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1
GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT
(GITAM) (Deemed to be University, Estd. u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956)
VISAKHAPATNAM HYDERABAD BENGALURU
Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade
REGULATIONS AND SYLLABUS
Master of Science in
CHEMISTRY (PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY as
Specialisation)
(W.e.f. 2016-17 admitted batch)
Website: www.gitam.edu
2
M.Sc. CHEMISTRY (PHARMACEUTICAL)
REGULATIONS (W.e.f. 2016-17 admitted batch)
1.0 ADMISSIONS
Admissions into M.Sc. Chemistry (Pharmaceutical) program of GITAM University are
governed by GITAM University admission regulations.
2.0 ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
2.1 A pass in B.Sc. with Chemistry as one of the Subject(s) and with a
minimum aggregate of 50% marks in degree or any other equivalent Examination
approved by GITAM University.
2.2 Admissions into M.Sc. CHEMISTRY (PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY))
will be based on an All India GITAM Science Admission Test (GSAT) conducted
by GITAM University and the rule of reservation, wherever applicable.
3.0 CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM
Choice based credit system (CBCS) is introduced with effect from the admitted batch of
2015-16 based on UGC guidelines in order to promote:
Student centered learning
Cafeteria approach
Inter-disciplinary learning.
Learning goals/objectives and outcomes are specified leading to what a student should be
able to do at the end of the program.
4.0 STRUCTURE OF THE PROGRAMME
4.1 The program consists of:
i) Core Courses (compulsory).
ii) Discipline centric electives which
a) are supportive to the discipline
b) give expanded scope of the subject
c) Give interdisciplinary exposure
d) Nurture the student skills
iii) Open electives are of general nature either related or unrelated to the
discipline.
iv) Practical Proficiency Courses: Laboratory and Project work
4.2 Each course is assigned a certain number of credits depending upon the
number of contact hours (lectures/tutorials/practical) per week.
4.3 In general, credits are assigned to the courses based on the following
contact hours per week per semester.
One credit for each lecture / tutorial hour.
Two credits for six hours of practicals.
Three credits for nine hours of practicals
Eight credits for project
3
4.4 The curriculum of four semesters M.Sc. CHEMISTRY
(PHARMACEUTICAL) program is designed to have a total of 91 credits for the
award of M.Sc. degree.
5.0 MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION:
The medium of instruction (including examinations and project reports) shall be English.
6.0 REGISTRATION
Every student has to register himself/herself for each semester individually at the time
specified by the Institute / University.
7.0 ATTENDANCE REQUIREMENTS
7.1 A student whose attendance is less than 75% in all the courses put together
in any semester will not be permitted to attend the end - semester examination and
he/she will not be allowed to register for subsequent semester of study. He /She
have to repeat the semester along with his / her juniors.
7.2 However, the Vice Chancellor on the recommendation of the Principal/ Director
of the University College / Institute may condone the shortage of attendance to
the students whose attendance is between 66% and 74% on genuine medical
grounds and on payment of prescribed fee.
8.0 EVALUATION
8.1 The assessment of the student’s performance in a Theory course shall be
based on two components: Continuous Evaluation (40 marks) and Semester-end
examination (60 marks).
8.2 A student has to secure an aggregate of 40% in the course in the two
components put together to be declared to have passed the course, subject to the
condition that the candidate must have secured a minimum of 24 marks (i.e. 40%)
in the theory component at the semester-end examination.
8.3 Practical/ Viva voce/ Seminar etc. course are completely assessed under
Continuous Evaluation for a maximum of 100 marks, and a student has to obtain a
minimum of 40% to secure Pass Grade. Details of Assessment Procedure are
furnished below in Table 1.
4
Table 1: Assessment Procedure
S.
No.
Component of
assessment
Marks
allotted
Type of
Assessment
Scheme of Examination
1
Theory
40
Continuous
evaluation
(i) Two mid semester examinations shall
be conducted for 15 marks each.
(ii) 5 marks are allocated for quiz.
(iii) 5marks are allocated for assignments.
60 Semester-end
examination
The semester-end examination shall be for
a maximum of 60 marks.
Total 100
2
Practicals
40
Continuous
evaluation
Forty (40) marks for continuous evaluation
is distributed among the components:
regularity, preparation for the practical,
performance, submission of records and
oral presentations in the laboratory.
Weightage for each component shall be
announced at the beginning of the
Semester.
60
Continuous
evaluation
Sixty (60) marks for two tests of 30 marks
each (one at the mid-term and the other
towards the end of the Semester)
conducted by the concerned lab Teacher
and another faculty member of the
department who is not connected to the
lab, as appointed by the HoD.
Total 100
3
Project work
(IV semester)
200
Project
evaluation
(i) 150 marks are allocated for
evaluation of the project work dissertation
submitted by the candidate.
(ii) 50 marks are allocated for the
project Viva-Voce.
(iii) The project work evaluation and
the Viva-Voce will be conducted by one
external examiner outside the University
and the internal project work supervisor.
9.0 REAPPEARANCE
9.1 A student who has secured ‘F’ grade in a Theory course shall have to reappear at the
subsequent semester end examinations held for that course.
9.1.1 A student who has secured ‘F’ grade in a Practical course shall have to attend
Special Instruction Classes held during summer.
9.1.2 A student who has secured ‘F’ Grade in Project work / Industrial Training etc
shall have to improve his/her report and reappear for Viva – voce at the time of
Special Examination to be conducted in the summer vacation.
5
10.0 SPECIAL EXAMINATION
A student who has completed his/her period of study and still has “F” grade in a
maximum of three Theory courses is eligible to appear for Special Examination normally
held during summer vacation.
11.0 BETTERMENT OF GRADES
A student who has secured only a Pass or Second class and desires to improve his/her
Class can appear for Betterment Examinations only in Theory courses of any Semester of
his/her choice, conducted in Summer Vacation along with the Special Examinations.
Betterment of Grades is permitted ‘only once’ immediately after completion of the
program of study.
12.0 GRADING SYSTEM
12.1 Based on the student performance during a given semester, a final letter grade
will be awarded at the end of the semester in each course. The letter grades and
the corresponding grade points are as given in Table-2.
Table 2: Grades & Grade Points
Sl.No. Grade Grade Points Absolute Marks
1 O (outstanding) 10 90 and above
2 A+ (Excellent) 9 80 to 89
3 A (Very Good) 8 70 to 79
4 B+ (Good) 7 60 to 69
5 B (Above Average) 6 50 to 59
6 C (Average) 5 45 to 49
7 P (Pass) 4 40 to 44
8 F (Fail) 0 Less than 40
9 Ab. (Absent) 0 -
12.2 A student who earns a minimum of four grade points (P grade) in a course is
declared to have successfully completed the course, subject to securing an average
GPA ( average of all GPAs in all the semesters) of 5 at the of the program to
declare pass in the program.
Candidates who could not secure an average GPA of 5 at the end of the
program shall be permitted to reappear for a course(s) of their choice to
secure the same.
13.0 GRADE POINT AVERAGE
13.1 A Grade Point Average (GPA) for the semester/trimester will be calculated according to
the formula:
Σ [ C x G ]
GPA = ----------------
6
Σ C
Where
C = number of credits for the course,
G = grade points obtained by the student in the course.
13.2 To arrive at Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA), a similar formula is used
considering the student’s performance in all the courses taken, in all the semesters up to
the particular point of time.
13.3 CGPA required for classification of class after the successful completion of the program
is shown in Table 3.
Table 3: CGPA required for award of Class
Distinction ≥ 8.0*
First Class ≥ 7.0
Second Class ≥ 6.0
Pass ≥ 5.0
* In addition to the required CGPA of 8.0, the student must have necessarily passed all
the courses of every semester in first attempt.
14.0 ELIGIBILITY FOR AWARD OF THE M.Sc. DEGREE
14.1 Duration of the program: A student is ordinarily expected to complete M.Sc.
program in four semesters of two years. However a student may complete the
program in not more than four years including study period.
