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Unit 4— Earth Science
DAY OUTLINE KEY TERMS
1 12.1 notes 1. Continental drift theoryActivity 12-lB Magnetic striping (p. 514 text) 2. PangaeaAssignment: p. 517 #1-6
Evidence_for_Continental_Drift_Wksht2 Activity 12-1C Pangaea (p. 515 text) 3. Tectonic plate
Notes 12.2 (tectonics) 4. Hot spotAssignment: p. 517#7-11 5. Spreading ridge
Layers_of the_Earth_Wksht3 Notes 12.2 (earthquakes) 6. asthenosphere
Assignment: p. 537 #1-15 7. lithosphere8. subduction zone9. mantle convection10. epicenter1 1. earth’s layers
4 Assignment: Review p. 538-539 #3-6, 8,9,13,21-23 12. convergent12.1 & 12.2 Assessment Wkshts 13. divergent
14. transform fault15. primary waves16. secondary waves17. surface waves
5 Unit 4 Review: multiple choice booklet
6 Chapter 12 Booklet Due
Unit 4 exam
Chapter 12: Plate Techtonics
Key Term Definition Example/Graphic
1. Continental Drift Theory
2. Pangaea
3. Tectonic plate
4. Hot spot
5. Spreading ridge
6. Asthenosphere
7. Lithosphere
8. Subduction zone
9. Mantle convection
10. epicenter
11. Earth’s layers
12. Convergent
13. Divergent
14. Transform fault
15. Primary waves
16. Secondary waves
17. Surface waves
12,1 Evidence for Continental Drift — Student Notes
12.1 Evidence for Continental Drift
Wegener came up with the
____________________________________________
• the idea that the continents used to be connected as one big
_________________________
but slowly moved apart over time
He named the original supercontinent
_______________________
He used the following evidence to come up with his theory:
• The continents looked as though they might fit together like
_______________________________
(The continental shelves actually fit
together even better)
• There were
________________________________
and rocks on different
continents.
• There were
____________________________,
like Mesosaurus, on different
continents.
• There was
____________________________________________________
(eg. such as glaciers) on warm continents.
Like pieces of a jigsaw
puzzle, the continents
fit together into one,large whole.
How Can Continents Move?
Wegener’s evidence for continental drift did not explain
how entire continents could change locations so his theory was not accepted yet.
Eventually, his theory was accepted because:
-
_____________________________________________
allowed scientists to
measure the slow but steady drift of Earth’s tectonic plates.
- It was noted that earthquakes and volcanoes appear in
_______________________________
along the edges of tectonic plates.
- revealed the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a long mountain range running down the middle of the
Atlantic Ocean.
- Rocks taken from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge were
_______________
than
other ocean rocks.- Sediments along the ridge became
________________
farther away fromthe ridge.
- Paleomagnetism shows that iron-based rocks along the ridges are striped
with
Volcanoes are frequentlyfound on boundariesbetween tectonic plates.
Sea Floor Spreading: An Explanation
Hess suggested that magma rose to form
_____________________
at certain places.- Magma (melted rock) rises and falls like warm and cold liquids.- The
_________________________________
of magma formed aspreading ridge where they broke through Earth’s crust.
- Like a “new crust” conveyer belt- Magnetic striping of basalt rock shows long stripes of new rock moving
away from ocean ridges and the direction of Earth’s magnetic field at thattime.
Wilson then unified the ideas of Wegener and Hess into thethat states:
Continental drift occurs because of magma cooling and forcing thefloating tectonic plates apart at spreading ridges
Note: Hot spots are places magma rises to Earth’s surface that can happen at weak spotsin the centre of plates (rather than along the plate boundaries)
A Volcano Erthquak EEl Plate boundary
ClozeName Date Activity
Section 12.1
Use with textbook pages 506-513
Evidence for continentol driftVocabulary
ancient glaciers mountain rangesfossils Pangaeageological structures plate tectonic theoryhot spot spreading ridgemagma supercontinentmagnetic reversal tectonic platesMid-Atlantic Ridge
Use the terms in the vocabulary box to fill in the blanks. Each term may be used
only once.
1. Alfred Wegener proposed that, millions of years ago, all the continents were joinedas a
_____________________________________
2. The name given to this giant land mass is
_________________________________
3. Wegener compared
______________________________________
and evidence of
________________________________________on
different continents.
