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RARDE Reclassification List No. 55 dtd 31 May1971

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7/61 O N F iD t i i i i l COPY No. 77

O

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BASIC RESEARCH A ND WEAPON SYSTEMS ANALYSIS DIVISION

A.R.D.E. R E P O RT (B) /61

THIS NFORMATION S ISCLOSED ONLY OR rr « Y H ECIPIENT GOVERNMENT ND ir

EXCLUDE' r>- To . D O D • s s sxr

Direct ire ontrol with the Ranging Machine Gun:

an analysis f he rrors nvolved

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r

ARMAMENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ESTABLISHMENT

A.R.D.E. REPORT ( B) 7/61

Direct f i re cont ro l with the Rang ing Machine G - u n :

an analysis of the errors involved

R. Beresf ord (B5)

Summary

An ana lys i s is made of the errors affec t ing the use of the Ranging

Machine Gu n (RM ) system of direct f i re control and an examina t ion o f theireffec t on the chance of hit of the 10 5 mm. tank gun car r ied out.

I t is concluded that when used with the APDS pro jec t i l e the R M G - and

co inc idence range-f inder do not offe r much advantage one over the other hutboth show an increase of 20 - J > per cent in f i r s t round chance of hi t

compared wi th that given by visual range-f inding. t is also shown that

with the HESH project i le , the R MJ provides considerable improvement in

f i r s t round chance of hi t over v i sua l range-f inding, an d gives a general

increase of about 20 per cent over that obta ined us ing a coincidence range-f inder.

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N F I I A w CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

DESCRIPTION OP METHOD

APDS

HESH

ERRORS ARISING FROM THE TECHNIQUES

APDS

HESH

FIRST ROUND CHANCE OF HIT V / I T H THE 10 5 MM.

TANK GU N UNDER QUASI-BATTLS CONDITIONS

APDS

HESH

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

APPENDIX

Summary f rror ources for he Browning R M G nd he 105 m. ank un; Line nd Elevation

Figs. 1 to 0

Para

2

3

6

9

9

14

19

21

2 3

2 8

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IMPORTANT

This ocument houJd e eturned o he eports Officer, Armament Research nd Development

Establishment, Fort kristead Serenooks Kent when o onger equired

Internal

No. 1

2

3 4 5 6 7

8

9 10

11

12 13 14

15

16-17

External K

18 19-20

21 22 23 2 -4 25 26 27-28 29 30-31 32 33 34-35 3 6 37-38 39-40

41 42-43 44

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION

Director

Deputy Director

PS/B

IS/MX

PS/L

PS/P

Dr. W.M.Evans

SMO

MPC(P)

MPC(L)

S/B5

S/P1

S/P2

S/P8

B5 (Att. Mr.R.Beresford)

B

Division Library

Chief cientist of DRPS Min. of Defence

W ar Office

DCIGS M G O DMI

D C S ( A ) DCS(B) D M G O DC f /Admin. D of R&D) D G F V D EP D G - M T R M C f

CS/AORG D/PVRDE Att. Mr.W.H.Coulthard, Mr.C.J.E.Wieland) Sec. O B

- AB DRAC D Inf.

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OTSHW * *

Overseas through IL )

55

RS Att. Director f Munitions)

56

efence esearch upply Liaison Office,

U K High ommission, Ontario Att. Mr.C.J.Francis)

57-61 anada Dept. Nat. Def. 62

at. Res. Council

63-66 Def. es. Liaison 67

ALE

68-72

ustralia Sen. Rep. 73

AAF Overseas q., London

74-91

SA

oint

eading

anel 92

Assist. Sec. of Def. for e3. Dev.

93-94 N R London 95-102 rm y Standardisation Group (UK)

103-104 Germany q. AOR G.Tech. (l))

Stock

105-124

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INTRODUCTION

1 . he Ranging Machine Gu n (RMS) f i re control sys tem is being developed

f o r use in the up-gunned Centur ion tank (105 mm. APDS and HESH) and the new

medium tank Chief ta in (120 mm . APDS and HESH) . n order that the effec t of

changes in gun and pro jec t i l e parameters on chance of hit may be explored ,

and that the sys tem m ay be compared wi th other f i re cont ro l systems, an

ana lys i s of the er rors involved ha s been carr ied out and their effec t on the

per formance of the 10 5 mm. tank gu n examined*

DESCRIPTION OF METHOD

2. he development of f i re control with the HM ha s been descr ibed ear l ie r

v * J \4 J \J ana the var ious techniques discussed at length. as ica l lythe method consists of f i r ing a sub-cal ibre gun (usua l ly a 0 . 5 in . machine