14.2 However the above regulation may be relaxed by the Vice Chancellor in individual
cases for cogent and sufficient reasons.
14.3 A student shall be eligible for award of the M.Sc Degree if he / she fulfills
all the following conditions.
a) Registered and successfully completed all the courses and projects.
b) Successfully acquired the minimum required credits as specified in
the curriculum corresponding to the branch of his/her study within the
stipulated time.
c) Has no dues to the Institute, hostels, Libraries, NCC / NSS etc, and
d) No disciplinary action is pending against him / her.
14.4 The degree shall be awarded after approval by the Academic Council
15.0 Discretionary Power:
Notwithstanding anything contained in the above sections, the Vice Chancellor may
review all exceptional cases, and give his decision, which will be final and binding.
7
M.Sc. CHEMISTRY (PHARMACEUTICAL) – Scheme of Instruction
I SEMESTER
II SEMESTER
PC- Program Core; PE – Program Elective; PP – Practical Proficiency; OE –Open Elective
CE- Continuous Evaluation; SE- Semester End
Course
Code
Subject Category Instruction
hours/week
L P
Credits Scheme of
Examination
CE SE Total
Marks
SCY701 Coordination Chemistry PC 4 0 4 40 60 100
SCY703 Concepts of organic
Chemistry
PC 4 0 4 40 60 100
SCY705 Chemical Kinetics and
Thermodynamics
PC 4 0 4 40 60 100
SCY707 Molecular spectroscopy PC 4 0 4 40 60 100
SCY721 Physical Chemistry Lab PP 0 9 3 100 -- 100
SCY723 Organic Chemistry Lab PP 0 9 3 100 -- 100
16 18 22 600
Course
Code
Subject Category Instruction
hours/week
L P
Credits Scheme of
Examination
CE SE Total
Marks
SCY702 Advanced Inorganic
chemistry
PC 4 0 4 40 60 100
SCY704 Reaction mechanism
and heterocyclic
compounds
PC 4 0 4 40 60 100
SCY706 Electrochemistry and
Surface chemistry
PC 4 0 4 40 60 100
SCY708 Quantum Chemistry PC 4 0 4 40 60 100
SCY722 Inorganic Chemistry Lab PP 0 9 3 100 -- 100
SCY724 Computational
Chemistry Lab
PP 0 6 2 100 -- 100
Open Elective – 1 OE 3 0 3 40 60 100
19 15 24 700
8
M.Sc. Chemistry (Pharmaceutical) – Scheme of Instruction
III SEMESTER
Course
Code
Name of the Course Category Instruction
hours/week
L P
Credits Scheme of
Examination
CE SE Total
Marks
SOC801 Organic Synthesis PC 4 0 4 40 60 100
SPC803 Pharmaceutical
Chemistry
PC 4 0 4 40 60 100
SPC805
Analytical methods and
Spectroscopy
PC 4 0 4 40 60 100
Generic Elective – 1 (One among
the following)
PE 4 0 4 40 60 100
SPC 841 Quality Assurance and Regulatory Affairs
SPC 843 Drug Design and Discovery
SPC 845 Industrial hygiene and Safety
SPC821 Organic Synthesis Lab PP 0 9 3 100 -- 100
SPC823 Analytical methods and
Spectroscopy Lab
PP 0 6 2 100 -- 100
Open Elective-2 OE 3 0 3 40 60 100
19 15 24 700
IV SEMESTER
Course
Code
Name of the Course Category Instruction
hours /
week
L P
Credits Scheme of
Examination
CE SE Total
Marks
SOC844 Medicinal Chemistry PC 4 0 4 40 60 100
Generic Elective-2 (One among the
following) PE 4 0 4 40 60 100
SPC842
Advanced
Instrumentation
Techniques
SPC844 Green Chemistry
SOC802 Chemistry of Natural
Products
SPC822 Spectroscopy and
Chromatography Lab PP 0 9 3 100 --- 100
SPC824 Instrumental methods of
Analysis Lab PP 0 6 2 100 --- 100
SPC892 Project work PP 0 0 8 -- 200 200
8 15 21 600
9
M.Sc. CHEMISTRY (PHARMACEUTICAL) - I SEMESTER
SCY 701: COORDINATION CHEMISTRY
Hours per week : 4 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 4 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
UNIT-I
Metal-ligand bonding: Crystal field theory - crystal field splitting patterns in octahedral,
tetrahedral tetragonal, square planar, square pyramidal and trigonal bipyramidal geometries-
Determination of crystal field splitting energy - calculation of crystal field stabilization energies -
Factors affecting crystal field splitting energies- spectrochemical series - MLCT and LMCT
transitions in coordination compounds - Jahn-Teller effect –Molecular Orbital theory - ligand
field theory.
UNIT-II
Electronic spectra: Term symbols - Russell – Saunders coupling - derivation of term symbols
for various configurations. Spectroscopic ground states, selection rules, correlation diagrams -
Orgel and Tanabe-Sugano diagrams for transition metal complexes (d1-d9 states), calculations of
Dq, B and β parameters, charge transfer spectra.
UNIT-III
Metal-Ligand Equilibria in solutions: Stepwise and overall formation constants and their
interaction,Trends in successive formation constants, factors effecting the stability of metal
complexes with reference to the nature of metal ion and ligand, the chelate effect, determination
of formation constants by pH metry and spectrophotometry. The Irving-Williams series.
UNIT-IV
Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions-I: Energy profile of a reaction, reactivity of metal
complexes, inert and labile complexes, Substitution reactions in octahedral complexes- kinetics
of octahedral substitution, acid hydrolysis, factors affecting acid hydrolysis, base hydrolysis,
conjugate base mechanism, anation reactions, reactions without metal ligand bond cleavage.
Substitution reactions in square planar complexes, the trans effect in Pt(II) complexes,
Polarisation and π-bonding theories of trans effect.
UNIT-V
Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions-II: Oxidation-reduction reactions, classification of redox
reactions, mechanism of one electron transfer reactions, Inner sphere redox reactions, outer
sphere redox reactions, mixed inner and outer sphere reactions, two equivalent-one equivalent
reactions of thallium(III)-thallium(I) and Hg(I)-Hg(II).
Text Books
1) Advanced Inorganic Chemistry by F.A.Cotton and R.Wilkinson, VI Edition, Johnwilly and sons,
New York, 2007.
2) Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and Reactivity by James E. Huheey, Okhil K.
Medhi Ellen A. Keiter, Richard L. Keiter, 2006.
3) Inorganic Chemistry, Gary L. Miessler and D. A. Tarr, 3rd Edition 2004, Pearson-Prentice Hall.
4) Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions in solution by D.Benson, McGraw Hill, London, l968.
5) Mechanisms of Inorganic reactions: A study of metal complexes in solutions, F. Basalo& R. G.
Pearson, Wieley-Eastern Pvt Ltd., 2ndEdn.
6) Kinetics and Mechanisms of reactions of Transition metal complexes by Ralph G. Wilkins,
Wieley-VCH, Verlog GmbH & Co., 2002
10
SCY 703: CONCEPTS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Hours per week : 4 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 4 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
UNIT- I
Nature of bonding in Organic Molecules: Localised and delocalised covalent bond, concept of
aromaticity annulenes and hetero annulenes, inductive and mesomeric effects. Huckel’s rule for
aromaticity in benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds, anti-aromaticity and homo-
aromaticity. Introduction to types of organic reactions and reactive intermediates.
UNIT- II
Stereochemistry and Stereoisomerism: Conformational isomerism and analysis in acyclic and
simple cyclic systems - substituted ethanes, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclo
octane and decalins. Optical isomerism - optical activity -molecular dissymmetry and chirality
(Chiral centre, chiral axis, chiral plane), elements of symmetry. Fisher's projection D,L. and R,S.
configurations - relative and absolute configurations, optical isomerism due to asymmetric
carbon atoms, optical isomerism in biphenyls, allenes and spirans. Optical isomerism of
nitrogenous compounds, racemisation and resolution - geometrical isomerism and E,Z
configurations, properties of geometrical isomers. Recognition of symmetry elements and chiral
structures, R-S-nomenclature, diastereoisomerism in acylic and cyclic systems inter conversions
of Fisher, Newman and Saw-horse projections.
