I CARPublication No.ICAR/ED(A)/Pub-6/2-2OOO

Academic Regulationsand

Curriculum forUnder Graduate Program

inForestry

Accreditation Board SecreteriatEducation Division

Indian Council of Agricultural Research,Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan, Pusa, New Delhi-110 012.

Academic RegulationsandCurriculum for

Under Graduate Programin

Forestry

Accreditation Board SecreteriatEducation Division

Indian Council of Agricultural Research,Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan, Pusa, New Delhi-110 012.

Publication No. ICAR/Ed.(A)Pub.6/2-2000

PRINTED : NOVEMBER 2001

DIRECTOR (DIPA) : ARVIND CHAKRAVARTY

CHIEF PRODUCTION OFFICER : V K BHARTI

TECHNICAL OFFICER : ASHOK SHASTRI

Published by Shri Arvind Chakravarty, Director, Directorate of Information and Publications ofAgriculture, Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan, Pusa, New Delhi, Laser typeset at M/s. HD ComputerCraft, EA-1/75, Inderpuri Main Market, New Delhi 110012 and Printed at M/s. Power Printers,2/8A, Ansari Road, Daryaganj.New Delhi-110002

Preface

Education plays a key role in human resource development and there-fore, it should be relevant to changing needs of the society. With thenational policies becoming more open and liberalized, the education inrecent days needed re-orentation more thant any time in the past. Keep-ing this in view, the ICAR, which is vested with the responsibilities ofguiding and coordinating agricultural education in the country, tookseveral steps to ensure quality education to meet the new challenges inevery-changing national and global scenario in agriculture and alliedsciences. The first major step in this direction was appointment of Deans'Committee to review and modify the academic regulations and curriculafor different academic programs. The second major step was establish-ment of an Accreditation Board, which among other things is required toperiodically assess curricula of various programs offered by the NationalAgricultural Education System (NAES) and suggest modifications, ifneeded.

The Third Deans' Committee (1995) suggested model academic regula-tions and curricula for different programs. The recommendations of theDeans' Committee were discussed in the annual conference of the Vice-Chancellors of agricultural universities in 1996 and endorsed for imple-mentation, after refinement and completion of all the formalities.

The Education Division conducted series of meetings of faculty deans'wherein threadbare discussions were held on the recommendations ofthe Third Deans' Committee. In these meetings, curricula were givenfine-tuning and academic regulations and other related issues were dis-cussed and finalized. Special emphasis was given to practical training toinclucate skill and confidence among the undergraduates to enable themto meet new challenges. These recommendations were placed before theAccrediation Board which gave its approval.

It is hoped that the effective implementation of the revised curricula willimprove the knowledge and skills of our graduates to meet the presentand future challenges faced by the forestry sector. This publication de-tails the syllabus of undergraduate degree program in forestry. The newcurriculum gives emphasis on some of the emerging areas such as for-estry business management, environmental science and agro-ecology,biotechnology, computer application etc., in addition to forestry workexperience, all aimed at giving strong orientation towards enterpreneurialskills among the forestry graduates.

The guidance and encouragement received from Dr. R.S. Faroda, DG,ICAR and Secretary, DARE, and Chairman of Accreditation Board inrestructuring various curricula including forestry is gratefully acknowl-edged.

We profusely thank Dr S.L. Mehta, former DDG (Edn.) for his supportand guidance in restructuring the entire curriculum and revising/de-veloping the course contents. We also thank Dr J.S. Bhatia, ADG (EPD),for organising the meeting of the faculty dean at UAS, Bangalore andfinalizing the proceedings.

Our thanks are due to Dr G.K. Veeresh, the former Vice-chancellor andDr M.C. Devaih, former dean, who hosted the meeting of faculty deansin 1997 and took keen interest in revising the curriculum. Our specialthanks are due to Dr R. Vasudeva of Forestry College, Sirsi for his helpin compiling the course outlines, based on the approved curr iculum.

We would like to thank all the deans of forestry colleges, who partici-pated in the meeting of the faculty dean at UAS, bangalore and preparedthe curricula along with other details pertaining to undergraduate pro-gram in forestry.

We hope that this document will serve as a guide and help in achievinguniformly high standards of undergraduate education in forestry. TheEducation Division will appreciate comments and suggestions for im-proving and updating the publication in future.

December,2000 M. ChandrashekharaiahNew Delhi N.L. Maurya

CONTENTS

Prc-fiirc

1. Introduction 1

1.1 General1.2 Forestry Sciences

2. Requirement for UG program 4

3. Academic Regulations 6

4. Curriculum 8

4.1 Distribution of Course Credits4.2 Distribution of Courses

5. Course Outlines 14

5.1 Basic Sciences and Humanities 145.2 Agriculture and closely related disciplines 185.3 Forestry Sciences 30

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Course curriculum is the foundation of the education system upon whichknowledge and skills of a student is based. However, it should be rel-evant to changing needs of the society. Hence it is desirable to periodi-cally review and modify the curriculum of every branch of education.The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has been reviewingand recommending curricula changes for various undergraduate andpostgraduate programs in agricultural sciences in the country since fif-ties.

The first major exercise in this regard was made in late 50s by the thenIndian Council of Agricultural Education, which formulated model cur-ricula for different programs in agricultural sciences. After the estab-lishment of the State Agricultural Universities (SAUs), the ICAR has beenmaking periodic exercises for revision of curricula and course outlinesin agricultural education, through Deans' Committees. The first Deans'Committee appointed by the Council submitted its report in 1965. Itprovided detailed guidelines for Under Graduate (U.G.) education inAgriculture, Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, AgriculturalEngineering and Home-Science. It also made suggestions and recom-mendations on post-graduate education.

The Agricultural Universities Review Committee headed by Dr M.S.Randhawa (1977) suggested the constitution of Second Deans' Commit-tee. This Committee headed by Dr N.K. Anant Rao submitted its reportin 1981, giving its recommendations for curricula revision in Agricul-ture, Veterinary and Animal Science, Agricultural Engineering, HomeScience, and basic Science and Humanities. Most of the recommenda-tions of the Committee were accepted and implemented by the SAUs inthe country.

Based on the recommendations made in the Vice-Chancellors' Confer-ence and the Norms and Accrediation Committee of the ICAR, the ThirdDeans' Committee (Committee) headed by Dr Kirti Singh was consti-tuted by the Council vide notification No. 16-2/91-Edn. II dated 11th

April, 1991. The Committee constituted sub-groups in all the major ar-eas of agricultural education under the chairmanship of the members ofthe Committee. The sub-groups organized workshops involving Deansand Senior faculty members from various colleges, who made detailed

study of the existing educational programs in the concerned facultiesand recommended the course structures for different degree programsfor the consideration of the Committee.

