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Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN

Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

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Page 1: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Acquisition of Phonetics

and Phonology

Presenters:

Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium)

Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Page 2: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Contents

Introduction Infant Speech Perception Production Early Speech Production Morphology

Page 3: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Introduction

Phonetics: study of the characteristics of speech sounds

Phonology: description of the system and patterns of speech sounds; mental aspect of the sounds in a language

Morphology: study of forms; analyzes basic elements of language

Page 4: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Infant Speech Perception

Experimental paradigms for testing infants

Categorical perception of infants Other speech perception abilities of

infants Changes in perception over the course

of the first year of life

Page 5: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

General Information on Infant Speech Perception

Rich field of study Ability of infants to recognize

differences in speakers when relevant and to ignore it, when not relevant

Ability to differenciate utterances of the infant‘s native language from those of foreign languages

Page 6: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Infant Speech Perception

Fundamental problem: determining what constitutes a sound in the target language

First step: perceiving destinctions between sounds and perceiving speech as phonetic categories

Page 7: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Experimental Paradigms for Testing Infants

Four experimental paradigms:

1) Measuring heart rate

2) Measuring sucking rate

3) Visual Fixation Procedure

4) The Head Turn Preference Procedure

Page 8: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Categorical Perception of Infants

Young infants perceive consonants categorically

Voiced Onset Time (VOT)

- prevoiced

- voiced or voiceless unaspirated

- voiceless (aspirated)

Page 9: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Other Speech Perception Abilities of Infants

From birth infants are sensitive to many phonetic distinctions

Vowel distinction

Page 10: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Changes in Perception over the Course of the First Year of Life

• Distinguish contrasts which are non- phonemic in the target language distinguish only phonemic distinctions in the target language

• Lose their perceptual abilities for non-native sounds as their babbling begins to take on characteristics of the input language

Page 11: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Language and the MindProf. R. HickeySS 2006

Acquisition of phonology

Schmidt, Anke Schmidt, Sarah (Grundstudium LN) (Hauptstudium LN)

Page 12: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Overview

1. Production of sounds

• Babbling

2. Early speech production

• Building a system of contrasts

• Phonological processes

• The importance of the stressed syllable

3. Summary

4. References

Page 13: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Production of sounds Babbling

sounds constrained by anatomy of vocal tract

configured for vegetative requirements: sucking, breathing, burping, crying

larynx higher shorter pharyngeal cavity tongue relatively big

Page 14: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Production of sounds Babbling

2-4 months:

– begin to coo, laugh– no speech sounds produced

Page 15: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Production of sounds Babbling

4-5 months:

– vocal tract reconfigures– begin to babble– speech- like sounds– stimulated by speech of others– babbling lacks spectral, temporal characteristics

Page 16: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Production of sounds Babbling

6-7 months:

– “canonical babbling”– consonant & vowel sounds – characteristics of “real” cv– often reduplicated

– e.g. bababa or gaga

Page 17: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production Building a system of contrasts

Development of children´s inventories:

1. Minimal consonant inventory

Labial Nonlabial

p t

k

Page 18: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production Building a system of contrasts

Development of children´s inventories:

2. Embodiment of additional features

Labial Coronal Dorsal

p t k

Page 19: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production Building a system of contrasts

Development of children´s inventories:

3. Voicing becomes a contrastive feature

Labial Coronal Dorsal

Voiceless p t k

Voiced b d g

Page 20: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production Building a system of contrasts

Development of children´s inventories:

4. May then incorporate nasality

Labial Coronal Dorsal

p t k

b d g

m n

Page 21: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production Building a system of contrasts

Sonorant constraining contrasts:

Sonorant Nonsonorant

m, n, l p, s, d

relationship between adult´s and child´s pronunciation:

Target sound Child´s sound

p p, s, d

n m, n, l

Page 22: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production Building a system of contrasts

Additional contrasts to sonorants

+coronal/-coronal

+voice/-voice+sonorant/-

sonorant

d, t, s, n, l vs. p, m, k

d, m, n, l vs. p, s, t, k

m, n, l vs. p, t, d, s, k

Page 23: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production Building a system of contrasts

more familiar phonetic feature matrix

sound sonorant coronal voice

p - - -

t - + -

d - + +

k - - -

m + - +

n, l + + +

s - + -

Page 24: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production Phonological processes