UNIT- III
Addition Mechanisms: Addition to carbon-carbon multiple bonds. Addition reactions involving
electrophiles, nucleophiles and free radicals, cyclic mechanisms, orientation and
stereochemistry.
UNIT- IV
Rearrangements: Classification and general mechanistic treatment of nucleophilic, free radical
and electrophilic rearrangements, Wagner–Meerwein, Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement,
Neber, Hofmann, Stevens ,Wittig and Fries rearrangements.
UNIT- V
Natural Products: Isolation, structure elucidation and synthesis of alkaloids: atropine, nicotine,
papaverine, purines: caffeine. flavonoids: quercetin: genestein. terpenoids: citral ,α- terpeneol,
camphor.
Textbooks:
1. Organic Chemistry, Vol. I (Sixth Edn), and Vol. II (Fifth Ed.), by I.L.Finar, ELBS, 2002
2. Organic Chemistry (Fifth Edn.)by Morrison and Boyd, PHI, India, 2011
3. Organic Chemistry by Mukhergee, Singh and Kapoor, Vols, I and II, Wiley Eastern., 2010
4. Reaction Mechanism in Organic Chemistry by Mukherjee and Singh, Macmillan India., 2012
5. A guide book to mechanism in Organic Chemistry by Peter Sykes, ELBNS., 1986
6. Advanced Organic Chemistry by Jagdamba Singh and L D S Yadav,Pragati Edition., 2010
7. Organic reactions, Stereochemistry, and Mechanism, P.S. Kalasi, New Age International,2007
Reference Books:
1. Advanced Organic Chemistry by Jerry March (3rd Edn.) Wiley Eastern, 2006
2. Stereochemistry of carbon compounds by E.Eliel. McGraw Hill., 2008
11
SCY 705: CHEMICAL KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS
Hours per week : 4 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 4 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
Chemical Kinetics
UNIT –I
Theories of reaction rates- Collision theory, Steric factor; Theory of absolute reaction rates-
Reaction coordinate, transition state, thermodynamic formulation of reaction rates; Unimolecular
reactions- Lindemann’s theory and RRKM theory; Reactions in solution- primary and secondary
salt effects, effect of solvent on reaction rate; effect of substituent’s on reaction rate - Hammett
and Taft equations with examples - Linear Free Energy relations
UNIT –II
Catalysis: Homogeneous catalysis- acid-base catalysis- mechanism of acid-base catalysis -
Enzyme catalysis- Michaelis-Menten kinetics - Heterogeneous catalysis- Langmuir adsorption
isotherm- unimolecular and bimolecular reactions-catalytic poisoning-active centers, surface
area-determination of surface area with BET equation.
UNIT –III
Complex reactions: Opposing, parallel and consecutive reactions (all first order type)-
derivation of rate-law, Chain reactions- derivation of rate-laws for H2-Cl2 and H2-Br2 reactions;
Fast reactions-study of fast reactions by flow methods and relaxation methods
Thermodynamics
UNIT –IV
Second law of thermodynamics- concept of entropy-entropy change in reversible process and
irreversible process-entropy of mixing; Fugacity: concept-Determination- Variation of fugacity
with pressure; concept of partial molar properties- chemical potential-significance-variation with
preassure and temperature- Gibbs-Duhem equation; Van’t Hoff reaction isotherm, Claussius-
Claperyon equation
UNIT –V
Third law of thermodynamics- Nernst heat theorem-determination of absolute entropy-
limitations of third law of thermodynamics; Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac
statistics, Partition function-rotational, translational, vibrational and electronic partition functions
for diatomic molecules;
Text Books:
1. Chemical Kinetics, K. J. Laidler, 3rd. Ed, Pearson education (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.,
New Delhi, 2004
2. Kinetics and Mechanism of Chemical Transformations, J. Rajaraman and J. Kuriacose,
McMillan India, 1993
3. A text book of Physical Chemistry, 3rd edition, Vol. 2,3 and 5, K.L.Kapoor,
Macmillan, India Limited, 2012
4. Physical Chemistry – P. W. Atkins, Oxford University press, VIIth edition,2002.
5. Thermodynamics A Core Course- R. C. Srivastava, S. K. Saha and A. K. Jain,
Prentice-Hall of India, II Edition, 2004.
12
SCY 707: MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY
Hours per week : 4 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 4 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
UNIT-I
Spectroscopy-Unifying Principles: Electromagnetic radiation- interaction of electromagnetic
radiation with matter- absorption, emission, transmission, reflection, refraction, dispersion and
scattering Polarization:polarization of light; plane of vibration,plane of polarization, optical
activity, factors effecting the angle of rotation,specific rotation,optical rotator dispersion and
circular dichroism, cotton effect
UNIT-II
Vibrational and rotational Spectroscopy : Rotational spectra of diatomic molecules- rigid
rotor-selection rules- calculation of bond length- isotopic effect- second order stark effect and its
applications, infrared spectra of diatomic molecules-harmonic and anharmonic oscillators-
Selection rules- overtones-combination bands-calculation of force constant-anharmonicity
constant and Zero point energy . Fermi resonance, simultaneous vibration-rotation spectra of
diatomic molecules
UNIT-III
Raman Spectroscopy: Raman effect-Classical and quantum mechanical explanations- pure
rotational, vibrational and vibrational-rotational Raman spectra- selection rules, mutual exclusion
principle.
Electronic Spectroscopy: Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules- vibrational course structure-
intensity of spectral lines- Franck-Condon principle –applications- rotational fine structure –band
head and band shading- charge transfer spectra.
UNIT-IV
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Nuclear spin, nuclear resonance, saturation,
shielding of magnetic nuclei, chemical shift and its measurements, factor influencing chemical
shift, deshielding, spin-spin interaction, factor influencing coupling constant ‘J’. spin decoupling,
basic ideas about instrument, use of NMR in medical diagnostics,advantages of FT NMR,
UNIT-V
Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy: Basic principles, zero field splitting- factors affecting
the ‘g’ value. Isotropic and anisotropic hyperfine coupling constants- experimental technique -
applications of ESR studies:deuterium,methyl free radical,benzene free radical,parabenzo semi
quinine,copper phthalo cyanine,chloroform,hemoglobin, glycene and alanine.
Text Books:
1. C.N. Banwell and E.M. Mc Cash, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, 4th
edition (1994), Tata
McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
2. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy, G.M. Barrow, McGraw Hill, 1962
3. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis, Willard, Meritt, Dean & Settle(Wiley Eastern),
7th Ed., 1988
13
SCY 721: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY LAB
Hours per week : 9 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 3 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
1) Organic laboratory techniques, synthesis of organic compounds involving 2 stages.
2) Systematic identification of about six compounds containing one or two functional
groups by chemical reactions
SCY 723: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LAB
Hours per week : 9 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 3 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
1. Critical solution temperature of phenol -water system
2. Effect of electrolyte (NaCl) on miscibility temperature
3. Comparison of acid strengths through acid catalyzed methyl acetate hydrolysis
4. Conductometric titration of a strong acid with strong base
5. Conductometric titration of a weak acid with strong base
6. Conductometric titration of a mixture of weak and strong acid with strong base
7. Distribution coefficient of I2 between two immiscible solvents.
8. Equilibrium constant of KI + I2 ↔ KI3 by distribution method
9. Potentiometric titration of redox system (ferrous ammonium sulfate with K2Cr2O7)
10. Determination of composition of cuprammonium cation
11. Determination of strength of strong acid using pH meter.
12. Determination of strength of weak acid using pH meter.
Text Books:
1. Practical physical , B. Viswanadham and P.S. Raghavan, Viva Books pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2005
2. Experiments in physical Chemistry, J. C. Ghosh, Bharati Bhavan publishers, 2nd Ed., 1968
14
M.Sc. CHEMISTRY (PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY)
II SEMESTER
SCY 702: ADVANCED INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Hours per week : 4 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 4 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
UNIT-I
Bioinorganic Chemistry: Metal ions in Biology; Molecular mechanism of ion transport across
membranes- ionophores; Photosynthesis; Nitrogen fixation; Oxygen uptake proteins -
hemoglobin and myoglobin; Electron transfer proteins - Cytochromes and Ferrodoxins;
Inorganic medicinal compounds - superoxide dismutage mimics, vanadium based diabetic drugs
and platinum containing anticancer agents.
