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NATIONALCONFERENCEON WOMEN& ACCESS TOJUSTICEA REPORT
DECEMBER 10-11, 2006
INDIA HABITAT CENTRELODHI ROAD,NEW DELHI 110 003
ORGANISED BY
PARTNERS FOR LAW IN DEVELOPMENT, NEW DELHI
- A4G
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CTegaXefYbe?Tj\a7XiX_bc`XagC?7
CTegfbYg[\feXcbeg`TlUXeXcebWhVXWbece\agXWYbegeT\a\aZbeXWhVTg\baT_checbfXfj\g[WhXTV^abj_XWZX`XaggbC?7!
G[\fchU_\VTg\bajTffhccbegXWUlTZeTagYeb`9beW9bhaWTg\baAXj7X_[\!
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SESSION I
4aBiXei\XjbYg[X6bagXkg $#
The Relevance of Womens Access to Justice Womens Movement and
its Engagement with the Law
SESSION II
:ebhaW\aZg[X6baVXeaf\a8kcXe\XaVXf $'
Testimonies Findings of PLDs Study on Women and Access to
Justice Sharing by Partner Organisations in the Study
SESSION III
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Family Courts
Counselling in matrimonial litigation
SESSION IV
6[T__XaZXfYbeJb`XaATi\ZTg\aZg[X?XZT_FlfgX` &(
Sexual Assault and Rape Prosecutions Custody in the Context of
Cross-country Child Abductions
SESSION V
GT^\aZFgbV^bY6[TaZXf6[T__XaZXfTaWCbgXag\T_ &+
Divergences and Intersections Between Notions of Justice in
Different Mechanisms Within the Law
Reections on the Gains of the Womens Movement Inter-agency
Alliance Building as a Strategy Role of National Commission for
Women
6_bf\aZEX`Te^f ''
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Text of Justice Sujata Manohars presentation Text of Justice
Madan B Lokurs presentation
4ccXaW\VXf *#
Extracts of Some Relevant Legal Provisions Table of Contents of
the Reader Compiled for the Conference List of Participants List of
Panellists PLD and its Partner Organisations
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@TW[h@X[eTExecutive Director
PREFACE
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\_lVTfXf!
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cbgXag\T_bY g[XATg\baT_6b``\ff\ba YbeJb`Xa \a
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13
SESSION I
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14
G;8E8?8I4A68B9JB@8AF4668FFGB=HFG
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15SESSION I AN OVERVIEW OF THE CONTEXT
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17
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SESSION II
:ebhaW\aZg[X6baVXeaf\a8kcXe\XaVXf
THIS SESSION WASWXf\ZaXWgbZ\iXTa\af\Z[g\agbg[X]bhe
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G8FG
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-
22
NA
TIO
NA
L C
ON
FE
RE
NC
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-
24
NA
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NA
L C
ON
FE
RE
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F;4E =T\che
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-
26
NA
TIO
NA
L C
ON
FE
RE
NC
E O
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@FF> bYYXef \afg\ghg\baT_\fXW Ve\f\f \agXeiXag\ba gbjb`Xa
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-
28
NA
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NA
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_\XY\gX`cbjXefjb`XaUlZ\i\aZg[X`VbaWXaVX!
-
29
SESSION III
-
30
NA
TIO
NA
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ON
FE
RE
NC
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G[XW\eXVg\bafZ\iXaUlg[XVbhegfaXXWgbUX\`c_X`XagXW\aT__fXe\bhfaXff!G[\fjbh_W
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q(#UX_\XiXg[TgV[\_WfXkhT_TUhfX\fabgVb``baq )+ fT\W g[Tg
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g[X\ej\__\aZaXffgbcTeg\V\cTgX\aZXaWXegeT\a\aZcebZeT`f!