gun) at increasing e leva t ions unti l s t r ikes ar e observed on the target or thetarget is bracket ted, in fe r r ing the target range f rom the bal l i s t i cs of the

sub-cal ibre round, and f i r i ng the main armament using the in format ion

obtained. s the development ha s p roceeded , cer ta in var ia t ions i n the t e ch -niques have emerged as giving the opt imum resu l t s with the main armament

envisaged an d i t is wi th these preferred techniques rather than the his tor ica ldevelopments that this repor t is concerned . The proposed methods ar e now

descr ibed in detai l under th e heading of the relevant main armament pro jec t i l e ,

APDS

3 . wing to the f lat t rajectory of th i s high veloc i ty pro jec t i l e it has beefound unnecessary to know the prec i se range to target in order to obtain a

high chance

of hit.

ange

er rors

of

as much as

150 yards

can be

tolerated

without se r ious degrada t ion in hi t probabi l i ty. onsequent ly it is possible

to simplify the ranging wi th the sub-cal ibre round>*' because it is suff icientto know that the target l ies with in a cer ta in range band.

4. r ief ly, a bal l i s t i c gra t icu le in th e sight is used to f i re the raachine-gun at var ious e leva t ions specif ied by range marks (Figure 1) which wi l l be

numbered 1^ - for convenience. ur s t s of three shots ar e f i red in order us ingthese marks which correspond, say, to ranges ( 1) 980 , ( 2 ) 1350 , (3) 1650,

( 4 ) 1860 yards. f the burs t s up to mark 3 ar e short of the target and that

us ing mark 4 is over, then, subject to an er ror which is dependent on the

machine-gun dispers ion it is es tab l i shed that the target l i e s within the

range band 1650-1860 yards. o make use of this information another bal l is t icgrat icule for the APDS round is inc luded in the sight consist ing of a

fur ther f ive dots corresponding to ranges which l ie ei ther at th e midpoin ts

of the machine-gun range bands or at some pos i t ion weighted to give the

best performance, say (1) 800 , (2) 1200, (3) 1525 , (4 ) 1785 and (5) 1975 yardHence, in the example considered here, if a p lus wi th mark 4 for the RMS indicated that the target lay between 1650 and 1860 yards, then th e f i r i ng ofthe APDS round us ing i ts own dot 4 would be accompanied by an er ror in

range of less than 75 yards at one end of the band and less than 13 5 yards

at the other.

5 . o summarise the procedure , the gunner f i res f ou r successive burs t s withthe HMC us ing the specif ied grat icule dots , assoc ia tes the par t icu lar dot

which f i r s t gives an over-burst wi th th e appropriate APDS dot, and f i r e s the

main rm ment f al l the b rs t s ar e h t it is ass med th t th e t rget

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main armament then the t r a jec tor ies of the two rounds , raaohine-gun an d HESH

can b e matched effec t ive ly over mos t of the f igh t ing range to within narrow

l imits .

7 . s th e t rajectory of the HESH round is cons iderab ly less f la t than that

of the APDS round, the ranging technique must be re f ined to give more accurate

information. n pract ice a compromise between speed into act ion an d accuracy

is made in the fo l lowing manner.

8. he gunner lays R M G marks 1 -4 on the target an d f i res the usua l R M G b u r s t of three shots with each mark. hen the f i r s t p lus is observed, he

lays the next grat icule mark down (F igure 1) 10 0 yards less in range and

f i r s t again. f this bu r s t is stil l over th e target the next grat icule

mark 10 0 yards less is employed. f any of these burs t s hi t short of the

target , or the str ikes ar e st i l l over when us ing the 10 0 yard mark neares t

to the numbered dot which gave the last minus, then the range to target i s

known to with in 10 0 yards with in the l imi t s o f th e R MG dispersion. he

gunner

then lays

on the

target us ing a grat icule pos i t ion half-way between

the two 10 0 yard marks which gave under-or over-burs t s respec t ive ly, and

f i res the main armament. he same bal l i s t i c grat icule is used for al l these

operat ions. a tura l ly if a central hi t wit the R IG i s obtained us ing one

of the 100 yard gra t icu le marks, then that mark wil l be u sed to f i r e the

main armament .