UNIT-II
Organometallic Chemistry: Introduction, Nomenclature, the 18-electron rule. Metal carbonyls,
structure and bonding, vibrational spectra of metal carbonyls for bonding and structural
elucidation, important reactions of metal carbonyls; preparation, bonding, structure and
important reactions of transition metal nitrosyl, dinitrogen and dioxygen complexes; tertiary
phosphine as ligand; Metallocenes-ferrocene; Catalysis by organometallic compounds -
hydrogenation, hydroformylation, and polymerization.
UNIT-III
Metal Clusters: Higher boranes, carboranes, metalloboranes and metallocarboranes. Metal
compounds with metal-metal multiple bonds. Preparation, properties and structures of Re2Cl82-,
Mo2Cl84-, Re2(RCOO)4X2, Cr2Cl9
3-, W2Cl93-, Re3Cl9, Re3Cl12
3-, Mo6Cl84+, Nb6Cl12
2+.
UNIT-IV
Solid State and Structural Chemistry: Crystal structures - close packing, body centered and
primitive structures; Symmetry in crystals, Crystallographic point groups; Description of
structures - AB structures (NaCl, CsCl, ZnS), AB2 structures (Rutile, Fluorite), A2B3 structures
(β-Al2O3), ABO3 structures (perovskite) and AB2O4Spinels.
UNIT V
Chemistry of Nanomaterials: Classification – zero, one and two dimentional nanomaterials.
Synthesis and biomedical applications of gold, silver and iron oxide nanoparticles, Introduction
to fullerenes and carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs, MWCNTs). Synthesis, Properties and
applications of CNTs.
Text Books
1. Bioinorganic Chemistry by L. Bertini, H.B. Gray, J.S. Valentine, Uni. Science Books, 1994.
2. Bioinorganic Chemistry: A short course by Rosette M. Roat-Malone, John-Wiley Sons. Inc., 2002.
3. Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and Reactivity by James E. Huheey, Okhil K. Medhi
Ellen A. Keiter, Richard L. Keiter, 2006.
4. Inorganic Chemistry, Gary L. Miessler and D. A. Tarr, 3rd Edition 2004, Pearson-Prentice Hall.
5. Textbook of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology by B.S. Murthy, Universities Press, 2012
6. ‘Nanochemistry: A chemical approach to Nanomaterials’, Ozin Geoffrey A. and Andre C. Arsenault,
Royal Society of Chemistry Publication, 2005.
15
SCY 704: REACTION MECHANISM AND HETEROCYCLIC
COMPOUNDS
Hours per week : 4 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 4 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
UNIT-I
Aliphatic and Aromatic Substitution Reactions: Nucleophilic - The SN2, SN1, SNi and SET
mechanisms, neighbouring group participation, anchimeric assistance, classical and non classical
carbocations, phenonium ions, norbornyl system, allylic, aliphatic, trigonal and vinylic carbon,
factors effecting substitutions.
Electrophilic - SE1, SE2 and SEi Mechanisms and related effects.
UNIT-II
Elimination Reactions: The E2, E1 and E1cB mechanisms and their orientation of the double
bond. Reactivity-effects of substrate structure, attacking base, leaving group and the medium.
Stereochemistry of eliminations in acyclic and cyclic systems, orientation in eliminations –
Saytzeff and Hoffman elimination, Regio and stereo selectivity reactions.
UNIT-III
Basic concepts of some organic reactions: Aldol, Stobbe, Cannizaro, Wittig, Grignard,
Reformatsky Reactions. Openauer oxidation, Clemmensen reduction , Birch reductions, Michael
addition, Mannich Reaction, Diels - Alder reaction, Ene-reaction, Bayer -Villiger Reaction,
Wolf-Kishner reduction, Favorskii reaction, Chichibabin reaction. Vilsmeier, Robinson
annulation.
UNIT-IV
Synthesis and Reactivity of the compounds with one heteroatom: Pyrrole, Furan, Thiophene,
Pyridine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Indole, Benzofuran and Benzothiophene.
UNIT-V
Synthesis and Reactivity of the compounds with more than one heteroatom Pyrazole,
Imidazole, Oxazole, Isoxazole, Thiazole, Isothiazole, Pyridazine, Pyrimidine ,Pyrazine and
Purine.
Text books:
1. Organic Chemistry Vol. I (Sixth Edn.) and Vol. II (Fifth Ed.,) by IL Finar ELBS., 2002
2. Organic Chemistry (fifth Edn.,) by Morrison and Boyd, PHI, India., 2011
3. Reaction Mechanism in Organic Chemistry by Mukherjee Singh, Macmillan, India., 2012
4. Heterocyclic compounds by Raj K Bansal ,New age International, 1999
5. Reaction Mechanism & reagent in Organic Chemistry,G.R.Chatwal,Himalaya Publishing House,2012.
Reference Books:
1. Advanced Organic Chemistry by Jerry March (3rd Edn.) Wiley Eastern., 2006
2. Organic Chemistry (fifth edition)by Francis A. Carey Tata Mac Graw Hill publishing company
Limited, New Delhi, 2007
16
SCY 706: ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND SURFACE CHEMISTRY
Hours per week : 4 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 4 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
UNIT-I
Electrochemical cells: Measurement of EMF-Nernst equation-effect of complexation on
electrode potential; Polarization-Decomposition potential and overvoltage- Factors affecting
overvoltage- Importance of over-voltage; Activity and activity coefficients- determination of
mean ionic activity coefficient by EMF method; Debye-Huckel limiting law (DHLL) and its
verification, Extended Debye-Huckel law; Debye-Huckel-Onsagar equation(derivation not
required)-verification and its limitations
UNIT-II
Applications: Batteries-primary and secondary cells – lechlanche cell, lead acid storage battery,
Nickel-Cadmium cell; Fuel cells-Oxygen-hydrogen fuel cell; Corrosion- theories of dry and wet
corrosion-different forms of corrosion- prevention and control of corrosion - cathodic protection-
sacrificial anodic and impressed current methods- inhibitors-anodic and cathodic inhibitors;
protective coatings-galvanising and tinning
SURFACE CHEMISTRY
UNIT-III Adsorption
Gibbs adsorption isotherm, types of adsorption isotherms, solid-liquid interfaces, solid-gas
interface, physisorption and chemisorption, , Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. BET equation
(derivation not required) and surface area determination. Kinetics of surface reactions involving
adsorbed species, Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism
UNIT-IV Micelles
Surface active agents- classification- critical micellar concentration (CMC)- factors affecting the
CMC of surfactants- determination of cmc, Solubilisation-factors influencing the solubilisation.
Micellization-thermodynamics of micellization. Micro emulsions- comparision of
microemulsions with conventional emulsions-applications. Reverse micelles.
UNIT-V Polymer chemistry
Basic concepts- monomers, repeat units, degree of polymerization, linear, branched and network
polymers, classification of polymers. Polymerization-Free radical, ionic and co-ordination
polymerization. Kinetics of condensation (step-growth), free-radical and ionic polymerizations.