The Committee, after considering the views of the sub-groups as well asdiscussions with the Vice-chancellors, Directors of the related Institutes,Deans, faculty members, ICAR officials, persons from industries, pro-gressive farmers, etc. worked out model requirements for differentprogrames, in order to bring out uniformity in the system and curriculaas far as possible. The Committee suggested model academic regulationand curricula, but the course outlines were left to be developed by theconcerned faculties.

The recommendations of the Deans' Committee were discussed in theannual conference of the vice-chancellors of agricultural universities in1996 and endorsed for implementation after refinement and completionof all formalities.

The faculty-wise meetings of Deans were held at different places during1997, wherein academic regulations, curricula, course outlines, infra-structure development, preparation of practical manuals and text books,refresher courses, etc. were discussed at length keeping in view theguideliness provided by the Third Deans' Committee. After careful delib-erations, the academic regulations, curricula and course outlines re-lated to U.G. programs were finalized and circulated in the form of pro-ceedings.

The proceedings of the meetings of the faculty Deans were placed beforethe joint meeting of Deans of all the faculties held on 30 April-1 May1998. After discussion and endorsement on common issues, faculty-wise groups were formed to deliberate on specific issues including normsand standards for under-graduate programs.

The academic regulations and, curricula as fine-tuned after going throughseveral exercises were placed before the third meeting of the Accredita-tion Board (AB or Board) held on 28th September 1998. The Board ap-proved the same.

The outcome of these elaborate exercises regarding academic regula-tions, curricula and course outlines for various under-graduate programsare brought out faculty-wise for wide circulation amongst the educa-tional institutions as a model, here, it may be added that the Third Deans'Committee while suggesting 160 course credits for four years' degreeprogram, made it clear that they had no intention of imposing any rigid-ity on credit requirements, bu the variation to accommodate the localneeds of the university should not be more than 5 credits. Similarly, the

course outlines finilazed and published are only a model and guide tothe universities. Based on local and regional needs, course outlines canbe modified to the maximum extent of 25%, keeping remaining 75% ascommon.

1.2 FORESTRY SCIENCE

The meeting of deans of forestry science was held at the University ofAgricultural Sciences, Bangalore on 18-19 November, 1997. The meet-ing was attended by several deans/heads of departments/ssenior fac-ulty members from Forestry Science. The Deputy Director General (Edn.)Dr S.L. Mehta, and Assistant Director General (EPD), Dr J.S. Bhatiaalso attended the meeting. The members deliberated for two days andfinalized the course curricula, and also broad course outlines, However,detailed course outlines could not be developed. The University of Agri-cultural Sciences, Dharwad was requested to compile course outlines,based on the curriculum and broad course outlines developed at facultydeans' meetings. Under the leadership of Dr M. Chandrashkhaiah, Di-rector of Instruction, College of Forestry, Sirsi, the detailed course out-lines were developed, based on the syllabi of several agricultural univer-sities/institutions in India and abroad. The final curriculum and courseoutlines, which emerged from these exercises are presented in the fol-lowing sections.

2. Requirement for Under-Graduate Program

The Indian sub-continent was blessed with biotically rich and diverseforests and has a great variety of wild fauna. The faulty managementpractices and organisational bottlenecks led to degradation of rich di-verse fodrests alarmingly especially in the post independent period. Fur-ther, the growing demands on forests for agriculture and grazing and forforest based products, like the wood, fuel and fodder, have acceleratedthe rate of degradation, erosion of forest soil and biological diversity.India, thus, today is left with much less forest cover than the stipulateminimum cover of 33% of the total geographical area, as suggested inNational Forest Policy, 1988. Such massive degradation of forest coveerand forest land have affected adversely the symbiotic relationship be-tween forest and tribals, in particular, and generated huge gap betweensupply and demand of human needs, in general, massive deforestationhas also resulted in release of carbon in the atmosphere and loss of richgenie species and ecosystem bio-diversity.

The forest land are a source of multiple resources. It has now beenrealiszed that the forests can not be managed by one sector alone. Theknowledge and participation of various forest dependent sectors and thepeople inhabiting in and around forest area is of utmots importance.Such realization can be achieved only be understanding changes in theforestry scenario and finally developing appropriate educational programsto address the future challenges in the forestry.

Although scientific forestry programs in India were started during thecolonial period in 1864, only limited progress could be achieved in de-veloping forestry education. Forestry was introduced in agriculturaluniversities only early 1980s. It integrates basic sciences, humanities,agricultural sciences and forestry sciences including forestry engineer-ing.

There are 11 under-graduate forestry colleges/programs in agruculturaluniversities. A few general universities also offer undergraduate pro-gram. There has been wide variation in curriculum from university touniversity. The course credits have varied from 140-180 with large vari-ation in credit distribution among different disciplines. Some Institu-tions provided flexibility of electives to suit the aptitude and preferenceof students, but many others offered all compulsory courses. With allthese, many important and emerging areas were not included or cover-age was inadequate.

With the advancement of technology related with forestry developmentand management, forestry graduates need to be equipped with neces-sary knowledge and skill for developing new forest areas, regeneratingthe degraded forests, conserving the existing forests, value addition andprocessing of forest products and by products including their storageand marketing. The forestry and agriculture should be complementaryto each other rather than adversary. Thus, the concept of agroforestry,social forestry etc. are to be given due emphasis.

Fore forestry curriculum, a judicious blend of core courses in basic sci-ences and humanities, agricultural sciences and forestry sciences in-cluding forestry engineering is considered as a prime requirement. Inte-grated pest and disease management, mechanization of forest opera-tion, farming systems, bee-keeping, environment and forest ecology, for-estry business management, international trade and computer applica-tions are some of the new and emerging areas, which should be empha-sized. Work experience/hands-on training in forestry related programsfor a semester is considered essential to give student skill and confi-dence in tackling forestry problems in future. All these requirementshave been included in the present cirriculum with a view to producebetter forestry graduates.

3. Academic Regulations

3.1 ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENT FOR ADMISSION

To be eligible, a candidate must have passed 10+2 Science examinationwith PCB or PCM or PCMB. The students may be required to take reme-dial courses as prescribed by the concerned universities.

3.2 SEMESTER PERIOD

There should be clear 95 instructional days with additional 15 days forexamination. Thus a semester will consist of 110 working days.

3.3 COURSE CREDITS

One credit is defined as one-hour lecture or minimum of two hours lab/field work per weed. Thus, in a semester, a minimum of 16 contact hoursfor theory and 32 contact hours for practical/tutorial work per credit isrequired.

3.4 COURSE CURRICULUM

Regional language, may be a non-credit additional courses, wherevernecessary. However, NCC/NSS/Physical education should be a creditcourse with 0+1 credit. The minimum credit requirement for an under-graduate degree must be 161 credits including forestry work experienceand NCC/NSS/Physical education.

3.5 FORESTRY WORK EXPERIENCE

There will be a compulsory one semester forestry work experience pro-grams with 20 credits to give first hand work experience to the would begraduates.

