Adaptive roof tops as a multi-functional breathing space: The Old Dhaka Context_ Iffat W. _MD. Fatemi N

PROCEEDING

CREATING SPACE FOR BETTER LIFE SME TOWER (Smesco), Nareswara Hall, 16 – 17 February 2012 Copyright: © Architecture Design Laboratory, Department of Architecture, 2012 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia Campus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia Phone. +62 21 – 5663232, ext.8 201 – 8208, Fax. +62 21 – 5684643, website: www.trisakti.ac.id/ftsp

Publisher: Department of Architecture Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Trisakti University, Campus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia Phone. +62 21 – 5663232, ext.8 201 – 8208, Fax. +62 21 – 5684643, website: www.trisakti.ac.id/ftsp

Printed By: UPT Penerbit Usakti First Edition – 2012

ISBN 978-979-99726-6-8

International Seminar on Livable Space – Creating Space for Better Life JAKARTA, 16 - 17 FEBRUARY 2012

i DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE – FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING - TRISAKTI UNIVERSITY Kampus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia Phone. +62 21 – 5663232, ext.8 201 – 8208, Fax. +62 21 – 5684643, website: www.trisakti.ac.id/ftsp

Forward

The proceeding of this International Seminar on Livable Space has been prepared and developed to document the many and wide range of papers which have been written and presented by those who have participated actively in this seminar. The seminar was initiated by the Architecture Design Laboratory, Department of Architecture, the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Trisakti University, Jakarta. With the theme “Creating Space for Better Life” the seminar sought to provide the current issues and trends on a wide range of topics from papers and presentations indicating the broad scope of research, teaching and practice within the area of architecture.

The central aim of the seminar is to explore the thoughts and ideas of livable space in a wide spread of sciences which can be viewed from the interrelationship and integration of physical and non physical spaces. It is also intended that the seminar can be functioned as the venue for exchanging information and encouraging discussions of recent developments in the study of livable space.

The seminar is noted as the first scientific-forum about livable-space in Jakarta which will be continued to be administered periodically as a scientific-forum in every two years and it will be rounded around the universities within Indonesia. It is expected that this periodical scientific-forum will establish itself as one of the most significant gatherings both for researchers and practitioners from many disciplines.

The proceeding has been prepared from the manuscripts directly provided by the authors prior to the seminar. In developing the proceeding, except the abstracts, the referred papers have been included without modification. It is therefore necessary to emphasise here that any errors and mistakes on the papers are solely writers’ responsibilities. It is hoped that the proceeding will provide adequate information for future studies on the field of livable space.

Finally, thank you to all contributors for their active participations on the seminar, without them the seminar would not be successfully implemented.

A warm and special welcome goes to those who are visiting Trisakti University for the first time, may your presence be assured in two years time. To all the participants, we do hope that you find the seminar is enjoyable and informative.

Team of Editors

ii DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE – FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING - TRISAKTI

UNIVERSITY Kampus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia

Phone. +62 21 – 5663232, ext.8 201 – 8208, Fax. +62 21 – 5684643, website: www.trisakti.ac.id/ftsp

Organizing Committee Report

On behalf of the Steering and Organizing Committee for Scientific Forum on Livable Space, I would like to thank everybody for your participation and to warmly welcome you to Jakarta Indonesia (particularly for participants coming from abroad). This Forum, which is organized by Architecture Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Trisakti University, initially consist of three activities: International Seminar, Exhibition, and Excursion, unfortunately due to some technical reasons the excursion has to be cancelled. I hope some day we can carry out the excursion for the purpose of seeing the implementation of livable space. The main objectives of this seminar are:

1. To build an understanding for space and a creative capability with the aim of creating a flourishing livable space for mankind and other living creatures,

2. To form the mile-stones to enliven the study in the field of livable space in educational and research institutions in Indonesia.

It is planned that in two days forum will be Seminar (plenary and small discussion session) and Exhibition. The places of the small discussion are chosen related to the topic. This forum will be attended by more than 300 participants from universities, research institutions, government institutions, practitioners, developer and other interested participants related to livable space. Some of them coming from India, Bangladesh, Singapore, Japan, and Malaysia. The main speakers of this International Seminar are coming from 6 countries: Germany, United Arab Emirates, Switzerland, Hongkong, Italia, and Indonesia. There are 9 Invited Speakers, who constitute stakeholder of creating space for better life. I hope this forum could be beneficial for everyone and become an initial meeting of next forums on Livable Space, which can be held in other places of forum member. Last but not least I would like to thank the Steering Committee and member of Organizing Committee for your hard effort in preparing everything for this moment. Also thank you to all parties (which I can not mention all here) for your contribution. I wish you all a pleasant and productive scientific forum. Thank you for your kind attention and God bless you. Best Regards, Head of Organizing Committee Dr.-Ing. Ir. I G. Oka Sindhu Pribadi, M.Sc., MM


iii DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE – FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING - TRISAKTI UNIVERSITY Kampus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia Phone. +62 21 – 5663232, ext.8 201 – 8208, Fax. +62 21 – 5684643, website: www.trisakti.ac.id/ftsp