4. Since rocks found in Newfoundland are the same type and age as rocks found inGreenland, Ireland , Scotland, and Norway, it would appear that the world’s major
_____________________
were continuous when the continents were joined.
5. The surface of the Earth is broken into large, rigid, movable
_____________________
that move over a layer of partly molten rock.
6. In the , scientists found that as distance increasesfrom the centre of the ridge, the rocks are older and the ocean sediment is thicker.
7. Using a magnetometer, scientists found a pattern of
____________________________
in the iron-containing minerals on both sides of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
8. Harry Hess suggested that
______________________________________
risesbecause it is less dense than the material that surrounds it.
9. At a
____________________________
the magma breaks through the Earth’ssurface, where it cools and hardens, forming a new sea floor.
10. J. Tuzo Wilson suggested that chains of volcanic islands were formed when atectonic plate passed over a stationary
11. The
___________________________________
is the unifying theory of geology.
210 MHR • Section 12.1 Evidence for Confinental Drift © 2008 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Layers Of The Earth
12.2 Plate Tectonics — Student Notes
Earth is over 1200 km thick and has distinct layers.
1)
___________________
— outer solid rock layer
(granite on land, basalt in oceans)
2)
___________________
— thickest layer, mostly solid except forupper mantle being able to flow like “thick toothpaste”
3)
________________
— composed of liquid iron and nickel
4)
_________________
— mostly solid iron, at tremendoustemperature and pressure
More Layers Of The Earth
make up the which floats on the
- The lithosphere is the
___________________________
- The asthenosphere is the
_______________________
- Heat to keep the asthenosphere molten comes from
Plate Motion
- Continents, attached to the
float in the magma of the
- As magma is heated in the asthenosphere
- Rising magma can reach the surface at —
(in the oceans) or (on land).
form.
The magma cools when it reaches the surface, solidifies, and is pushed aside as new magma
pushes from below. This is called
are all moving at the
- There are
_________
large tectonic plates and many smaller ones.
- Where continental and oceanic plates meet,
_____________________
occurs.
- The
_______________
oceanic plate subducts under the
________________
- By” ,“ the rest of the plate follows.
I
Iy
continental plate.
- Large and are found in subduction zones!
Plate Interactions
-A
- The way the plates interact is based on the
is an area where two plates are in contact.
and the
1)
_____________
2)
__________
3)
___________
Divergent Plate Boundaries
________________
relative to each other.
— areas where plates are spreading apart
— areas where plates meet
— areas where plates move past each other
- are areas where plates are
and are examples.
- The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the longest mountain range on Earth.
Convergent Plate Boundaries
A.
- are areas where
-The
-* -
plate convergence
plate subducts under the
plate, forming a- Cone-shaped volcanoes can form from magma seeping to the
surface.- Ex. volcanic belt of the North America’s west coast
like the Coast Mountain range also form from the collision.
can occur when plates get stuck
B.
during
_______
-The
______
- may produce a
plate.
________________
and
______
plate convergence
plate will subduct under the
such as thosefound in Japan, Indonesia, and Alaska’s Aleutian islands.
C. -
_________________
plate convergence
- Since both are
____________________
plates, their densities are
- As they collide, their edges fold and crumple, forming
- The Himalayas are the world’s youngest (and tallest) mountain
range
mountain
- They are still growing taller today.
Transform Plate Boundaries- are areas where
___________
- Since rock slides past rock,
Earthquakes- usually form from the
and
form.
.1or
are very common.
plate
- The Juan de Fuca convergent plate boundary west of Vancouver Island has many earthquakes.- Large earthquakes hit this region every 200 - 800 years.
Describing Earthquakes
- Scientists understand why they happen, but it is very difficult to predict
-The
underground).
and
happens underground, over very long periods of time.
of the earthquake is where the pressure is finally released
-The is the point on the surface directly above the focus.
- Earthquakes occur at various depths, depending on the
usually have deep earthquakes.
involved.
- Earthquakes at the tend to cause
Earthquake (Seismic) Waves
- Earthquakes produce -
is the study of these waves.
- They reveal the and of an earthquake.- They also help us learn about the composition and distances of the Earth’s interior.
- There are 3 Types of earthquake waves:
,‘
Seismic Wave Abbreviation Description Ground Motion
Primary wave P • Type of body wave
• First to arrive (fastest) 4• Ground squeezes an.d stretches
in direction of veate travel.
