Adjectival/Adverbial PhraseENGL 341

OVERVIEW OF LAST WEEK• A summary of NP:

• The structure/internal components/constituents• The determiner• The pre/modifier• The head• The post-modifier

• A review of exercises

ADJECTIVAL PHRASE• Composed potentially of 3 structural elements:

• The head• Modifier (m)• Post-head (post-modifier /complement)

• This gives us the ff structure:• M + H + Post-mod + C• Very + good + enough + at tennis (m h post-m c)• Extremely fond of you (m h c)• Very thoughtful of you• Very glad that you came• Happy indeed• Honest enough

• The AdjP no matter how many words form its constituents, can be replaced by a single adjective (example )

• The head of AdjP is always an adjective which is indispensible in the AdjP.

• Besides it can stand on its own• In most cases the head functions as a modifier in an NP• A very big house• An interesting story• Bad news

• The pre-modifiers in the AdjP are usually DEGREE ADVERBS – very, quite, extremely, considerably, hardly, etc

• Items that can come after the head (post-head) are post-modifiers (good indeed, sorry enough) and complements

• The difference between a post-modifier and a complement is that the complement is controlled by the head whereas the post-modifier is not

• Post-modifiers: the intensifiers - indeed/enough• Interesting indeed• Sorrowful indeed• Large/big enough

• Complements: • Finite clauses:

• We are proud that you mad it• They are certain that he took it• We are angry that you shouted at us• He is sad that you are leaving

• Non-finite clauses:• You are clever to have made an A• He is eager to do it• we are sorry to hear about the accident• He is not willing to see you• The water is not safe to drink

• Adjectives that take non-finite clauses (kind, clever, bound, likely, foolish

• Complements:• Prepositional phrase complements:

• Angry about the disappointment• Concerned about our well-being• Alarmed at the new• Hurt by his remarks• Full of vitality• Kind of you• Opposed to new things• Fed up with the class

• Degree complements:• More friendly than Kofi• Easier than we thought• Less endowed than Frank• The smartest in the class• The most famous of his peers

ADVERBIAL PHRASES• Composed potentially of 3 element:• A head (H)• The pre-modifier• The post-head: either a post-modifier or a complement

• The head is always realised by an ADVERB, which is the most important element in the group

• He arrived early• We nearly forgot about you

• The pre-modifiers in the AdvP are usually realised by DEGREE ADVERBS – very, quite, extremely, considerably, hardly, etc

• Items that can come after the head (post-head) are post-modifiers (fast indeed, spoken humbly enough) and complements

• AdvP modify verbs, function as adjuncts and as complements

• Examples of AdvP:• More gently• More gently than necessary (mhc)• Too quickly• Extremely slowly• Far away from enlightenment (mhc)• There in the afternoon (hpost-m)

Post-head • Post-modifiers: intensifying adverbs (enough/indeed)• Fast enough• Quickly indeed• Greatly indeed• Luckily enough• Splendidly indeed

• Complements: unlike AdjPs which can be complemented by a number of elements, AdvPs are complemented minimally by ff:• The item else

• Where else when else how else• Why else

Complements of comparison and excess• He entered more boldly than his friends• He teaches less often on Sat than on Mondays• He came earlier than usual

• Prepositional complements• A few adjectives can take prepositional complements:

• Similarly to independently of, separately from, differently from

ASSIGNMENTDetermine when the items (today, tomorrow, yesterday) are nouns and when they are adverbs with examples.