Rector of Trisakti University: Welcoming Speech Ladies and Gentlemen As we know, space is a multi-dimensional phenomenon ranging from the extensive physical phenomena, life-supporting environmental phenomena for all creatures to perceptual/psychological phenomena specific to mankind. Humans as well as all other living creatures need livable space to foster their prosperity. As such, mankind is has intervened to create this space. We shall not let anything stop us from intervening nature in effort to create space for a much better quality life. In reality though, there is increasing degradation of livable space, such that making it flourish is increasing becoming insatiable. The phenomenon of glass houses and global warming with its effects is factual evidence that we have failed to create a good livable space. As such, this forum is designed to urge all stakeholders to rethink about livable space comprehensively; attempt to abandon the old understanding in effort to build a new understanding towards attempts to create a much better space for life for the prosperity of all, both humans and other living creatures. Ladies and Gentlemen The purpose of this event is being an initial step in the discussion regarding Livable Space, this forum is intended to embrace thoughts and experiences from various circles as wide as possible as collective capital to create awareness in developing the quality of livable space for all. In this moment let me appeal you all to save our earth through implementing the sustainable development for better living. A simple and applicable sustainable oriented action in our life means a lot and might be realized in our routine daily activities. I hope, in this moment we could learn and share our ideas and best practices to other people, so that we could create better environment together. Thank you and have a nice seminar!

Best Regards, Rector of Trisakti University,

Prof.Dr.Thoby Mutis

iv DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE – FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING - TRISAKTI



Minister of Public Housing: Opening Speech International Seminar on Livable Space “Creating Space for Better Life”

16-17 Feb. 2012. Nareswara Hall, SME Tower (Smesco), Jakarta.

First of all, let us express our gratitude to the Almighty God Allah SWT that grants us excellent health so that we are able to get together here. Ladies and Gentlemen, Thank you for coming to this International Seminar on Livable Space “Creating Space for Better Life”. The goal of the seminar is to explore ideas and to share best practices of livable space in a wide spread of applications that can be viewed from the interrelationship and integration of physical and non-physical spaces. Physical spaces in our environment are dominated and influenced by human activities. We are doing our daily activities with our family in our house. Therefore, house plays an important role in forming a good living space, since we need house to fulfill our basic need. By the time, the housing touches the economic lives of all individuals and families, because everyone can’t live without life space, which is in the small scope is our house. Ladies and Gentlemen, The problem of living space (in the case of housing) is getting complicated, when the housing becomes the matter of supply and demand. Housing development becomes urban activities which can stimulate the environment change. There is then increasing degradation of livable space, such as the decreasing of housing environment. The phenomenon of the change of land use, change of house function, reduction of green area, and addition the building area (Building Coverage Area) are some cases we face nowadays. Many actor of city development as part of stakeholder of city development contribute in the urban change. There are many factual evidence that we have failed to create a good livable space. Based on those reasons, housing needs to be planned and designed well. In the city, housing can be a generator for the urban living. It can be an object of the development and an indicator of a successful city. We should be responsible for our small environment and contribute to increase the quality of our life. Ladies and Gentlemen, In this seminar, I hope we can explore the thoughts and ideas of livable space in several point of views. At the end of this event I expect, that we will find out the applicable ideas which can be implemented in many field of works. This seminar may also become a venue for exchanging information and encouraging discussions of recent developments in the study of livable space. At the end, I would like to officially open this seminar with the expectation that we find this seminar is enjoyable and informative. Thank you for your kind attention, H. Djan Faridz Minister of Public Housing


v DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE – FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING - TRISAKTI UNIVERSITY Kampus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia Phone. +62 21 – 5663232, ext.8 201 – 8208, Fax. +62 21 – 5684643, website: www.trisakti.ac.id/ftsp

C O N T E N T S PLENARY SESSION

page

1 Ady R. Tahir, Generating Sustainable Green Open Space Development In Urban Residential Areas Through Community Participation Approach

3

2 Agus Budi Purnomo, User Oriented Design Process 12

3 Budhy Tjahjati S. Soegijoko, Creating Space For A Better Life 20

4 Eva Veres, The Contribution Of Building Physics In Quality Of Life 31

5 Hendardji Supanji, To Create Jakarta as a Livable City 37

6 Joko Widodo, Livable Space Making Through Knowledge Base Urban Management; Stakeholder Movement Towards Better Future

38

7 Joseph Prijotomo, About Nusantara Architecture: A Matter Of Either-Or Or Both-And Toward Place For Better Living In The Humid Tropic

39

8 Markus Zahnd, Creating Better Space by Virtual Modelling Using Software Creatively and Intuitively for Exploration and Analysis Of Urban Quarters and Estates

45

9 Rana Y. Nasir, Global Trend For Building : Green And High Performance Building

57

SPACE PHILOSOPHY 10 Retna Ayu Puspatarini, In Search of Space in Javanese Architecture trhough

Cosmology Concept in Javanes Culture 71

11 Sugiri Kustedja, Antariksa, Purnama Salura, Feng-shui Chinese Culture’s Space Philosophy, Worldview for built environment