• Travels through solids, liquids, and gases
Secondary wave S • Type of body wave
• Second to arrive (slower)
• Ground motion is perpendicularto direction of wave travel.
• Travels through solids hut not liquids
Surface wave L • Travels along EartlYs surface
hsonand
- Each type of seismic wave behaves differently in the
_________________________________
- are used to measure
_________________________________
- Early
______________________just
measured whether the
___________________________
- Some measure horizontal movement, others vertical movement.
TImeDisiance Graph for Sesnk Waves
Seismograms- shows when an earthquake started, how long it lasted
and the magnitude ( ). 14Swave
- increase in magnitude = X stronger
- A magnitude earthquake is X more B
powerful than a
____.
: //
- Since seismic waves travel at different speeds, a 2 /
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
________________________________________________________________
can reveal Elcentre Distance (1000 km
the focus.
Volcanoes- 3 Types and form from different movement of tectonic plates.
1)
____________________________
— found along
__________________
plate boundaries
- Layers of ash and thick lava form a tall
_______________________
- As
__________________
reaches the surface, it cools, hardens, and traps gases below.
- pressure builds; eventually, there is an
_____________________
2)
_____________________________
— these are not found at plate boundaries but instead form
over hot spots.
- Thin magma/lava flows out from a
_________________
and forms a low, wide cone.
- The
___________________________
are an example of a chain of shield volcanoes
3)
_____________________________
— occur along long cracks in the lithosphere formed during
_______________
plate movement
- These are NOT but they release massive amounts of
InterpretingName Date Illustrations
Section 12 2
Use with textbook pages 520--522.
Layers of the EarthEarth is made up of layers with distinct characteristics.1. Label the layers of the Earth on the following diagram.
a)
d)
j e)
Layers of the Earth
2. Each layer of the earth has a varying thickness, state (solid, liquid, gas) andcomposition. Fill in the following table beginning with the innermost layer in theorder that you would find the layers from the inside to the outside of earth.
Layer Thickness State Generalcomposition
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
3. What is the difference between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere?
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited218 MHR • Section 12.2 Features of plate tectonics
£q
AssessmentName Date
_________
Section 121
Use with textbook pages 506-513. Multiple Choice
Evidence for continental Circle the letter of the best answer.
drift 10. When the term Pangaea is translated fromGreek, it means
A. zig-zag, continents
________________________________________
B. stationary, plates
_______________________________________
C. all, Earth
D. moving, plates
_____
11. Which of the following would be
_____
considered part of Wegener’ s continental
_____
drift theory?
______
Discovery of continents previously being part
______
of a supercontinent.
II. Matching fossils found on many continents.
Ill. Discovery of reversal theories related toEarth’s magnetic field.
A. I only C. I and III only
B. I and II only D. I, II, and III
12. A chain of volcanic islands, such as theHawaiian Islands, were formed by which ofthe following processes?
A. erosion C. hot spots
B. subduction D. ocean ridges
13. J. Tuzo Wilson used which of the followingto explain the theory of continental drift?
sea floor spreading
II. paleomagnetismIll. formation of Pangaea
A. I and, II only C. II and, III only
B. I and, III only D. I, II, and III
Match each Term with the bestDescriptor below. Each Descriptor may
be used only once.
Term
1.
______
Continental drift theory2. Earthquakes3.
______
hot spot4. magnetic reversal5. paleoglaciation6. plate tectonic theory7. spreading ridge8.
______
tectonic plates9.
______
volcanoes
Definition
A. the large slabs of rock that form Earth’s surface and,move over a layer of partly molten rock
B. the theory that the lithosphere is broken up intolarge plates that move and then rejoin
C. an opening in Earth’s surface that, when active,spews out gases, chunks of rock, and melted rock
D. an area where molten rock rises to Earth’s surfaceE. a pattern of alternating stripes of different
directions of magnetic polarity in rock on the seafloor
F. a sudden, ground-shaking release of built-upenergy at or under Earth’s surface
G. the theory that the continents have not alwaysbeen in their present locations but have movedover millions of years
H. the region where magma breaks through Earth’ssurface, continually forcing apart old rock andforming sea floor
I. the extent of ancient glaciers; also the rockmarkings they left behind
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Section 12.1 Evidence for Continental Drift • MHR 213
Assessment
Section 122 1
Matching
1. asthenosphere2. epicentre3. lithosphere4.
______
mantleconvection
5. plate boundary6. ridge push7.
