ADDRESS WITH PINCODE AND PHONE NUMBER PHYSICS PROJECT Of Different...PHYSICS PROJECT Submitted by Guided by Student Name [ ] Class With Section Teacher Name ... work for the investigatory

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www.ammhu.com A categorized blogging website and an Online Resource Centre For CBSE, RBSE, and Other State Boards — Raj Kumar Parashari, Head Science @ JPHS, Jaipur-302021

SCHOOL NAME SCHOOL NAME SCHOOL NAME

ADDRESS WITH PINCODE AND PHONE NUMBER

PHYSICS PROJECT

Submitted by Guided by

Student Name [ ]

Class With Section Teacher Name

Class Roll No. Designation

Board Roll No.

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INDEX

1. CERTIFICATE

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3. AIM

4. APPARATUS REQUIRED

5. PRINCIPLE / THEORY

6. RAY DIAGRAMS & IMAGES

7. PROCEDURE

8. OBSERVATIONS

9. CALCULATIONS

10. RESULT

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that _______________________ student of

______ school name _______, class XII Sc __ has carried out his

work for the investigatory project entitled

______________________ _________________

under my guidance and supervision.

Signature of the Teacher

Designation

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I __________________________ a student of _______

_____________________________,__________ would like to pay my

sincere gratitude to my Physics teacher Mr. _______________________

For helping and guiding me throughout the completion of the project

report. I would like to thank Mr./Mrs. ___________________________

_____________ our school Principal/Director for making school such a

wonderful place of learning. I also would like to thank Mr. ___

________________ our lab assistant for the timely assistant in

completion of the project.

I would also like to thank my parents and friends, without whom, it was

impossible to complete this project within time frame.

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AIM :

To determine the efficiency of an electric Bulb and an Electrical

Immersion Rod.

APPARATUS:

One light bulb of 100W, One immersion rod of 1.5 KW, a deep vessel, a

plastic bucket, a thermometer, a bulb holder, a thick cloth to cover the

apparatus, a clamp stand and a watch.

THEORY

An incandescent light bulb is an electric light which produces light with

a filament wire heated to a high temperature by an electric current

passing through it, until it glows. The hot filament is protected from

oxidation with a glass or quartz bulb that is filled with inert gas or

evacuated. This is done because if there isn’t vacuum or an inert gas

inside the bulb the filament material will catch fire due to presence of

oxygen and heat.

Light bulbs commonly used in households given out both light and

heat. The light efficiency of a light bulb can be understood as the

fraction of the total energy input (i.e. wattage of the bulb) that is given

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out as light. Here we present a simple experiment to measure the light

bulbs available in the market.

Energy Efficiency of a Light Bulb

Consider a bulb of power P is switched on, total energy released by it in

time t

E1 = P × t

This energy will be in the form of light energy and heat energy, amount

of heat energy is measured in the experiment

E2 = 𝒎𝐜∆𝑻

Here, m = mass of water in which bulb is deposited

c = specific heat of water

∆T = rise in temperature of water in time t

Now, the efficiency of water will be given by

UsefulLight EnergyEfficiency

Total Input Energy

1 2

1

E E

E

1 2

1

E E100%

E

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An immersion rod is made up of an element, which becomes hot

when electric current flows through it. And if we keep immersion rod

inside water, it heats up water. Rise in temperature can be found with

the help of thermometer.

Energy Efficiency of an Immersion Rod

Take an immersion rod of power P and switched on the power, total

energy released by it in time t

E1 = P × t

This energy will be in the form of light energy and heat energy, amount

of heat energy is measured in the experiment

E2 = 𝒎𝐜∆𝑻

Here, m = mass of water in which bulb is deposited

c = specific heat of water

∆T = rise in temperature of water in time t

Now, the efficiency of water will be given by

UsefulHeat EnergyEfficiency

Total Input Energy

2

1

E

E

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2

1

E100%

E

BASIC STRUCTURE OF LIGHT BULB AND IMMERSION ROD

PROCEDURE

1. Fixed the bulb/immersion rod in the bulb holder

2. Attached the bulb holder/ immersion rod to the clamp stand.\

3. Connected the 220 V supply to the bulb.

4. Take suitable amount of water in a deep container (to measure

efficiency of bulb, I tool pot of a Lechlance cell and pored 800 ml

of water in to it t and for immersion rod a small plastic bucket).

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5. Place a thermometer in the pot insuring only ¾ part of bulb

remains immersed in water during experiment.

6. Noted the initial temperature using a thermometer.

7. As soon as switched on the supply, started stopwatch .

8. After exactly 15 minutes, switched off the supply and immediately

took the final temperature.

9. Repeated this process for bulbs of different wattages and of

different manufacturers.

10. Calculated the efficiency of the bulbs and compared the same of

different manufacturers

Observations/ Readings With a 100 W Philips Bulb

Total Light Energy Emitted E1 = P × t = 100 ×15× 60 = 90000 J

Mass of Water m = 800 g

Specific heat of Water c = 4.18 J/g

Initial temperature of water = T1 = --- ° C

Final temperature of water = T2 = ----° C for 100 W bulb

Rise in temperature = ∆T = ----° C

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Heat Evolved E2 = m × c × ∆T = --- × --× --- = ----- J

The Efficiency Of the bulb

1 2

1

E E100%

E

90000J .........J

100% .................%90000 J

Observation/Readings using an Immersion Rod

Mass of Water m = 5000 g

Specific heat of Water c = 4.18 J/g

Initial temperature of water = T1 = ° C

Final temperature of water = T2 = ° C

Rise in temperature = ∆T = ° C

Heat Evolved E1 = (m × c × ∆T) = 5000 × 4.18 × 38 = 794200 J

Total Energy Consumed E2 = P × t = 15000 × --5×-- = -------J

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The Efficiency Of the bulb

2

1

E ........100% 100% ..........%

E 900000

RESULTS

The efficiency of Philips 100 W bulb is ……..…. %.

The efficiency of Immersion rod is ………….. %.

PREACAUTIONS

1. Water should be heated for a significant span of time to produce

a noticeable rise in temperature.

2. Connecting wires should be cleaned with sand paper.

3. All connection should be tight.

4. Conditions should remain same for all observations.

5. Initial and final temperature should be taken carefully.

SOURCES OF ERROR

1. Some water may get evaporated.

2. Error in measuring water may occur due to some water droplets

getting left behind in the measuring cylinder.

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References

1. NCERT Practical Lab Manual

2.

3.

For VIVA

Joule : 1 Joule is defined the work done when a force of 1 N

displaces an object through a distance of 1 metre in the

direction of force.

Calorie : It is the approximate amount of energy needed to raise

the temperature of one gram of water is one degree Celsius.

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Note: — Hand written Investigatory Project Report

should be submitted. Work should be neat and clean.

Avoid unnecessary fancy decoration of the project

report.

Note: — Learn theory, working and related viva for

board practical examination.

Warning !!!!

Readings are for the purpose of demonstration only.

Take your own readings.

Wish you all the best.

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ADDRESS WITH PINCODE AND PHONE NUMBER PHYSICS PROJECT Of Different...PHYSICS PROJECT Submitted by Guided by Student Name [ ] Class With Section Teacher Name ... work for the investigatory