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Access to sanitation in countries of East Asia: a snapshot of 2008 status A regional perspective based on new data from the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation
Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Japan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Viet Nam
Prepared for the 2nd East Asia Ministerial Conference on Sanitation and Hygiene
Manila, Philippines 27-29 January 2010
UN
ICE
F/N
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84
4 J
osh
Es
tey
, In
do
ne
sia
6369
20
24
12
1
5 6
48
62
10
15
30
17
126
40
56
6
8
38
29
16
7
212
712
305
493
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Urban Rural
Po
pu
lati
on
(m
illi
on
s)
1990
2008
China, 607
Indonesia, 109
Viet Nam, 22.2
Philippines, 21.6
Cambodia, 10.4
Myanmar, 9.3
Lao PDR, 2.9
Thailand, 2.9
Mongolia, 1.3
Malaysia, 1.2
Timor-Leste, 0.6
Sanitation coverage
Improved
Shared
Open
Defecation
Unimproved
Urban Rural Total
1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008
Sanitation coverage trends 1990 – 2008, EASAN countries
The majority of people without
improved sanitation live in rural areas
Urban Rural
Indonesia:
109 million
Sanitation coverage, 2008
Urban/rural disparities in population without
improved sanitation, 1990 and 2008 (millions)
Percentage of the population using
an improved sanitation facility, 2008
Total
China:
607 million
(millions)
798 million people in East Asia do not use an
improved sanitation facility
Population in East Asia without improved sanitation, 2008
Front page: A boy brushes his teeth, while an adult washes his hair, in the remote village of Nogo Sar II in Bantul District in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia.
100 100 10096 95 94
86 86
8076
67 6764
58
100 100 100
95 96
67
38
79
69
40
18
3632
52
0
20
40
60
80
100
Co
vera
ge
(%
)
Urban Rural
100
100
100
96
96
81
55
75
76
50
52
53
50
29
1
4
6
8
13
26
38
43
64
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Singapore
Republic of Korea
Japan
Thailand
Malaysia
Myanmar
China
Viet Nam
Philippines
Mongolia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Timor-Leste
Cambodia
Coverage (%)
Improved Shared Unimproved Open defecation
The sanitation ladder by country
Large urban and rural disparities still exist in
several countries
Urban and rural disparities
Sanitation coverage, 2008 (Ranked by the proportion practising open defecation)
Urban and rural sanitation coverage in East Asia, 2008
Note: 2008 estimates are not available for Brunei Darussalam and Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
27
190
58
77
0
50
100
150
200
Urban Rural
Po
pu
lati
on
(m
illi
on
s)
1990
2008Indonesia, 58
China, 50
Cambodia, 9.3
Philippines, 6.8
Viet Nam, 5.0
Lao PDR, 2.3
Timor-Leste, 0.5
Mongolia, 0.3
Myanmar, 0.3
Malaysia, 0.1
Open defecation
Prevalence of open defecation, 2008
Open defecation declined sharply in rural areas
Rural
Indonesia:
58 million
China:
50 million
Urban/rural disparities in population practising
open defecation, 1990 and 2008
Total
Urban
(millions)
134 million people in East Asia still practise open defecation
Population practising open defecation in East Asia, 2008
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1990 2008
Po
pu
lati
on
(m
illi
on
s)
Improved Shared Unimproved Open defecation
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1990 2008
Po
pu
lati
on
(m
illi
on
s)
Improved Shared Unimproved Open defecation
Progress on sanitation
233 million urban dwellers in East Asia use shared sanitation facilities
Urban and rural disparities
Progress towards the MDG sanitation target, 2008
Distribution of urban and rural populations in East Asia using different sanitation options, 1990 - 2008
Urban Rural
On track
Coverage in 2008 was less than 5 per cent below the rate it needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target or coverage was higher than 95%
