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Acquiring a theory of mind. Typically developing children and adults. Unexpected transfer test Wimmer & Perner (1983). While Maxi is out playing, his Mum takes the chocolate from the cupboard and grates some of it into a cake. Maxi is returning from play feeling hungry. He wants his chocolate. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Acquiring a Acquiring a theory of mindtheory of mindTypically developing children Typically developing children
and adultsand adults
Unexpected transfer testWimmer & Perner (1983)
While Maxi is out playing, his Mum takes the chocolate from the cupboard and grates some of it into a cake.
Maxi is returning from play feeling hungry. He wants his chocolate.
Where will Maxi look for his chocolate?
Where did Maxi put his chocolate?
Where did Mum put his chocolate?
Deceptive box test
What’s inside this tube?
What is it?
What will your friend Johnny say is inside? (Perner et al, 1987)
When you first saw this tube, before we opened it, what did you think was inside? (Gopnik & Astington, 1988)
Appearance-realityAnd correlations between theory of mind tests
Flavell et al (1983) Gopnik & Astington (1988)
Have children been underestimated? Perhaps they misunderstand what the
experimenter is asking
Difficulty with the test question (Siegal & Beattie, 1991)
The importance of story comprehension (Lewis et al, 1994)
The importance of state-change (Wimmer & Hartl, 1991)
What’s inside this tube?
What is it?
I’ve taken away the Smarties and put a pencil in the tube
When you first saw this tube, before we opened it, what did you think was inside?
Wimmer and Hartl got it wrongSaltmarsh et al (1995)
What’s inside this tube?
What is it?
I’ve taken away the Smarties and put a pencil in the tube
When you first saw this tube, before we opened it, what did you think was inside?
When you first saw this tube, before we opened it, what was inside?
Explaining children’s correct judgments in state change Mitchell & Lacohee (1991)
What’s inside this tube?
Can you post a picture of what you think’s inside the tube…
What is it?
When you posted your picture, what did you think was inside this tube?
• Cartoon posting control condition
The truth about false The truth about false belief!belief!
Wellman et al’s (2001) meta Wellman et al’s (2001) meta analysisanalysis
Modified test
Standard test
Age
Perform
ance
If there was no shift
Age
Perform
ance
If there was a shift
Age
Perform
ance
If there was a shift and modifications merely boosted performance
Age
Perform
ance
If there was a shift
Age
Perform
ance
If there was a shift
Adult’s difficulty with false Adult’s difficulty with false beliefbelief
Mitchell et al, 1996Mitchell et al, 1996
Hindsight biasHindsight biasFischhoff, 1975Fischhoff, 1975
Who was most likely to win a battle fought in Who was most likely to win a battle fought in India 200 years ago, British or Ghurkhas?India 200 years ago, British or Ghurkhas?
The British had good tactics and good The British had good tactics and good weaponsweapons
The Ghurkhas knew the terrain and had great The Ghurkhas knew the terrain and had great determinationdetermination
Actually, the British won but put that out of Actually, the British won but put that out of your mind because I want to know who you your mind because I want to know who you thought had the best chance of winning given thought had the best chance of winning given the factors that advantaged one side or the the factors that advantaged one side or the otherother
Result: Hindsight bias and confusion between Result: Hindsight bias and confusion between own and others’ beliefsown and others’ beliefs
Keysar et al (2003)
Apperly et al (2006)
Psychological Science