Physical characterization: Number and mass average molecular weights (Mn, Mw),
Determination of molecular masses – Osmometry, viscometry and light scattering methods
Text Books:
1. Physical Chemistry – P. W. Atkins, Oxford University press, VIIth edition, 2002.
2. Electrochemistry for chemists- S. Glasstone, D. Van Nostrand , 1965
3. Physical Chemistry of macromolecules- D. D. Deshpande, Vishal Publications.
4. Micellar Catalysis (Surfactant Science series,vol.133)Mohammad Niyaz Khan.Taylor & Francis,2007
5. Micelles, Theoretical and applied aspects., V. Moroi, Plenum press, New York, 1992
6. A text book of Physical Chemistry Vol. 2,3 and 5 K.L.Kapoor, Macmillan, India Limited, 2004
17
SCY 708: QUANTUM CHEMISTRY AND GROUP THEORY
Hours per week : 4 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 4 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
Quantum Chemistry
UNIT-I
Wave equation-interpretation of wave function-properties of wave function-normalization and
orthogonalisation, operators-linear and non linear commutators of operators. Postulates of
quantum mechanics, setting up of operators observables- Hermitian operator-Eigen values of
Hermitian operator Particle in one dimensional box.
UNIT-II
Particle in a three dimensional box, rigid rotor, wave mechanics of systems with variable
potential energy- simple harmonic oscillator- solution of wave equation-selection rules.
UNIT-III
Approximation methods: Perturbation theory- application to ground state energy of Helium
atom; Variation principle-applications- calculation of zero point energy of harmonic oscillator.
Many electron atom-Hartee-Fock Self consistent field method (qualitative treatment only).
UNIT-IV
Bonding in molecules: Born-Oppenheimer approximation- Hydrogen molecule ion, LCAO-MO
and VB treatments of the hydrogen molecule (fundamental concepts only); electron density,
forces and their role in chemical bonding. Hybridization and valence MOs of H2O, NH3 and CH4.
Huckel pi-electron theory and its applications to Ethylene, Butadiene and Benzene.
UNIT-V
Symmetry and Group Theory in Chemistry: Symmetry elements and symmetry operations
and point groups, Schoenflles symbols, classification of molecules into point groups, Axioms of
group theory, group multiplication tables for C2v and C3v point groups, representations-reducible
and irreducible representations, Mulliken symbols, orthogonality theorem (without proof) and its
implications, Character table and its anatomy.
Text Books:
1. Introduction to Quantum Chemistry, A.K. Chandra, Tata McGraw Hill, 4th
Ed.,(1994)
2. I.N. Levine, Quantum Chemistry, 5th
Ed., (2000), Pearson Educ. Inc., New Delhi.
3. D.A. Mc Quarrie and J.D. Simon, Physical Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, (1998)
Viva Books, New Delhi.
4. Symmetry and Spectroscopy of Molecules, K.Veera Reddy, New Age, 1988
18
SCY722: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB
Hours per week : 9 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 3 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
1. Inorganic Synthesis
Preparation of following complexes
a) Tetraaminecopper(II) sulphate
b) Potassium tris(oxalato) ferrate(III) trihydrate
c) Potassium tris(oxalato) aluminate(III)
d) Tris(thiourea) copper(I) sulphate
e) Hexaaminecobalt(III) chloride
2. Determination of metal ions
a) Zinc using potassium ferrocyanide
b) Zinc using EDTA
c) Magnesium using EDTA
d) Cerium (IV) using potassium ferrocyanide
e) Iron(III) by photochemical reduction method
3. Separation of ions using Ion Exchange Chromatography
a) Zinc and Magnesium
b) Chloride and Bromide
Books:
1 Vogel's Qualitative Inorganic Analysis - VIIth Edition Revised by G. Svehla, Pearson Education
Ltd., 1996.
19
SCY724: COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY LAB
Hours per week : 6 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 3 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
CHEMDRAW:
Drawing the structure of simple aliphatic, aromatic, heterocyclic compounds with different
substituent. Identification of IUPAC name
Operation of one or more packages such as EXCEL, MS Word and Power point
MATLAB:
Statistical Data Processing and Curve Fitting
Mean, Standard deviation, coefficient of variation of univariate data,
Determination of First order rate constant
Adherence to Beers law
Correlation coefficient
Quadratic and cubic curve fitting
CQC Studies:
Z-matrix
Geometry optimization by PM3, HF, B3LYP
Single point energy of water
Single point energy of formaldehyde
Geometry optimization of few molecules – water, methane, benzene, carbon tetrachloride and
meta-dintrobenzene
Geometry optimization and MO energy of ethylene and butadiene
Frequency Analysis, stable compound, Transition state
Dipole moments, polarizabilites
Ionization potential, electron affinities
HOMO, LUMO, energies
ESP, Total electron density
Spectra: UV-Vis, infra red spectra
Text Books:
1. J. Foresman and A. Frisch, Exploring Chemistry with Electronic Structure Methods,
Gaussian Inc., 2000.
2. Hehre W. J., Shusterman A. J. and Huang W. W., ‘A Laboratory Book of Computational
Organic Chemistry’, 1996.
3. Computer Fundamentals – Pradeep K. Sinha – BPB Publications – Fourth Edition
4. Working with Microsoft Office – by Ron Mansfield (Tata McGraw-Hill)
5. G.Grant and W. Richards, Computational Chemistry, Oxford University press.
6. Computer manuals:PC-MATLAB, the Mathworks, Inc., 1989
20
III SEMESTER
M.Sc. CHEMISTRY (PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY)
SOC 801: ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
Hours per week : 4 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 4 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
UNIT-I
Formation of carbon-carbon single bonds: Alkylations via enolate, enamine and related
reactions, umplong (dipole inversion), carbon-carbon bond formation through organo lithium,
organo palladium Heck reaction & Suzuki coupling. Organonickel and organocopper reagents.
Thiocarbanions, selenocarbanions and sulphur ylides.
UNIT-II
Formation of carbon-carbon double bonds: Elimination reactions - pyrolytic, syn eliminations,
sulphoxide-sulphinate rearrangement, Peterson reaction, Wittig reaction, alkenes form
arylsluphonyl-hydrazones, Eschenmoser fragmentation, olefin metathesis (Grubbs reaction).
UNIT-III
Organoboranes: Preparation of Organoboranes, hydroboration, disiamyl borane, thexyl borane,
9-BBN and diisocamphenyl borane, functional group transformations of organoboranes-
oxidation, protonolysis and rearrangements. Formation, of carbon - carbon-bonds viz
organoboranes, carbonylation, the cyanoboration process and reaction of alkenyl boranes.
Organosilanes: Synthetic applications of trimethylsilyl chloride, dimethyl-t-butylsilyl chloride,
trimethylsilyl cyanide, synthetic applications of- α silyl carbanion and β-silyl carbonium ions.
UNIT-IV
Reduction: Catalytic hydrogenation (homogeneous and heterogeneous), reduction by dissolving
metals, reduction by hydride transfer reagents, complex metal hydrides, reduction with hydrazine
and diamide,
Oxidation: Oxidations of hydrocarbons, alkenes, alcohols aldehydes and ketones oxidative
coupling reactions. Use of Pb (OAC)4, NBS, CrO3, SeO2, MnO2, , KMnO4, OsO4. Wood ward
and Provost hydroxylation.
UNIT – V
Retrosynthesis the disconnection approach: Introduction, terminology, principles convergent
and linear synthesis, One group C–X (X = hetero atom),
C-C disconnections and two groups C–X and C-C disconnections with reference to 1,1; 1,2; 1,3;
1,4 and 1,5 difunctionalised compounds. Reterosynthesis and synthetic strategies with examples -
salbutamol, benzocaine, paracetamol and dinocap.
Textbooks:
1. Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis W. Carruthers, Third Edition, Cambridge University,
Press, Cambridge, 1988.
2. Organic Synthesis: The disconnection approach, S. Warran, John Wiley & sons, New York, 1984
3. Principles of Organic Synthesis by R.O.C. Norman, J.M.Coxon, N. Thernes, Black Academic &
Professional, 1995
4. Advanced Organic Chemistry by Jerry March 3rd Ed., Wiley Eastern, 2010
Reference Books:
1. Organic Synthesis viz Boranes, Herbet C. Brown Gray, W. Kramer Alan B. Levy and M. Mark
Midland John Wiely & Sons, New York, 1975.