3.6 EXAMINATION SYSTEM

The examination system will be a combination of 50% internal and 50%external components.

3.7 GRADING

All universities would adopt 10 point grading with a minimum Average

Grade Point (AGP) of 5.00 for passing a subject and an Overall GradePoint Average (OGPA) of 5.50 for completing the degree program.

4. Curriculum

As recommended by the Third Deans' Committee and endorsed by allthe concerned including Accreditation Board, the Total courses creditsare 161, with semester credits varying from 19-21, as detailed in follow-ing sub-sections.

4.1 DISTRIBUTION OF COURSE CREDITS

A. Discipline-wiseSI. No.

1.

2.

Discipline

Basic Sciences and Humanities

Agriculture and colsely related

CourseCredits(Nos.)

20

44

Weigh tage%

12.42

27.33disciplines

B

3. Forestry

Total

. Semester-wise

Semester

I

II

III

VI

Sciences

Credits

21

21

19

20

97

161

Semester

V

VI

VII

VIII

60.25

100.00

Credits

20

20

20

20

4.2 DISTRIBUTION OF COURSES

A. Discipline-wise1. Basic Sciences & HumanitiesStructural and Spoken EnglishIntroductory Economics (2+0)=2

Basic mathematics (2+0)=2Computer Science (2+l)=3Elementary Statistics (2+l)=3Plant Bio-Chemistry (2+l)=3Agro Meteorology (1 + 1)=2Forest Tribology & Anthropology (2+0)=2Physical Education/NCC/NSS (0+1)=1

Total (14+6)=20 20

2) Agriculture and closely related courses

(1) Agricultural EngineeringPrinciples of Hydrology, WaterConservation and Watershed management (2+l)=3 03

(2) Agricultural EntomologySericulture, Apiculture and Lac culture (2+l)=03 03

(3) Agricultural Extension EducationExtension Education and Communications (2+l)=3 03Method

(4) Agricultural MicrobiologySoil Microbiology (2+l)=3 03

(5) Crop PhysiologyPrinciples of Plant Physiology (2+l)=3 03

(6) Genetics and Plant BreedingElements of Genetics (2+l)=3 03

(7) HorticultureMedicinal & Aromatic Crops (2+l)=03 03

(8) BiotechnologyBiotechnology (2+l)=3 03

(9) Environmental ScienceEnvironmental Science (2+0)=2 02

(10) Soil Science and Agricultural ChemistryGeology and Soil Science (2+l)=3Fertility of Forest Soils & Nutrient Management (2+l)=3

Problematic Soils & Wasteland Management (2+l)=3Soil Survey, Land use & Remote Sensing (2+l)=3 12

(11) Wildlife and Range land ManagementFundamentals of Wildlife 2+1Wildlife and Rangeland Management 2+1 06

Total (30+14) - 44 44

3) Forestry Sciences

(1) AgroforestryPlantation Forestry (2+l)=3Social and Agroforestry (2+l)=3 06

(2) Forest BiologyDendrology (3+l)=4World Forestry Systems (2+0)=2Tree Physiology (2+l)=3Forest Ecology and Biodiversity (2+l)=3Tree Seed Technology (2+l)=3Principles of Tree breeding & Improvement (2+l)=3Ethnobotany (2+l)=3 21

(3) Forest EngineeringSurvey, Mapping & Land Development (2+1J-3Forest Mensuration (2+l)=3 06

(4) Forest ManagementForest Management Policy & Legislation (2+l)=3Marketing & Trade of Forest Produce (2+1)=3 06

(5) Forest ProtectionForest Protection (2+l)=3Forest Pathology (2+l)=3Forest Entomology and nematology (2+l)=3 09

(6) Forest UtilizationWood Anatomy (2+l)=3Wood Science & Technology (2+1 )=3Logging & Ergonomics (2+l)=3Wood Products & Utilization (2+l)=3Utilization of Non-timber Forest Products (2+l)=3 15

(7) SilviculturePrinciples of Silviculture (2+1)=3Practices of Silviculture (2+1)=3Silviculture of Trees & Shrubs (2+1)=3Experimental Techniques in Forestry (2+l)=3Silvicultural systems (2+0)=2 14

(8) Work Experience in Forestry ProgramWork Experience in Forestry (0+20)=20 20

Total (53+44)=97 97

Grand Total (Credit hrs.) (97+64)=161 161

Percentage (60.35+39.75)=100.00

B. Semester-wise

Semester IStructural and spoken English 1 + 1=2Basic Mathematics 2+0=2Introductory Economics 2+0=2Elements of Genetics 2+1=3Principle of Plant Physiology 2+1=3Geology and Soil Science 2+1=3Agrometeorology 1 + 1=2Plant Biochemistry 2+1=3Physical Education/NCC/NSS 0+1 = 1

14+7 = 21

Semester IISoil Survey, Landuse and Remote Sensing 2+1=3Principle of Tree Breeding and ImprovementMethods 2+1=3Tree Physiology 2+1=3Elementary Statistics 2+1=3Soil Microbiology 2+1=3Principles of Hydrology, Water Conservation andWatershed Management 2+1=3Forest Ecology and Biodiversity 2+1=3

14+7 = 21

Semester IIIFertility of Forest Soil and Nutrient Management 2+1=3Biotechnology 2+1=3Forest Engineering (Survey, mapping & 2+1=3land development)Dendrology 3+1=4Principles of Silviculture 2+1=3Computer Science 2+1=3

13+6 = 19

Semester IVForest PathologyForest Entomology and NematologyPractices of SilvicultureTree Seed TechnologyForest Tribology and AnthropologyMedicinal and Aromatic PlantsForest Mensuration

2+1=32+1=32+1=32+1=32+0=22+1=32+1=3

14+6 = 20

Semester VFundamental of Wild Life 2+1=3Silviculture Systems 2+0=2Silviculture of Trees and Shrubs 2+1 =3Enthnobotany 2+1=3Wood Anatomy 2+1=3Fore st Protection 2+1=3Problematic Soil and Wasteland Management 2+1=3

14+6=20

Semester VISocial and Agroforestry 2+1=3Forest Management Policy and Legislation 2+1=3Logging and Ergonomics 2+1=3Wood Products and Utilisation 2+1=3Plantation Forestry 2+1=3Marketing and Trade of Forest Produce 2+1=3World Forestry System 2+0=2

14+6 = 20

Semester VIIExtension Education and CommunicationMethodEnvironmental ScienceSericulture, Apiculture and Lac CultureExperimental Techniques in ForestryUtilization of Non-Timber ProductsWood Science and TechnologyWild Life and Range land Management

Semester VIIIWork Experience in Forestry

Grand Total Credit hrs.