-
32
NA
TIO
NA
L C
ON
FE
RE
NC
E O
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ZbT_fVbagT\aXW\ag[XCeXT`U_XVTaUXVb`X`XTa\aZYh_YbeT__fXVg\bafbYfbV\Xgl!G[hfg[XFgTgXVTa`
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-
33
7
-
34
NA
TIO
NA
L C
ON
FE
RE
NC
E O
N W
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EN
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CC
ES
S T
O J
US
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-
36
NA
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SPEAKER Geeta Ramaseshan, Advocate, Chennai High Court
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37
6bhafX__\aZ TaW `XW\Tg\ba TeX gjb gXV[a\dhXf hfXW gb
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-
38
NA
TIO
NA
L C
ON
FE
RE
NC
E O
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& A
CC
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US
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Xa\aZg[XcebVXffbYVbhafX_\aZ!Fb`XbYg[XfXTeXqFgeXaZg[Xa\aZTaWWX`lfg\Yl\aZ_TjfqFgeXaZg[Xa\aZbYfbV\T_fV\XaVXVhee\Vh_h`j\g[eX_XiTag\achgf
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7
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39
SESSION IV
6[T__XaZXfYbeJb`XaATi\ZTg\aZg[X?XZT_FlfgX`
F8KH4?4FF4H?G4A7E4C8CEBF86HG
-
40
NA
TIO
NA
L C
ON
FE
RE
NC
E O
N W
OM
EN
& A
CC
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S T
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eXVbZa\fXWTfTabYYXaVXUlg[XVbhegf!CXeVXcg\bafTaWZXaWXeU\TfbYg[X]hWZXf\fabg\VXW\afhV[VTfXf\aTWW\g\bagbg[XcebU
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-
42
SESSION V
GT^\aZFgbV^bY6[TaZXf6[T__XaZXfTaWCbgXag\T_
THIS SESSION SEEKS gb XiT_hTgX fb`X bY g[X
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Xaf\ffhXf!4a]T_\7TiXYeb`g[XGTgT
-
43
abg\bafbY]hfg\VX!Fb`XbYg[XfXflfgX`fj[XeXVb`ceb`\fXbefcXXWlcebVXWheXfTeX^XlgbW\fchgXeXfb_hg\ba`TlUXTW`\a
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-
44
NA
TIO
NA
L C
ON
FE
RE
NC
E O
N W
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& A
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F[XTV^abj_XWZXWg[Tgg[XfXTV[\XiX`XagfjXeXfge\WXfYbejTeWUhgT_fbYX_gg[XaXXWgbeXXVgbaVXegT\af[begVb`\aZfTfjX__!
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45
eXc_\VTgXW\aET]Tfg[Ta!
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TaW g[XGTgT
-
46
NA
TIO
NA
L C
ON
FE
RE
NC
E O
N W
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EN
& A
CC
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S T
O J
US
TIC
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7
-
47
Vb`cXafTg\bagbi\Vg\`fTfcTegbYfXVhe\aZ]hfg\VX!;bjXiXeg[XA6J\fabg\aTcbf\g\bagbTjTeWVb`cXafTg\bagbTali\Vg\`j[bfXVTfX\g`\Z[g\aiXfg\ZTgXbegT^Xhc!
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-
48
6_bf\aZEX`Te^f
SUMMING UP THEgjbWTlVbaYXeXaVXH`T6[T^eT
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49
EXVb``XaWTg\baf
THE DISCUSSIONS
OVERgjbWTlfUebhZ[ggbg[XgTU_XfXiXeT_UTee\XefYTVXWUljb`Xaj\g[\ag[X_XZT_flfgX`TgfXi
XeT__XiX_f!
-
50
NA
TIO
NA
L C
ON
FE
RE
NC
E O
N W
OM
EN
& A
CC
ES
S T
O J
US
TIC
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A R
EP
OR
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g[X Vbhagel aXXWf gb UX f[TeXW TaW \gf \`c_X`XagTg\ba`ba\
gbeXW!Cebi\f\baf[bh_WUX`TWXgbXaTU_Xaba fgTgXc_TlXef
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-
51
?XZT_4\WTaWChU_\VCebfXVhgbef5bg[ g[XfXTeXTf eXdh\eX
fXe\bhfTggXag\ba \Y _XZT_
T\WTaWfgTgXeXceXfXagTg\baVTaUXbYTaliT_hXgbg[Xcbbeg[XW\fTWiTagTZXWTaWcTeg\Vh_Te_lg[Xjb`Xa!
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VbagXkgf!
-
52
NA
TIO
NA
L C
ON
FE
RE
NC
E O
N W
OM
EN
& A
CC
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S T
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US
TIC
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A R
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gbVbage\UhgXgbg[XfXXYYbegf!
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53
4aaXkheXf
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54
ANNEXURE 1
G[XEX_XiTaVXbYJb`Xaf4VVXffgb=hfg\VXJUSTICE SUJATA MANOHAR, RETD.