78

SPACE PARADIGM AND THEORY 12 Al Aswad, Urban Space Paradigm: Behavioral Public Commercial Activities as

Creating Commercial Open Space of Urban Area 89

13 Aninda Moezier, Phallogocentirsm In Architecture 99

14 Mitha Budhyarto, Experiencing Otherness : Inable Space In Contemporary Jakarta

105

THE CONCEPT OF LIVABLE SPACE 15 Agung Wahyudi, Cultural Influences And “Neo Urbanism” On The

Transformation Of Urban Space In Bali 115

16 Ahda Mulyati, Nindyo Soewarno, Arya Ronald, A.Sarwadi, Changes In The Concept Of Establishment Living Spaces Of Local Communities Of Aquatic Region In Central Sulawesi

122

17 Bambang Panudju, Sugeng Triyadi S, Andi Harapan S, The Concept of Livable Space in Existing Big Cities in Indonesia. Case Study : Revitalization of Sriwedari Park in Surakarta

127

18 Bambang Supriyadi, Abdul Malik, Bharoto, The Essence Of Livable Space Exploration Of Javanese Space In Kota Gede, Yogyakarta

134

19 Dhini Dewiyanti Tantarto, The Mosque Territories and Its Development as Manifestation of Changes in The Function

141

vi DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE – FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING - TRISAKTI



20 Dyah Titisari, WidyastutiIka Putra, Towards Conceptual Model for Railway-Orianted Development Trhough Enhancing Livability of Railway-Station District

149

21 Etri Suhelmidawati, Aulia, Managing Stress By Creating A Comfortable Home 160

22 Hartanto Budiyuwono, The Concept Of Hydrid Space: Integration Of Habitable Space And Construction Space In Residences

168

23 Indrawati, Nurhasan, The Livable Mosque Towards Livable Small House a Design Strategy Approach Based on Islamic Architecture

178

24 Lucia Helly Purwaningsih, Sri Handjajanti, The Pattern Of Chinese Settlement Characteristic Along The Cisadane River In Tangerang, Banten Province - Indonesia

188

25 Munichy B. Edrees, Creating Space Character Through The Psychological Approach To Behavior

198

26 Rudy Trisno, Perception of the inhabitants and Feng Shui Concept for the Balinese Traditional housing that adapts Nawa Sanga Space Concept

206

27 Tobita Chizuru, Wooden Building Living Space As Cultural Heritage-Effort And Issues

215

28 Uray Fery Andi, Gertak as A Public Space at The Riverside Setlement in West Kalimantan. Case Study on Beting Settlement in Pontianak City

221

29 Zareen Habiba Islam, Making Space Livable : A Post Occupancy Evaluation of The Space For Social Interaction in Apartments of Dhaka

228

APPEARANCE/SHAPE OF LIVABLE SPACE 30 Dhani Mutiara, Expantion Of Public Area In The Unique Settlement Case on

Chinese Settlement Surrounding Pasar Gede Surakarta 241

31 Juarni Anita, Study On Inpatient Facilities In West Java Psychiatric Hospital To Improve Space Quality For Better Life Of Patients

250

32 Nisa Kurnia Illahiati, Rural Societys’ Interpretation Of Modern Architecture Represented By Television

259

33 Eko Nurshanty, City Spaces And Tourist Places: A Study Of Particular Spaces In The City

267

34 Muhammar Khamdevi, Is The Scar Really A Scar? The Impact Of The Existence Of Louvre’s Pyramid, Paris

276

35 Himasari Hanan, Cultural Concumption in Public Space 285

36 Padmana Grady Prabasmara, Livability On Public Space As A Great Street Case Study : Solo City Walk- Slamet Riyadi Solo

293

37 R. Darmono, Planning Consideration Of Garden City Concept Towards Achieving Sustainable Development

299

38 Sumarwanto, Eko Nursanty, Sidewalk Spaces In The City: Meaning, Uses And Politics

309

39 Nany Yuliastuti, Environmental Quality Assessment Of Urban Neighborhood Playground In Residential Tlogosari Kulon Semarang

319

40 Shahril Anwar Mahmud, Abdullah Sani Ahmad, Aminatuzuhariah Megat Abdullah, Things, Room Size and Space Adequacy in Urban Homes

324

41 Siti Astrid Kusumawardhani, Rita Walaretina, Benefits Beyond Cost Saving Throught Energy Efficiency in Livable Space

330

42 Ira Widayanti, Cluster Type of Housing for Defensible Space 341

43 Nurhikmah Budi Hartanti, Street as Livable Space in The Urban Settlement 348


vii DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE – FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING - TRISAKTI UNIVERSITY Kampus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia Phone. +62 21 – 5663232, ext.8 201 – 8208, Fax. +62 21 – 5684643, website: www.trisakti.ac.id/ftsp

VARIOUS DIMENSION OF LIVABLE SPACE 44 Aliah B. Purwakania Hasan, Rochimah Imawati, Emmalia Sutiasasmita, Visitors’

Building and Environmental Perception Influence on Religious Activity Motivation at Al-Azhar Grand Mosque Jakarta