Progress but insufficient Coverage in 2008 was 5 per cent to 10 per cent below the rate it needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target
Not on track Coverage in 2008 was more than 10 per cent below the rate it needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target, or the 1990 – 2008 trend shows a decreasing coverage
No or insufficient data Data were unavailable or insufficient to estimate trends
Sanitation coverage: Country estimates by type of sanitation practices, 1990, 2000, 2008
Country, area or territory Year
Population
Sanitation Coverage (%)
Urban Rural Total
Total (,000) Urban (%) Imp
roved
Sh
are
d
Un
imp
rov
ed
Op
en
de
fecati
on
Imp
rov
ed
Sh
are
d
Un
imp
rov
ed
Op
en
de
fecati
on
Imp
roved
Sh
are
d
Un
imp
rov
ed
Op
en
de
fecati
on
Brunei Darussalam
1990 257 65.8 - - - - - - - - - - - -
2000 333 71.1 - - - - - - - - - - - -
2008 392 74.8 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Cambodia
1990 9 690 12.6 38 5 9 48 5 1 5 89 9 2 5 84
2000 12 760 16.9 50 7 6 37 10 2 6 82 17 3 6 74
2008 14 562 21.5 67 9 2 22 18 4 3 75 29 5 2 64
China
1990 1 142 090 27.4 48 25 24 3 38 6 47 9 41 11 41 7
2000 1 266 954 35.8 55 28 12 5 46 7 41 6 49 15 30 6
2008 1 337 411 43.1 58 30 6 6 52 8 38 2 55 17 24 4
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
1990 20 143 58.4 - - - - - - - - - - - -
2000 22 859 60.2 58 - 42 - 60 - 40 - 59 - 41 -
2008 23 819 62.6 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Indonesia
1990 177 385 30.6 58 8 16 18 22 7 23 48 33 7 21 39
2000 205 280 42.0 63 8 12 17 30 9 19 42 44 9 16 31
2008 227 345 51.6 67 9 8 16 36 11 17 36 52 10 12 26
Japan
1990 123 191 63.1 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0
2000 126 706 65.2 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0
2008 127 293 66.4 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0
Lao People’s Democratic Republic
1995* 4 809 17.4 56 3 10 31 10 1 8 81 18 1 9 72
2000 5 403 22.0 62 4 8 26 16 1 8 75 26 2 8 64
2008 6 205 30.9 86 5 3 6 38 2 8 52 53 3 6 38
Malaysia
1990 18 103 49.8 88 4 7 1 81 3 7 9 84 3 8 5
2000 23 274 62.0 94 4 1 1 90 4 2 4 92 4 2 2
2008 27 014 70.5 96 4 0 0 95 4 0 1 96 4 0 0
Mongolia
1995* 2 270 56.8 67 32 1 0 25 19 17 39 49 26 8 17
2000 2 389 56.6 66 32 2 0 26 20 18 36 49 27 8 16
2008 2 641 57.1 64 31 2 3 32 24 18 26 50 28 9 13
Myanmar
1995* 43 864 26.1 77 9 12 2 39 5 29 27 49 6 25 20
2000 46 610 28.0 81 10 8 1 59 8 19 14 65 9 16 10
2008 49 563 32.6 86 10 4 0 79 11 9 1 81 11 7 1
Philippines
1990 62 427 48.8 70 14 8 8 46 9 22 23 58 11 15 16
2000 77 689 58.5 76 15 3 6 59 12 11 18 69 14 6 11
2008 90 348 65.0 80 16 0 4 69 14 3 14 76 15 1 8
Republic of Korea
1990 42 983 73.8 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0
2000 46 429 79.6 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0
2008 48 152 81.5 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0
Singapore
1990 3 016 100 99 - 1 - 99 - 1 - 99 - 1 -
2000 4 018 100 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0
2008 4 615 100 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0
Thailand
1990 56 673 29.4 93 5 0 2 74 3 0 23 80 4 0 16
2000 62 347 31.1 94 5 0 1 92 4 0 4 93 4 0 3
2008 67 386 33.2 95 5 0 0 96 4 0 0 96 4 0 0
Timor-Leste
1990 740 20.8 - - - - - - - - - - - -
2000 815 24.3 55 4 20 21 25 1 22 52 32 2 22 44
2008 1 098 27.3 76 5 0 19 40 2 6 52 50 3 4 43
Viet Nam
1990 66 247 20.3 61 3 10 26 29 2 23 46 35 2 21 42
2000 78 663 24.3 79 4 7 10 50 3 22 25 57 3 19 21
2008 87 096 27.8 94 5 1 0 67 4 21 8 75 4 15 6
EASAN countries 1990 1 770 214 32.4 63 20 12 5 40 6 38 16 48 10 30 12
2000 1 982 530 40.0 67 22 5 6 49 7 32 12 56 13 22 9
2008 2 114 943 46.6 69 24 1 6 56 8 29 7 62 15 17 6
Sanitation Coverage
* 1995 estimates are given for Lao PDR, Mongolia and Myanmar, as there are no 1990 estimates Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the maps in this document do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations or its specialized agencies