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Marc E. Engel FDACS, Food Safety Laboratories , Chemistry Tallahassee, FL [email protected]
Complaints
Suspect health problem Food Borne Illness (FBI)
Food Fraud
▪ Economic adulteration
▪ Label does not comply with claims or NLEA guidelines
Suspect Contamination
▪ Macro (foreign material)
▪ Micro (chemical or biological)
The sample is sent or reported by Department of Business Regulation (DBR) ▪ Economic fraud
Department of Health (DOH) ▪ Connected to diagnosed illness
▪ Believed to have caused illness
FL Dept of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) ▪ Suspected cause of illness or physical discomfort
▪ Economic fraud
Tri-agency FBI survey form
Form sent to DOH to be evaluated
▪ No action
▪ Inspector collects a sample with the same lot number
▪ Information only samples
Collected from consumer by DOH
Usually meant to confirm a causative agent
Other government agency (customer) has a specific test request
Micro- section Performs routine tests as it would a survey
sample ▪ Sandwich example ▪ Test performed
Salmonella
Staphylococcus if counts >10k test for the enterotoxin
Listeria Monocytogenes
E. coli if any positives are found test for the toxin
On occasion the consumer sample is analyzed for information only
Chemistry section
Managers determine test (may consult analyst) based on complaint and sample type
Typical test
▪ Macro analysis
Metals analysis Organoleptic
The samples are collected from consumers by an inspector from the department.
When possible the inspector also obtains a sample from the place the consumer claims to have bought
Inspector tries to find the same product with the same lot number
NY also includes “feed” consumer complaints. These data were not included.
There is usually a test requested on the report that accompanies each sample
If no test is requested
Laboratory discretion based a description of the complaint
▪ Symptoms of an illness
▪ Organolyptic description ▪ Off flavor
▪ Off odor
Tampering (Poison Screen) Commodity Specific screen
FDA Recalls ▪ Common contaminates associated with a commodity
Most common cause of illness screen (CDC) Microbiological
▪ Bacteria enumeration and toxins ▪ Molds ▪ Viral
Chemical ▪ Contaminants ▪ Allergens and toxins ▪ Deleterious chemicals (inorganic, organic i.e. benzene)
Contaminants related to food borne illness
FDA
CDC
Commodity Specific
Commodity groups
Painter, J.A., et. al., Emerging Infectious Diseases, v. 19, no. 3, 2013
Aquatic (fish,
shellfish)
Land (meat, dairy and
eggs)
Grains and Beans Sugar and Oil Fruit and nut Vegetables
Mixed Salad Condiments
Sandwiches Bakery and Candy
Soup
Water and Ice Soda
Coffee and Tea (drinks) “Juice”
Painter et. al. 2013 Gold highlighted text are categories not used by Painter et. al.
Animals Plants Beverages Processed Food
33 Adulterated
19 Macro
▪ Organolyptic
▪ Foreign material
10 microbiological
▪ E. coli and mold
4 Chemicals
▪ allergens and histamine
441: total samples
16 Misbranded
13 Label Claims
▪ Label claim not met (fat, sodium etc.)
▪ Label not NLEA compliant
4 Economic adulteration
▪ Short weight claim
▪ Authentication (fish)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
FL ComplaintSamples
NY ComplaintSamples
Total
Violative
FL 137 samples and 35 violative NY 466 samples and 26 violative
FDACS Beverages
▪ Water or ice (28) ▪ Juice or fruit flavored drinks (21)
Plants ▪ Mixed salads (19) ▪ Vegetable (7) ▪ Seafood (11)
NY Animal (220)
▪ Dairy (80)
Plant (154)
02468
10121416
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Pre
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Gra
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Pla
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Bev
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Number of Violative Samples FL
Number ofViolativeSamples
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Sea
foo
d
Mea
t
Dai
ry
Pla
nt
Sw
eets
Bev
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Number of Violative Samples NY
Number ofViolativeSamples
Fish/Histamine Yellowfin Tuna (3)
Mahi Mahi (1) Dairy/Parmesan
Addition of starch (2)
Addition of lactose (1) Beef/Species