JUDGE, SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
I MUST THANK CTegaXef Ybe ?Tj \a 7XiX_bc`Xag Ybe
\ai\g\aZ`X[XeX!4Vb`ceX[Xaf\iX6baVXcgAbgXceXcTeXWUlC?7cb\agfbhgg[TgXiXaTYgXeWXVTWXfbYXaZTZX`XagUlg[Xjb`Xaf`biX`Xagj\g[
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55
4_TV^bY]hfg\VX\ag[XUebTWfXafXj\g[\abhefbV\b
XVbab`\VTaWcb_\g\VT_flfgX`fbYVbhefX[TfTW\eXVg\`cTVgbajb`XafTU\_\glgbTVVXffg[X]hfg\VXWX_\iXelflfgX`!5hg
-
56
NA
TIO
NA
L C
ON
FE
RE
NC
E O
N W
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& A
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US
TIC
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\aVb`c_XgX!J[Xa
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57
\agXeaTg\baT_[h`Tae\Z[gfgeXTg\XfXfcXV\T__l6874JCT_Xe`bCebgbVb_fH!A!6baiXag\babag[XE\Z[gfbY6[\_WTaWbg[XefUTV^XWUlbheVbafg\ghg\baT_`TaWTgXf!
4`T]be[heW_Xgbjb`XaTccebTV[\aZg[XVbhegfYbeXaYbeVX`XagbYe\Z[gf\fg[X\e_TV^bY^abj_XWZXTUbhgg[X\e_XZT_e\Z[gf!?XZT__\gXeTVlTaWg[X^
abj_XWZXbYe\Z[gfg[XeXYbeXUXVb`XfTaXffXag\T_ceXeXdh\f\gXgbjb`XafTVVXffgb
]hfg\VX!ATg\baT_cb_\VlYbeg[XX`cbjXe`XagbYjb`Xa%##$WXT_fj\g[jb`XafX`cbjXe`Xagg[ebhZ[_XZT_TjTeXaXffTfbaXbYg[XbU]XVg\iXfbYg[\fcb_\Vl!7XT_
\aZj\g[cebcXe TaW XYYXVg\iX \`c_X`XagTg\babY _XZ\f_Tg\ba
g[Xcb_\Vlcebi\WXfg[TgbaXbYg[X`T]beeXdh\eX`Xagf\fj\WXfceXTWW\ffX`\aTg\babY\aYbe`Tg\babaT__TfcXVgfbYjb`Xaf_XZT_e\Z[gfTaWbg[XeXag\g_X`XagfbYjb`Xag[ebhZ[fcXV\T__lWXf\ZaXW_XZT__\gXeTVlcebZeT``XfTaWe\Z[gf\aYbe`Tg\bacebZeT``Xf!
G[X`bfg WlaT`\V X`cbjXe\aZ YbeVX \f ^abj_XWZX !
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58
NA
TIO
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L C
ON
FE
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NC
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& A
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TaW`beX TaW`beX _XZT_ TfjX__ Tf cTeT _XZT_ geT\aXef aXXW
gbUXgeT\aXWfbg[TgjXVTa`biXgbjTeWfUXVb`\aZTV\i\_\mTg\bag[TgeXfcXVgf_TjTaW[h`Tae\Z[gfTaW[TfVeXTgXW\afg\ghg\baT_YeT`Xjbe^fg[Tgceb`bgXTaWcebgXVgT_\YXj\g[W\Za\gl!
4`T]beeXfgeT\agbaTVVXff\aZg[X_XZT_flfgX`\fg[XVbfgbYTV VXff\aZ
g[X flfgX`! 9\aTaV\T_ eXfbheVXf TeX T`T]be
eXfgeT\a\aZYbeVXcTeg\Vh_Te_lYbejb`Xaj[bTeX`beXbYgXag[TaabgXV
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UXeYbeg[\fchecbfX!5hgg[\f\fTgeXaWj[\V[aXXWfgbUXfhc
cbegXWTaWXaVbheTZXW!
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YXVgfTjb`TaTWiXefX_lTaW`TleXfh_g\aWXa\T_bY]hfg\VXgb[Xe!BYVbhefXg[\f\fT`T]be`T_YhaVg\babYg[XflfgX`g[TgTYYXVgfT__j[bTccebTV[\g!5hgYbejb`XaT_baZWX_TlXWW\ibeVXceb
VXXW\aZVTaWXalgbTjb`TaTe\Z[ggbTaXj_\YX!
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59
bYVe\`X!