Substitution processes

1. Stopping– fricatives [ f, v, 2, 3, s, z, $, g ] replaced

with stop consonant [ p, b, t, d, k, g ]

– <sea> [ ti:]– <sing> [ tin ]

Page 25: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production Phonological processes

Substitution processes

2. Fronting– velar [ k, g, n ], palatal sounds [ c ] replaced with

alveolar consonants [ t, d, n, l, s, z ]

– <goose> [ du:s ]– <goat> [ dut ]

Page 26: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production Phonological processes

Substitution processes

3. Gliding– glide [ w, j ] substituted for liquid sound

[ l, r ]

– <ready> [ wedi ]– <lap> [ j@p ]

Page 27: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production Phonological processes

Substitution processes

4. Vocalization

5. Vowel neutralization

Page 28: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production Phonological processes

Assimilatory processes

1. Voicing– two separate processes:– consonants tend to be voiced when preceding a

vowel– devoiced at the end of a syllable

– <paper> [ beibq ]– <bed> [ bet ]

Page 29: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production Phonological processes

Assimilatory processes

2. Consonant harmony– in C1VC2 contexts, consonants tend to

assimilate to each other– three frequent patterns

Page 30: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production Phonological processes

Assimilatory processes

2. Consonant harmonyi. velar assimilation– apical consonants tend to assimilate to a

neighbouring velar consonant

– <duck> [ gvk ]– <tongue> [ gvn ]

Page 31: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production Phonological processes

Assimilatory processes

2. Consonant harmonyii. labial assimilation– apical consonants tend to assimilate to a

neighbouring labial consonant

– <tub> [ bvb ]– <steps> [ beps ]

Page 32: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production Phonological processes

Assimilatory processes

3. Progressive vowel assimilation– unstressed vowel assimilates to a

preceding stressed vowel

– <flower> [ /fá:wa ]– <hammer> [ /ha:ma ]

Page 33: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production Phonological processes

Syllable structure processes

– Specific phonological processes

– To simplify syllable structure

– Towards a basic CV syllable

Page 34: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production Phonological processes

Syllable structure processes

1. Cluster reduction– consonant cluster is reduced to single consonant

– <dress> [ des ]– <clown> [ kaun ]– German: (to write) <schreiben> [ saibqn ]

Page 35: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production Phonological processes

Syllable structure processes

2. Deletion of final consonants– CVC consonant is reduced to CV

– <bike> [ bai ]– <more> [ mv ]

Page 36: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production Phonological processes

Syllable structure processes

3. Deletion of unstressed syllables

4. Reduplication

Page 37: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production The importance of the stressed syllable

children know there are words don’t know structure problem: speech signal is continuous initially no lexicon

Must apply system for segmenting signal into words

Page 38: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production The importance of the stressed syllable

“metrical segmentation strategy” structure characterizes language

– explicit segmentation

understanding word boundaries English template:

– first syllable of content word is stressed

major role in defining boundaries

Page 39: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production The importance of the stressed syllable

bi- syllabic words:

reduce target to single syllable:– stressed syllable

when second syllable stressed:– preservation of first segment of word, not syllable

more than stressed syllable is represented in lexical entries

Page 40: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production The importance of the stressed syllable

target child’s pronunciation

balloon [bu][bun][bum][bu:n]

guitar [tar][ga][ga:r]

Page 41: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production The importance of the stressed syllable

polysyllabic words

hypothesis: bias for final syllables

– e.g. tri-syllabic

final rime preserved second syllable stressed

Page 42: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production The importance of the stressed syllable

target child’s pronunciation

remember [memq][membq]

another [nv3Q][nvdQ][nv2Q][nv:Q]

Page 43: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production The importance of the stressed syllable

first syllable stressed:

final rime target = final rime child stressed syllable target= stressed

syllable child

Page 44: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Speech production The importance of the stressed syllable

target child’s pronunciation

elephant [/efent][/efvnt][/e:fint][/e:fvnt]

medicine [/mesin][/me:sin]

Page 45: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Summary Production of sounds

– Babbling: first imitation of consonants and vowels Early speech production

– Building a system of contrasts: important to distinguish between sounds and therefore words, it shows how the child learns to place sounds into categories

– Phonological processes: the children undergo several processes in order to acquire the huge variety of the language's phonology

– The importance of the stressed syllable: children use stress to locate word boundaries

Page 46: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

References

Bußmann, Hadumod. 2002. Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft. 3rd edition. Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag.