Per centage

2+1=3

2+0=22+1=32+1=32+1=32+1=32+1=3

14+6 = 20

0+20 = 20

(97+64) = 161

(60.25+39.75) = 100

5. Course Outlines

5.1 BASIC SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

5.1.1 Structural and Spoken English (1+1)Tenses-General introduction to tenses-the concept of three tenses -present, past & future - Usage of tenses in different contexts - regularand irregular versb - sequence of tenses - conjugation.

The Passive Voice - the concept of active and passive form - Transitiveand intransitive verbs - The usage of passive voice and its importance -conversion of active voice form into passive voice form and vice-versa.

Reported speech - The indirect speech and its importance in report writ-ing. Prepositions - The essentiality and the use of prepositions-Detaileddiscussion of prepositions in common usage. Common Grammatical er-rors.

Introduction to different types of writings - descriptive, narrative andtechnical writing. Spoken English - Introduction to spoken English -Importance of Spoken English - Introduction to sounds - Vowels, conso-nants and dipthongs - Intonation and its importance in Spoken English.

Chief fields of Journalism - News desk - News Selection and editing -Headlines and lay-out. The art of reporting and its importance in jour-nalism.

PracticalExercises in tenses - conjugation, sequence, regular and irregular verbs- voice - transitive and intransitive verbs, passive form in all tenses -reported speech - prepositions - precise writing - sounds of English lan-guage - vowels, consonants and diphthongs. Listening to sounds andspoken English exercises with different intonation patterns - journalismand reporting - exercises in technical writing.

5.1.2. Introductory Economics (2+0)Introduction to economics - nature, scope and significance of econom-ics. Basic concepts in economics - wants, utility value, price goods andservices, wealth and welfare methods of economics investigation.

Consumption - meaning of consumption, characteristics and classifica-tion of wants Eagle's law of consumption, Law of Diminishing marginalutility, Law of Equi-marginal utility, Consumers surplus. Demand-Law

of demand, Elasticity of demand, Supply - Law of supply, elasticity ofsupply, Determination of equilibrium price, types of markets.

Production - meaning of factors of production, Land meaning and itscharacterstics, Efficiency of labour division of labour and specialization- theories of population. Capital - meaning and its classification - capitalformation, Organization - functions of an enterpreneur.

Laws of Returns - different concepts of costs. Cost of production, differ-ent concepts of costs and revenues, equilbrium of the firm economics ofscale.

Exchange : barter and money, definition, types and functions of money.Value of money, inflation and deflation.

Distribution : marginal productivity theory of distribution, theories ofRent, Wages interest and Profit. Tent-recardian theory of Rent. Quasi-rent. Wages-nomina, real; and minimum wages. Interest - Gross andnet interest. Liquidity preference theory of interest. Profit - Gross andnet profit.

Business organization - sole propertietorship - partnership, jointstockcompany, co-operative, state enterprise.

Public Finance - meaning and sources of public finance, public expendi-ture, types of taxes, Cannons of taxation, budget of deficit financing.

5.1.3. Basic Mathematics 2+0Theory of indices, Logarithms, Exponential functions; algebraic equa-tions and their solutions linear and quadratic; concepts of permutationsand combination Matrices ad determinants, inverse of a matrix, appli-cations of matrices and determinants. Concepts of continuity and differ-entiation of functions of single independent variable. Definition and Dif-ferentiation of Hyperbolic, Inverse Hyperbolic and Inverse Trigonometricfunctions. Successive Differentiation, Leibnitz's Theorem, Maxime,Mnime, Point of Inflex-ion, Applications to problems in Economics andForestry. Mean value theorems and applications. Functions of more thanone variable, partial differentiation. Euler's Theorem for homogeneousfunctions. Higher order and mixed derivatives, Total differential, appli-cations. Implicit and parametric differentiation.

Methods of integration, Integration of rational functions using partialfrections, Definite integrals, Reduction formulae applications to find theareas, volumes, length of area of a curve, surface area of revolution.

Approximate integration, General Quadrature formulae, Simpsons 1/3

rule. Simpsons 4/3 rule. Applications to find the areas of irregular fig-ures.

5.1.4. Computer Science (2+1)Number System - Decimal. Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal number Sys-tems. Introduction to the General Purpose Computer Systems - Input,Output Devices, CPU, RAM, Peripheral devices and Storage devices. Dif-ferent types of Computer systems - Multi user, Local Area Networks,Wide Area Networks, Internet. Computer Hardware and Software. MSDOS and Windows operating systems. Problem solving procedures, flowcharts.

Computer languages, compilers and interpreters. Introduction to Basiclanguage - Language Symbol set, variables, constants, arithmetic, rela-tional and logical operations, Arithemetic, relational and logical expres-sions. Arithmetic Statements. Input and Output Statements, Simpleprograms in Basic. Flow of control statements. Subscripted variables,Processing of one and two dimensional arrays. Computations of somestatistical measures on arrays and tables. Matrix operations. Functionsand Subroutines. Writing simple application software in agriculture.

PracticalDemonstration of working of the computer system, MS-DOS, MS-Win-dows commands and utilities, basic programmes involving I/O state-ments. Programmes using Looping statements and branching statements,subscripted variables Arrays and table processing, functions, subrou-tines. Writing sample software for agricultural problems.

5.1.5. Elementary Statistics (2+1)Assignable and chance courses, population and sample data and ran-dom variable. Frequency distributions, relative frequency distributionsand probability distributions. Parameters and statistics. Importance ofmean and variance as centre of gravity and moment of Inertia of data.Bionomial, Poisson and Normal distributions. Importance of Normal dis-tribution as error distribution and probability distribution.

Sampling distribution of mean, variance and ratio of variances - Chi-square, F and 't' distributions. Principles of testing of hypothesis andtests pertaining to parameters of one or two normal distributions - Chi-square test of goodness of fit and independence of attributes. Analysis ofvariance technique. Testing of hypothesis pertaining to parameters ofmore than two normal populations.

Completely Randomized Design, Randomized Complete Block Design,and Latin Square Design - under fixed, random and mixed effect models.

Factorial Experiments and split plot design. Simple correlation and re-gression.

PracticalRandom sampling, Frequency distributions. Mean and Variance of data.Sampling distribution of Mean and Variances. Sampling distribution ofratio of variances. Fitting of distributions. Tests of Independence of at-tributes. Tests of Mean and Variance and ratio of variances of two nor-mal populations. Simple aspects of CRD, RCBD, LSD and split-plot de-signs. Simple Correlation and Regression.

5.1.6 Plant Biochemistry (1+1)Chemistry of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, proteins, nucleic ac-ids, alkaloids and phenolics. Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Hexosemonophosphate shunt pathway, photosynthesis, glyoxylate cycle, pro-tein biosynthesis, nucleic acid biosynthesis.

Enzymes and coenzymes. Biological oxidation, Electron transport chainand oxidative phosphorylation. Biological nitrogen fixation. Mineral me-tabolism.

