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Active Assailant and Emergency Response Procedures
INTRODUCTIONS
Deputy Chief - Jason Trevino
Sergeant - Ray Price
SWAT OUR WAY
POLI
CE
SHERIFF
FBI
MILITARY
HISTORY
TRIA
L &
ERRO
R
Active Assailant
One or more persons who are randomly or systematically involved in the act of using deadly force on others & it appears, based on available intel that the suspect will not stop their aggressive, hostile actions without immediate & direct law enforcement intervention.
The ongoing loss of life should be the primary motivator for L.E. intervention
TRAINING On-going scenario based training utilizing
air soft, conducted at area schools (16-24 hours)
Teaching/Training with school staff Emergency Combat Medicine (REMSA -
TCCC) Training/Coordinating with local agencies Interior/Exterior perimeter training Hallway/Room clearing
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
QUICK REFERENCE OF EMERGENCY CODES
EMERGENCY CODE
WHEN TO USE IT HOW TO CALL IT WHAT TO DO
Code Blue Medical Emergencies Over intercom “Code Blue” and give
location to respond: 3X
Code Blue Team to respond
Code Red Threat on or near Campus
Serious security emergencies
(includes gunfire) Bomb Threats
Over intercom
“Code Red, Lockdown” 3X
and call 911
Stay in classroom,
lock door, close door, and take
cover.
Code Yellow
Threat Outside of the Building (Interior is safe)
Over intercom –
Say “Code Yellow” “Shelter in Place”
3X
Close door, seal off room and listen/look
for instructions.
Code Green Situation is Normal
*See WCSD Flip Charts or Safety Protocols for more detailed information.
What Initiates a LOCKDOWNExterior and Interior
Interior: Disturbance inside the building Active Assailant Exterior: Environmental Issues Neighborhood Disturbance Outside Law Enforcement Action Wildlife Lockdowns are predominately initiated
by exterior factors.
CODE YELLOWShelter in place
Outside/Off property or campus threat(Examples: Fire Department, Law Enforcement, Hazardous Materials, etc.) PROCEDURES:
Secure Perimeter and doors. Cover windows. Report/Email your status (Example: GREEN, Room
145) Continue class room instruction Wait for further instructions Clear by “All clear, Green”
*Fire Alarm activation requires escort by LE or Fire*
CODE REDLOCK DOWN
IMMEDIATE life threatening crisison the property/campus.(I.E. Subject/s with weapons, active assailant)
PROCEDURES: Immediately secure in a room. Cover windows. Report/Email your status (Example: GREEN, Room 145)
Status Cards NO longer utilized in windows!
Released by Law Enforcement (door keyed open)
*Fire alarm activation requires escort by LE or Fire*
STATUS DEFINITIONS:
GREEN: ALL students/staff are accounted for and
safe.
YELLOW Missing student, extra students, have
information.
RED Have students /staff with LIFE
THREATENING injuries, need immediate assistance.
CODE YELLOW/RED STATUS FORM
*Utilized by IC staff for accountability check
STAFF NAME ROOM # G Y R (+) OR (-) NOTES:
John Doe W1 XJane Doe W2 X -3 Sent Tim, Tommy, Terry to ClinicMickey Mouse Clinic X 3 Have Tim, Tommy, Terry from W2abcdefghietc…
Goal of L.E. in Active Assailant
#1 goal of law enforcement is to stop the suspect(s)
Everything else that takes place should support the #1 goal.
1st Officer On Scene
Provide dispatch/responding units with details as available
Make sure school has initiated a lockdown if appropriate
Make decision to engage/isolate suspect(s) or wait for additional officers
Solo/Single officer entry is trained and promoted by the WCSD PD
Active Assailant Stopped by LE
70% of these successes have been by solo officers.
15% by two-officer deployments. 15% by three-officer deployments. There have been zero successes for
anything initiated by four officers or more.
RESPONSES
Immediate Response – Going directly to the sight and sound of violence.
Search Response – Unaware where the threat is and begin searching for the threat until the sight and sound of violence is found.
Additional Units
As additional units arrive, the IC should be directing them as to where to go.
Additional entry elements should be formed and implemented until the suspect(s) have been stopped.
Basic Perimeter Tactics
Basic Perimeter Tactics
*Windows Left to Right identified by numbers*
Plain Clothes Officers Study #1
Kansas City (MO) PD Sgt. Ward Smith and a Force Science Analyst did a two-year study.
