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Adapting to climate, water and health stress:
Insights from Limpopo, South Africa.
Gina Ziervogel, Frank Thomalla, Anna Taylor, Takeshi Takama, Claire Quinn, Mandla Msibi
Stockholm Environment Institute, University of Cape Town
Areas of investigation
• Multiple stresses: climate, water, health, food security– Perception of prevailing risks – Prioritisation of responses to dynamic risks– Individual/household, village and district level
perceptions of various stresses and responses
• Adaptation to stresses– Opportunities and constraints for managing
stress– Possibilities for integrated adaptive response to
stress within and between scales.
Case study: Sekhukhune
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ERTS
MORONE
NTWANE
MATLALA
HEREFORD
MMAPHOKO
MOTETEMA
MPHELENGMALEOSKOP
OHRIGSTAD
ROOIKRAAL
BRANDDRAAI
MOSSIESDAL
STEELPOORT
BURGERSFORT
ELANDSDOORN
GROBLERSDAL
MARBLE HALL
MATLEREKENG
ROOSSENEKAL
KENNEDY'S VALE
PENGE
THOTO
DRIEKOP
JOBSKOP
TSATANE
TUBATSE
GA-MOLOI
GA-PHALA
GASEROKA
SESESEHU
TAFELKOP
GA-PAMADI
GA-PHAHLA
GASEPHOKA
MAMPHOKGO
MANGANENG
JANE FURSE
MAHUBAHUBA
MOHLATETSI
MONSTERLUS
SEKHUKHUNE
GAMANKOPANE
GA-MASEMOLAMAMOHLAKANE
MASEHLANENG
PATANTSWANE
KROMELLENBOOG
MANOTOLWANENG
GA-MAKHARANKANA
Greater Marble Hall
Greater Groblersdal
Greater Tubatse
N
Sekhukhuneland ISRD Node
L i m p o p o
M p u m a l a n g a
Municipal boundaries
Sekhukhuneland ISRD node
% Towns & Villages
Provincial boundary
Fetakgomo
Makhuduthamaga
0 20 40 60 Kilometers
Water in Sekhukhune
Water: central to development in the district– supply of basic services– water for agriculture
(commercial agriculture, small-scale market-oriented agriculture and subsistence)
– water for expanding mining sector
Sekhukhune District
Below Basic RDP level (Tanker, borehole, natural, other)
Basic Access (Public tap)
Intermediate access (On site)
Full access (Inside dwelling)
% 46.9% 33.5% 11.3% 8.3%
Village level: opportunities and constraints
Rainfallvariability
Communalgarden
Homegarden
Foodsecurity
Markets
Changinghouseholddemands
Socialnetworks
HealthQuality andaccess to
health care
Changes tohouseholdstructure
Employment
Governmentinvestment
Communityprojects
Climate
WaterEducation
and training
Migration
Grants andpensions
Formalgovernment
workopportunities
Climate/water/food and livelihoods
More money is available when it rains, because we get produce from our home
garden and save on water bills.Villager from Mohlotsi
We used to grow some food but now we buy everything.
Villager from Mohlotsi
Coping/adapting at household level
Coping strategies Adaptation strategies
Eat less preferred food Work elsewhere
Reduce number of meals a day Engage in a village project
Limit portion size of meals Contact district for support
Rely on piecework Go on a training course at own cost
Borrow food Try to access a grant
Eat elsewhere Start/improve home garden
Purchase food on credit
Examples of perceived strategies to address stress
Mohlotsi Ga-Selala Municipal and district government
Challenging climatic conditions/ Water scarcity
Irrigation systems, Drought resistant crop varieties
Transition to less agriculturally based livelihoods
Increase dam capacity to capture more water; Build new dam
Lack of employment opportunities Generation of employment within the village,
Support for development initiatives,
Coordination of skills, training and opportunities
Improved regulation of recruitment procedures in the mining sector to ensure equal opportunities
Expansion of mining activities;
Support of the growth of secondary industries: processing of raw materials and manufacturing, and services
Investment in tourism activities
District development foci
District level– Mining water– Agriculture water – Tourism limited water– Establishment of regional development
nodes limited water – Training programmes
Climatic change is not something we can stop. Limpopo is a province of extremesprovince of extremes, swinging between drought and flooddrought and flood.
But this new drier future is a whole new thing. ..We cannot just sit and wait for it to arrive. The government is proactively and aggressively driving new policies to stretch every drop of waterstretch every drop of water we have as far as possible.
Premier of Limpopo, Mr. Moloto, Mail and Guardian, 2006
Adaptation to climate change
• In Sekhukhune climate change impacts will be experienced through water-related stress– Many agricultural assessments of need for adaptation– Limited examples of the implications for the water
sector
• Climate change impact and adaptation assessment – Commitment at national and provincial level– Non-existent at district level– Handful of local examples
Need for adaptive strategies in water management
• Effective management of water links to livelihood security – Directly agriculture and livestock; individual and
communal– Indirectly employment opportunities, food prices
• Yet, water decisions made by stakeholders at provincial and district level– around key district economic activities– Impact of these on poverty not necessarily direct– Levels of poverty in rural communities are high and
shorter-term solutions needed
Adaptation to multiple stresses
• Acknowledge differing perceptions
• Target municipal level
• Integrated activities at the government level– Between sectors– Avoid maladaptation
Adaptation to climate change in Sekhukhune
• Municipal level– Recognition of potential impact of climate change
• Exploration of adaptation strategies– Local projects– Integrated in municipal and district planning– Support from national level
• Examples– Supporting non-agricultural livelihood activities– Value-added services– Rainwater harvesting– Reassess infrastructure standards– Provisions for climate variability in water management
plans
Future pathways• Unemployment and food insecurity
– urgent livelihood needs to address
• Adaptation to multiple stress– recognition of different needs– use strengths of different scales– links between issues not clearly articulated
• Adaptation to climate change– adaptive management of water
• Policy and operational frameworks – not in place to address this
thanks…tobela