AD01CTS ‐ ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND … · Lecture Topic 1 Introduction& Steel Frame 2Concrete Frame 3 Precast Concrete in Buildings ... form a truss. Common steel truss

AD01CTS ‐ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES

Alfrendo Satyanaga

Lecture Topic1 Introduction & Steel Frame2 Concrete Frame3 Precast Concrete in Buildings4 Service Integration5 Refurbishment of Buildings 6 Sustainable Building – Part 17 Sustainable Building – Part 2

Exam preparation

Course Outline

Objectives

• Construction techniques for different building structures

• Service installation and service integration

• Refurbishment technologies• Sustainability in construction of building

Assessment

• Examination (100 %)• Exam: 3 hours• Exam paper shall consist of 5 compulsory questions

• Passing criteria: 50 %

Construction Technology

• Study of construction methods to build structures safely while maintaining their quality conforming to the required specifications, standards and codes.

• It includes selection of materials for frame, construction equipment and temporary works to facilitate the construction process

• The modern trend is towards light construction and tall building which is always a big challenge

Construction Technology

• Good project management contributes to economy, quality, safety, speed and timely completion of a project

Selection of Materials

• The availability of materials and labour• Cost• Speed of construction• Ability to standardize• Size and nature of site• Performance of requirements, i.e. fire resistance, sustainability

• The arrangement of frame• Type of floor system

Structural Elements & Frames

Materials used in Construction

• Rock materials (blocks of rocks and fragments of rocks)

• Binder materials (lime, plaster cement, etc)• Concrete materials• Ceramic materials (bricks, tiles, stoneware, etc)

• Other materials (steel, aluminium, copper, wood, plastic, glass, etc)

Material Information Resources

• American Society for Testing and Materials

(ASTM)

• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

• British Standards Institution (BSI)

• Singapore Standards (SS)

International Classification for Standards

• International classification for standards

(ICS) used in the Singapore Standards

catalogue:

• 91 – Construction Materials & Building

• 93 – Civil Engineering

Regulation Involved

• Qualified Person (QP) who is a ProfessionalEngineer (PE) in civil & structural orgeotechnical, to prepare and submitstructural plans for approval, apply for apermit to commence works and to supervisethe works.

• Qualified Person (QP) who is a registered architect, to prepare and submit the building plans

Building Control Act & Building Control Regulations

Lecture 1 – Steel Frame

Steel

• A building material that has been extensively used

in various structures in Singapore.

• Synonymous with modern architecture.

Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material

• Steel members have high strength per unit

weight

• Being light, steel members can be conveniently

handled and transported.

• Steel, being a ductile material, does not fail

suddenly, but gives visible evidence of

impending failure by large deflections

Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material

• The properties of steel mostly do not change

with time.

• They can be erected at a fast rate.

• Steel has the highest scarp value amongst all

building materials.

Disadvantages of Steel as a Structural Material

• Steel structures when placed in exposed

conditions are subjected to corrosion.

Therefore, steel structure require frequent

painting.

• Steel structures need fire proof treament, which

increases cost.

Uses of Structural Steel Material

Speed of construction

• Less labour instensive

• Cleaner work site

• Economy

•Allow design flexibility due to excellent strength

and predictable behavoir under loading

Factors on Selection of Structural Steel

• Tensile and yield strength required• Toughness, ductility and other properties required

• Availability and cost• Arbitrary local conditions as may be imposed by specifications and codes of practise

In Singapore, BCA Design Guides such BC1:2008 and BC1: 2012 are useful documentsfor selection of structural steel materialsfor building and construction

Various Steel Products

Factors Influencing Design of Steel

• The spans involved

• The vertical loading

• The horizontal loading

• The service loading

• The ground conditions

Categories of Steel Building Construction

The majority of steel building fits within one of

the following categories:

TYPE MAIN USE

Bearing wall Low rise, lightly loaded

Steel frame Wide variety of types and sizes of building

Long span Coverage of long column‐free areas

High rise Tall buildings, i.e. more than 20 storeys

Fabrication & Erection

• Simple connection

• Quality welding should be done at the factory

• Bolting is preferred at the site

• Avoid expensive weld – fillet weld is cheaper

than butt weld

• Design joints based on calculated forces rather

than section capacity

Structural Steel Construction

Structural steel

members are erected,

braced, and secured

together to create a

structural framework.


In beam and column

construction, beams

and girders support

floor and roof loads

and distribute the

loads to the vertical

columns.


In long span

construction, long

distances are spanned

with built‐up structural

steel girders and

trusses.


In wall bearing

construction,

horizontal steel beams

and joists are

supported by other

construction materials

such as masonry.


Pre‐engineered metal

buildings consist of

prefabricated structural

steel members

including beams,

columns, girts, and

trusses.


Various types and grades of steel are used in

structural steel construction.