PracticalQualitative tests for carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, proteins andnucleic acids. Quantitative estimation of reducing and total sugars, freephenols, orthodihydroxy phenols, tannins and soluble proteins by FCRand burette methods and crude protein by micro-kjeldhal's method.Titrimetric estimation of sponification and iodine numbers, organic ac-ids and ascorbic acid.

5.1.7. Agro Meteorology (1+1)Weather and climate, branches of meteorology.

Layers of atmosphere, Insolation, Solar constant, Sunspot cycle. Air tem-perature Profiles, energy transformation, stability, instability. Atmos-pheric pressure, isobars, global pressure and wind belts, cyclones andanticyclones. Atmospheric moisture, evaporation and condensation.Clouds and their classification, precipitation types, artificial rain mak-ing, precipitation characteristics - long time and short time. Hydrologiccycle. Summer and winter monsoon. Geographical distribution of rain-fall in India and Karnataka. Cycles in precipitation. Weather forecast-ing, satellite meteorology, conventional method. Agricultural meteorol-ogy, agroclimatic classification. Ozone hole and global warming, climaticchange.

PracticalThe principles and use of important meteorological instruments used in

recording weather elements. Plotting and drawing isolines of rainfall,pressure etc., in Karantaka.

5.1.8. Forest Tribology and Anthropology (2+0)Contents are listed under the Department of Forest Management

5.1.9. Physical Education /NSS/NCC (0+1)Physical Education

Meaning of Physical Education, scope and importance. Foundation ofPhysical Education: Sociological, Psychological and Physiological. Tour-naments and competition: Definition, Types of Tournaments: Single knock- out and consolation, League, combination, challenge or perpetual leaderand pyrami. Physical fitness and Health Education. Construction andlaying out of the track and field, Olympics, Asian and Common Wealthand national games etc. Yoga and Asanas. Rules of various games: Foot-ball, Basketball, Kabaddi, Badminton, Table Tennis, Asanas etc. In ad-dition, other suitable games for girls like Tennikoit, Throw balls etc.should be arranged.

National Social Service (NSS)The course aims at evoking social consciousness among students throughvarious activities, viz. working together, constructive and creative socialwork, increasing knowledge about self and community, contribution insolving social problems, to be skillful in executing democratic leader-ship, developing skill in program formulation for self employment, re-ducing gap between educated and uneducated, arousing desire to helpweaker sections of society.

Activities will include improvement in environment, health, family wel-fare, nutrition status, social status of women etc. The students will alsobe involved in program like social service, production oriented programs,emergencies and disaster management, education and culture.

National Credit Corps (NCC)Wherever boys/girls battalions are existing or can be established, inter-ested boys/girls will undergo NCC training as per the all India pattern ofNCC Directorate.

5.2 AGRICULTURAL AND CLOSELY RELATED DISCIPLINES

5.2.1. Agricultural EngineeringPrinciples of Hydrology, Water Conservation and WatershedManagement (2+1)

Introduction, Hydrological cycle, Rainfall-runoff process, infiltration,water holding capacity of soils, free water, field capacity, capillary water,

hygroscopic water, ground water, evaporation & transpiration, runoffand factors affecting runoff, soil erosion, types of soil erosion, factorsaffecting soil erosion, Aquifers, its types, hydraulics of well.

Watershed: definition, delineation of watersheds, watershed manage-ment, its objectives, component, pre-requisites for soil & water conser-vation measures. Estimating soil loss, Universal soil loss equation, meth-ods of soil conservations soil conservation structures, contour bunding,graded bunding, broad base terraces, bench terraces, waterways, meth-ods of land levelling, its cost estimation.

Irrigation: Water application methods, borderstrips, checkbasin, sprin-kler & drip system. Drainage, types of drainage systems, streamflow,stream gauging, floods & its control measures. Sedimentation,hydrographs, water harvesting structures.

PracticalStudy of hydrological equipment, measurement and analysis of rainfalldata, measurement of irrigation water by various methods, estimationof runoff. Measurement of evaporation from evaporimeter, infiltrationtest on barren soil and forest soil with vegetation. Demarcation of water-shed, Design and Drawing of different soil & water conservation struc-tures. Study of surface and subsurface drains. Study of drip and sprin-kler irrigation systems. Visit to watershed area.

5.2.2. Agricultural EntomologySericulture, Apiculture and Lac culture (2+1)Economic importance of insects and beneficial insects - predators, in-sect pathogens parasitoids, Insect pathogens, pollinators, weed killersand scavengers.

Sericulture: History and development of sericulture in the world and inIndia; scope and importance. Importance and cultivation practices ofmulberry. Environment for silkworm rearing. Morphology and biology ofcultivated silkworms. Rearing techniques for Mulberry, Tasar, Eri andMuga silkworms. Marketing and reeling of cocoons.

Apiculture: Importance, history and development of bee keeping. Spe-cies of honey bees and their distribution. Biology and behaviour of honeybees. Bee pasturage. Communication in bees. Natural enemies of honeybees and their management. Starting of bee keeping - precautions, ob-taining bees, inspection of colony and management of bees. Productsand by-products of Apiculture and their uses.

Lac Culture: Biology and behaviour of lac insect, host plants, lac culti-vation, natural enemies of lac insect, manufacture of shellac and itsuses.

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PracticalStudy of insect predators, parasitoids, pathogens pollinators, weed kill-ers and scavengers. Study of host plants of mulberry and non-mulberrysilkworms; external morphology, anatomy and life stages of mulberrysilkworm. Preparing rearing house and rearing equipment for silkworm.Improved rearing techniques for mulberry silkworms. Study of life stagesand rearing techniques for non-mulberry silkworms; grainage techniquesfor mulberry and non-mulberry silkworms; natural enemies of silkworms;defective cocoons and silk reeling techniques. Economics of sericulture.Study of external morphology and different species of honey bees; beekeeping appliances and natural enemies of honey bees; life history of lacinsect and their natural enemies; lac products. Visit to cocoon market,grainage, silk reeling unit and Apiary. Field visits to collect insects.

Note: Each student has to collect twenty five different productive andbeneficial insects and take up rearing of productive insects.

5.2.3, Agricultural Extension EducationExtension Education and Communication Methods (2+1)Extension Education - meaning, definition, objectives, principles, phi-losophy and characterstics. Types of education - formal, informal, non-formal and distance education. History of extension education. Earlyefforts in extension education and txtension services in some selectedcountries. Extension programmes of ICAR, Agricultural Universities andDepartment of Agriculture and Department of Forestry. Approach to for-est extension. Major elements involved in forest extension. The processand principles of forest extension. Rural Development: meaning, defini-tion and objectives. Role of forest extension in rural development. JFPMits role in forest management. Target oriented rural development pro-grammes IRDP, CADA, TRYSEM, JRY, SFDA and MFAL.