359

45 Wahida Iffat, Md. Nawrose Fatemi, Adaptive Roof Tops as A Multi-functional Brathing Space : The Old Dhaka Context

373

46 Susanti W. Indrarajasa, Creating A Livable Space – Making A City Place Behavioral Approach : Martin Place Pedestrian Precinct Sydney-Australia

383

47 Noviantari, Woerjantari K. Soedarsono, Noorsalam Nganro, Green Network System as Stormwater Infrastructure for High Density Riparia-Settlement Case Study : Lebak Siliwangi and Tamansari High Density Settlement, Bandung

393

48 Imriyanti, Moh. Mochsin Sir, Feasibility Study On The Humanist Function Of Tiger Park As An Open Space In Makassar

407

49 Ratna Safitri, Sea Settlement and Urbanization, Case Study : Kampoeng Telaga Mas in Balikpapan

414

50 Anwar, Loekman Mohamadi, Public Space As A Part Of Cultural Identity Values 422

51 Primi Artiningrum, Danto Sukmajati, Perception of Middle Class Wives in Jakarta About Ideal House

432

52 Andjar Widajanti, The Influence of Informal Public Space Towards Student’s Behavior and Activities. Case Study : Mercubuana University

442

53 Danto Sukmajati, A Socio-Geographic Study on Corelation of Punk Community and Public Space in Jakarta

449

54 Sally Oktaviana S, The Accesbility in Enhancing Spatial Equitable Space by Design Strategies. Case Study : Lansia Park, Cilaki Bandung

455

55 Maria I. Ririk Winandari, Heddy Shri Ahimsa-Putra, The Use Of Space In Public Open Space In Yogyakarta’s Upper Middle Class Housing

463

56 Joko Adianto, Achmad Hery Fuad, The Creation Process Of Temporal Children’s Play Space In High Density Urban Slums

472

57 Marcus Gartiwa, The Adative Re-Use Model Of Historic Public Spaces In Creating Liveable Urbanspace, Case Study: Public Spaces In Bandung

482

58 A.Hadi Prabowo, The Re-Identification Of Building And Environment Character Of Kebayoran Baru Conservation Area, A Methodology Of Development Strategy Formulation

491

59 Etty R. Kridarso, Identification of Environmental Character at Jalan Wolter

Monginsidi – Kebayoran Baru – South Jakarta

498

60 Made Suastika, Mudrajad Kuncoro, The Investment Pattern In Coastal Tourist District , Morphology Of Nusa Lembongan Bali

507

61 Mohammad Ischak, Could We Design Sidewalk As A Humane Public Spaces? Case Study: Sidewalks Around Campus A University Of Trisakti, Grogol, Jakarta

527

viii DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE – FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING - TRISAKTI



CREATING PROCESS OF LIVABLE SPACE 62 Korlena, Achmad Djunaedi, Leksono Probosubanu, Nurhasan Ismail, A Study On

Land Use Control: Lessons Learned From United State Of America, Britain And Canada

539

63 Besta Besuki Kertawibawa, Remittances And Rural Migrant Housing Development In Subang District

548

64 Masni Erika Firmiana, Rochimah Imawati, Meithya Rose Prasetya, “Go Green“: An Attempt To Encourage Conservation And Pro-Environment Behaviour In Al Ghazali Islamic Boarding Schools’ Students At Desa Curug, Parung, Bogor.

558

65 Sahid, Eco-Social Sustainable Architecture. Case Study : Masjid Kampung in Bandung

566

66 Eka Permanasri, Lapak Houses : The Other Form of Gated Community 572

67 Nina Nurdiani, Creating Livable Space For Low-Income Society In Urban Area Base on Living Culture. Case Study: Multi-Storey Owned Housing In Jakarta

577

68 Dedes Nur Gandarum, Socio-Spatial Control In Creating Livable Spaces 582

69 Rita Walaretina, “Setu Babakan” Betawi Cultural Village in Srengseng Sawah-South Jakarta : Creating Space for Better Life

589

70 Sigit Wijaksono, Community Participation and Equity in Space Creating Case Study : Muara Sari Sub-Distric, Bogor City

598

71 Ratih Budiarti, Adaptive Design Of Resident Unit Toward User Character Case Study: Vertical Rental Housing Tambora, West Jakarta

604

MISCELLANEOUS

72 Bachtiar Fauzy, Antariksa, Purnama Salura, The Resilience Of Local Architecture In The Northern Coastal Area Of East Java To The Onslaugh Of Immigrant Architecture.

619

73 Alwin Suryono, Antariksa, Salura Purnama, An Old Building In The Colonial Heritage Style Of 1938 Appearing Today As A Modern-Style Building (A Case Study Of Architectural Conservation Of The Cultural Preservation Of The Driekleur Building As A Btpn Bank Office In Bandung)

631

74 Aldyfra L. Lukman, Application of Universal Design Priciples in Facilitation Salat and Wudu at The Mosque Of Sriwedari Park In Surakarta

640

75 Woerjantari K.Soedarsono, Dewi Shinta W.D.S. Putri, Aji Bimarsono, A Critic to Urban Development Comtrol in Relation To Gatden Siti Conservation.