ERRORSARISING P R O M THE TECHNIQUES

APDS

9. he er rors resu l t ing f r o m th e combina t ion of the mul t i -burs t technique

with th e high ve loc i ty APDS pro jec t i l e ar e two in number. i r s t ly, there is a direct error in range aris ing f rom the use of a part icular main armament

grat icule dot cover ing a range band instead of the t rue range. or example,

if the t rue range to th e target is 1270 yards, the R M G - would indicate that

the 1200 yard APDS grat icule dot should be u sed resu l t ing in a range er ror of

70 yards. he er ror is zero at the ranges corresponding to the APDS dots

and r ises to a maximum at poin ts between them an d dependent on their locat ion.

This error ha s the effect of a permanent bias an d is always presen t in the

weapon systems considered.

10 . he second source of er ror is an occasional on e an d i s the poss ib i l i ty

of taking a di ffe ren t APDS grat icule dot f r o m the on e prope r ly cor responding

to the range band concerned. t is purely a func t ion of the overa l l d i sper-

sion of the RMG and can only occur at certain ranges near to those correspon-

ding to the R M 3 - grat icule dots an d then only on a small percentage of

occasions.

11 . here are four ways in which this error can mani fes t i tself ( s e e

diagram below)

APDS

D OT

RM G

RANGING AR K

o

R M G STRIKE ISPERSION

APDS

DOT

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First ly, if the ta rget is at posi t ion A, which can be anywhere between th e

mark range and th e le f t -hand side of the strike dis t r ibut ion , there is a

f in i te probabil i ty, dependent on the RMG dispersion, tha t al l three shots

in the burs t wil l f a l l short of the target range. h e n th is occurs, the

gunner, having f i r e d the RMG on the next mark t i p and obta ined a plus , wil l

se lec t APDS dot 4 w h e n he should have taken dot 3 *

12* econdly, if the ta rget is at posi t ion B, which may be anywhere be tween

the RMS mark range and the r ight-hand end of the distr ibution, t he re is a

poss ib i l i ty that all t h ree shots in the RMG burs t wi l l f a l l past the ta rget ,

in which case th e gunner wil l choose APDS dot 2 when dot 3 should have b e e n

taken.

13 * h i rd ly and four th ly, there are the occasions when the RMG burs t

s t raddles the target and a hit is obtained. f the target i s at pos i t ion

B, (anywhere on the r ight -hand side of the dis t r ibut ion) , th is wil l resul t

in , say, A P D S dot 3 be ing used ins tead of dot 4 , the correct one. he two

occasions

on which th is may occur are:

(a) ne str ike over and two under, nd

(b) wo s t r ikes over and one under*

The resul t ing probabi l i ty dis t r ibut ions , based on a range dispers ion o f 7

yards S.D. , the current es t imate of the 0. 3 in* Browning Machine Gu n per fo r-

mance, are shown in Figure 2 *

HESH

14* T he fire ontrol errors which affect he E S H projectile when directed

by he M G are hree n umber. T he first s possibility of aking different dot o he ne ntended by he echniques, imilar ype f error

to hat ffecting he P D S - R M G ombination.

15* T he remaining w o are a) range error arising rom he use f discrete

range ands as n he P D S ase nd b) he rror arising rom he horizontal

difference n matching etween he E S H nd R M G projectiles. These rrors

may e ppreciated n he ollowing diagram*

STRIKE F M G W H E N SE T ON INDICATED ESH RATICULE DOT

1 0

I 2 3

| X — I ——RANGE

I000 M O O 200 300 I400

CORRECT HESH RANGE YDS)

16. he d i ffe rence be tween the RMG point of strike and th e t rue HESH range

represents the hor izonta l mismatch be tween the t ra jec tor ies of the two projec-

t i les*

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18 . f the target is at pos i t ion B at a t rue range of 1130 yards, the gunner

wil l st i l l f i re with a point on the HESH gra t icu le cor responding to 1050 yards

range; he resu l t ing range er ror of 30 yards wil l cor respondingly lower the

probabi l i ty of hit. hen the target is at pos i t ion C at a range o f 1120

yards, however, a straddle is observed with R M G marks 1 1 and 12 and a range

of 1150 yards is applied with a range error of 30 yards. hi s change in range

er ror resu l t s in an increase in chance of hi t at this range over that at

point B, al though the range is greater.

FIRST ROUND CHANCE OP HIT WITH THE 10 5 MM. TAN K GUN

UNDER QUASI-BATTIE CONDITIONS

19 . i r s t round chances of hi t against a 7 f t . 6 in . square target f o r the

APDS and HESH project i les f i r e d under quasi-bat t ie condit ions have been

calculated us ing genera l ly agreed Tripart i te methods(6) (7) . hree types of

range es t imat ion are considered, the Rang ing Machine Gun, the coinc idence

range f inder, an d visua l est imation. n addit ion, the chande of hi t with

zero range error is given fo r compar i son purposes .