Communication - meaning, definition and elements of communication.Basic models of communication. Extension teaching - steps in teachingand principles of teaching. Extension methods - meaning & Classifica-tion according to form & use. Study of important individual extensionmethods. Planning and use of teaching methods. Factors influencingthe selection and use of extension methods.

Audio-visual-aids-meaning, classification and importance of A.V. aidsin forestry extension. Study of poster, chart, graph, flash card, flannelgraph, chalk board, bulletin board etc., Factors influencing the selec-tion & use of A.V. aids.

Management and administration: meaning, definition and differences.Principles and function of management, Voluntary organisation and theirrole in forest and rural development. Human Resource Development

(HRD). Role of extension education in H.R.D. Peoples' participation inforest and rural development-definition and importance. Motivation forpeoples' participation in forestry programs.

PracticalStudy of organisational structure and functions of the Department offorestry Karanataka State. Visits to - Dept. of Forestry, to Directorate ofExtension, UAS, Dharwad; to taluka panchayat; to an voluntary organi-sation (NGO). Discussion with foresters at village level. Discussion inthe class on the extension programmes and approaches followed byGovernment and Voluntary Organisation (NGO). Visit to a training insti-tute /KVK.

Distortion of information in the communication process. Lettering prin-ciples, colouring and drawing techniques. Planning and preparation ofA-V aids on latest recommended forest technologies.

Developing a schedule to collect information from farmers/beneficiariesabout ongoing development programs. Visit to villages to study the pro-grams implemented by the department of forestry. Class room discus-sions about the forestry programs and identifying the extension gap/problems.

5.2.4. Agricultural MicrobiologySoil Micorbiology 2+1Soil environment, ecological conditions in soil organisms-Bacteria,Actinomycetes, Fungi, Algae, Protozoas and Viruses. Transformation insoil-carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur and other mineral trans-formations. Interactions. Interactions and relationship of soil organismsand biological equiligrium, rhizosphere, symbiois, parasitism, antibiosis,succession and climax communities and predation soil enzymes andsoil biochemicals. Study of representative soil organisms and their ac-tivities.

PracticalEnumeration of different kinds of microorganisms in the soil. Study ofRhizobium x Legume association, nodulation and isolation of Rhizobium.Study of Ecto and Endomycorrhiza. Decomposition of leaf litter - studyof Microorganisms involved in nutrient cycling, mushroom cultivation.

5.2.5. Crop PhysiologyPrinciples of Plant Physiology (2+1)Definition - its significance and utility. Plant-water relations. Plant andenvironmental factors affecting absorption and translocation of water.Role of stomata, factors affecting stomatal conductance, use of anti-transpirants; drought and its effects on crop growth and yield. Physi-

ological aspects of micro and macro nutrients and mechanisms of nutri-ent uptake. Carbon metabolism in plants. Significance of C3, C4 andCAM photosynthesis and their relationship with crop productivity. Roleof enzymes in plant metabolism. Nitrogen metabolism and crop produc-tivity.

Plant growth substances: Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene,ABA and other phenolic compounds and physiological significance. Res-piration and its path ways. Concept of morphogenesis. Photoperiodism,phytochrome, seed viability and dormancy. Factors affectingphotoperiodicity in plants. Herbicides : mode of action. Post harvestphysiology.

PracticalStandard solutions: Preparation and calculation. Studies on membrancepermeability Absorption and translocation of water. Stomata-types andcharacters in different tree species and their behaviour. Distribution ofstomata and measurements of stomatal conductance. Measurement oftranspiration in different tre species. Measurement of transpiration us-ing steady state Porometer/Lysimeter under field conditions. Plant wa-ter stress and its measurement. Impact of water stress on physiologicalprocesses. Principles of nutrient solutions and their preparations. Stud-ies on various deficiency symptoms of nutrients in plants. Estimation ofphotosynthetic pigments. Anatomy of C3, C4 and CAM plants. Measure-ment of photosynthetic rate using IRGA/photosynthesis system. Dem-onstration of the effect of growth promoters on plants. Demonstration ofthe effect of growth inhibitors on plants. Studies on seed dormancy.Studies on seed viability and seedling vigour.

5.2.6. Genetics and Plant BreedingElements of Genetics (2+1)Brief history of classical and modern concepts of genetics andcytogenetics. Structural basis of heredity: cell, nucleus, chromosomestructure and functions - chromosomal theory of inheritance; cell divi-sion-mitosis, meiosis. Gametogenesis and syngamy in plants and ani-mals. Functional basis of heredity: Mendelian inheritance-Mendel's laws-mono, di and trigenic ratios; modifications of Mendelian inheritance,environment, intra and intergenic interactions, polygenic inheritance.Multiple alleles and complex locus. Linkage, recombination and geneticmapping, sex linkage and sex determination. Non-Mendelian inherit-ance: maternal effects and maternal inheritance.

Chemical basis of heredity: Nucleic acids as genetic material, their struc-ture and function-genetic code, protein synthesis, gene regulation. Vari-ations in heredity: mutation, structural and numberical variations inchromosomes, their genetic and evolutionary consequences with exam-ples from plants and animals.

Plant microscopic techniques: Microscopy, prefixation-fixation-staining-squash and smear techniques; preparation of permanent slides of mi-totic and meiotic stages. Probability and test of significance. Study ofmono, di, trihybrid ratios in segregating populations. Intra and intergenicinteraction, polygenic inheritance. Multiple alleles and complex locus.Linkage and sex linked inheritance. Study of polytene chromosomes ofDrosophila.

5.2.7. HorticultureMedicinal and Aromatic Plants (2+1)Scope, opportunities and constraints for the cultivation and maintenanceof Spices, Medicinal Aromatic plants and Orchids in India.

Importance, origin, distribution, area, production, varieties, climatic andsoil requirements, propagation and nursery techniques, planting andafter care, cultivation practices such as training and pruning, nutri-tional and water requirements, plant protection. Harvesting and process-ing of under mentioned important species. Extraction, use and econom-ics of drugs and essential oils. Therapeutic and pharamaceutical uses ofimportant species.

Spices: Pepper, Cardomum, nutmeg, cinnamom, garcinia, tamarind, allspice, ginger, turmeric, periwinkle.

Medicinal Plants : Periwinkle, Rauvolfia, Dioscorea, isabgol, senna,datura, Ammi majus, Belladonna, cinchona, Pyrethrun and other spe-cies relevant to the local conditions.

Aromatic plants: Citronella grass, khus grass, sweet flag (baje), laven-der, geranium patchouli, bursera, mentha, musk, ocimum and otherspecies relevant to the local conditions.

Orchids: Endangered Medicinal and Aromatic plants and Orchids of In-dia and their conservation.

