Acidic ,Basic Radical

SCHEME FOR DETECTING ACIDIC RADICAL

-The Physical Properties OF The Acidic Radical-: (1 )Solubility :- Soluble in H2O OR HCl " Dil ,Conc " OR H2SO4 " Dil , Conc"

OR HNO3 " Dil , Conc " OR Aqua Regia " 3 HCl : 1HNO3" (2 )Colour :- White OR Yellow

(3 )Shape :- Powder OR Sheets OR Crystal(4 )State :- Solid OR Liquid

- The Test For Dil HCl Group -:

(CO3-- , HCO3

- , S2O3-- , SO3

-- , S-- , NO2--)

- The Chemical Properties OF The Carbonate (CO 3-- ) -:

inferenceobservationexperimentCO2

MgCO3

Mg2)OH(2CO3

Ag2CO3 ----Δ---> Ag2O

BaCO3

-Effervescence and Evolution OF Gas Turbid Lime Water )CaCO3(

-White ppt -Reddish Brown ppt

-White ppt Sol. in Ammonia and partly Decomposes By Boiling Giving Black ppt

-White ppt

-Solid + Dil HCl

-Soln + MgSO4

-Soln + HgCl2

-Soln + AgNO3

-Soln + BaCl2

- The Chemical Properties OF The Bi-Carbonate ( HCO 3- ) -:

�ِ inferenceobservationexperimentCO2

Mg)HCO3( MgCO3

Ag2CO3

BaCO3

-Effervesence and Evolution OF Gas Turbid Lime Water

-White ppt After Boiling-Reddish Brown ppt After

Boiling -White ppt After Boling

-White ppt

-Solid + Dil HCl

-Soln + MgSO4

-Soln + HgCl2

-Soln + AgNO3

Soln + BaCl2-

- جميع الكربونات ال تذوب في الماء ما عدا " الصوديوم و البوتاسيوم واألمونيوم "

1

.ء- جميع البيكربونات تذوب في الما- The Chemical Properties OF The Sulphides (S -- ) -:

inferenceobservationexperimentH2S -----> PbS

-PbSAg2SNa4Fe)CN(5NOSCdS

-Gas Colourless By its Rotten Odour Blacking OF Filter paper with Lead Acetate Soln

-Black ppt Sol. in Hot HNO3


-Violet Colour-Yellow ppt

-Solid + Dil HCl

-Soln + Pb)CH3COO(2

-Soln + AgNO3

-Soln + Na2 Fe)CN(5 NO-Soln + CdSO4

- The Chemical Properties OF The Sulphite (SO 3-- ) -:

inferenceobservationexperimentSO2

HIBaSO3

AgNO3

Cr2)SO4(3

PbSO3

-Gas With Suffocating Odour and Turns Acidic paper Moisted With K2Cr2O7 into Green

Decolourization- -White ppt

-White ppt OF Ag2SO3 Sol. in Dil HNO3 and in Excess OF AgNO3Turns To Black After Boiling

-Green Colour-White ppt

-Solid + Dil HCl

-Soln + I2

-Soln + Na2SO3

-Soln + AgNO3

-Soln + K2Cr2O7

-Soln + Pb)CH3COO(2

- The Chemical Properties OF The ThioSulphates (S 2O3-- ) -:

inferenceobservationexperiment

2

SO2 S

Ag2S2O3

NaIPbS2O3 --- Δ-----> PbS

NaFe)S2O3(2

Sod. FerryThioSulphate

-Evolution OF SO2 and Yellow ppt is Formed

-White ppt Change ToYellow To Brown To Black By Excess AgNO3

-Decolourization-White ppt Change Into

Blank After Boiling-Violet Colour Disappear

After Time Forming Na2S4O6

-Solid + Dil HCl

-Soln + AgNO3

-Soln + I2

-Soln + Pb)CH3COO(2

Soln + FeCl3-

- The Chemical Properties OF The Nitrites (NO 2- ) -:

inferenceobservationexperimentNO , NO2

AgNO2

I2

NH3

FeNOSO4

-Nitric Oxide Which Combines With Oxygen Giving Brown Vapour NO2

-White ppt

-Brown Colour Duo To Seperation OF I2 Which Gives Blue Colour With Starch

-Evoluation OF Ammonia Gas

-Brown Ring

-Solid + Dil HCl

-Soln + AgNO3

-Soln + HCl + KI

-Soln+Zinc dust+NaOH+Δ

Black Ring Test -: -Soln+FeSO4+H2SO4 Conc

- The Test For Conc H 2SO4 Group-:

