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Long Ago
Before AS 19……
I want to buy this school bus will you lend me Rs. 5,00,000/- ?????
Ok what security you are giving against the money which I
lend
I don’t have security…. Please lend me money..
Don’t worry I have an idea
I will buy the bus and will give it to you on rental basis
You can use it for 5 years
Every year you have to pay me an installment of Rs.160000. and last with an additional amount of Rs. 5,000/- then you can own the bus
I agree to all your Terms n Conditions.
I will make payments as agreed and will use the Bus for 5 years.
Accounting Standard - 19
Accounting for Leases
Point of Discussions
1 •Applicability, Scope & Objective of AS 19
2 •Definitions & Lease Terms
3 •Classification of Lease
4 •Accounting for lease and its Disclosure requirements
5 •Sale and Lease Back Transactions
ApplicabilityEffective in respect of all assets leased on or after 1st April, 2001
Mandatory in nature
Prescribes appropriate Accounting Policies & Disclosures to lessor and lessee in relation to Finance & Operating Lease
lease agreements to explore for or use natural resources, such as oil, gas, timber, metals and other mineral rights
licensing agreements for items such as motion picture films, video recordings, plays, manuscripts, patents and copyrights
lease agreements to use lands.
Exclusions
Definition of Lease
A lease is an agreement whereby the lessor conveys to the lessee in return for a payment or series of payments the right to use an asset for an agreed period of time.
Owner/LesserTransfers the
right to use the asset
User/ Lessee
This AS applies to agreements that transfers the right to use assets even though substantial services by the lessor may be called for in connection with the operation or maintenance of such assets.
This AS does not apply to agreements that are contracts for services that do not transfer the right to use assets from one contacting party to the other.
Applicable
Not Applicable
Economic life of an Asset
Either
The period over which the asset is expected to be economically usable by one or more users
Or
The number of production or similar units expected to be obtained from the asset by one or more users
Useful life of a leased asset
Either
The period over which the leased asset is expected to be used by the Lessee
Or
The number of production or similar units expected to be obtained from the asset by the Lessee
Fair Value•The value at which the asset could be exchanged or a liability could be settled between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction
Residual Value•Estimated fair value of the asset at the end of the lease term
Residual Value
Guaranteed Residual Value
Unguaranteed residual value
Guaranteed Residual Value (GRV)
In case of lessee
• Guaranteed by the lessee • By a party on behalf of the lessee
In case of Lessor
• Guaranteed by the lessee or• By a party on behalf of the lessee or• By an independent 3rd party who is financially capable of discharging the obligations under the guarantee
Minimum Lease Payments (MLP)Payments over the lease terms that the lessee is or can be required to
make, excluding Contingent Rent, Costs for services and taxes to be paid by and reimbursed to the lessor together with
In the case of Lessee, any GRV by or on behalf of lessee;
In the case of Lessor, Any GRV by or behalf of lesser or independent third party
It also includes the payments required to be made to exercise the Purchase Option (PO) if such option exists.
Minimum Lease Payments (MLP)
O It is the consideration under the lease contract.
MLP
LP + GRV
Contingent RentO It is that portion of the lease payments that
is not fixed in amount but is based on a factor other than just passage of time.
O Example : Percentage of sales
Interest rate implicit in the lease
It is the discount rate that at the inception of lease causes the aggregate present value of MLP and any URV to be equal to the fair value of the asset.
PV(MLP) PV(URV) FV
Lessee’s Incremental borrowing cost
It is the rate of interest the lessee would have to pay on a similar lease or, if that’s not determinable, the rate that, at the inception of the lease, the lessee would incur to borrow over a similar term, and with a similar security, the funds necessary to purchase the asset.
Gross Investment in the Lease
It is the aggregate of the minimum lease payments under a finance lease from the standpoint of the lessor and any unguaranteed residual value accruing to the lessor
MLP URV GI
Unearned Finance IncomeIt is the difference between Gross Investment in the lease and;O Present value of
O MLP from standpoint of lessorO Any URV accruing to the lessor, at the
interest rate implicit in the lease.
GI PV( GI)Unearned
finance income
Net InvestmentIt is the gross investment in the lease reduced by unearned finance income.