______
rift valley8.
_____
slab pull9.
______
subduction zone10.
______
volcanic belt
A. the point on Earth’ssurface directly abovethe focus where anearthquake starts
B. a recurring current inthe mantle that occurswhen hotter, lessdense material rises,cools, and then sinksagain
C. the process in whichnew material at a ridgeor rift pushes oldermaterial aside, moving the tectonic platesaway from the ridge
D. a steep-sided valleyformed on land whenmagma rises to Earth’ssurface at a spreadingcentre on land
E. a partly molten layerin Earth’s uppermantle just below thelithosphere
F. areas of subduction,which typicallyexperience largeearthquakes andvolcanic eruptions
G.along chain ofvolcanoes
H. the region where twotectonic plates are incontact
Name Date
Use with textbook pages 518-534.
Features of platetectonics
I. the pulling of a tectonic plate as its edgesubducts deep into themantle
J. the layer made up ofthe crust and uppermost mantle
Match each Term on the left with the bestDescriptor on the right. Each Descriptor may be
used only once.
Term Definition
Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the best answer.
11. Which layer of the Earth has thehighest temperature?
A. inner core C. lower mantle
B. outer core D. upper mantle
12. What causes the asthenosphere to bemolten?
A. gravity C. hot spot
B. volcanoes D. radioactive decay
13. Where do transform plate boundariesusually occur?
A. near mountains
B. near continents
C. near ocean ridges
D. near subduction zones
14. Which layers of the earth can S-wavestravel through?
A. mantle only
B. mantle and outer core
C. mantle and inner core
D. mantle, outer core, and inner core
15. Where are composite volcanoesusually found?
A. near subduction zones
B. in ocean basins
C. on mountain ranges
D. by ridge pushes
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Section 12.2 Features of plate tectonics • MHR 221
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les
vibr
ate
fast
eran
dm
ove
fart
her
apar
t.B
.T
hepa
rtic
les
vibr
ate
slow
eran
dm
ove
fart
her
apar
t.C
.T
hepa
rtic
les
get
larg
eran
dta
keup
mor
evo
lum
e.D
.T
hepa
rtic
les
brea
kth
eir
bond
san
dbe
gin
tosl
ide
past
each
othe
r.
18.
Put
the
follo
win
gsy
stem
sin
orde
rof
leas
tth
erm
alen
ergy
pre
sen
tto
gre
ates
tth
erm
alen
ergy
pres
ent.
Ia
boili
ngke
ttle
at98
CC
IIan
ocea
nat
1OC
IIIan
ice
cube
at—
4CC
IVa
swim
min
gpo
olat
28C
C
10.
Whi
chof
the
follo
win
gco
rrec
tly
iden
tifi
esth
ety
peof
hea
ttr
ansf
erat
each
loca
tion
?
$A
.B
.C
.0.
Rad
iati
onR
adia
tion
Con
duct
ion
$II
Con
duct
ion
Con
vect
ion
Rad
iati
onC
ondu
ctio
n
A.
II,IV
,I,
IIIB
.III
,I,
IV,
IIC
.III
,II,
IV,
ID
.IV
,I,
II,III
B.
clea
rsk
ies
19.
Whi
chof
the
follo
win
gis
ago
odth
erm
alin
sula
tor?
A.
aso
ftdr
ink
can
C.
api
ece
offo
amB
.a
piec
eof
glas
sD
.a
copp
er-b
otto
med
pot
20.
Wha
tis
the
reas
onfo
rth
eC
orio
lis
effe
ct?
A.
the
risi
ngof
hot
air
mas
ses
atth
eeq
uato
ran
dth
enfa
lling
at3
0la
titu
deB
.th
eco
olin
gof
land
mas
ses
fast
erth
anoce
ans
that
they
bord
erC
.at
mos
pher
icpre
ssure
D.
rota
tion
ofE
arth
21.
The
usua
ldi
rect
ion
ofw
ind
inth
eso
uthe
rnin
teri
orof
Bri
tish
Col
umbi
ais
ina
wes
tern
dire
ctio
n.W
hat
wou
ldyo
uca
llth
isty
peof
win
d?A
.a
loca
lw
ind
C.
anon
shor
eb
reez
eB
.a
prev
aili
ngw
ind
D.
anof
fsho
reb
reez
e
22.