6 of the 10 violative samples were for species substitution ▪ Swine (5)
▪ Chicken (1)
Product Finding FBI or DOH Tests
Raw Shrimp Glazing and shrimp size
Crab Cakes Mold Visible
Cajun Style Shrimp Spread
Listeria Monocytogenes
DOH
Fish Fillet Tuna Decomposition (histamine)
DOH
Fish Fillet Corvina Onset of decomposition
Staphylococcus Compliant
Ground Beef Foreign material Foam tray
Sliced Roast Beef Sour odor FBI L. Monocytogenes and Staphylococcus compliant)
Product Findings FBI or DOH Tests
Gourmet Granola* Misbranded Salmonella negative
Chocolate Granola*
Misbranded label
Salmonella negative
Cashew Cranrasin* Granola
Misbranded label
Salmonella negative
Organic Maple Almond Granola*
Misbranded label
Sliced Peaches Swollen can
Roasted Chicken Salad
E coli FBI
Product Findings FBI or DOH Tests
Ice Adulterated Coliforms
Alkaline Ionized Water
Misbranded label (consumer complained brand misrepresentation)
Alkaline Ionize Water
Misbranded label Coliforms
Orange flavored drink*
Adulterated Benzene
Orange flavored drink*
Adulterated Benzene 0.014 ppm
Apple Nectar Adulterated (As) Arsenic 18 µg/kg Authenticity
Most common cause of recalls 2009-2013
Salmonella
Allergens
Listeria Moncytogenes
Most common food items recalled
Produce Raw Agricultural Commodity (RAC)
Bakery
Seafood
THE REPORTABLE FOOD REGISTRY: TARGETING INSPECTION RESOURCES AND IDENTIFYING PATTERNS OF ADULTERATION Reports 1-4, September 8, 2009– September 7, 2013
THE REPORTABLE FOOD REGISTRY: TARGETING INSPECTION RESOURCES AND IDENTIFYING PATTERNS OF ADULTERATION Reports 1-4, September 8, 2009– September 7, 2013 (Feed data was excluded)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Recalls 2014
TotalRecalls(183)
Dairy (24)
Bakery(23)
0
5
10
15
20
25
UndeclaredAllergens
L. Mono
Salmonella7 5
12
23
9
THE REPORTABLE FOOD REGISTRY: A FIVE YEAR OVERVIEW OF TARGETING INSPECTION RESOURCES AND IDENTIFYING PATTERNS OF ADULTERATION September 8, 2009 – September 7, 2014
Note: Undeclared allergens and L. monocytogenes. were the most common cause of recalls
When two or more people get the same illness from the same contaminated food or drink, the event is called a food borne disease outbreak.
Confirmed single etiologic agents Norovirus (35%)
Salmonella (34%)
Shiga producing E. coli (6.7%) Products implicated in greatest number of
outbreaks Fish (24%)
Mollusks (11%)
Chicken (10%)
Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks , United States ,2013, Annual Report, Atlanta, GA:US Dept of Health and Human Services, CDC, 2015.
Ciguatoxin
Fish
Histamine
Fish
Salmonella
Chicken, pork, seeded vegetables
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Mollusks
Most problematic commodities
FDA Recalls (2012-2013)
CDC Illness Associated (2013)
FDACS Consumer Complaints (2014-2016)
NYConsumer Complaints (2014-2016)
Bakery Seafood Water Animal
Seafood Meat/Poultry Seafood Plant
Nuts Dairy Meat/Poultry Processed Food
FDA Recall Cause 2012-2013
CDC Outbreak-Product Association 2013
FDACS Complaints (2014-2016)
Allergens Fish/Histamine Microbial (off odor or taste)
Salmonella Fish/CTX Chemical/Toxin
Listeria Monocytogenes
Mollusk/Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Fraud
Most Common Causative Agent
Food fraud is not included in the “federal data”
State complaint data does not seem to correlate well FDA recall data or CDC FBI (chemical) data
Need a broad screen
The top “chemical” causes histamine and CTX have well characterized food/illness association
Tri-agency form
Laboratory needs to see a copy of the “Tri-agency form”
Questions to be added
▪ Do you have food allergies?
▪ Do you take supplements? ▪ Have you recently changed your supplements
“Poison screen”
Does it make sense for a “minor” illness case?
Screen strategies Direct Analysis (DA) HRAM MS
▪ MALDI ▪ DESI and “modified DESI” ▪ DART ▪ REIMS ▪ Paperspray
Focus on known contaminates and product issues ▪ Limited focus screen QQQ on Qtrap ▪ Microbial and chemistry screen
▪ Allergens ▪ Bacteria ▪ Viruses ▪ Toxins
Targeted direct analysis screen for most likely analytes of concern
DART, DESI, Paper Spray, REIMS MALDI
Targeted analysis for analytes of concern
Confirmation Metals
Targets not amendable to
DA