2 20. or th e coincidence range- f inder a standard devia t ion of 15 R ards

(where R is in thousands of yards) has been used, th e order of accuracy to

be expected f r o m the type of ins t rument which might be accommodated in AFV' s ,

and a standard devia t ion of 30 of the range used for the e r ro r r esu l t ing

f rom visual range f inding. he character is t ics of the projec t i les cons idered

here ar e shown i n Table 1 below, and the component error values used i n the

chance o f hi t calculat ions l is ted i n the Appendix*

Table I

0.5 nch Ranging Machine Gun

105 m . ank Gun

Projectile Incendiary Tracer APDS HESH

M.V. f/s) 3 6 4300 2300 2400

C o 0«38 1940) 1.86 1940) 1.375 1910)

APDS

21. he chance of hi t calculat ions with this project i le ar e summar ised in

Figure 3 . n the R M G values it wil l be seen that the chance of hi t does

not decrease regular ly wi th range bu t var ies f rom maxima co inc iden t with the

curve of zero range error, to min ima at several poin ts on the range scale.

Thi s osci l lat ion is a character is t ic of the raul tHaurst technique of

ranging, where a spec i f ic range is used to f i re regard less of where the target

is i n th e part icular range band. hus , i n the example considered, the

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22* o allowance has been made f or a t runnion t i l t correction with t hese

results . method is under development , however, wh ich provides cer ta in

compensations. ssent ia l ly, if the tilt is grea te r t han 5° at ranges grea te r

than 1500 yards (or f or APDS dots 4 and 5 ) t hen the gunner correc ts b y

aiming at the edge o f the target appropriate to the direc t ion of tilt . he

resul t of this allowance of ha l f - a - t a rge t is to improve the f i r s t round

chance of h it at the longer ranges ,e .g . wi th a t i l t of 10° he f i r s t round

chance of h it at 2000 yards wi th APDS is increased f r o m 15/6 (uncorrec ted)

to 45^6 (corrected).

HESH

23 . he chances of hit resul t ing f r o m the application of the pr inciples

d i scussed ear l ie r are shown in Figures 4 and 5. wo veloci t ies are considered

f o r the HESH projec t i le , 2 4 0 0 and 2 3 0 0 f / s . n v iew of a possible e f f e c t of

bar re l wear on the muzzle velocit ies of the two guns, two stages in gun l i fe

have been considered (a ) both new, and (b ) both par t -warn , f or which the

conventional per iod to the end of the f i r s t quar ter of gun l i f e ( )was taken*

24 . ni t ia l ly, curves of chance of h i t with zero ranging errors were

constructed f or both velocit ies and both stages in gun l i f e (Figures 6 and

7 are given as examples) and the e f f e c t of var ia t ion in range error as a

permanent b ias included. r om these graphs the chance of hit w i t h any

sensible combination of weapon veloci t ies and bias angle could be infer red .

Next , the mismatch imposed b y the ba l l i s t ics of the HESH and RMJ project i les

was examined and, assuming that zeroing would be carr ied ou t at 1 2 0 0 yards ,

the values of range error be tween the points of str ike of the two rounds

obta ined at all ranges (Figs. 8 and 9 ). r om t h i s informat ion Figure 10,

which shows the f a l l of shot of the RMJ w h e n

f i r ed

wi th the HESH

gra t icule ,

was constructed. h u s the range error at each target range could be asce r-

ta ined and t ransferred back to the appropr ia te curve in Figures 6 and 7 and

and the chance of h it obtained f or tha t range. e re again, th e osci l la t ion

wi th range of the chance of hi t va lues is apparent but wi th higher f r equency

than tha t in the A P D S case owing to the smaller range in tervals used.

Depar tu res f r o m t he r egu la r r ise and f a l l of the chance of hit va lues occur

at 1 2 0 0 and 1 7 0 0 yards in the 2 3 0 0 f / s oase and at 1 2 0 0 and 1 4 5 0 yards in the

2 4 0 0 f / s case and, with both veloci t ies , at about 1 9 0 0 yards. e fe rence to

Figure 1 0 shows that these d ivergences occur when the HESH and RMS shots f a l l

ei ther at the same range or at ranges which are mult ip les of 50 ya rds apart*

When t hese coincidences occur, the regular increase and decrease of range

error is al tered and the corresponding chance of h i t values do not fo l low the r egu la r pattern*

25. l l the chances of hit were calcula ted on the assumpt ion that the gunner,

i n add i t ion to in terpre t ing th e range informat ion given b y the RIG, would note

the e r ro r in line caused b y crosswind, t i l t and other error sources, and

sui tably correc t the lay of the main armament.