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TIO
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FE
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eXfb_hg\ba?b^4WT_TgfbeATe\4WT_TgfJb`XafCTaV[TlTgfTaWg[X_\^X!Jb`XafbeZTa\fTg\baf[TiXT_fbVb`XYbejTeWgbcebi\WXfhccbegfXei\VXfYbejb`Xai\Vg\`fbei\b_XaVXj[Xg[Xe\g\fWb`Xfg\VbefbV\XgT_fhV[TfeTcXWbjel[TeTff`XagfXkhT_[TeTff`XagTaWg[X_\^X!AXj_TjfTgg\`XfXaTVgfhV[fhccbegfXei\VXfYbeXkT`c_Xg[XaXj_TjWXT_\aZj\g[Wb`Xfg\Vi\b_XaVX!5hgjX[TiXlXggbfXghcg[XaXVXffTel\aYeTfgehVgheT_fhccbeg!G[XfXfhccbegfXei\VXfTeXUXfgcebi\WXWUlg[XfgTgX]b\ag_lj\g[A:Bfbejb`XafbeZTa\fTg\baf!G[XajX[TiX`TalfbV\T_be
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\__\aZffTaVg\baXWUlTfXZ`XagbYbhefbV\Xgl!
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ANNEXURE 2
=hW\V\T_TaW4W`\a\fgeTg\iXEXYbe`f\aEX_Tg\bagb:XaWXe=hfg\VXJUSTICE
MADAN B LOKUR, JUDGE, DELHI HIGH COURT
GENDER JUSTICE HAS`TWXZeXTg fge\WXf Yeb`g[X g\`Xj[Xa \a g[X
XTe_l $,%#f Ta Tcc_\VTg\baUl
T_TWl\a6T_VhggTEXZ\aT:h[TTaWTabg[Xe_TWl\aCTgaTFh
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fbahaWXeg[X_Tj!45XaV[bYiX_XTeaXW]hWZXfeX]XVgXWg[XTcc_\VTg\ba`TWX gb
g[X6T_VhggT;\Z[6bhegj[\_X g[XCTgaT;\Z[6bheg eX]XVgXW g[X
Tcc_\VTg\ba g[ebhZ[ T5XaV[ bY
g[eXX_XTeaXW]hWZXf$!;bjXiXefb`Xg\`X\a$,%$g[X4__T[TUTW;\Z[6bhegbag[XTW`\a\fgeTg\iXf\WXTVVXcgXWTf\`\_TeTcc_\VTg\babY6beaX_\TFbeTU]XX`T^\aZ[Xeg[Xefg_TWlTWibVTgX\ag[XVbha
gel!G[XfX XiXagf h_g\`TgX_l _XW gb g[X XaTVg`Xag bY g[X
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Abgj\g[fgTaW\aZg[XfX`
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hXWgbUXeTg[XehaXdhT_TfVb`cTeXWgb`Xa!8iXaTfeXVXag_lTf$,((g[X9\efg5TV^jTeW6_TffXf6b``\ff\ba^abjaTfg[X>T^T>T_X_^Te6b``\ff\baeXVb``XaWXW\agXeT_\Tg[TgT__jb`XaTfTV_TffUXgeXTgXWTfUTV^jTeW&!BaXbYg[XYTVgbefgT^Xa\agbVba
f\WXeTg\baYbeV_Tff\VTg\baUlg[X6b``\ff\bajTfg[XcXeVXagTZXbY_\gXeTVlbeg[XZXaXeT_TWiTaVX`Xag`TWXUlg[X`'!F\aVXg[Xag[bhZ[`hV[cebZeXff[TfUXXa`TWX\a`TggXefbYZXaWXeXdhT_
\glg[XeX\ffg\__T_bggbUXWbaXTaWabbaXVTafXe\bhf_lVbagXaWbeUX_\XiXg[TgjX[TiXTV[\XiXWT__g[TgjXVbh_WbeWbaXT__g[Tg\f
1 The decisions are reported as In re
Regina Guha, (1916) 44 Calcutta 290
and In re Sudanshu Bala Hazra, AIR
1922 Patna 269.
2 Section 3 of the Act reads: Women
not to be disqualied by reason only
of sex.Notwithstanding anything
contained in any enactment in force in
the territories to which this Act extends
or in the letters patent of any High Court
or in any rule or order made under or
in pursuance of any such enactment
or letters patent, no woman shall, by
reason only of her sex, be disqualied
from being admitted or enrolled as a
legal practitioner or from practising as
such; and any such rule or order which
is repugnant to the provisions of this Act
shall, to the extent of such repugnancy,
be void.
3 http://www.answers.com/topic/other-
backward-class
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aXVXffTel\agXe`fbYbheVbafg\ghg\baT_bU_\ZTg\baf!
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63
cTg[UeXT^\aZi\XjfXkceXffXWUlg[XFhceX`X6bhegTaW\a:!FX
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`Xaggb__hc&&$"&cbfgfTfcXeg[XeXVeh\g`Xageh_Xf!
4abg[Xe \`cbegTag WXV\f\ba eXaWXeXW Ul g[X 4aW[eT
CeTWXf[;\Z[6bhegcXegT\af gb g[Xjbe^\aZ[bhef Ybejb`Xa!