2. Organic Chemistry By Carry Sandburg. Volume1 & II Springer., 2007
21
SPC 803: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
Hours per week : 4 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 4 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
UNIT-I
MOLECULAR BASIS OF DRUG ACTION
A) Receptor: Drug Receptor Interaction.
a) Basic ligand concept, agonist, antagonist, partial agonist, inverse agonist.
b) Receptor Theories - Occupancy, Rate & Activation Theories.
c) Receptor Binding Assays, Determination of B-max and Kd by transforming data
with Hill plot and Scatchered plot.
B) Drug binding to nucleic acid -- Antimalarial, anti-cancer, antiviral
UNIT-II
DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF PRODRUGS
a) Prodrug concept.
b) Prodrugs of various functional groups like carbonyl, hydroxy. amide, amines.
c) Application of Prodrug approach to:
i. Improvement of bioavailability
ii. Prevent first pass metabolism
iii. Reduction of side effects
iv. Prolong duration of action
v. Site specific delivery UNIT -III ADMET Studies in Drug Discovery and Development Physicochemical properties in relation to drug action; Introduction of ADMET; QSPR studies
Importance of metabolic property of Drug; Metabolic transformation of drugs and its role in
development of new drug molecules; Metabolic antagonism. UNIT-IV Stereochemical aspects of drug receptor interactions
(i) Stereochemical importance in mechanism of drug interaction with receptor.
(ii) Isosterism and bioisosterism as guides to structural variations
(iii) Concepts of conformational analysis and its role in design and development of new drug
molecules.
UNIT-V Chiral Technology:
Introduction to Chirality and Techniques used asymmetric synthesis of
Diltiazem, Vitamin C, Ampicillin, Dextrapropoxyphen, Propranolol.
Recommended Books
1. Burger: Medicinal Chemistry (John Wiley & Sons N.Y.)
2. Foe: Principles of Medicinal Chemistry (Varghese & Co.)
3. Ledinicer: Organic Drug synthesis (John Wiley & Sons N.Y.)
22
SPC 805: ANALYTICAL METHODS AND SPECTROSCOPY
Hours per week : 4 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 4 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
UNIT-I
Aqueous Chemistry: concepts and general applications in the analysis of pharmaceutical
substances :Neutralization Titrations: principle, titration curves and theory of acid base
Indicators.
Complexation Titrations: Types of EDTA titrations, masking and de-masking agents. metal
ion indicators. Precipitation Titrations: principle, indicators for precipitation titrations Volhard
method, Fajans method and Mohr’s method.
Redox Titrations: Principle , redox indicators, Permagnatometry, and Dichromatometry,
Iodometry & Iodimetry.
UNIT-II
Non- Aqueous Chemistry: concepts and general applications in the analysis of
pharmaceutical substances: Characteristic of Non-aqueous solvents, non-aqueous titrations-
types of reactions, indicators and applications: i). Determination of acids, ii) Determination of
bases, iii) Karl-Fischer reagent for the determination of moisture content in drugs
UNIT III
Fundamentals of chromatography: Classification of chromatographic separation, isotherms,
Chromatographic separation parameters, Chromatographuic media, methods of development in
chromatography: Displace ment, Isocratic and gradient elution, Kinetic factors affecting
chromatographic separation: Van Deemter equation, HETP and Resolution.
Planar chromatography: Thin layer chromatography: Principle, chromatographic media-
coating materials, activation of adsorbent, development of chromatographic plate and
visualization methods, applications. HPTLC - Principle and technique
Unit IV
High performance liquid chromatography: Basic principle and instrumentation: pumps,
columns and detectors. Modes of HPLC: principle and general applications in assay of
pharmaceutical substances: Capillary electrophoresis, affinity chromatography and Ion
chromatography.
Gas liquid chromatography: principle, columns , detector. Concept of programmed
temperature Gas chromatography. General application in analysis of residual solvents.
Unit V
Basic principle , instrumentation and general applications of the following: UV-Visible
spectroscopy, Spectro-fluroscence spectroscopy, Infrared spectroscopy and Mass spectroscopy.
23
Books:
1. Principles and practice of Analytical Chemistry-F.W.Fifield and D.Kealey,Blackwell
Science,2004
2. Separation Chemistry- R.P.Buddhiraja, New age international (P)
Ltd.,Publishers,2004
3. Quantitative Analysis, R.A.Day & A.L.Underwood, Prentice -Hall of India,1991
4. Chemical analysis - H.A. Laitinan, McGraw Hill Book Co.,1975
5. D.A. Skoog, D.M. West and F.J. Holler, Analytical Chemistry, An Introduction,
Sanders College Publishing, New York,2004
6. Analytical Chemistry Gary D Christian, John Wiley and Sons inc,2003.
7. Volumetric Analysis, Vol. III -I. M. Kolthoff and R. Welcher, Interscience Public, New
York,1969
8. Vogel's textbook of Inorganic Quantitative Analysis - J. Bassett et al. ELBS ,2005
Reference Books:
1. Chromatography concepts and contrasts – J.M.Miller, Wiley Interscience,2005
2. R.P.W. Scott, Techniques and practice of Chromatography, Marel Dekker Inc.,
New York,1969.
SPC 841: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND REGULATORY AFFAIRS
Hours per week : 4 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 4 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
UNIT- I
Characteristics of an analysis: Classification of errors, accuracy-absolute and comparative
method, propagation of errors, precision, significant figures, mean and standard deviation, the
confidence limit, Test of significance-Q-test, T-test and F-test, control charts
UNIT- II
Quality assurance and management systems: Elements of quality, quality control, quality as-
surance, Triple role concept, quality process model. Customer requirement of quality, quality
assurance in design, development, Statistical process control, statistical quality control and
acceptance sampling
UNIT-III
Quality and quality management system: Quality objectives-ISO standards concept: ISO9000,
ISO14000 and its requirements.
Good laboratory practice (GLP) – Introduction, history of GLP, Principles of good
manufacturing practice, basic issues of GLP, GLP status in India
UNIT-IV
Calibration and maintenance of Equipment: Instrument calibration – linear calibration
curves, , calibration of common laboratory instrument and equipment (Analytical balances,
volumetric glassware, ovens, furnaces, UV / Visible spectrophotometer, pH meter, conductivity
meter, IR).
24
Validation of analytical method- methodology, limit of detection, limit of quantification, range,
sensitivity, selectivity and specificity, quality control-principles of Ruggedness/Robustness.
.
UNIT-V
General idea regarding pharmaceutical industry.- Introduction, Definition and classification
of drugs, Quality of drugs, Sources of impurities in pharmaceutical chemicals and raw materials.
Impurity profiling, classification of impurities, dissolution techniques of drugs, Significance of
stability studies, types of stability studies, quantification of impurities. Basic concept of ICH
guidelines for impurity profiling and stability studies.
Textbooks:
1. Quality Assurance and Quality Management in Pharmaceutical Industry, Y.
Anjaneyulu, R.Marayya, Pharma Book syndicate, 2002.
2 Analytical Chemistry, Gary D Christian, John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2003.
Reference Books:
1. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, An Introduction, D.A. Skoog, D.M. West F.J. Holler
and S R. Crouch, Sanders College Publishing, New York, 2004
2. K.V.S.G. Murali Krishna, An introduction ISO 9000, ISO 1400 Series, Environmental
Management
3. Analytical Method Development and Validation, Michael Swartz & Swartz Swartz, CRC
press.1997
4. Quality Assurance in Analytical Chemistry, Wenclawiak, M.Koch, Spinger, Germany,
2006.
SPC 843: DRUG DESIGN AND DISCOVERY
Hours per week : 4 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 4 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
UNIT-I
Basic Principles of Drug Design
Introduction, Drug Design, conceptual, practical and humanitarian approaches; definition, and
properties of drug molecule, physiochemical properties, shape, stereochemical and electronic
properties of drug molecule
UNIT-II
Non Messenger targets for Drug action
Acetylcholine and Cholinergic receptors, Norepinephrine and Adrenergic receptors, Dopamine
and Dopaminergic receptors, Serotonin and Serotonergic receptors, Histamine and Histamine
receptors
UNIT-III
Targets for Drug Action
Drug design targeting viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Drug design for therapies and
antidotes for toxins. The clinical – molecular interface: Pneumonia, Meningitis and Encephalitis.