26 . t is in teres t ing to note f r o m Figures 4 and 5 that the genera l f f e c t

of gun wear on chance of hit is small with the veloci t ies considered. t

appears f r o m th is that if due regard is given to the choice of velocit ies in

a sys tem whose performance is cr i t ica l ly dependent on i ts weapon charac ter is -

tics, t hen the deter iora t ion in chance o f hit as these charac ter is t ics change might be controlled.

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of th is region in th e range band can be adjusted b y changing the biasangle be tween the two weapons; n the case considered, performance at the

longer ranges has b e e n sacr i f iced to obtain increased chance of hi t at the

middle and lower ranges .

CONCLUSIONS

28. t is shown i n th e foregoing repor t that of the three types of f i r e

control considered f or use wi th the 1 05 mm* AEDS projecti le, the R M 2 - and

coincidence range f inder do not o f f e r much advantage one over the other, but

both show a substantial increase of 20 - 3O/0 in f i r s t round chance of h i t

over that given b y v i sua l range-f inding.

29 . s f ar as the HESH projecti le is concerned, the B MG provides considerable

improvement in f i r s t round chance of h it over visual range-binding (an

increase of 70 at 1000 yards and 20 at 2000 yards) and gives a genera l

increase of about 20 / o over that obta ined us ing a coincidence range-f inder.

n except ion to this can occur at the longer ranges where the chance of h it of the system using the EMC can f a l l to as much as 5/ 0 be low that with the

range-f inder. h i s occasional deter iora t ion is unavoidable w h e n the present

sys tem is designed to give maximum performance at m e d i u m ranges and could

only be overcome b y inc luding an ex t ra gra t icule in th e sight, a compl ica t ion

which would de t rac t f r o m a system whose simplici ty is one of i t s major

advantages.

3 0. t appears f rom the s tudy of the e f f e c t of gun wear tha t in the case

considered both weapons can deter iora te in such a way tha t the chance of h i t

of the sys tem is unaffec ted . owever, it is also poss ib le that barre l wear

could resul t in a serious degradat ion in chance of h i t at la ter stages in the

system l i fe; his should be borne in mind in any development of systems which

depend f or the i r e ffec t on the control of one weapon by another.

ACH«OWI£DGEMENTS

The generous he lp and co-opera t ion given b y the fo l lowing is grateful ly

acknowledged: r . John Wieland and Major M. Hogge of the Research Wing,

FVRDE, Mr . L. R. Poole and Mr . P. Denbigh of th e RSAF, Enf ie ld ,

Major W. H. Pa i rba i rn and Capta in W. Woodehouse of the Equipment Wing, the

RA C Centre .

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REFERENCES

(1 ) .V.R .D.E .

Repor t A . R . 1 5 4

(2) .V.R.D.E.

Repor t A.W. R. 2

(3 ) . A . C . Equipment Wing

Report on Project 2 9 2

(4 ) .V.RJ> .E .

Repor t A . R . 1 7 9

(5 ) .V.R .D.E .

Report T.R .27 .

(6 ) .R .D .E . Repor t

7 ) r ankfo rd Arsena l

Repor t R - 1 3 8 Q A

Machine gun ranging techniques f or tank

gunnery.

Demonstra t ion and Tr ia l of the machine-gun

ranging technique f or tank gunnery*

M.E.L.F. pr i l 1 9 5 6 .

0.50 Ranging Machine Gun.

A f i re-control scheme f or the ne w medium

tank (F.V. i^Ol ) .

The Chobham Ranging Machine Gun.

Th e class i f ica t ion of errors involved in

the determinat ion of chance of h i t and the

evaluat ion of chance of hit w i t h Centur ion

under quasi-batt le condit ions.

Fi re Control Studies: ank gunnery

accuracy evaluat ion (u).

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• • ON C M OITV •d o oo • • • o i -d--* O NO ^ >

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i _ *a TJ T)

0) •rl Ti g to rrj t5 00

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Q a c a « 0 0 K . - - \ * , S ^ 1 ,Q 1 vg •< M

ir» t» • • ON C N I o O 4) o oo • • •

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