A variety of steel shapes are commonly used in structural steel construction. Standard abbreviations and designations are included on erection plans to indicate structural steel members.


Columns are commonly constructed using M‐, S‐, or wide‐flange shapes.


A wide variety of structural steel shapes are joined together to form a truss. Common steel truss designs include the bowstring, flat, Howe, Pratt, scissors, and Warren.


Bridging and braces maintain alignment between structural steel columns, beams, and joists and increase resistance to loads.

.


Tie rods are used to brace across long distances


Composite Beam Primary and secondary beam in composite steel frames are connected to the floor slab using shear studs


Portal Frame For spanning large distances Used for warehouse, factory and other low‐rise building with wide spans


Trusses For spanning considerable distances Visually light and service is able to pass through


Space Frames 3‐D trusses; span in 2 directions Flat or curve


Long Span Structures For large building services

Troja bridge in Prague


Light Steel Frames Using cold channel section (C section) 1.6 to 3.2 mm thickness Galvanized steel


Modular / Volumetric Construction Constructed in factory Using light steel section


Proper bolt and nut installation is essential for proper structural fastener performance. Erection plan details are the primary reference for bolted connections.


Ribbed bolts may be used where steel members are drawn tightly together before fastening. High‐strength hex head bolts are identified with markings on the bolt head.


Gas welding: Much less than arc welding, is still an

important process and used quite widely formaintenance and repair work.

It has some advantages for welding carbon andlow alloy steels since the weld area can bepreheated and post heated with the flame toreduce the cooling rate and, thus, avoid theformation of brittle martensite.


Gas welding:

The flame temperature is lower than thetemperature of an electric arc and thetemperature gradients in the vicinity of a weldare also less.

The filler metal to make the weld is obtainedfrom a metal rod or wire fed into the flame bythe welder and, generally, the filler rod iscoated with a layer of flux. The flux melts andacts to dissolve surface oxides and form aprotective layer over the weld.


Arc welding Bare electrode wire and welding rods or coated electrodes

Coating on a electrode is formulated to satisfy three objectives:(1) to form fusible slags;(2) to stabilise the arc; and(3) to generate an inert gas shield during the welding operation.


Details provide information regarding welded connections.


The standard format used for weld symbols provides information regarding location, length, and type of welded joint.


Steel members may be cut to length using an oxyacetylene cutting torch


Metal floor decking, manufactured in a variety of designs and dimensions, is attached to the top of open web steel joists to create a floor platform.


Roof decks may be formed of metal decking only or covered with waterproofing materials and insulation.


End plate beam to column connection Endplate connections have a single plate wededto the end of the beam which is bolted to the column using two or more bolts arranged in pairs.


Haunch beam to column connection For high moment transfer Increase the effective depth of the section Using multiple pairs of bolts through endplate Common in portal frame


Endplate beam to beam connection Similar to endplate beam to column connection, but the incoming beam must be notched


Pinned tube connection The end tube is profiled and welded or bolted using simple fin plates


Column base connection Casting bolts into the concrete


QuiconTM connection Using special connector to eliminate the need for onsite bolting


Steel to concrete connection Using steel bracket

Cladding

Cladding is a layer of a building frame structure and it mounted on the outer surface of a structure

Provide an enclosure to the structure which will give the necessary protection against the elements

Cladding

Exploit dry construction methods where possible, including the use of off‐site prefabrication

Impose the minimal additional dead load onto the frame

Enhance the architectural concept/appearance of the building

Requirement of material for Cladding

Strength and stability Compatibility with Integration with vertical and horizontal frame members/elements

Weather resistance Durability Thermal insulation Fire requirements Sound insulation Aesthetic

Cladding

Strongback System

Sub‐frame that supports thin cladding panels

Materials: stone, coated stell and stainless steel

Cladding

Integral Panels

From concrete

Able to support own weight and resist wind

load without additional frame

Cladding

Stick System

Consists of vertical and

horizontal members to

form a grid

To restrain solid panel

or glass

Cladding

Brick

Attach to steel using shelf angles fitted to the

slab edge

Cladding

Light steel cladding

Build up system with liner sheet

Build up system with liner trays

Composite panel system

Cladding

Bolted glazing system

Sophisticated bolted glazing system where

glass panel can be attached to steel without

additional frame

Fire Protection

Intumescent Coating

Brush or spray into steel

Fire Protection

Board System

Forming rectangular encasements around steel

member (i.e internal beam and column)

Fire Protection

Sprayed Materials

Using cementitious materials and applied onto

surface of steel

Fire Protection

Concrete Filled Structural Hollow Sections

Structural hollow section can be fire protected

by filling with reinforced concrete

THANK YOU

Documents

AD01CTS ‐ ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND … · Lecture Topic 1 Introduction& Steel Frame 2Concrete Frame 3 Precast Concrete in Buildings ... form a truss. Common steel truss