( Cl- , Br- , I- , NO3-)

- The Chemical Properties OF The Chlorides (Cl - ) -:


Cl-

MnCl2

AgCl

-Colourless Gas Forms White Cloud With Ammonia

-Yellowish Green Gas

-Solid + Conc H2SO4

-Solid+MnO2+ ConcH2SO4

-Soln + AgNO3

3

PbCl2

Hg2Cl2

-White ppt inSol. in Dil HNO3 But Sol. in Ammonia

-White ppt Sol. By Heat Return Back By Cooling

-White ppt

-Soln + Pb)CH3COO(2

-Soln + Hg2)NO3(2

- The Chemical Properties OF The Bromides (Br - ) -: inferenceobservationexperimentBr2 SO2

Br2

AgBr ----2NH3----> [Ag)NH3(2]BrPbBr2

-Orange Vapour OF Br2 And HBr

-Bromine Vapour Which Turn Starch paper To Yellow

-Pale Yellow ppt Soluble in Ammonia

-White ppt Sol. By Heating and Return Back After Cooling

-Solid + Conc H2SO4

-Solid + H2SO4 + MnO2

-Soln + AgNO3

-Soln + Pb)CH3COO(2

- The Chemical Properties OF The Iodides (I - ) -: inferenceobservationexperimentSO2 & I2

HgI2 -------->[K2HgI4]

PbI2

AgI

I2 And CuI

-Violet Vapour Turn Starch paper To Blue

-Red ppt Sol. in Excess OF KI Giving Nessler's Soln

-Yellow ppt )PbI2( Sol. By Heating

-Yellow ppt inSol. in Ammonia

-Brown Colour OF I2 and White ppt OF CuI

-Solid + Conc H2SO4

-Soln + HgCl2

-Soln + Pb)CH3COO(2

-Soln + AgNO3

-Soln + CuSO4

- The Chemical Properties OF The Nitrates (NO 3- ) -:

4

inferenceobservationexperimentNO2

CuSO4

NH3

FeSO4NO

-Reddish Brown Vapour

-Reddish Brown Vapour OF NO2 and The Soln Become Blue

-NH3 Evolved

-Form Brown Ring

-Solid + Conc H2SO4

-Solid +H2SO4 + Cu +Heat

- Ammonia Test -: -Soln + Zn + NaOH

- Black Ring Test -: -Soln+FeSO4+H2SO4 Conc

- The Test For Miscelleneous Group -:

( SO4-- , B4O7

-- , PO4---)

- The Chemical Properties OF The Sulphates (SO 4-- ) -: inferenceobservationexperimentBaSO4

Ag2SO4

PbSO4

-White ppt inSol. in Acids OR Excess BaCl2

-White ppt-White ppt inSol. in Acids

and Sol. in NaOH

-Soln + BaCl2

-Soln + AgNO3

-Soln + Pb)CH3COO(2

- The Chemical Properties OF The Borates (B 4O7-- ) -:

inferenceobservationexperimentBa)BO2(2

AgBO2 ----Δ---> Ag2OHg)BO2(2

-White ppt Sol. in Dil Acids and in Excess BaCl2

-White ppt --Δ--> Brown ppt -Red ppt Sol. in Dil Acids

-Soln + BaCl2

-Soln + AgNO3

-Soln + HgCl2

- The Chemical Properties OF The OrthoPhosphates (PO 4

--- ) -: inferenceobservationexperimentBaHPO4-White ppt Sol. in Ammonia-Soln + BaCl2