Wha
tis
the
mos
tlik
ely
reas
onw
hyfl
ight
sfr
omV
anco
uver
toT
oron
tota
kele
ssti
me
than
flig
hts
from
Tor
onto
toV
anco
uver
?A
.P
ilot
sta
kead
van
tage
ofth
ehi
ghpre
ssure
syst
ems
that
form
onth
eco
ast
ofB
ritis
hC
olum
bia
topu
shth
emea
st.
B.
Pil
ots
have
tode
alw
ithlo
tsof
turb
ulen
ceas
they
leav
eT
oron
tohe
adin
gw
est.
C.
Pil
ots
are
flyi
ngin
the
dire
ctio
nof
Ear
th’s
rota
tion
whe
nth
eyar
efl
ying
east
.D
.P
ilot
sca
nta
kead
van
tage
ofth
eje
tst
ream
whe
ntr
avel
ling
east
.
23.
You
are
wat
chin
gth
ew
eath
erst
atio
nan
dth
em
eteo
rolo
gist
info
rms
you
that
ther
ew
illbe
ahi
ghpre
ssure
syst
emin
your
area
tom
orro
w.
Wha
t typ
eof
wea
ther
wou
ldyo
upr
edic
t?A
.a
stor
mB
.cl
ear
skie
s
24.
Whi
chof
the
follo
win
gis
the
term
used
tode
scri
bea
chan
ge
inth
edi
rect
ion
ofm
ovin
gai
r,w
ater
,or
obje
cts
due
toE
arth
’sro
tati
on?
A.
pres
sure
diff
eren
tial
C.
Cor
iolis
effe
ctB
.pr
evai
ling
win
dsD
. jet
stre
am
25.
Whi
chof
the
follo
win
gty
pes
ofev
iden
cem
ight
apa
leoc
lim
atol
ogis
tus
eto
stud
ycl
imat
ech
ange?
Iic
eco
res
from
glac
iers
IIoc
ean
wav
epa
tter
nsIll
tree
-tru
nkri
ngst
udie
sIV
plan
tfos
sils
26.
Whi
chof
the
follo
win
gbe
stde
fine
s“c
limat
e”?
A.
the
tem
pera
ture
read
ings
for
the
past
30+
yea
rsB
.th
esp
ecif
icw
eath
erpa
tter
nsfo
ra
loca
lci
tyC
.th
ew
eath
erpa
tter
nsth
atar
eoc
curr
ing
now
D.
the
aver
age
cond
itio
nsof
the
atm
osp
her
efo
ra
larg
ere
gion
for
the
past
30ye
ars
orm
ore
27.
Ear
th’s
tem
pera
ture
isre
gula
ted
byth
egre
enhouse
effe
ct.
Wha
tst
atem
ent
bes
td
escr
ibes
how
the
gre
enh
ou
seef
fect
wor
ks?
A.
Gre
enho
use
gas
esac
tlik
ea
gree
nhou
se,
whi
chab
sorb
san
dre
tain
sso
lar
ener
gy,
ther
eby
incr
easi
ngE
arth
’ste
mpe
ratu
re.
B.
Sun
’sra
diat
ion
isam
plif
ied
byE
arth
’so
cean
s.C
.G
reen
hous
eef
fect
isca
use
dby
hum
anac
tivity
.D
.G
reen
hous
egas
escr
eate
ther
mal
radi
atio
n.
28.
Whi
chof
the
follo
win
gev
ents
may
have
been
cata
stro
phic
enou
ghto
have
cau
sed
mas
sex
tinc
tion
sin
the
pas
t?A
.a
volc
anic
erup
tion
C.
anea
rthq
uake
B.
am
eteo
rite
stri
keD
.a
tsun
ami
29.
CO2
iske
ptin
bala
nce
byth
ena
tura
lpa
tter
nsof
the
carb
oncy
cle.
Whi
chof
the
follo
win
gw
ould
not
beco
nsid
ered
aca
rbon
sink
orst
ore
?
30.
Wha
tis
the
basi
cdi
ffer
ence
betw
een
clim
ate
chan
ge
and
glob
alw
arm
ing?
A.
Cli
mat
ech
ange
refe
rsto
the
long
-ter
mch
ange
ofth
ew
hole
plan
et,
and
glob
alw
arm
ing
refe
rsto
the
incr
ease
inre
gion
alte
mpe
ratu
re.
B.
