the &eact"%at"o o( E 3a# &oe " ba& (a"thbeca-#e (o-r &a'# a(ter "t# &eact"%at"o, re#"&et E#tra&a create&the Ta#8


37/40

&"#)"##al ?" ca#e o( &"#)"##al or #e$arat"o act-all' occ-r# beca-#ethe $o#"t"o "t#el( cea#e# to e+"#t. *& " that ca#e, #ec-r"t' o( te-re3o-l& ot be a Ch"e#e 3all. e that a# "t )a', "( the abol"t"o, 3h"ch"# oth"! el#e b-t a #e$arat"o or re)o%al, "# &oe (or $ol"t"calrea#o# or $-r$o#el' to &e(eat #ec-r"t' o( te-re, other3"#e ot "!oo& (a"th, o %al"& abol"t"o ta8e# a& 3hate%er abol"t"o "# &oe, "#%o"& ab ""t"o. There "# a "%al"& abol"t"o a# 3here there "# )erel' acha!e o( o)eclat-re o( $o#"t"o#, or 3here cla")# o( ecoo)' are

bel"e& b' the e+"#tece o( a)$le (-.

&ee&, there "# o #-ch th"! a# a ab#ol-te r"!ht to hol& oce.E+ce$t co#t"t-t"oal oce# 3h"ch $ro%"&e (or #$ec"al "))-"t' a#re!ar #alar' a& te-re, o oe ca be #a"& to ha%e a' %e#te&r"!ht " a oce or "t# #alar'.[4]

h"le 3e ca#t a co))"#erat"! loo8 -$o the $l"!ht o( all the Ee)$lo'ee# 3ho#e l"%e# $erha$# are o3 tor 3"th -certa"t"e#, 3ecaot "!ore the -(ort-ate real"t' that o-r !o%er)et "# al#o

battl"! the ")$act o( a $l-))et"! ecoo)'. le## the!o%er)et "# !"%e the chace to rec-$erate b' "#t"t-t"! ecoo)'a& ec"ec' " "t# #'#te), the E 3"ll ot be the la#t a!ec' to#-@er the ")$act. e caot (r-#trate %al"& )ea#-re# 3h"ch are&e#"!e& to reb-"l& the e+ec-t"%e &e$art)et.

DERE


38/40

O 0arch 5, 1999, (or)er re#"&et Jo#e$h E. E#tra&a "##-e&E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. >1[] ?EO >1 (or bre%"t' et"tle& Tra#(err"! theS$ort# ro!ra)# a& *ct"%"t"e# o( the e$art)et o( E&-cat"o,C-lt-re a& S$ort# to the h"l"$$"e S$ort# Co))"##"o a& e="!the Role o( ECS " Schoola#e& S$ort#.

EO >1 $ro%"&e& th-#:

Sect"o 1. Tra#(err"! the S$ort# ro!ra) a& *ct"%"t"e# to the SC.*ll the (-ct"o#, $ro!ra)# a& act"%"t"e# o( ECS relate& to #$ort#&e%elo$)et a# $ro%"&e& (or " Sec. 16 o( EO 117 ?#. 19>7 arehereb' tra#(erre& to SC.

Sect"o 2. e="! the Role o( ECS " Schoola#e& S$ort#. TheECS #hall ha%e A-r"#&"ct"o a& (-ct"o o%er the ehace)et o(h'#"cal E&-cat"o ?.E. c-rr"c-l-) a& "t# a$$l"cat"o " 3hate%er(or) "#"&e #chool#.

Sect"o . The Role o( SC. *# the $r")ar' a!ec' ta#8e& to(or)-late $ol"c"e# a& o%er#ee the at"oal #$ort# &e%elo$)et$ro!ra), the )aa!e)et a& ")$le)etat"o o( all #choolba#e$ort# co)$et"t"o# a)o! #chool# at the &"#tr"ct, $ro%"c"al,re!"oal, at"oal a& "terat"oal le%el#, " coor&"at"o 3"thcocere& $-bl"c a& $r"%ate et"t"e# #hall be tra#(erre& to the SC.

-r#-at to EO >1, (or)er ECS Secretar' *&re3 . Go;ale#?Secretar' Go;ale# (or bre%"t' "##-e& 0e)ora&-) No. 1592 oJa-ar' 1, 2. 0e)ora&-) No. 1592 te)$orar"l' rea##"!e&, "the e+"!ec' o( the #er%"ce, all re)a""! ESS Sta@ to other&"%"#"o# or b-rea-# o( the ECS e@ect"%e 0arch 15, 2.