652

76 Hardi Utomo, Analysing The Sustainability of Housing Development In Indonesia Context: A Case Of Depok City

662

77 Lili Kusumawati M, Pengaruh Ventilasi Untuk Mendapatkan Kenyamanan Termal Di Perumahan Koperasi Tahu Tempe, Semanan,Jakarta Barat

673

78 Bagoes Wiryomartono, Urbanism and Life Style in the Malay World 683

79 Dwi Sulistyawati, Behavior Setting Interior Residential Space For Better Life 694

80 Nuzuliar Rahmah, Livable space of open space : A study “Taman Menteng” in Central Jakarta

703


ix DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE – FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING - TRISAKTI UNIVERSITY Kampus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia Phone. +62 21 – 5663232, ext.8 201 – 8208, Fax. +62 21 – 5684643, website: www.trisakti.ac.id/ftsp

POSTERS

81 Asih Retno Dewanti, Transformation of Traditional Batavia House from Traditional Javanese House

82 Dermawati, Spatial Tolerance in Urban Kampung, Case Study Livable Space in Kpg. Pajeksan and Kpg. Jogonegaran Yogyakarta

83 Lucya Helly, Identification of Traditional Settlement in Kei Island, Maluku, Indonesia

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

373DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE – FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING - TRISAKTI UNIVERSITYKampus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, IndonesiaPhone. +62 21 – 5663232, ext.8 201 – 8208, Fax. +62 21 – 5684643, website: www.trisakti.ac.id/ftsp

ADAPtIvE ROOf tOPS AS A muLtI‑fuNctIONAL bREAthING SPAcE: thE OLD DhAkA cONtExt

Wahida Iffat1*, md. Nawrose fatemi1

1 Lecturer, Department of Architecture, University of Asia Pacific, Bangladesh* E-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

AbStRAct

In its 400 years’ history of Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh has grown from a small trading town to a metropolis. The city has primarily grown organically by the side of the river Buriganga and later a number of planned schemes have been incorporated into it. However, the old core of Dhaka, due to its morphological character, social structure and cultural richness has remained more or less in the same time-space. With time due to high population density and poor maintenance, this area lacks in social interaction spaces and thus losing its quality of life. The narrow roads and the roof tops are the only open spaces left here for the expression of diversity, both cultural and personal. These constraints of open spaces adapt the people of old Dhaka to use their rooftops in a very vibrant diversified way. This paper attempts to focus on certain portion of the residential area of old Dhaka, to suggest that the role of roof tops may be re-thought and find out its potential as a diversified multi-functional space with the aim of creating a liveable community life.

Keywords: Rooftops, Adaptive, Multi-functional, Breathing Space, Old Dhaka

1. INtRODuctION

Dhaka, one of the largest city in South Asia and the capital city of Bangladesh, is ranked as the ninth largest urban agglomerations in the world (UNESCAP, 2010). About one-third urban population of Bangladesh lives in Dhaka. According to World Bank (2007), Dhaka is probably the fastest growing mega city in the world today. Initially, the growth pattern of Dhaka and its’ built environment played an important role in the formation of social behaviour pattern in the local areas. With time Dhaka expanded, morphology of the built environment started to change due to the exposure of various culture and administrative powers. Though the oldest core of Dhaka remains at the same time space yet it lost the urban quality that we seek for. The interaction or socialization and activity spaces have been compromised. But success of a place depends on the social interaction and the public activity generated by its residents. According to Steele (1981), ‘the environment is made up of a combination of physical and social features; the sense of place is an experience created by the setting combined with what a person brings to it. In other words, to some extent we create our own places and they do not exist independent of us’. So it is very important to understand people’s perception of space in their socio-cultural domain. It has a socio-cultural, political amalgamation which identifies a distinct life style of the people of this area. This paper tries to focus on the diversified vibrant culture of Shakhari Bazaar area (as a case study of Old Dhaka) and its people with the stance of finding some potential space(roof tops) that may provide an unprecedented opportunity to explore, investigate it in its different socio-cultural layers.

2. bAckGROuND

The settlement of Dhaka evolved initially as major trade routes and later as administrative centres, where it’s location and topographical aspect played a major role. The capital gave rise to various urban settlements as found in the history. Various European powers such as Portuguese, Dutch, British, and other foreign merchants, traders and bankers like Armenians, Pathans, Turanis, Marwaris, came to Dhaka, to do business and dominated the region-contributing to its cultural diversity. According to Ahmed (2003), ‘Many strange nations resort to this city on account of its vast trade and commerce in great variety of commodities, which are produced in profusion in the rich and fertile lands of this region. These have raised the city to an eminence

International Seminar on Livable Space – Creating Space for Better Life - JAKARTA, 16 - 17 FEBRUARY 2012

374 DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE – FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING - TRISAKTI UNIVERSITYKampus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia


of wealth which is actually stupefying …’ Tanti Bazaar (Weaver’s Market), Shakhari Bazaar (Conch Shell Market), Kumartoli (Potters’ Area) is such specialized areas inhabited by trading communities. Within these settlements, the residential quarters were mixed with retail and wholesale outlets, workshops and ware houses (Mowla 2003, Khan, 1985).