Cli
mat
ech
ang
ere
fers
toth
eav
erag
ete
mpe
ratu
rech
ang
eon
Ear
th,
and
glob
alw
arm
ing
refe
rsto
the
long
-ter
mch
ange
inte
mpe
ratu
refo
ra
regi
on.
C.
Cli
mat
ech
ange
refe
rsto
the
long
-ter
mch
ange
inw
eath
erpa
tter
nsin
are
gion
,an
dgl
obal
war
min
gre
fers
toth
ein
crea
sein
the
aver
age
glob
alte
mpe
ratu
re.
D.
Cli
mat
ech
ang
ere
fers
toth
elo
ng-t
erm
chan
gein
tem
pera
ture
ina
regi
on,
and
glob
alw
arm
ing
refe
rsto
the
incr
ease
ingl
obal
wea
ther
chan
ge.
Use
the
dia
gra
mbe
low
toan
swer
ques
tion
31.
31.
Wha
tg
reen
ho
use
gas
isre
pres
ente
dby
the
Xin
the
abov
edi
agra
m?
A.
ozon
eC
.ni
trou
sox
ide
B.
wat
erva
pour
D.
carb
ondi
oxid
e
32.
Whi
chof
the
follo
win
gch
emic
als
linke
dto
glob
alw
arm
ing
has
the
high
est
glob
alw
arm
ing
pote
ntia
l(G
WP
)?A
.m
etha
ne,
CH4
C.
carb
ondi
oxid
e,C
O2
B.
nitr
ous
oxid
e,N20
D.
chlo
rofl
uoro
carb
ons,
CF
C’s
33.
Sci
enti
sts
have
disc
over
edev
iden
ceth
atE
arth
has
gone
thro
ugh
glob
alw
arm
ing
and
cool
ing
befo
re.
Why
are
peop
leco
ncer
ned
abou
tit
this
tim
e?A
.In
crea
sed
dem
and
for
air
cond
itio
ning
.B
.C
lim
ate
chan
ge
may
happ
ento
oqu
ickl
yfo
rth
ebi
osph
ere
toad
apt.
C.
All
scie
ntis
tsag
ree
that
hum
ans
are
resp
onsi
ble
for
glob
alw
arm
ing.
D.
Mos
tsc
ient
ists
thin
kth
atgl
obal
war
min
gw
illha
veno
effe
ctfo
rat
leas
t10
0ye
ars.
A.
deep
oce
ans
B.
prec
ipit
atio
n
C.
prec
ipit
atio
nD
.un
stab
lew
eath
er
C.
dead
vege
tati
onD
.ne
wgr
owth
fore
st
A.
Ionl
yB
.Ia
ndIII
only
rI*G
r,,e
M,r
ns.
Efb
d
C.
I,III
,an
dIV
only
D.
I,II,
III,
and
IV
41.
Wha
tev
iden
cew
asdi
scov
ered
that
help
edto
expl
ain
how
cont
inen
tsar
eca
pabl
eof
34.
Whi
chof
the
follo
win
gis
not
ast
rate
gyto
add
ress
clim
ate
chan
ge?
A.
Intr
oduc
eal
tern
ativ
efu
els.
B.
Find
new
sourc
esof
foss
ilfu
els.
C.
Pro
mot
ew
orld
wid
ere
fore
stat
ion.
D.
Res
earc
han
dde
velo
pre
new
able
ener
gyso
urce
s.
35.
Whi
chof
the
follo
win
gob
serv
atio
nsre
pre
sent
evid
ence
prov
ided
byW
egen
erto
supp
ort
his
theo
ryof
cont
inen
tal
drif
t?It
heig
saw
fit”
ofth
eco
ntin
ents
IIm
atch
ing
geol
ogic
alst
ruct
ures
and
rock
son
diff
eren
tco
ntin
ents
Illm
atch
ing
foss
ils
ondi
ffer
ent
cont
inen
tsIV
pale
ogla
ciat
ion
Vse
afl
oor
spre
adin
gA
.I,
II,III
,&
IVon
lyC
.II
&III
only
B.
III,
III,
IV,
&V
D.
II,III
,&
IVon
ly
36.
Whi
chof
the
follo
win
gis
not
evid
ence
ofte
cton
icpl
ate
mov
emen
t?A
.T
hepa
tter
nof
the
mag
neti
cst
ripi
ngis
the
sam
eon
both
side
sof
the
Mid
-Atla
ntic
Rid
ge.
B.