PracticalSpices and medicinal plants-morphological description, identification,varieties, collection of specimens from natural habitat. Study of nurserytechniques including training and pruning. Harvesting, curing andprocessing techniques. Plant parts used and extraction procedures. Visitto a near by medicinal/aromatic plantation area; nursery; Ayurvedichospitals.

5.2.8 Biotechnology (2+1)Pre-history and the scientific developments in basic sciences leading to

modern biotechnology. Scope and importance of biotecnology in agricul-ture and industry.

Plant tissue culture: The concept of 'cell totipotency' its meaning.Experimentsleading to the demonstration of cell totipotency in plants -continuous root, organ and callus/cell cultures - development of nutri-ent media and growth regulators.

Embryo culture: Mature and immature embryo culture, rescue of abor-tive hybrid embryos, uses of embryo culture in plant improvement,germplasm collection and exchange, Callus and cell.

Cultures: Phase properties, induction of callus/cell cultures, their main-tenance and plant regeneration. Somaclonal and gametoclonal variationin cultured cells and regenerated plantsand their utility. In vivo selec-tion, production of secondary metabolites (compounds of medicinal valuein cell cultures. Anther/pollen culture: characteristics of haploidsporophytes and their uses in plant improvement. Culture of anther/pollen for the production of haploid and doubled haploid plants.

Protoplast culture: Isolation of plant protoplasts, their properties. Cul-ture of protoplasts and their uses; somatic hybrids, cybrids. Organelleand gene transfer using plant protoplasts.

Genetic engineering: Review on genetic material. Central dogma of biol-ogy, dogma processes and their control. Essentials of PAGE and agarosegel electrophoresis. Examples of gene regulation in prokaryotes. Genecloning: requirements of gene cloning-common enzymes used as mo-lecular tools. Cloning vectors; ideal vectors - plasmid, phage and othervectors. Transformation, selection of recombinants and construction ofgenomic libraries. Isolation and cloning coding part of eukaryotic genes- cDNA cloning.

Application of genetic engineering: Genotyping plants and animals. DNAfinger printing and its uses. Disease diagnosis and indexing. Engineeredmicrobes and production of componds of industrial and food value, phos-phate solubilization. Expression of eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes andthe production of insulin, growth harmone, etc.

Transgenics: Transgenic plants and animals - Uses and examples.Biofarming with genetically engineered plants and animals for bioactivecompounds.

PracticalIntroduction to basic skills in plant tissue culturing. Protoplast isola-tion. Electrophoresis, Visits to leading tissue culture laboratories.

5.2.9 Environmental ScienceEnvironmental Science (2+0)Environment- Definition, meaning, components of environment, Defor-estation and its effects on ecosystem. Air, Water, Industrial and landpollution, assessment of these pollution on tree species and animals.

The impact of Man's activity on the natural environment, assessmet ofslash and burn cultivation, encroachment of forests for agriculture, com-mercial exploitation of forest resources, phases of forest destruction.

From ecology to economy - Man's exploitative interaction with nature.Tropical forests and their conservation forest cover, deforestation,desertification, afforestation, social forestry, agroforestry, forest conser-vation through law, reserve forests, world conservation strategies, na-tional conservation strategies. Remote sensing and applications in moni-toring the environment.

PracticalVisits to different industries to assess their effect on pollution, monitor-ing of pollutants in agricultural ecosystems. Assessment of air pollutionon tree species. Effect of industrial effluents on crop plants and treespecies. Compostng of various wastes using organisms. Evaluation ofplant, animal, microbial communities in terrestrial and aquatic environ-ment. Adoptive mechanisms in halophytes, mesophytes, hydrophytesand exrophytes. Studies on vegetation cover and influence over localenvironment, purification of industrial effluents and wastes.

5.2.10 Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry(1) Geology and Soil Science (2+1)

Importance and scope of Soil Science, concept and definition of soil,volme components of a mineral soil. Study of soil forming rocks andminerals, weathering, soil forming factors and processes. Soil profile -horizon differentiation and development. Physical properties of soil viz.texture, structure, PD, BD, porosity specific surface area, Atterberg lim-its, infilration and hydraulic conductivity, soil aggregation and soil tilthetc. Soil water - soil moisture classification, soil moisture constants, soilwater movements, soil moisturerelease characteristics. Soil air - its com-position, means of soil air characterization viz., ODR, Redox potential.Soil temperature and its importance. Soil erosion classification, factorsaffecting erosion and erosion control measures.

Soil colloids - definition, nature and properties of inorgaic and orgaiccolloids, silicate clays - their structure and properties, origin of chargeson soil colloids, caution exchange and anion exchange phenomena inrelation to nutrient availability. Soil reaction - soil pH and its relation tonutrient availability and plant growth.

PracticalIdentification and properties of soil forming rocks and minerals, study ofsoil profile in field, soil sampling and preparation of soil sample for analy-sis, mechanical analysis of soil, determination of BD and PD, determi-nation of soil moisture by gravimetric method, determination of infiltra-tion and hydraulic conductivity, determination of aggregate stability.Determination of soil pH, EC, water sample cations and anions, deter-mination of exchangeable cations and CEC. Visit to watershed.

(2) Fertility of Forest Soils and Nutrient Management (2+1)Introduction: Forest soils Vs cultivations soils; Develoment of soil profilesunder different forest ecocystems; Essential nutrients of plants-criteriaof essentiality and classification. Macro and micro nutrients,theirfunctions and diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies - visual symptoms,plant tissue analysis, soil tests etc. Humus: Importance of humus; clas-sification, chemical and biological properties of humus. Nutrient cyclingin forest soils. Geochemicals and biological nutrient cycling - gains andlosses of nutrient elements - nutrient retention and distribution.

Fertilizers: Classification and properties of important nitrogenous, phos-phatic and potassic fertilizers, carriers of secondary and micronutrients,behaviour of fertilizers in soil, method and time of application fertilizeruse efficiency in forest soils. Integrated Nutrient Management concept.

PracticalStudy of forest soil profiles. Collection and preparation of soil samples.Determination of pH and EC. Determination of organic carbon content,N content, available K content of forest soils. Plant analysis for nutrientcontents. Qualitative tests for fertilizers.

(3) Problematic Soils and Wasteland Management (2+1)Introduction, definition, status and extent of non-arable land. Classifi-cation of prolematic soils. Acid soils - nature and sources of acidity,harmful effects of soil acidity on nutrient availability and plant growth,buffering capacity of soils and its significance, ameleoration of acid soils,liming and liming materials. Chemistry of acid sulphate soils and Ghaznilands - thei chemistry and management.

Salt affected soils - classification, formation and properties of salt af-fected soils. Reclamation of salt affected soils - salt balance, chemicalamendments for alkali soils, Leaching requirement and other manage-ment practices. Classification of Waste lands, marshy and swampy lands,rocky hills, rocky plains, fnurrammy soils, sandy soils. Sites with super-ficial impervious hard pa. Eroded ravines and gullies. Degraded forestlands, various techniques of afforestation of waste land. Trees speciessuitable for different types of waste lands. Afforestation and reclamation

of mined sites in open area and in forests.