The historical development phases of built spaces (figure 1) of Dhaka grew in a rapid way and currently in Dhaka the availability of land or open spaces are rare. The land prices are going up and high and every vacant square feet of space is an issue of speculation. Nevertheless the few number of open spaces left act as a pause in this dense urban situation (Habib, 2010). These existing public spaces are mainly used for different socio-cultural events. But there are spaces, in a domestic level which have been used for different purpose beyond the day to day activities (such as socio-cultural, recreational interaction spaces) which have not been explored yet. For this, the research concentrates on the adaptive use of rooftops (of residential area) as potential urban open spaces in certain portion of old Dhaka.

Figure 1. Historical Development of Built-Up Spaces of DhakaSource: (Dani, 1962; Habib, 2010; British Library London, Dhaka City Map 2002, Google Image 2010; modified by

author)

However, in a broad spectrum of domestic arena, the residence is the place for satisfaction of basic existential needs of a man. Residence as a shelter along with its immediate and wider environment, represents the physical and social component of satisfaction of psycho-sociological and educational-cultural needs, enhances the life quality and provides man with a sense of belonging to a community (Maksimović, 1969). In addition to this, the outdoor and recreational spaces are essential urban content which complement and enrich the dwelling function (Mitković & Bogdanović, 2004).

Traditionally, the people of Bengal have the habit of socialization in outdoor and recreational spaces. This habit led to the formation of Uthan (court), Gali (Internal spontaneous streets; lanes, by-lanes), Mahalla (neighbourhood), Morh (node), Chouk (square) and Bazaar etc., the traditional outdoor civic spaces, as the centres of innumerable events and human activities (Mowla, 1997). Here, Uthan is the basic module of open space for organizing activities at domestic level. The traditional Bengali residence has long consisted of rooms or inward-looking one-room huts around a court. In well-off households, one hut, fronted by an outer court, might serve as the formal setting for social activities. Other huts, preferably south-or east-facing, would be used as family bedrooms. Meanwhile, the kitchen and sanitary areas would be kept to the west, a little apart from the house proper. As the focus and facilitator of household and socio-cultural activities in such a dwelling, the court plays many roles: transitory space, religious space, social place, climate modifier, domain divider, etc. (Rahman, 2003). The Uthan concept results in formation of Mahalla at various hierarchies (Mowla, 1997), whereas the Gali of Mahalla act as an open public space. Here socio-cultural interactions add special values and meanings to the community.

The city’s street pattern and subdivision into building lots gave birth to two distinct types of Mahalla. One contained buildings that were deep and narrow. This pattern took shape in the pre-colonial period when the indigenous city was dependent on natural and manmade canals for drinking water, waste disposal, transport


and communication. Each such long, deep site had both formal (front) road access and informal (rear) canal or service-lane access. The other typology was more loosely structured. Its dwellings could generally be found on regular (oblong) plots. The paper concentrates towards the first type of development, at Shakhari Bazaar area of Old Dhaka, where the introverted urban house type evolved and still persists to this day. To understand how the life style, value system, attitude of people, their ownership pattern, business, security, and sense of belonging to the community govern the morphological character of the residence as well as social cultural structure we need to focus on the meaning of cultural spaces or in other word how the people here in Shakhari Bazaar area perceive these cultural spaces.

3. cuLtuRAL SPAcES: thE OLD DhAkA cONtExt

3.1 Perception of cultural Spaces

The meaning of cultural space more refers to the human perception rather than any concrete entity of spaces. In fact, cultural space is a complex resultant of three overlapping notions: Man, Space and Culture (Fig 3) (Ferdous, 2008). The sense of place is an experience created by the setting combined with what a person brings to it. Sense of place is a particular experience of person or man (Fig 3) in specific physical settings and surroundings of spaces within the social settings of culture (Fig 4).

Man(Conscious and subconsciousperception of his or her entity)

Culture(Personal interpretation of

material world)

Figure 2. The Tri Fold Relationship of Culture, Man and Space Source: Ferdous, 2008; modified by author

Surrounding(Physical Settings)

Context(Social Settings)

Setting+

Person

Senseof

Place

Figure 3. Sense of placeSource: Steele, 1981, Ferdous, 2008; modified by author

3.2 Spatial concept of cultural Space

Cultural space is not a single entity that can be defined by specific definition. Cultural space can be composed with the social interaction and social activity pattern of certain spaces which sometimes act as an extension of public spaces even in the street (which is relevant for the case study of Old Dhaka). Therefore, the cultural activities that take place in the cultural spaces can be described under social activities. Social activities depends on presence of others in public spaces and occur spontaneously as a direct consequence of people moving about and being in the same spaces. According to Gehl (1996), ‘a social activity takes place every time at least two people are together in the same space for social interaction’. The most widespread social activities are directly involved with passive contacts in urban spaces. Hence, to perform the activities whatever social or cultural we need some spaces.