5

Ag3PO4

FeSO4

MgNH4PO4

(NH4)3PO4)MoO3(12

-Yellow ppt Sol. in Dil HNO3

-Yellowish White ppt Sol. in Mineral Acids

-White ppt

-Yellow ppt

-Soln + AgNO3

-Soln + FeCl3

"Magnesia Mixture " -Soln + MgCl2 + NH4Cl

-Soln + Ammonium

Molybdate + Drop HNO3

Conc + Heat

The Acidic Radical is "---------" SCHEME FOR DETECTING ACIDIC RADICAL

- The Test For Dil HCl Group -: (CO3

-- , HCO3- , S2O3

-- , SO3-- , S-- , NO2

--) General Reaction-:

-Solid +Dil HCL --------> Effervescence On Cold ( Carbonate OR Bi-Carbonate)

>-------- Effervescence On Heat ( ThioSulphates, Sulphite, Nitrites, Sulphides)

To Differentiated Between )Carbonate OR Bi-Carbonate(-:-Soln + MgSO4 ------> White ppt On Cold )Carbonate Is present(

>------ White ppt On Heat )Bi-Carbonate Is present(-Soln + HgCl2 ------> Reddish Brown ppt On Cold )Carbonate Is present(

>------ Reddish Brown ppt On Heat )Bi-Carbonate Is present( To Differentiated Between ) ThioSulphates , Sulphite , Nitrites , Sulphides (-:

-Solid +Dil HCl ---Δ---> -Yellow ppt )ThioSulphates May Be present (- Brown Vapour )Nitrites May Be present(

- Colourless Gas Turns paper Moistend with Lead Acetate Soln Into Black "Rotten Odour" )Sulphite May Be present(

- No Obs. Change K2Cr2O7 into Green Colour ( Sulphides May Be present )

- The Test For Conc H 2SO4 Group: - ( Cl- , Br- , I- , NO3-)

General Reaction-: -Solid + Conc H2SO4 ------- Δ >-----

- Evolution OF Colourless Gas Forming White Cloud With Ammonia( Chlorides May Be present)

- Evolution OF Orange Vapour,Turns Starch paper into Yellow and The Soln Become Red )Bromides May Be present(

- Evolution OF Violet Vapour, Turns Starch paper into Blue ( Iodides May Be present)

- Evolution OF Reddish Brown Vapour

6

( Nitrates May Be present)- The Test For Miscellaneous Group -:

( SO4-- , B4O7

-- , PO4---)

General Reaction-: ( SO4

--) White ppt insoluble in Dil Acids-Soln + BaCl2 White ppt Soluble in Dil Acids )PO4

---( White ppt Soluble in Dil Acids )B4O7

---(

White ppt not affected By Heat )SO4--(

-Soln + AgNO3 White ppt Turns into Black By Heat )B4O7--(

Yellow ppt )PO4---(

SCHEME FOR DETECTING BASIC RADICAL

- Test For Ammonia. Salt (NH 4+ ) -:


Amm. Salt is present

Amm. Salt is present

-Ammonia Odour

-Yellowish Brown ppt

Grinding Test -: -Solid+Na2CO3"DropH2O"

Confirm Test -: -Soln + Nessler's Reagent

- Test For Group ( ΙΙ ) -:

)Cd2+ , Hg2+, Cu2+ , Bi3+ ( Group (ΙΙ-A):inferenceobservationexperimentNH4

+ is Absent

It May Be )Cd2+( and The ppt is CdS

The ppt is Cd)OH(2

The ppt is Cd)OH(2

The ppt is Cd[Fe)CN(6]

It May Be )Hg2+(

The ppt is HgI2

The ppt is HgO

-No Result

-Yellow ppt Sol. in Min. Acids

-White ppt Sol. in Mineral Acid and Excess OF NH4OH

-White ppt Sol. in Excess Reagent

-White ppt OF a Complex-No ppt

-Yellow ppt Change To Brown Then Black

-Red Crimson ppt Sol. in Excess Reagent

-Yellow ppt

-Test For Ammonia -Test For Group )ΙΙ((-1) Soln + Dil HCl +

H2SConfirm Test-:

-Soln + NaOH

-Soln + NH4OH

-Soln + k4[Fe)CN(6]-Soln + KI

(-2) Soln + Dil HCl + H2S

Confirm Test-:-Soln + 2kI

-Soln + 2NaOH

7

It May Be )Cu2+( and The ppt is CuS

The ppt is CuI2

The ppt is Cu)OH(2

The ppt is Cu)OH(2

The ppt is Cu2[Fe)CN(6]It May Be )Bi3+( and The ppt is Bi2S3

The ppt is BiI3

The ppt is Bi)OH(3


-White ppt and I2 Liberate Turns Soln To Brown

-Blue ppt Turns Black on Boling

-Bluish Green ppt Sol. in Excess NH4OH Yielding Deep Blue Soln

-Chocolate ppt-Blackish Brown ppt Sol. in

Hot HNO3

-Black ppt Sol. in Excess KI-White ppt Sol. in Dil HNO3

(-3) Soln + Dil HCl + H2S


-Soln + NaOH

-Soln + NH4OH

-Soln + k4[Fe)CN(6](-4) Soln + Dil HCl +

H2S


-Soln + NaOH

- Test For Group ( ΙΙΙ ) -:

)Fe3+ , Cr3+ , Al3+(

inferenceobservationexperimentNH4

+ is AbsentThe Group )ΙΙ( is Absent

It May Be )Fe3+( and The ppt is [Fe)OH(3]

The ppt is Fe4[Fe)CN(6]3

The ppt is Fe4[Fe)CN(6]3

The ppt is FePO4

The ppt is Fe)SCN(3

It May Be )Cr3+( and The ppt is Cr)OH(3

The ppt is Cr)OH(3

The ppt is CrPO4

The ppt is Cr2)CO3(3

It May Be )Al3+(and The ppt is Al)OH(3

-No Result-No Result

-Brown Gelatinous ppt Sol. in Mineral Acids and inSol. in Excess OF NH4OH

-Dark Blue ppt )Prussian Blue( inSol. in Dil HCl

-Brown ppt

-Yellowish White ppt Sol. in Min. Acid inSol. in Acetic Acid

-Blood Red Coloration

-Dirty Green ppt Sol. in Excess NH4OH

-Green ppt Sol. in NaOH

-Test For )NH4+(

-Test For Group )ΙΙ(-Test For Group )ΙΙΙ((-1) Soln + NH4OH +

NH4Cl

Confirm Test -: -Soln + k4[Fe)CN(6]

-Soln + k3[Fe)CN(6]

-Soln + 2Na2HPO4

-Soln + 3NH4SCN

(-2) Soln +NH4OH + NH4Cl Confirm Test -:

-Soln + 3NaOH

8

The ppt is AlPO4

The ppt is Al)OH(3

-Yellow ppt Sol.in Min. Acid

-Grey ppt

-White Gelatinous ppt Sol. in NaOH

-Gelatinous ppt Sol. in Min. Acid

-White Gelatinous ppt

-Soln + 2Na2HPO4

-Soln + Na2CO3 + H2O

(-3) Soln +NH4OH + NH4Cl

Confirm Test -: -Soln + Na2HPO4

-Soln + Na2CO3

- Test For Group ( Ι V) -:

)Zn2+ , Mn2+ , Ni2+ , CO2+(


+ is AbsentThe Group )ΙΙ( is AbsentThe Group)ΙΙΙ( is Absent

It May Be )Zn2+( and The ppt is ZnS

The ppt is Zn)OH(2

The ppt is Zn)OH(2

The ppt is ZnHPO4

The ppt is Zn2[Fe)CN(6]