Dretzke, Burkhard (1998). Modern British and American English Pronunciation. A Basic Textbook. Paderborn u.a.: Schöningh

Fletcher, Paul and Michael Garman (eds) (1989) Language acquisition. Studies in first language development. 2nd edition. (Cambridge: University Press).

A. Fromkin et al. (2000). Linguistics. An Introduction to Linguistic Theory. Massachussets: Oxford University Press.

Page 47: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Thank you for your attention!

Page 48: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

The Acquisition of English Morphology

Martina Kleinebreil (TN) Grundstudium

Adam von Wald (TN) Grundstudium

Page 49: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Definition:

Morphology is concerned with the study of word forms or the internal structure of words and the process of word formation.

Page 50: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

A morpheme is the smallest unit which carries meaning.

e.g. talk talk-ing talk-s talk-ed

Page 51: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Morphemes can be divided into free and bound morphemes.

- Free morphemes (nouns, verbs, ...)can stand on their own.

- Bound morphemes cannot stand on their own.

Page 52: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

All affixes in English are bound morphemes:

prefixes are added to the beginning of the stem: re-build

suffixes are added to the end of a stem: build-er

Page 53: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Bound morphemes can be further divided into:

inflectional morphemesandderivational morphemes

Page 54: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Inflectional morphemes show the grammatical function of a word, e.g. whether a word is singular or plural, past tense, ...

Page 55: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Derivational morphemes are used to build new words.So derivational morphemes are prefixes and suffixes.

(re-, ex-, -less, -ly)

Page 56: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Learning Morphological Rules

The Linguistic Rule:

“Since normal language use is at least to some extent ‘motivated‘, ‘free‘ or ‘creative‘, it is obvious that language acqusition must not be limited to the mere imitation or rote learning of forms and their associated meanings, but must also involve the extraction or abstraction of a certain quantity of general pricipals or rules.“ (Baker and Derwing)

Page 57: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Learning Morphological Rules

Some rule learning takes place in language acqusition, but how do we exploit or test this process?

“A regular anthology [i.e. rule] permits a speaker to utter speech-forms which he has not heard...“ (Bloomfield)

Observation through testing, e.g. Testing morphological rule knowledge and progression with new words (for the speaker)

Page 58: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

The Berko study(1958)

Page 59: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

-test for rule knowledge with pre-school and first grade children

- use of nonsense stems

Page 60: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Result:

- some kind of morphological rule learning takes place

- quite a number of mophological rules have been acquired by the age of 5 years or even earlier

Page 61: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Problems:

- The study was too restricted in conception and scope

two key questions are left:

Page 62: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

-What particular rules might have been learned?

- How does such rule-knowledge develop over time?

Page 63: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Progression of Development

Innes (1974)

Better sample – 120 boys and girls 2-8 years old

Remarkable agreement with Berko, plus a new developmental aspect

Progress order –

1. No knowledge of a pluralization rule

2. Mastery of all but the fricative stems

3. Mastery of all but the sibilant fricative stems {s, z, etc.}

4. Mastery of all but the {z} stems

5. Mastery of all the stems

Page 64: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Progession of DevelopmentDrewing - Baker (1976)

Derivational progress:Construction Preschool Early Middle Late Adult

Agent 7 63 80 86 96

Instrument 7 35 45 64 59

Adjective 0 30 55 86 100

Adverb 0 13 20 79 81

Page 65: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Progression of Development

There are many morphological rules

So....

There must be many different tests

Progress is slow in this field

Page 66: Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology Presenters: Silvia Becker (LN Hauptstudium) Alice Mazurek (TN Hauptstudium)

Sources: Bußmann, Hadumod. 2002. Lexikon der

Sprachwissenschaft. 3rd edition. Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag.

Dretzke, Burkhard (1998). Modern British and American English Pronunciation. A Basic Textbook. Paderborn u.a.: Schöningh

Fletcher, Paul and Michael Garman (eds) (1989) Language acquisition. Studies in first language development. 2nd edition. (Cambridge: University Press).

A. Fromkin et al. (2000). Linguistics. An Introduction to Linguistic Theory. Massachussets: Oxford University Press.