O Ja-ar' 21, 2, Secretar' Go;ale# "##-e& 0e)ora&-) No.1594 rea##"!"! the ESS #ta@ a)e& " the 0e)ora&-) to%ar"o-# oce# 3"th" the ECS e@ect"%e 0arch 15, 2. et"t"oer#3ere a)o! the ESS $er#oel a@ecte& b' 0e)ora&-) No.1594. "##at"#=e& 3"th the"r rea##"!)et, $et"t"oer# =le& the"#tat $et"t"o.

the"r et"t"o, $et"t"oer# ar!-e that EO >1 "# %o"& a&

-co#t"t-t"oal (or be"! a -&-e le!"#lat"o b' re#"&et E#tra&a.

et"t"oer# )a"ta" that the re#"&et# "##-ace o( EO >1 %"olate&the $r"c"$le o( #e$arat"o o( $o3er#. et"t"oer# al#o challe!e theECS 0e)ora&a (or %"olat"! the"r r"!ht to #ec-r"t' o( te-re.

et"t"oer# #ee8 to -ll"(' EO >1 a& the ECS 0e)ora&a.et"t"oer# $ra' that th"# Co-rt $roh"b"t the SC (ro) $er(or)"!(-ct"o# relate& to #chool #$ort# &e%elo$)et. et"t"oer# (-rther$ra' that, -$o =l"! o( the $et"t"o, th"# Co-rt "##-e a te)$orar'

re#tra""! or&er a!a"#t re#$o&et# to &e#"#t (ro) ")$le)et"!EO >1.

-r"! the $e&ec' o( the ca#e, Re$-bl"c *ct No. 9155 ?R* 9155 (orbre%"t', other3"#e 8o3 a# the Go%erace o( a#"c E&-cat"o *cto( 21, 3a# eacte& o *-!-#t 11, 21. R* 9155 e+$re##l'abol"#he& the ESS a& tra#(erre& the (-ct"o#, $ro!ra)# a&act"%"t"e# o( the ECS relat"! to #$ort# co)$et"t"o to the SC. The$ert"et $ro%"#"o thereo( rea:

SEC. 9. *bol"t"o o( ESS. *ll (-ct"o#, $ro!ra)# a& act"%"t"e# o(the e$art)et o( E&-cat"o relate& to #$ort# co)$et"t"o #hall betra#(erre& to the h"l"$$"e S$ort# Co))"##"o ?SC. The ro!ra)(or #chool #$ort# a& $h'#"cal =te## #hall re)a" $art o( the ba#"ce&-cat"o c-rr"c-l-).

The -rea- o( h'#"cal E&-cat"o a& School S$ort# ?ESS "#hereb' abol"#he&. The $er#oel o( the ESS, $re#etl' &eta"le&3"th the SC, are hereb' tra#(erre& to the SC 3"tho-t lo## o( ra8,"cl-&"! the $lat"lla $o#"t"o# the' occ-$'. *ll other ESS$er#oel #hall be reta"e& b' the e$art)et.

The ##-e

The "##-e to re#ol%e "# 3hether EO >1 a& the ECS 0e)ora&a are%al"&.

The Co-rt# R-l"!

e &"#)"## th"# $et"t"o (or be"! )oot a& aca&e)"c.


39/40

*# )a"(e#te& b' both $et"t"oer#[4] a& re#$o&et#,[5] the#-b#e/-et eact)et o( R* 9155 ha# re&ere& the "##-e# " the$re#et ca#e )oot a& aca&e)"c. S"ce R* 9155 abol"#he& theESS a& tra#(erre& the ECS (-ct"o# relat"! to #$ort#co)$et"t"o to the SC, $et"t"oer# o3 a&)"t that "t "# o lo!er$la-#"ble to ra"#e a' -ltra %"re# a##-)$t"o b' the SC o( the(-ct"o# o( the ESS.[6] 0oreo%er, #"ce R* 9155 $ro%"&e# thatESS $er#oel ot tra#(erre& to the SC #hall be reta"e& b' the

ECS, $et"t"oer# o3 acce$t that the la3 e+$l"c"tl' $rotect# a&$re#er%e#[7] the"r r"!ht to #ec-r"t' o( te-re.