It May Be )Mn2+( and The ppt is MnS

The ppt is Mn)OH(2

The ppt is Mn)OH(2

The ppt is MnHPO4

It May Be )Ni2+( OR )CO2+(

It May Be ) Ni2+(It May Be )CO2+(

-No Result-No Result-No Result

-White ppt Sol. in Dil HNO3

-White ppt Sol. in NaOH-White ppt Sol. in NH4OH

-White ppt Sol. in Dil HNO3

-White ppt Sol. in NaOH and inSol. in Dil Acetic Acid

-Buff ppt Sol. in Dil Acid

-White ppt Turns To Pink in Air

-White ppt

-Buff ppt By Excess NH4OH

-Black ppt Sol. in Hot Conc HNO3 inSol. in Dil HCl

-Red ppt -Violet Blue Colour Change

To Rose By H2O

-Test For Amm .Salt-Test For Group )ΙΙ(-Test For Group )ΙΙΙ(-Test For Group )ΙV( (-1 )Soln + NH4OH +

NH4Cl + H2SConfirm Test -:

-Soln + NaOH-Soln + NH4OH

-Soln + Na2HPO4

-Soln + K4[Fe)CN(6]

(-2) Soln + NH4OH + NH4Cl + H2S

Confirm Test -: -Soln + 2NaOH

-Soln + 2NH4OH

-Soln + Na2HPO4

(-3) Soln + NH4OH + NH4Cl+ H2STo Differentiated-:

-Soln + DMG + NH4OH-Soln + NH4SCN

Confirm Test -:

9

The ppt is Ni)OH(ClThe ppt is Ni)OH(2

The ppt is CO)OH(Cl

The ppt is CO)OH(2

-Green ppt Sol. in NH4OH-Green ppt inSol. In NaOH

Turn To Blue Soln By NH4OH

-Blue ppt Sol. in NH4OH To Give Red Colour

-Blue ppt Sol. in NaOH

(1) IF Ni 2+ Formed-Soln + NH4OH

-Soln + NaOH

(2) IF CO 2+ Formed-Soln + NH4OH

-Soln + NaOH

- Test For Group (V) -:

)Ca2+ , Sr2+ , Ba2 +(


+ is AbsentThe Group)ΙΙ( is AbsentThe Group)ΙΙΙ(is AbsentThe Group)VΙ(is Absent

It May Be )Ba2+( and The ppt is BaCO3

BaSO4

BaSO4

BaCrO4

Ba2+

It May Be )Sr2+( and The ppt is SrCO3

SrSO4

SrSO4

SrCrO4

Sr2+

It May Be )Ca2+( and

-No Result-No Result-No Result-No Result

-White ppt Sol. in Dil HCL and Acetic Acid

-Heavy White ppt inSol. in Dil HNO3

-White ppt-Yellow ppt Sol. in Dil HNO3

and inSol. in Acetic Acid-Apple Green Colour

-White ppt Sol. in Dil HCl

-White ppt inSol. in Ammonia Sulphate Soln.

-White ppt Slowly On Cold and Rapidly On Boiling

-Yellow ppt-A Crimson Red Colour

-White ppt Sol. in Acetic Acid

-Test For Amm .Salt-Test For Group )ΙΙ(-Test For Group )ΙΙΙ(-Test For Group )VΙ(

-Test For Group )V((-1) Soln + NH4Cl +

NH4OH + )NH4(2CO3

Confirm Test : - -Soln + Dil H2SO4

-Soln + CaSO4

-Soln + K2CrO4

-Flame Test-:

(-2) Soln + NH4Cl + NH4OH + )NH4(2CO3

Confirm Test -: -Soln + Dil H2SO4

-Soln + CaSO4

-Soln + K2CrO4

-Flame Test-:

(-3) Soln + NH4Cl + NH4OH + )NH4(2CO3

Confirm Test -: -Soln + Dil H2SO4

-Soln + CaSO4

-Soln + K2CrO4

-Flame Test-:

10

The ppt is CaCO3

CaSO4

---------CaCrO4

Ca2+

and in Min. Acid

-White ppt Sol. in )NH4(2SO4

-No ppt-Form ppt By Conc Soln Only

which Sol. in Acetic Acid-A Reddish Brown Colour

- Test For Group (V Ι ) -:

)NH4+ , Na+ , K+ , Mg2 + (


+ is AbsentThe Group )ΙΙ( is AbsentThe Group )ΙΙΙ( is AbsentThe Group )ΙV( is AbsentThe Group )V( is Absent

It May Be ) Na+(

It May Be )Na+(NaH2SbO4

It May Be ) K+(

Pot. Cobalt nitrite

Pot. hydrogen Tartarate

It May Be )Mg2+( And The ppt is Mg)NH4(PO4

Mg)OH(2

MgCO3

-No Result-No Result-No Result-No Result-No Result

-A Golden Yellow Colour

-No ppt-White ppt

-A Violet Colour

-Yellow ppt inSol. in Acetic Acid

-White Crystalline ppt Easily Formed By Shaking

-White ppt

-White ppt Sol. in NaOH-White ppt

-Test For Amm .Salt-Test For Group )ΙΙ(-Test For Group )ΙΙΙ(-Test For Group )ΙV(

-Test For Group )V(-Test For Group )VΙ(

(-1) Flame Test-:

Confirm Test -: -Soln + Sod. Cobalt nitrite

-Soln + Pot. Dihydrogen antimonite

(-2) Flame Test-:

Confirm Test -: -Soln + Sod. Cobalt nitrite

-Soln + Tartaric Acid

(-3) Soln +NH4Cl+NH4OH + Na2HPO4

Confirm Test -: -Soln + NaOH -Soln + Na2CO3

11

The Basic Radical is "--------"

SCHEME FOR DETECTING BASIC RADICAL

- The Test For Ammonia .Salt -:

-Soln + NaOH --------------> NH3 Evolved )NH4+ is present(

- The Test For Group ( ΙΙ ) -:

)Cu2+, Hg2+ , Bi3+, Cd2+(

Yellow ppt )Cd2+(- Soln + Dil HCl +H2S White ppt Change To Yellow Then Black )Hg2+(

Black ppt )Bi3+ OR Cu2+(

To Differentiate Between The ) Cu2+ , Bi3+ , Hg2+(-:

Black ppt By one Drop OF KI ) Bi3+ ( - Soln + KI Brown ppt Disappear on Adding Na2S2O3 ) Cu2+ (

Red Crimson ppt Soluble in Excess KI ) Hg2+ (

- The Test For Group ( ΙΙΙ ) -:

)Fe3+ , Cr3+ , Al 3+(

White Gelatinous ppt ) Al 3+ (-Soln + NH4Cl + NH4OH Grayish Green ppt ) Cr3+ ( Brown ppt ) Fe3+ (

- The Test For Group ( Ι V) -:

)Zn2+ , Mn2+ , Ni2+ , CO2+(

White Gelatinous ppt ) Zn 2+ (

12

-Soln + NH4OH + NH4Cl + H2S Buff ppt ) Mn2+ ( Black ppt ) CO2+ OR Ni2+(

To Differentiate Between The ) CO2+ , Ni2+ (-:

-Soln + NH4SCN "Solid" -----> Violet Colour ) CO2+ ( -Soln + DMG + NH4OH -----> Red ppt ) Ni2+ (

- The Test For Group (V) -:

)Ca2+ , Sr2+ , Ba2+(

-Soln + NH4Cl + NH4OH + )NH4(2CO3 ------->White ppt )Ca2+ OR Sr2+ OR Ba2+(

To Differentiate Between The ) Sr2+ , Ba2+ , Ca2+ (-:

No ppt ) Ca2+ ( - Soln + CaSO4 White ppt ) Sr2+ OR Ba2+ (

To Differentiate Between The ) Sr2+ , Ba2+ (-:

Yellow ppt ) Ba2+ (- Soln + K2Cr2O7 Dil

No ppt ) Sr2+ (

- Test For Group (V Ι ) -:

)Mg2+ , Na+ , K+ , NH4+(

-Soln + NH4Cl + NH4OH + Na2HPO4 -------> White ppt )Mg2+ (

A Golden Yellow Colour ) Na+ (-Flame Test -: A Violet Colour ) K+ (

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Documents

Acidic ,Basic Radical