Over 920 officers were observed in 2011. The targets used were 2-D, full-color, life-
size photographs of male and female subjects, some threatening and some not.
Included were armed targets that had a silver KCPD badge affixed either to the figure's belt or hanging from a simulated chain at chest level.
Plain Clothes Officers Study #1
The targets were programmed to simultaneously turn toward officers being tested for variable amounts of time.
Officers were instructed to "take appropriate action"--to scan, move and use cover, to discriminate under time compression between shoot and no-shoot targets, and to fire until adversaries were defeated.
Plain Clothes Officers Study #1
Officers were briefed that they would be responding to assist an undercover plainclothes officers in an arrest situation.
It was stressed to identify each target and officers were warned that they needed to pay close attention and be alert.
Each fired about 125 rounds in the exercise.
Plain Clothes Study #1
Overall, a no-shoot target with a belt badge was six times more likely to be shot than one with a neck badge.
Even under full-light conditions, belt-badge targets were hit 1,272 times, compared to 196 hits for neck-badge targets.
Under low light, belt-badge targets were hit 5,288 times, with neck-badge targets taking 843 hits.
Combining both badge-placement locations, the no-shoot targets were four times more likely to be shot under low-light conditions than in a bright-light setting.
Plain Clothes Study #1
923 veteran officers were observed in 2012.
2011 results were reviewed before they began.
Shots mistakenly fired at belt-badge targets still far outweighed those striking chain-badge targets under both full-light and low-light conditions.
The total numbers of inappropriate shots fired were down remarkably.
Plain Clothes Study #1
Hits to brightly lit belt-badge targets plunged 82% and to neck-badge targets 88%.
In low light, belt-badge targets drew 90% fewer shots and neck-badge targets showed a 92% reduction.
Making the officers aware of the blue-on-blue risk had a very positive result.
Exposure to the problem was a memorable way to have a life-saving impact.
Plain Clothes Officers Study #2
Tactics & Survival Training Unit Los Angeles County (CA) SD
Within the first 20 scenario's the PC was shot 95% of the time.
They weren’t challenged. Their badges weren’t seen. They carried their badges on the belt,
around the neck, in hand near their weapon, and in hand up in the air.
Plain Clothes Officers Study #2
Badges on belts were not readily identified because responders were focused on the PC officers' weapons in hand.
Badges around the neck were not readily identified because responders were focused on the PCs' weapons and hands (in the role players' shooting stance, the neck badges were not visible).
A badge held in the support hand next to a PC officer's weapon was not readily identified because responders focused on the PC's weapon and shooting stance.
Even when the PC officers' weapon was taken away, they were fired upon because responders identified their shooting-stance behavior and thought the badge being pointed was a gun.
Plain Clothes Officers “HALO”
The most effective badge position identified was the “HALO” position.
PC officers' held their badges high above their heads, rotating the badge around like a halo. This allowed the badge to be presented in all directions, as close to 360 degrees as possible.
Contact teams were less apt to engage the PCs because they recognized the position as less threatening, even though the PC held a gun in the other hand.
This position drew the attention of contact officers and bought enough time for them to focus on the raised hand holding the badge.
Plain Clothes Response – Lessons Learned
Train first responders that not everyone holding a gun is a suspect.
Establish a challenge protocol to limit the likelihood of blue-on-blue error. (role-players being shot dropped down to 50% after stressing the importance of challenge procedures)
The longer the PC presents himself holding a gun or displaying armed behavior, the higher the likelihood of being misidentified and fired upon.
As a PC choosing to respond to an armed threat, it was recommend keeping your weapon concealed as long as possible as you maneuver to a position of advantage.
Only present the weapon when you absolutely, positively have to engage threats.
Plain Clothes Response – Lessons Learned
After engaging and conducting necessary after-action procedures, immediately holster, conceal the weapon, move to cover, and be prepared to “Halo" your badge.
Train your officers in situational awareness to understand they are an UNKNOWN person when in plainclothes and their behaviors when holding a gun may be perceived as a threat to other first responders (uniformed as well as plainclothes and off-duty).
CONTACT INFORMATION
Deputy Chief Jason [email protected]
Sergeant Ray [email protected]
Washoe County School Police 775-348-0285