Roc
ksa
mple
sta
ken
nea
rth
eM
id-A
tlant
icR
idge
are
muc
hyo
unge
rth
anth
ose
take
nnea
rth
ew
est
coas
tof
Afr
ica
and
the
east
coas
tof
Sou
thA
mer
ica.
C.
Str
ipes
ofro
ckfr
omth
eM
id-A
tlant
icR
idge
have
alte
rnat
ing
mag
neti
cpo
lari
ties
.D
.T
here
ism
ore
sedi
men
tal
ong
the
cont
inen
tal
shel
fth
anon
the
ocea
nfl
oor.
37.
Why
was
Weg
ener
’sth
eory
ofco
ntin
enta
ldr
ift
diff
icul
tfor
the
scie
ntif
icco
mm
unit
yto
acce
pt
whe
nth
eth
eory
was
prop
osed
?A
.P
aleo
glac
iati
onpo
ints
toco
mm
ongl
acia
lev
iden
ceon
man
yco
ntin
ents
.B
.W
egen
erco
uld
not
expl
ain
wha
tco
uld
cau
seth
eco
ntin
ents
tom
ove.
C.
Uni
que
geol
ogic
alfe
ature
sca
nbe
foun
don
oppo
sing
cont
inen
ts.
D.
The
shap
esof
cont
inen
tsfit
toge
ther
like
aji
gsaw
puzz
le.
38.
Whi
chof
the
follo
win
gis
not
true
ofth
eev
iden
ceof
sea
floo
rsp
read
ing
prov
ided
bym
agne
tic
stri
ping
?A
.E
arth
islik
ea
larg
eba
rm
agne
tan
dha
s2
pole
s.B
.E
arth
’sm
agne
tic
pole
sre
vers
eov
erhu
ndre
dsof
thousa
nd
sof
year
s.C
.R
ocks
with
mag
neti
cst
ripi
ng,
alte
rnat
ing
ban
ds
ofno
rmal
and
reve
rse
pola
rity
,su
rrou
ndoc
ean
ridg
es.
D.
The
patt
ern
ofm
agne
tic
stri
ping
isdi
ffer
ent
inro
cks
onei
ther
side
ofan
ocea
nri
dge.
39.
Wha
tfo
rce
push
esm
agm
ato
the
surf
ace
atoc
ean
ridg
esan
dul
tim
atel
ydr
ives
the
mov
emen
tof
tect
onic
pla
tes?
A.
cont
inen
tal
drif
tB
.ea
rthquak
esC
.vo
lcan
icer
upti
ons
cause
dby
aho
tsp
ot0.
conv
ecti
oncu
rren
tsin
the
mag
ma
40.
Wha
tis
ate
cton
icpl
ate?
A.
ala
rge,
flex
ible
slab
ofro
ckB
.a
larg
e,ri
gid
slab
ofro
ck
A.
foss
ilre
mai
nsth
atm
atch
edac
ross
larg
eoc
eani
cpl
ates
B.
trop
ical
plan
tfos
sils
inno
n-tr
opic
alar
eas
C.
aso
lidcr
ust
onto
pof
afl
uid
man
tle
D.
mag
neti
cst
ripi
ngof
the
sea
floo
r
Use
the
map
belo
wto
answ
erques
tion
42.
42.
The
Pac
ific
Rim
isso
met
imes
call
edth
eR
ing
ofFi
rebec
ause
ofth
ela
rge
amou
ntof
volc
anic
activ
ityth
atoc
curs
ther
e.W
hat
isth
em
ain
cause
ofth
isvo
lcan
icac
tivi
ty?
A.
dive
rgen
tpl
ates
C.
subd
ucti
onzo
nes
B.
tran
sfor
mfa
ults
D.
eart
hqua
keep
icen
ters
43.
Why
isth
ein
ner
core
ofE
arth
soli
d?A
.T
hein
ner
core
rota
tes
mor
esl
owly
than
the
oute
rco
re.
B.
The
imm
ense
pres
sure
keep
sit
solid
.C
.T
hein
ner
core
ofE
arth
isve
ryco
ld.
D.
Ear
thfo
rmed
from
aro
cky
mas
s.
44.
Wha
tty
peof
seis
mic
wav
etr
avel
sth
efa
stes
t?C
.S
-wav
e0
.bo
thth
eP
-wav
ean
dth
eL
-wav
e
Use
the
map
belo
wto
answ
erques
tion
45.