3.3 cultural Spaces Of Old Dhaka

As culture depends on people and their environment, cultural space of indigenous settlement are semi lattice in character where memory, orientation, identification and sense of place overlap and are interconnected with surrounding people and environment. This characteristic of cultural space is very common with the spatial and morphological pattern of Old Dhaka. The city grew in an innate manner and the resultant form is irregular, non-geometric, organic above all indigenous with an incidence of crooked and curved streets and randomly defined open spaces. Such a process of growth in city form is generally identified as ‘instinctive growth’ (Nilufar, 1997).

Morphologically, two types of open spaces exist in Old Dhaka, one is street and the other is court. Streets have turned into Chawk. There is an important element called Bazaar Street and Mahalla is another spatial archetype that existed in old city. Historically, a Mahalla was created out of a few houses, which were mostly arranged linearly along the urban spaces of Bazaar Street (Fig 5). These Mahallas cannot be readily identified as they are hidden behind the Bazaar Street. In social definition, Mahallas are internal family enclaves relating to the houses and Bazaars are external. Then again, Khan (1985) claims that the access street was the centre of the Mahalla and these streets could never be used to demarcate boundaries. In case of Old Dhaka, they developed side by side rather than two distinct entities. This is the basic concept of developing cultural space in Dhaka city and Shakhari Bazaar is an example of similar development where the socio-cultural and day to day interactions take place in the open spaces -street, roc, parks, playing fields in the public level, where as the private activities are taken care off in the court or integrated open spaces of residence like – open terrace, roof top etc. Here this paper tries to identify the existing activity pattern of the roof tops of Shakhari Bazaar area and find out some potential that may address the needs of people for the betterment of their quality of urban life.

4. ShAkhARI bAZAAR AS A cASE StuDY

4.1 morphological characteristics

In the urban context of Dhaka, Shakhari Bazaar is significant in more than one way; culturally the area houses a specific ethnic group; socio -economically it provides trade and business for a very special kind of craft; architecturally it demonstrates a development pattern and morphological characteristics typical to that area (Imamuddin et al, 1990). The area has grown over four centuries along a narrow 10-14 feet wide road, which connects Islampur Road with Janson Road (Kabir, 2000). About 10,000 people live in about 4.6 acres of land of Shakhari Bazaar. Currently there are 142 houses on both side of the 1000 feet long narrow alley (Ahmed, 2007).

Figure 4. Shakhari Bazaar- Figure Ground RelationshipSource: Imamuddin et al, 1990

Rows of densely built walk up houses having very narrow frontages, 10-14 feet on the average flank the street. In the street front manufacturing and sale of conch shell and other items are carried out. The rear part of the, ground floor and the upper floors are used for residential accommodations. A high plinth, triple


arch in ground floor facade, overlooking balconies in the street front and a decorated parapet are the typical architectural features of Shakhari Bazaar (Kabir, 2000).

The row houses share walls and the arrangement allows very poor lighting and ventilation. The houses are generally 3 to 4 storied and about 70 to 80 people share it. The dimension is 80 feet long and 6 feet wide in some cases. In the interiors, 6 to 15 persons share a single room in many of the residences (Ahmed, 2007). Living and living environment in Shakhari Bazaar have long reached an unsustainable state, due to high population density, lack of open space (percentage of built up area 80%-90%), inadequate utilities and services together with other socioeconomic factors.

4.2 Spatial Layout and Activity PatternShakhari Bazaar has developed virtually on a piecemeal basis over a long span of time. In spite of such sporadic; most buildings exhibit some regular patterns of development. For example the ground floors, are usually divided into 3 segments: the commercial part adjacent to the street, the residential part in the middle and the service (kitchen and toilets) in the open courts at the rear (Bahauddin, 2010).

Indoor open space

middle and the service (kitchen and toilets) in the open courts at the rear (Bahauddin, 2010).

A A

B B

Ground floor plan

First floor plan

Second floor plan

Section AA

Section BB

Figure 5. Shakhari Bazaar- Plan and Sections of House No. 62-63Source: Imamuddin et al, 1990; Ahmed, 2007; modified by author

Figure 5. Shakhari Bazaar- Plan and Sections of House No. 62-63Source: Imamuddin et al, 1990; Ahmed, 2007; modified by author




Each house usually consists, of a narrow corridor leading to the inner house. Most buildings have corridors placed at their sides along the edge of plots, particularly true if the ground floor shop is something other than a Shakha shop. While upper floors in each house are used primarily for residential purposes with the topmost floors usually having mini temples or characteristic feature of this settlement. Most houses have balconies, on the upper floors overlooking the street. The stair leading to the upper floors is placed within an inner open to sky court approximately in the middle of the linear plan. In most of the houses, an open veranda encloses the court. an inner open to sky court approximately in the middle of the linear plan. In most of the houses, an open

veranda encloses the court.

