Acid RainAcid RainBy: Santiago AlfaroBy: Santiago Alfaro

Acid RainAcid RainAid rain is rain or any other form of Aid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, precipitation that is unusually acidic, i.e. elevated levels of hydrogen ions. It i.e. elevated levels of hydrogen ions. It can have harmful effects on plants, can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure aquatic animals, and infrastructure through the process of wet deposition. through the process of wet deposition.

Causes of Acid Causes of Acid RainRain

Acid rain is caused by emissions of compounds Acid rain is caused by emissions of compounds of ammonium, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur of ammonium, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur which react with the water molecules in the which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Governments atmosphere to produce acids. Governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the production of sulfuric oxides into the the production of sulfuric oxides into the Earth’s atmosphere with positive results. Earth’s atmosphere with positive results. However, it can also be caused naturally by the However, it can also be caused naturally by the splitting of nitrogen compounds by the energy splitting of nitrogen compounds by the energy produced by lightning strikes, or the release produced by lightning strikes, or the release of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere by of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere by volcano eruptions.volcano eruptions.

DefinitionDefinition““Acid rain” is a popular term referring to the Acid rain” is a popular term referring to the deposition of wet (rain, snow, sleet, fog and cloud deposition of wet (rain, snow, sleet, fog and cloud water, dew) and dry (acidifying particles and water, dew) and dry (acidifying particles and gases) acidic components. A more accurate term is gases) acidic components. A more accurate term is “acid deposition”. Distilled water, once carbon “acid deposition”. Distilled water, once carbon dioxide is removed, has a neutral pH of 7. Liquids dioxide is removed, has a neutral pH of 7. Liquids with a pH less than 7 are acidic, and those with a with a pH less than 7 are acidic, and those with a pH greater than 7 are bases. “Clean” or pH greater than 7 are bases. “Clean” or unpolluted rain has a slightly acidic pH of about unpolluted rain has a slightly acidic pH of about 5.2, because carbon dioxide and water In the air 5.2, because carbon dioxide and water In the air react together to form carbonic acid, a weak acid react together to form carbonic acid, a weak acid (pH 5.6 in distilled water), but unpolluted rain also (pH 5.6 in distilled water), but unpolluted rain also contains other chemicals.contains other chemicals.

HistoryHistorySince the Industrial Revolution, emissions of sulfur Since the Industrial Revolution, emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere have dioxide and nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere have increased. In 1852, Robert Angus Smith was the first to increased. In 1852, Robert Angus Smith was the first to show the relationship between acid rain and show the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester, England. Though atmospheric pollution in Manchester, England. Though acidic rain was discovered in 1852, it was not until the acidic rain was discovered in 1852, it was not until the late 1960s that scientists began widely observing and late 1960s that scientists began widely observing and studying the phenomenon. The term “acid rain” was studying the phenomenon. The term “acid rain” was generated in 1972. Canadian Harold Harvey was generated in 1972. Canadian Harold Harvey was among the first to research a “dead” lake. Public among the first to research a “dead” lake. Public awareness of acid rain in the U.S Increased in the awareness of acid rain in the U.S Increased in the 1970s after the New York Times promulgated reports 1970s after the New York Times promulgated reports from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire of the myriad deleterious environmental Hampshire of the myriad deleterious environmental effects demonstrated to result from it.effects demonstrated to result from it.

Wet DepositionWet DepositionWet deposition of acids occurs when any Wet deposition of acids occurs when any form of precipitation (rain, snow, etc.) form of precipitation (rain, snow, etc.) removes acids from the atmosphere and removes acids from the atmosphere and delivers it to the Earth’s surface. This can delivers it to the Earth’s surface. This can result from the deposition of acids result from the deposition of acids produced in the raindrops (see aqueous produced in the raindrops (see aqueous phase chemistry above) or by the phase chemistry above) or by the precipitation removing the acids either in precipitation removing the acids either in clouds or below clouds. Wet removal of clouds or below clouds. Wet removal of both gases and aerosols are both of both gases and aerosols are both of importance for wet deposition.importance for wet deposition.

Dry DepositionDry DepositionAcid deposition also occurs via dry Acid deposition also occurs via dry deposition in the absence of deposition in the absence of precipitation. This can be responsible precipitation. This can be responsible for as much as 20 to 60% of total acid for as much as 20 to 60% of total acid deposition. This occurs when particles deposition. This occurs when particles and gases stick to the ground, plants or and gases stick to the ground, plants or other surfaces.other surfaces.

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Solutions to Acid Rain

The best solution is for people to get better cars that get better mileage so they won’t burn gas into the atmosphere twice as fast as a V8 or a V6. A V4 is more economical and doesn’t burn gas as fast.