45.
0ff
ofth
eso
uth
coas
tof
Bri
tish
Col
umbi
a,w
eca
nfi
ndth
ree
diff
eren
ttyp
esof
plat
e
Nor
thA
mer
ica
boun
dari
es.
Inth
eim
age
abov
e,w
hat
are
sate
the
plat
ebo
unda
ries
loca
ted
atA
,B
,an
dC
,Pa
cIfI
cpl
ate
‘&\
inth
ator
der?
A.
tran
sfor
m,
conv
erge
nt,
dive
rgen
tB
.di
verg
ent,
conv
erge
nt,
tran
sfor
mJu
nderu
caL
C.
conv
erge
nt,
dive
rgen
t,tr
ansf
orm
plat
er
D.
tran
sfor
m,
dive
rgen
t,co
nver
gent
\
mov
ing?
A.
L-w
ave
B.
P-w
ave
C.
ala
vafl
owD
.a
cont
inen
t
46.
Whi
chof
the
follo
win
gla
yers
are
com
pone
nts
ofth
eth
eory
ofpl
ate
tect
onic
s?Il
itho
sphe
reII
asth
enosp
her
eIII
trop
osph
ere
IVst
rato
spher
eC
.I,
Il,an
dIII
only
D.
I,II,
III,
and
IV
47.
Whi
chof
the
follo
win
gar
eas
soci
ated
with
anoc
eani
c-oc
eani
cco
nver
gent
boun
dary
?Iv
olca
nic
isla
ndar
cII
sutu
rezo
nes
IIIea
rthquak
esIV
ocea
ntr
ench
esA
.Ia
ndIII
only
B.
I,II,
and
IVon
ly
48.
Whe
reon
the
map
does
ocea
nic—
cont
inen
tal
conv
erge
nce
occ
ur?
A.A
C.C
B.B
D.D
49.
Whi
chof
the
foll
owin
gw
ould
beas
soci
ated
wit
hth
isty
pe
of
plat
eb
ou
nd
ary
?Iv
olca
nism
IIde
epea
rthq
uake
sII
Ivol
cani
cIs
land
arc
Earth
’aC
ore
50.
Wha
tdoes
Xpo
int
to?
A.
afo
cus
B.
arif
tval
ley
C.
anep
icen
tre
D.
asu
rfac
ew
ave
Use
the
foll
owin
ggeo
ther
mal
mod
elof
the
Ear
thto
answ
er
Tem
pera
ture
ofM
agm
a
Sohd
thes
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Tem
pera
ture
inth
eE
arth
(“C)
The
geo
ther
mal
mo
del
was
con
stru
cted
usi
ng
seis
mic
evid
ence
and
labora
tory
expe
rim
ents
ofth
epr
oper
ties
ofro
ckat
diff
eren
ttem
pera
ture
san
dpr
essu
res.
51.
Usi
ngth
ege
othe
rmal
mod
el,
iden
tify
the
dept
hof
the
uppe
rbo
unda
ryof
the
Ear
th’s
oute
rco
re.
A.
200
kmC
.52
00km
B.
2700
kmD
.64
00km
A.
Ionl
yB
.I a
ndII
only
Use
the
follo
win
gea
rthq
uake
diag
ram
toan
swer
ques
tion
50.
C.
I,III
,an
dIV
only
D.
II,III
,an
dIV
only
Use
the
follo
win
gdi
agra
man
dm
apto
answ
erqu
estI
ons
48an
d49
.fa
ult
ques
tion
s51
and
52.
Earth
’aS
urfa
ce IS
A.
Ian
dII
only
C.
IIan
dIII
only
B.I
and
IIIon
lyD
.I,
IIan
dIll
52.
Why
does
mel
ted
iron
beco
me
solid
agai
nat
ade
pth
of52
00km
?A
.P
ress
ure
incr
ease
s.B
.M
agne
tism
incr
ease
s.C
.T
empe
ratu
redec
reas
es.
D.
For
ceof
grav
ity
dec
reas
es.
53.
Why
isoz
one
impo
rtan
tto
the
envi
ronm
ent?
A.
Itis
agre
enhouse
gas
atlo
wal
titu
des.
B.
Itsc
reen
sou
tul
trav
iole
tlig
htat
high
alti
tude
s.C
.It
brea
ksap
art
tofo
rmox
ygen
gas.
D.
Itis
apo
ison
.