Street

Shop

Temple

Courtyard

Figure 6. Shakhari Bazaar- Different Activity SpaceFigure 6. Shakhari Bazaar- Different Activity Space

There is no particular focal point in Shakhari Bazaar area, where people feel like to go, pass time or socialize. In a wider sense there is a limited scope for recreation in the Shakhari Bazaar area. But if we study these social, economic, cultural, political, physical and religious aspects, we will find a definite picture. Their recreation area is limited mostly within street and court. From the figure 9, it is observed that the street acts as the outdoor open space (for more public recreational activity) and the temple and courtyard act as the indoor open space (for more private recreational activity) whereas roof is considered as a potential indoor open space. Since, the area is very congested with a few spaces to socialize and for recreational purposes, it will be clearer if the activity pattern can be spotted. The street which is basically a part of the house hold/


house shops, tea stall which are intended for the older and male members. The street along with the court, house and the roof are the recreation areas for the younger. Courtyard, living rooms, service area and roof are shared by the women and small children. The different activity patterns are as follows:

Table 1. Shakhari Bazaar- Spatial Layout and Activity Pattern

Spaces users Activities

Street Men Social Gatherings, Special Event Arrangement

Shop Men Shopping, Gossiping

Temple Men & women Ritual performances, meetings

Court Men & women Household

Roof Men & women Social Gatherings, recreation

Daytime Activity

Night‑time Activity

Figure 7. Different Activity Pattern of Shakhari BazaarSource: Kabir, 2000

4.3 Rooftop Activities

Rooftops are mainly used by the younger people of the family at regular basis. It is also used at evening by the women with their small children. Sometimes this space turned into gossiping zones with friends, neighbour and relatives. Young people spend their time playing there and flying kites which is very popular at Old Dhaka. Especially at the winter, in kite festival and Sakrain (festival to celebrate last month of Bengali year) Festival, the young people of the area gather at rooftops and celebrate the day with kite, traditional food and fireworks.




Figure 8. Rooftop Events at Kite Festival and Sakrain Festival

5. POtENtIALS Of ROOftOPS

From above discussion it became evident that this area is densely built up and 80-90% of the total area is covered up by built environment. There is a demand for open space though the size and scale of existing space is inappropriate and lacks in hierarchy for the different amenities, festivals or activities. Moreover, there is disparity between the ratios of built and non-built space, as a result of which no built spaces act as redundant left over spaces.

Figure 9. Street Elevation Showing Different Levels of Potential ConnectivitySource: Mamun, 1993

Here the dense interconnected development has a possibility to use this potential of connected space for better interaction, equal access and effective use. The connected roof tops may act as activity generator which would act as a substitute for open space in the ground plane. While establishing connection between different levels of roof tops light weight preferably steel structures should be used. Along with this connectivity generation process, there are some other influencing factors that may enhance the existing spatial quality of built environment.

Figure 10. Existing Prospective Example of Light Weight Inter-Connective Additive Structure

According to Rapoport (1977), ‘Space is more than three-dimensional physical space’. To perceive a three


dimensional space it need enclosure in certain scale and proportion which is absent in almost every building of this area. While the prime concern of the study is to provide a concept of a successfully utilized outdoor recreational space. But most of the roof lacks in any kind of enclosure (shading, parapet, etc.) which is necessary not only for the sense of space but also for privacy of women and security of children.

Figure 11. Existing Prospective Example of Enclosure, Shading, Greeneries and Furniture at the Roof Top with Library

and Nursery Facilities

Again these spaces should not be devoid of function. Under some individual initiative different activities like- private temple, library, children play area already exists which is quite few compared to the need. The roof area got the potential to introduce similar socio-cultural activities, like cafe, nursery (garden centre/plant selling out let), children day care centres along with their play area, etc. which could be introduced to make the space vibrant and successful. This area extremely lacks in ecological features, to be precise greeneries. The connected roof spaces may provide an alluring opportunity to introduce continuous green roof tops, which enhance the living quality and also benefit the area ecologically. It is observed that in most of the cases the surface of the roof tops is not treated with any kind of finish material. Therefore finish materials and some light weight furniture and landscape elements could be introduced, which add to the initiatives proposed through the study.

6. cONcLuSION

People who are born and brought up in Shakhari Bazaar, to be precisely Old Dhaka are living here for decades and they prefer to live here for their ancestral home or ownership, business and sense of belonging. In the urban context of Dhaka city, this area is a significant area with its own tradition and culture as well as distinct morphological features. The government listed Shakhari bazaar as a historically important conservable area by a gazette notification on February 12, 2009 (Bahauddin, 2010). This made the area as economically important due to Shakha Business and also as an important heritage site of Bangladesh. But, by analysing the entire discussion, it can be concluded that the environmental quality of the area (physical, social and built) is deteriorating day by day due to lack of quality urban spaces and related urban amenities. In Old Dhaka, the communal bonding is strong and exists till today in every Mahalla. They also share all sorts of socio-economic and cultural activities. So, it is a conceivable idea to create a focus on developing an interconnected outdoor space in the roof tops of Shakhari Bazaar (areas of similar morphology) for cultural and recreational purposes. For that public participation and government initiatives both are important initiatives to sustain the overall quality of urban life.

7. REfERENcE

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Documents

Adaptive roof tops as a multi-functional breathing space: The Old Dhaka Context_ Iffat W. _MD. Fatemi N