!F!Ge\iXa\i!Ha\babY
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64
NA
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NA
L C
ON
FE
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NC
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EN
& A
CC
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9be`bfgbYhf_\i\aZ\a_TeZXeV\g\Xf\gf[bh_WVb`XTfabfhece\fXg[Tgjb`XaWbjbe^
Tga\Z[g TaW g[X\e ]bU
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TlfgeXgV[g[XeXfbheVXfbYg[XFgTgXT_\gg_XgbbYTe\YT__jb`Xajbe^\aZ\aa\Z[gf[\YgfTeXcebi\WXWfXVhe\gl!
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65
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NA
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ON
FE
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NC
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EN
& A
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jTZXfgbAXXeT@Tg[heYbeg[XcXe\bWg[Tgf[XjTf\__XZT__l^XcgbhgbYX`c_bl`XagUlg[X6becbeTg\bag[ebhZ[abYTh_gbY[Xef!
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eTg\babej[Xg[Xe`hfgXeeb__X`c_blXXfTeXT_fbXag\g_XWgbg[XUXaXgbYfhV[_XTiX!9beg[Xefgg\`Xg[XFhceX`X6bheg`TWXhfXbYg[Xcebi\f\bafbYg[X@TgXea\gl5XaXg4Vg$,)$eXTWj\g[4eg\V_X$$%TTaWUbYg[X6baiXag\babag[X8_\`\aTg\babYT__9be`fbY7\fVe\`\aTg\baTZT\afgJb`Xa6874J%#gb[b_Wg[Tg`hfgXeeb__X`c_blXXfjXeXT_fbXag\g_XWgb`TgXea\gl_XTiX!
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;BHF
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67
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86BAB@
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NA
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31 AIR 1997 Delhi 175
32 4. Appointment of Judges. (4) In
selecting persons for appointment as
Judges, (b) preference shall be given
to women.
33 4. Juvenile Justice Board.- (2) A
Board shall consist of a Metropolitan
Magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate of
the rst class, as the case may be, and
two social workers of whom at least one
shall be a woman, 29. Child Welfare
Committee. (2) The Committee shall
consist of a Chairperson and four other
members as the State Government may
think t to appoint, of whom at least one
shall be a woman
34 AIR 1987 Kerala 167
35 1993 Supp (4) SCC 439
g[TgTebfXjTfTUbhgj[b\fT WXfXegXWjb`Ta!
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69
36 (1996) 2 SCC 384
37 (2004) 5 SCC 518
38 228-A. Disclosure of identity of the
victim of certain offences, etc.(1)
Whoever prints or publishes the name
or any matter which may make known
the identity of any person against whom
an offence under Section 376, Section
376-A, Section 376-B, Section 376-C
or Section 376-D is alleged or found to
have been committed (hereafter in this
section referred to as the victim) shall
be punished with imprisonment of either
description for a term which may extend
to two years and shall also be liable to
ne.
39 (2003) 4 SCC 601
FhW[T^TeEXWWli!:big!bY4!C!&(g[XFhceX`X6bheghc[X_Wg[Xcebi\f\ba\ag[X4aW[eTCeTWXf[6bbcXeTg\iXFbV\Xg\Xf4Vg$,)'g[TgXaTU_XWg[XEXZ\fgeTegbab`\aTgXgjbjb`Xagbg[X@Ta
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T_jTlfZ\iXaTcbf\g\iX\agXeceXgTg\bagbg[X_TjfbTfgbUXaXgjb`Xa!
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40 2006 (8) AD (Delhi) 393
41 2006 (6) AD (Delhi) 26
42 (1997) 6 SCC 241
g\`bal g[ebhZ[ T V_bfX V\eVh\gGIbe Yeb`UX[\aW TfVeXXa!
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i\\\!4 eTcX ge\T_ f[bh_W UX VbaWhVgXW \a VT`XeT TaW \gf[bh_W UX
[X_W \a Ta bcXa Vbheg ba_l \a XkVXcg\baT_V\eVh`fgTaVXf!
G[XTUbiX
`Xag\baXWW\eXVg\bafbYg[XFhceX`X6bheg[TiXUXXaYb__bjXWTaWfgeXaZg[XaXWUlg[X7X_[\;\Z[6bheg\aF[XX_T4U\W\i!FgTgX'$!
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43 (1995) 1 SCC 14
44 http://ncw.nic.in/newbillslaws
proposed.htm
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494. Marrying Again During Lifetime of Husband or Wife
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498A. Husband or Relative of Husband of a Woman Subjecting Her
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