UNIT-IV
Enzymes in Drug design
25
Enzyme design using steroid template, Enzymes in synthetic organic chemistry, Enzyme- analog-
Built polymers, Remote fictionalization reactions, Host- Guest complexation chemistry,
Antibodies as enzymes,
UNIT-V
Pathways for drug deactivation and elimination
Oxidative reactions: aromatic hydroxylation, alkene epoxidation, oxidation of carbon nitrogen
systems, Reduction reactions: Carbonyl reductions, nitro reductions, azo reduction
Carboxylation reactions, hydrolytic reactions; Conjugation reactions: Glucuronic acid
conjugation, Sulphate conjugation, amino acid conjugation and acetyl conjugation.
Text books:
1. Bioorganic Chemistry Models and Applications. F.P.Schmidtchen. Springer
2. Medicinal Chemistry A Molecular and Biochemical approach Thomas Nogrady, Donald F. Weaver.
Oxford University Press
3. Medicinal Chemistry revised edition, Rama Rao Nadendla. Pharma Med Press.
4. Bioorganic Chmeistry A Chemical approach to Enzyme Action Third edition Hermann Dugas,
Springer.
Reference books:
1. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action second edition Richard B. Silverman.
Elsevier academic press.
2. Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry, second edition. Andrejus Korolkovas. Wiley India edition
SPC 845: INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND SAFETY
Hours per week : 4 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 4 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
UNIT-I
Introduction to Industrial Hygiene & Historical views, Definitions and professionals involved in
industrial Hygiene work.
UNIT-II
Industrial safety aspects related to toxicity, noise, pressure, temperature, vibrations, radiations,
etc. Explosions due to different forms of materials such as dust, vapour cloud, mist etc.
UNIT-III
Safety and Hygiene aspects related to
i. Transport, handling & storage of inflammable liquids & gases & toxic materials
ii. Process equipment including piping (fire, static electricity, pressure, temperature etc.) safety
aspects at process development & design stage. Reliability engineering. Hazard mitigation
systems, Emergency planning. Case studies.
UNIT-IV
Threshold Limit Value (TLV) and Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) for chemicals, Industrial
toxicology and the basics, Classification of toxic agents.
26
UNIT-V
Hazard identification, assessment & safety audit, HAZOP, HAZAN & consequence analysis.
Text Books:
1. Heinrich H.W. “Industrial Accident Prevention” McGraw-Hill Company, New York, 1980.
2. Krishnan N.V. “Safety Management in Industry” Jaico Publishing House, Bombay,1997.
3. Lees, F.P., “Loss Prevention in Process Industries” Butterworth publications, London, 2nd
edition, 1990.
4. John Ridley, “Safety at Work”, Butterworth and Co., London, 1983.
5. Lees, F.P. “Loss Prevention in Process Industries” Butterworths and Company, 1996.
References:
1. “Quantitative Risk Assessment in Chemical Process Industries” American Institute of
Chemical Industries, Centre for Chemical Process safety.
2. 2. Fawcett, H.h. and Wood, “Safety and Accident Prevention in Chemical Operations”
Wiley inters, Second Edition.
3. “Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations” NSC, Chicago, 1982.
4. GREEN, A.E., “High Risk Safety Technology”, John Wiley and Sons,. 1984.
5. Petroleum Act and Rules, Government of India.
6. Carbide of Calcium Rules, Government of India.
SPC 821: ORGANIC SYNTHESIS LAB
Hours per week : 9 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 3 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
Multistage organic synthesis: Synthesis and purification of about six organic compounds
involving three or more stages.
SPC823: ANALYTICAL METHODS AND SPECTROSCOPY LAB
Hours per week : 6 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 3 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
1. Limit tests :
a) Insoluble Matter by quantitative analysis
b) Chlorides, Sulphate, Nitrate and Oxalate
c) nonmetallic impurities: Boron ans Selenium
2. Aqueous Acid Base Titrations
a)Determination of sodium salicylate
b)Determination of Zinc oxide
27
c) Determination of Benzoic acid and Lactic acid
3) Non Aqueous Acid Base Titrations : Titration of Primary amines with perchloric acid
4. Redox Titrations:
a)Titration of sodium nitrite by permagnatometry
b) Titration of ferrous fumarate with ceric ammonium sulphate
c) Idodimetric titration of Analgin
d) Iodometric titration of ferric ammonium citrate
e) Titration of sodium salicylate with potassium bromated
5. Precipitation titration: Titration of amide by argentometry
6. Complexometric Titration: Titration of alum
7. Spectrophotometry:
b)Determination of Nitrite
c)Determination of Phosphate
Demo:
Determination of moisture content in pharmaceutical samples by Karl Fisher method
Determination of Riboflavin by Spectrofluorimetry
Infrared spectroscopy for quantitative analysis
IV SEMESTER
M.Sc. CHEMISTRY (PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY)
SOC 844: MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
Hours per week : 4 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 4 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
UNIT-I
Drug discovery and design: Lead discovery and lead modification, structure modification to
increase bioavailability, lipophilicity, relationship between chemical structure and biological
activity (SAR), QSAR- basic Concepts. Basic reactions of drug molecule synthesis.
UNIT-II
Drug structure and biological activity: Pharmaceutically important functional groups-
alcohols, carboxylic acid, amines, sulfonamides and carbonyl compounds.
Chemistry of drug metabolism- absorption distribution, drug metabolism and excretion site
specificity, stability, prolong release, minimum toxicity, patient acceptance.
UNIT-III
Vitamines : Structure, physiological role and uses of Vitamins A ,Vitamin D
Thiamine (B1) and Pyridoxine (B6).
Chemistry of selected drugs- Synthesis and basic concept of action for the following drugs
28
UNIT-IV
(i) Anticancer: 5-Fluorouracil, Vincristine
(ii) Antimalarials :Chloroquine , Chloroguanide
(iii) Anti-inflammatory: Ibuprofen, Diclofenac Sodium
(iv)Sedatives: Phenobarbital, Lidocaina.
UNIT-V
(i) Antiulcers and antacids: Omeprazole, Ranitidine
(ii) Antiviral: Acyclovir
(iii) Antihistaminic: Terfenadine, Cinnarizine
(iv) Antiasthmatic agents : Salbutamol and Beclomethasone Dipropionate
Books Recommended
1. A. Burger, Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. I-III, Wiley Interscience Publications, New York (1995).
2. W. O. Foye, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, 3rd Edition (1989), Lea & Febiger/
Varghese Publishing House, Bombay.
3. A. Kar, Medicinal Chemistry, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi (1993).
4. 4. Richard B. Silverman; The Organic Chemistry of Drug design and Drug action,II Ed.;
Elsevier Acadmic Press, 2004
5. Rama Rao Nadendla;Medicinal Chemistry;PharmaMed Press, 2013
6. Glenn L.Jenkins,Walter H.Hartung,Kenneth E.Hamlin Jr.,John B.Data;The Chemistry of
Organic Medicinal Products;IV Ed.; PharmaMed Press, 2010 Reference book
1. Andrejus Korolkovas ; Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry,II Ed. ,Wiely India, 2008
2. Thomas Nogrady,Donald F.Weaver; Medicinal Chemistry: A molecular and Biochemical
approach; III Ed.:Oxford University Press , 2007
SPC 842: ADVANCED INSTRUMENTATION TECHNIQUES
Hours per week : 4 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 4 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
UNIT I
Flame photometry: Theory and instrumentation. Analyses of Na, K, Ca, and Mg.
Atomic Absorption Spectrometer: Theory, instrumentation, chemical and spectral
interferences, Applications
Induced couple plasma spectroscopy: Theory, Instrumentation and applications of ICP-OES
UNIT II - X-ray Spectroscopy: X-ray spectrometers, energy dispersive and wavelength
dispersive techniques, instrumentation, matrix effects and applications.