GIUnearned
finance income
Net Investment
PV( GI)Net
Investment
Definitions in other words
Unearned Finance income = GI - NI
NI = PV(GI)
NI = GI –[GI-PV(GI)]
NI = GI – Unearned Finance Income
Unearned Finance Income = GI – PV(GI)
Unearned Finance Income = GI – PV( MLP+URV)
GI = (LP + GRV) + URV
GI = MLP + URV
MLP=LP+GRV or MLP = LP + PO
RV=GRV+URV
Balance Outstanding
MLP Finance charge Principal Balance Outstanding
5,00,000
1,60,000
91,200
68,800 4,31,200
4,31,200
1,60,000
78,651
81,349 3,49,851
3,49,851
1,60,000
63,813
96,187 2,53,664
2,53,664
1,60,000
46,268
1,13,732 1,39,932
1,39,932
1,65,000
25,068
1,39,932 0
8,05,000
3,05,000
5,00,000
Classification of Lease
• Lease that transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incident to the ownership
Finance Lease
• Lease other than finance lease
Operating Lease
Basis for Classification
Risks
• Includes the possibilities of losses from idle capacity or Technological obsolescence and of variations in return due to changing economic conditions
Rewards
• Represents the expectation of profitable operation over the economic life of the asset and of gain from appreciation in value or realisation of residual value
Situations which would normally lead to a lease being classified as a finance lease;O The lease transfers ownership of the asset to the
lessee by the end of the lease termO The lessee has the option to purchase the asset at a
price lesser than fair value.O The lease term is for the major part of the economic
life of the asset even if title is not transferredO At the inception of the lease, Present value of the
MLP amounts to at least all of the fair value of the leased amount
O The asset is of a specialised nature such that only the lessee can use it without major modifications being made
O If on cancellation of the lease by the lessee, the consequent losses of lessor are borne by the lessee.
O Gains or losses from the fluctuation in the fair value of the residual fall to the lessee.
O The lessee can continue the lease for a secondary period at a rent which is substantially lower than market value.
Reclassification of leaseO Lease classification is made at the inception of the
leaseO If lessor and lessee agree to change the provision of
the lease terms other than by renewing it, in a manner that would have resulted in a different classification, the revised agreement is considered as a new agreement over its revised term.
O The change in estimates of the Economic life or of the residual value of the leased asset do not give rise to a new classification of the lease for accounting purposes.
Finance lease (Books of Lessee)
The discount rate is the interest rate implicit on the lease is this is practicable to determine, if not, the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate should be used.
The amount is equal to fair value of the leased asset or present value of the MLP from lessee’s view point, whichever is lower
At the inception, lessee recognises the lease as an asset and a liability
Finance lease give rise to a depreciation, it should be calculated in accordance with AS 6
Initial direct cost incurred specifically for the lease should be included in the amount recognised as an asset under the lease.
Finance charge is allocated over the lease term in such a way that it would produce constant rate of return on the principal balance
Each lease payments is apportioned between finance charge and reduction of the outstanding liability
Journal EntriesAt the inception of the lease
Leased Asset DR XXX
To Leased Liability XXX
When MLP is Paid
Interest or Finance Charge DR xxx
Lease Liability DR xxx
To Bank xxx
At the end of the FY
Depreciation DR Xxx
To Leased Asset Xxx
At the end of the lease Term
A. If the asset is purchased at GRV
Leased Liability DR XXX
To Bank xxx
B. If the asset is reverted back to the Lessor
Lease Liability DR xxx
To Asset xxx
DisclosureO Assets acquired under finance lease to be
segregated from the assets ownedO Net Carrying amount at the balance sheet
date of each class of assetsO Contingent rent recognised as an expenses
in the statement of profit and loss for the period
O A Reconciliation between the total of MLP’s at the balance sheet date and their PV’s
DisclosureO The total of MLP’s and their PV’s at the balance
sheet date for each of the following periods should be disclosed;O Not later than 1 yearO Later than 1 year and not later than 5 yearsO Later than 5 years
O Total future minimum sublease payments received under non cancellable subleases at the balance sheet date
O A General description of Lessee’s significant leasing arrangements.
Books of the Lessor
Any direct cost incurred at the inception of the lease may either be recognised immediately or allocated against the finance income over the lease term.
Lease rental receivable is treated as repayment of Principal (i.e. NI in lease) and a finance income to reimburse the lessor for its investment and services.
In case where no URV is expected to accrue to the lessor, the amounts of lease receivable recorded by the Lessor and the amount of lease liability recorded by the lessee are same.