*ltho-!h the "##-e "# alrea&' aca&e)"c, "t# #"!"=cace co#tra"#the Co-rt to $o"t o-t that E+ec-t"%e Or&er No. 292 ?EO 292 (orbre%"t', other3"#e 8o3 a# the *&)""#trat"%e Co&e o( 19>7,e+$re##l' !rat# the re#"&et cot"-"! a-thor"t' to reor!a";e theOce o( the re#"&et. Sect"o 1 o( EO 292 $ro%"&e#:

SEC. 1. Cot"-"! *-thor"t' o( the re#"&et to Reor!a";e h"#

Oce. The re#"&et, #-bAect to the $ol"c' " the E+ec-t"%e Oce a&" or&er to ach"e%e #")$l"c"t', ecoo)' a& ec"ec', #hall ha%ecot"-"! a-thor"t' to reor!a";e the a&)""#trat"%e #tr-ct-re o( theOce o( the re#"&et. 1 "# ba#e& o the re#"&et# cot"-"! a-thor"t' -&erSect"o 1 ?2 a& ? o( EO 292,[>] EO >1 "# a %al"& e+erc"#e o( there#"&et# &ele!ate& $o3er to reor!a";e the Oce o( the re#"&et.The la3 !rat# the re#"&et th"# $o3er " reco!"t"o o( therec-rr"! ee& o( e%er' re#"&et to reor!a";e h"# oce to ach"e%e#")$l"c"t', ecoo)' a& ec"ec'. The Oce o( the re#"&et "# theer%e ceter o( the E+ec-t"%e rach. To re)a" e@ect"%e a&ec"et, the Oce o( the re#"&et )-#t be ca$able o( be"! #ha$e&

a& re#ha$e& b' the re#"&et " the )aer he &ee)# =t to carr'o-t h"# &"rect"%e# a& $ol"c"e#. *(ter all, the Oce o( the re#"&et "#the co))a& $o#t o( the re#"&et. Th"# "# the rat"oale beh"& there#"&et# cot"-"! a-thor"t' to reor!a";e the a&)""#trat"%e#tr-ct-re o( the Oce o( the re#"&et.

et"t"oer# cotet"o that the ECS "# ot $art o( the Oce o( there#"&et "# "))ater"al. &er EO 292, the ECS "# "&"#$-tabl' ae$art)et o( the E+ec-t"%e rach. E%e "( the ECS "# ot $art o(the Oce o( the re#"&et, Sect"o 1 ?2 a& ? o( EO 292 clearl'

a-thor";e# the re#"&et to tra#(er a' (-ct"o or a!ec' o( theECS to the Oce o( the re#"&et. &er "t# charter, the SC "#attache& to the Oce o( the re#"&et.[9] There(ore, the re#"&etha# the a-thor"t' to tra#(er the (-ct"o#, $ro!ra)# a& act"%"t"e# o(ECS relate& to #$ort# &e%elo$)et[1] to the SC, )a8"! EO >1 a%al"& $re#"&et"al "##-ace.

Do3e%er, the re#"&et# $o3er to reor!a";e the Oce o( there#"&et -&er Sect"o 1 ?2 a& ? o( EO 292 #ho-l& be&"#t"!-"#he& (ro) h"# $o3er to reor!a";e the Oce o( the re#"&etro$er. &er Sect"o 1 ?1 o( EO 292, the re#"&et ca reor!a";ethe Oce o( the re#"&et ro$er b' abol"#h"!, co#ol"&at"! or)er!"! -"t#, or b' tra#(err"! (-ct"o# (ro) oe -"t to aother. cotra#t, -&er Sect"o 1 ?2 a& ? o( EO 292, the re#"&et#$o3er to reor!a";e oce# o-t#"&e the Oce o( the re#"&et ro$erb-t #t"ll 3"th" the Oce o( the re#"&et "# l")"te& to )erel'tra#(err"! (-ct"o# or a!ec"e# (ro) the Oce o( the re#"&et toe$art)et# or *!ec"e#, a& %"ce %er#a.

Th"# &"#t"ct"o "# cr-c"al a# "t a@ect# the #ec-r"t' o( te-re o(e)$lo'ee#. The abol"t"o o( a oce " !oo& (a"th ece##ar"l' re#-lt#

" the e)$lo'ee# ce##at"o " oce, b-t " #-ch e%et there "# o


40/40

&"#)"##al or #e$arat"o beca-#e the oce "t#el( cea#e# to e+"#t.[11]O the other ha&, the tra#(er o( (-ct"o# or a!ec"e# &oe# otre#-lt " the e)$lo'ee# ce##at"o " oce beca-#e h"# ocecot"-e# to e+"#t altho-!h " aother &e$art)et, a!ec' or oce. the "#tat ca#e, the ESS e)$lo'ee# 3ho 3ere ot tra#(erre&to SC 3ere at =r#t te)$orar"l', the later $er)aetl' rea##"!e& toother oce# o( the ECS, e#-r"! the"r cot"-e& e)$lo')et. *t

a' rate, R* 9155 o3 )a&ate# that the#e e)$lo'ee# #hall bereta"e& b' the e$art)et.

DERE

Documents

Admin Case Batch 2