UNIT-III-Voltametry: Principle of polarography residual current, migration current, diffusion
current, half-wave potential, Ilkovic equation. Instrumentation: Dropping mercury electrode
(DME), advantages and disadvantages of DME, qualitative and quantitative analysis of inorganic
ions - Cu, Pb Cd and Zn. Anode Stripping Voltametry: Principle and instrumentation. Hanging
drop mercury electrode, application in the analysis of some selected metals
29
UNIT IV- Thermal methods of analysis: Thermo gravimetry- theory, instrumentation,
applications with special reference to CuSO4. 5H2O, CaC2O4.H2O and CaCO3. Basic idea of
differential thermal analysis: principle and instrumentation. Difference between TGA and DTA.
Differential scanning calorimetry: principle and instrumentation.
UNIT V
Capillary Electrophoresis: Principle, Factors Affecting Ionic Migration. Effect of Temperature. pH
and Ionic Strength. Electro- osmosis supporting medium. Instrumentation, Modes : polyacrylamide
gel electrophoresis, capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic electrophoresis, capillary
gel electrophoresis and Isoelectric focusing and applications of capillary electrophoresis.
Elementary Idea of Hyphenated Techniques: Theory, interfaces in hyphenation of the
technique and applications of the following:
LC –MS, GC –MS, CE-MS
Textbooks:
1. Instrumental methods of analysis - H.H. Willard, Meritt Jr. and J.A. Dean,CBS Publishers
and distributors, 6th edition, 1986.
2. Principles of instrumental analysis – Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler and R. Crouch,
Cengage Learning, 6th edition, 2006. 3. Vogel’s textbook of Quantitative Inorganic analysis - J. Basset, R.C. Denney, G.H. Jeffery and J.
Mendham, Prentice Hall, 6th edition, 2000
4. Industrial methods of analysis - B.K.Sarma, Goel Publishing House, Meerut, 1997
5. Instrumental methods of Analysis – G.R. Chatwal and S. Anand, Himalaya publishing
House, 13th reprint, 1999. 6. Analytical Chemistry – S.Usha Rani, Macmillan India Limited, 2001
Reference Books:
1. Instrumental methods of Analysis – Galen S. Ewing, Mcgraw Hill Higher Education, 5th edition, 1985
2. Handbook of Instrumental techniques for Analytical Chemistry, Frank Settle, Prentice Hall, 1997.
IV SEMESTER
M.Sc. CHEMISTRY (PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY)
SCY 842: GREEN CHEMISTRY
Hours per week : 4 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 4 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
UNIT- I:
Introduction to Green Chemistry
Green chemistry - Introduction - need for green chemistry - goals of green chemistry -
Anastas' twelve principles of green chemistry - Designing a green synthesis (tools) - choice
of starting materials, solvents, catalysts, reagents, processes with suitable examples.
UNIT -II
Ionic liquids - synthesis, physical properties of ionic liquids - applications in alkylation,
epoxidation, Friedal-Crafts reaction - Diels-Alder reactions – Knoevengal condensations and
Wittig reactions.
Phase Transfer Catalyst (PTC) - Definition - advantages, types of PTC reactions - synthesis
of PTC, applications of PTC in organic synthesis - Michael reaction - alkylation of aldehydes
and ketones. Wittig, generation of dihalocarbene, elimination reaction
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UNIT -III
Supercritical CO2 - phase diagram - uses in extracting natural products, dry cleaning,
bromination, Kolbe-Schmidt synthesis - Friedel-crafts reaction. Dimethyl carbonate as a
methylating agent in green synthesis
UNIT -IV
Microwave and Ultrasound Assisted Reactions
Microwave activation - advantages of microwave exposure - Microwave assisted reactions,
condensation reactions - oxidation, reduction reactions, multicomponent reactions.
Sonochemistry - use of ultrasound in organic synthesis (alternate source of energy) -
saponification - substitution, addition, oxidation reactions, reductions.
UNIT-V
Green Analytical Techniques
Micelle mediated extraction- Cloud point extraction and adsorptive miceller flocculation
methods. Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME)
Text books:
1. Paul T. Anastas and John C. Warner, “Green Chemistry”, Oxford University Press,Indian Edition, 2008.
2. V. K. Ahluwalia and M. Kidwai, “New Trends in Chemistry”, Anamaya Publishers, 2nd Ed., 2007.
3. V. Kumar, “An Introduction to Green Chemistry”, Vishal Publishers, 1st Edition, 2007.
4. V. K. Ahluwalia and R. S. Varma, “Green Solvents”, Narosa Publishing, 1st Edition, 2009.
5. V.K.Ahluwalia and Renu Aggarwal, “Organic Synthetic Special Techniques”, Narosa,
2nd Ed.2009.
6. V. K. Ahluwalia, “Green Chemistry - Environmentally Benign Reactions”, Ane books, India, 2006.
SOC802: CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS
Hours per week : 4 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 4 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
Study of isolation, structural elucidation, stereochemistry, synthesis, biosynthesis of the
following biological active classes of natural products.
UNIT-I
Microbial metabolites and shikimates : Pencillin G, Cephalosphorin-C, Prostaglandin 15 (R)
PGA2 Podophylotoxin and Etoposide.
UNIT-II
Terpenoids: Forskolin, Taxol, Azadirachtin, and Santonin
UNIT - III
Steroids: Cholesterol, Progesterone, Testosterone and Esterone
UNIT -IV
Alkaloids: Morphine, Reserpine, Camptothecin and Strychnine
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UNIT -V
Nucleic acids: Basic concepts of the structures of RNA and DNA and their hydrolysis products:
nucleotides, nucleosides and heterocyclic bases.
Text Books:
1. Organic Chemistry, Volume 2, Stereochemistry and chemistry of Natural products, I.L.
Finar, 5th Edition, ELBS, 2002
2. Chemical Aspects of Biosynthesis, John Mann, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996
3. Chemistry of Natural Products: A Unified Approach, N.R. Krishnaswamy, University Press (India)
Ltd., Orient Longman Limited, Hyderabad, 1999.
4. Introduction to Organic Chemistry, A Streitweiser, CH Heathcock and E.M/ Kosover IV Eeition,
Mc.Milan, 1992.
SPC822: SPECTROSCOPY AND CHROMATOGRPY LAB
Hours per week : 9 Semester End Examination : 60 Marks
Credits : 3 Continuous Evaluation : 40 marks
Separation and purification of organic compounds by making use of Thin layer
Chromatography and Column Chromatography.
Identification of functional groups by using IR and UV spectrophotometer
Interpretation of given NMR spectra and identification of organic Compounds
SPC824: INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS LAB
Hours per week: 6 Semester End Examination: 60 Marks
Credits: 2 Continuous Evaluation: 40 marks
1.pH metry:
a) Determination of Boric Acid
2.Conductometry:
a)Determination of Aspirin
b) Determination of Ascorbic acid
3.Potentiometry: Determination of mixture of Chloride, Bromide and Iodide with silver nitrate
4.Nephelometry : Limit test for Chlorides and Sulphate by Nephelo-turbidimetric method
5. Flame photometry : Determination of Sodium and Potassium in calcium acetate
6. Spectrophotometry:
a)Determination of Phenol
b)Determination of Fe 2+
c) Determination of aspirin
d)Determination of Nickel(II)
e)Determination of Chromium(VI)
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7. Polarimetry : Determination of optical rotation of pharmaceutical substances
8. Refractometry
a)Determination of Refractive index of pharmaceutical substances
b) Determination of CMC with Refractometry
Demo:
1) Assay of pharmaceutical tablet dosage forms by Isocratic HPLC method
2) Determination of caffine by stripping voltametry
SPC 892: PROJECT WORK (Credits: 8)
Students are required to carry out a project in the fourth semester of their study, under the
supervision of a faculty member of the department. The results are to be submitted in the form of
a dissertation. Project work shall be evaluated by two examiners at the semester end examination
Note:
Open electives: A student may choose open electives from the list of courses offered by any
institute of GITAM University