NI = PV(MLP) + PV (URV), Discounting factor is the interest rate implicit on the lease
Recognises the asset given as a receivable at an amount equal to Net Investment in the lease
Journal Entries
At the inception of the lease
Leased Receivable DR XXX
To Leased Asset XXX
When MLP is Paid
Bank DR XXX
To Interest or Finance Income XXX
To Lease Receivable XXX
At the end of the lease Term
A. If the asset is purchased at GRV
Bank Account DR XXX
P & L account DR XXX
To Lease Receivable Account XXX
B. If the asset is reverted back to the lessor
Asset DR XXX
To Lease Receivable XXX
DisclosureO A reconciliation between the total GI and present value of the
MLP’s receivable at the balance sheet date, along with for each of the following periods;O Not later than 1 yearO Later than 1 year but Not later than 5 yearsO Later than 5 years
O Unearned finance incomeO UGV accruing to the benefit of the lessorO Accumulated provisions for uncollectible MLPs receivableO Contingent rents recognised in P& L Account for the periodO A general description of the significant leasing arrangement of
the lessorO Accounting policy adopted in respect of initial direct costs
Operating Lease (Books of Lessee)
Straight lining means the total lease rent will be averaged to three years i.e. Rs.30,000/- per year should be recognised in the P&L.
Example: Suppose an asset was taken on operating lease for a period of 3 years. The lease rent for three years was Rs. 15,000/-, 30,000/- and 45,000/- respectively.
Lease should be recognised as an expense in the statement of P& L on SLM basis over the lease term unless another systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern of the user’s benefit even if the payments are not on that basis.
DisclosureO Total of future MLP’s under non cancellable operating leases
for each of the following periods;O Not later than 1 yearO Later than 1 year and not later than 5 yearsO Later than 5 years
O Total of future minimum sublease payment expected to be received under non cancellable subleases at the balance sheet date.
O Lease payments recognised in the statement of P& L for the period with separate amounts for MLP’s and contingent rent.
O Sublease payments received or receivable recognisedO A general description of the lessee’s significant lease
arrangements
Books of Lessor
Depreciation of leased assets should be charged as per AS 6
Any direct cost incurred at the inception of the lease may either be recognised immediately or allocated against the finance income over the lease term.
Recognise the lease income statement of P& L on SLM basis over the lease term unless another systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern of the user’s benefit.
Record the leased asset as its fixed asset in the balance sheet
DisclosureO Gross carrying amount, accumulated
depreciation and accumulated impairment losses at the balance sheet date for each class of assets
O And all other disclosures that is applicable to Finance lease.
Sale and Lease back
Seller
BuyerLease
O The lease payments and the sale price are usually interdependent as they are negotiated as a package.
O The accounting treatment of a sale and leaseback transaction depends upon the type of lease involved.
O Accounting for sale and finance lease back is covered under para 48 and for sale and operating lease back is covered under para 50 & 52 of the AS.
Sales Proceeds
Carrying Amount (Book Value)
Excess/ Deficit
• To be deferred and amortised over the lease term in proportion to the depreciation of the leased asset
Para 50 & 52Carrying Amount
Treatment of P/L on Sale
when SP =<> FV
IF CA> FV , Record
Impairment Loss
Fair Value
Selling Price
Para 52 Para 50
Para 50 & 52O Para 50 compares the Selling Price with Fair
Value of the assetO Para 52 compares the Carrying amount in
the books with the fair value of the assetO One should always check for para 52
condition and then check for para 50 condition.
Para 52
Immediately recognised in the P & L
Loss= Carrying amount – Fair Value
Fair Value < Carrying Amount
Para 50
SP = FV, SP < FV, SP > FV
Para 50 Compares Selling price with Fair Value and the treatment of profit or loss depends upon whether
SP FV
Profit or Loss to be recognised immediately in the P & L
SP < FV
Profit
Recognise immediately in the P & L
Loss
If compensated by the future lease payments at below market price, defer and amortise in proportion to the lease payments
Loss
If not compensated recognise immediately.
SP > FV
Balance if any is recognised in P& L Immediately
Deferred and amortised over the period for which the asset is expected to be used
Excess of SP over FV
CA = 120
FV = 100 FV = 100
SP = 120
SP = 100
SP = 80Rs 20 Loss to be books immediately
20 Profit to be deferred
No P/L
Rs. 20 loss if compensated then Deferred
CA = 80
FV = 100
SP = 120
SP = 100
SP = 70
Profit 40, of Which 20 Deferred, and 20
recognised immediately
Profit 20 recognised Immediately
Rs. 10 loss if compensated then
Deferred, else recognised
immediately
Thank You