Stabilization of tailing dumps and prevention of dust pollution. Cultiva-ble waste lands and their afforestation measures. Non-cultivable waste-lands and afforestation remedies.

PracticalStudy of profiles in problematic soils, Active acidity and potential acid-ity, Lime requirement, characterization of salt affected soils, leachingrequirement, Gypsum requirement. Study of tree species suitable fordifferent waste lands. Exercises on skeletal soils and their afforestation.Study of cultivable and non-cultivable waste lands, ravines etc.

(4) Soil Survey, Land Use and Remote Sensing (2+1)Scope and objectives of soil survey, types of soil survey, Reconaissanceand detail soil surveys. Land evaluation concepts. Land capability andsuitability classification, Land suitability evaluation for different forestspecies.

Scope and objectives of forest survey, forest sampling methods, perma-nent sample plots, sample size allocation models.

Aerial photography and remote sensing - definition, principles, scope,merits and their interpretation.

Use of remote sensing in forestry: Status monitoring, fire, vegetation coverclassification and mapping, species identification, height and volumeestimation.

Identification of tree species and their forms, stand delineation and for-est protection, Interpretation of land forms and soils, use of micro levelsurvey of farm forests, large scale photos in forest inventory, regenera-tion mapping; sitre selection.

Imagery and image analysis: Visual interpretation of fees and digital imageanalysis with the assistance of computers. Introduction to GeographicInformation systems. Computer softwares used in GIS.

PracticalStudy of base maps - Cadestral maps and Toposheets of different scale.Study of aerial photographic-texture and tonal differentiation. Study ofsoil maps on different scales and mapping units. Visit to permanentsampling plots. Exercises on light - Spectral characters, Study ofequipments used in aerial photography, Case studies - Aerial photogra-phy application in forestry atellite imagery application in forestry, geo-

graphic information system applications in forestry, Computer softwareused in GIS.

5.2.11 Wild life and Rangeland Management(1) Fundamentals of Wild-life (2+1)

Introduction. Definition of wildlife, free-living, captive, domesticated andferal animals/cultivated plants. Justifications for wildlife conservation :uses, values and negative impacts of wildlife.

Brief and broad overview of classification of organisms : Microbes, Plants,invertebrates and lower vertebrates till division or phylum level withcharacters, examples, and abundance of their species in India and world.

Zoogeographic regions and biomes of the world. Notable characteristicwildlife in different biomes vis a vis zoogeographic regions of the world.

India's uniqueness in biodiversity; reasons. Biology, ecology and distri-bution of Indian wildlife : Indian fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds andmammals. Their evolutionary relations on time scale. Their classifica-tion till order or families with mention of notable genera and species,their biology and distinct features, a broad overview of their distributionin India and adjacent regions, and environmental factors determiningtheir distribution. Biogeographic classification of India; Notable charac-teristic wildlife in these biogeographic zones.

Biological basis of wildlife management. Basic requirements of wildlife-food, water, cover and space. Limiting factors. Habitat interpersion, edgeeffect, Management relevance.

Wildlife behaviour: Food habits. Territory, homerange, communication.Mating systems, breeding behaviour, litter and clutch size. Evolutionaryand behavioural adaptations to environment : prey-predator strategies,aestivation, hibernation, diapause, camouflage, mimicry etc. Migrationand dispersal. Density related behaviour. Habitat use. Time activitybudget. Management relevance.

Wildlife ecology: Relevance of basic ecological concepts such as foodchain,foodweb, ecological pyramids, habitat, niche, carrying capacity, density,r and k selection, wildlife-vegetation relations in space and sucession,biotic potential and environmental resistance, prey-predator relations,population dynamics (stable and cyclic), theory of island biogeographyetc. in wildlife management and conservation.

PracticalIdentification and study of wildlife in zoo/captivity. Bird watching : useof field guides and binoculars : preparing check lists. Field study and

identification of wildlife in different habits; successional relations: pre-paring checklists. Mapping biogeographic classification and character-istic wildlife in India. Mapping biogeographic classification and charac-teristic wildlife in India. Studying wildlife behaviour and adaptations infield.

(2) Wildlife and Rangeland Management (2+1)Hisatory of wildlife management and conservation in India; Culturalbackground.

Wildlife utilization : Optimum use, ranching and farming, surplus, har-vesting, Control of wildlife populations, culling, Taxidermy.

Wildlife census: purpose, principles, practices and tools. Inventoryingand monitoring habitat conditions - purpose and techniques. Provisionof water, saltlicks and food.

Wildlife damage control: Mitigating human-wildlife conflicts - fences,trenches, walls, lure crops, repellents, translocation, compensation, edu-cation and extension.

Caputre: purpose and planning - trapping, netting, chemical captureetc. Telemetry: purpose, equipments and techniques. Marking and tag-ging. Individual identification. Healthcare: common diseases, prophy-lactic measures.

Captive wildlife: Rules and regulations. Zoos and safari parks. Valuesand utilities. Captive breeding for conservation. Central Zoo Authority.

Causes for extinction of wildlife: remote and recent. Rare, Endangeredand threatened biota of India; distribution, status and causes of threat.Endangered wildlife of the world.

Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Salient features. Protected Areas - Na-tional Park, Wildlife Sanctuary, Closed Areas. Schedules. Special projectsfor wildlife conservation : Project Tiger, Project Elephant and others.Introduction and reintroduction of species. Wildlife corridors. Zoning -core, buffer, tourism and multiple use - in protected areas. Tourism andinterpretation.

Agencies and programmes involved in wildlife conservation - govern-mental and NGOs; national and international. Red Data Book, catego-ries of threat. CITES. Education and extension.

Conservation: meaning, principles and strategies; keystone and flagshipspecies; in situ and ex situ conservation. Conserving Biodiversity and

natural resources. Biosphere Reserves. Politics - socio-economics - hu-man ecology, lifestyle, population vis a vis conservation.

Rangeland Management: Introduction, definition and scope. Environmen-tal factors determining rangelands. Manmacle and natural rangelunds.Rangelands in different biomes of the world; their characteristics. Indiarangelands : Origin, distribution, characteristics, status and manage-ment.

Ecological concepts relevant in rangeland management. Range inven-tory, sampling and evaluation. Assessing range conditions: purposes,principles and techniques. Grazing capacity. Impact of grazing on for-ests, soils and water.

Range management: Topography, species, density, grazing intensity andseasons for grazing. Planned grazing systems, Rangeland manipulationand improvement.

Wildlife and rangelands. Multiple use of rangelands.

PracticalRapid habitat assessment techniques. Habitat evaluation and monitor-ing techniques. Visit to protected area and studying management prac-tices. Studying habitat management and Manipulation techniques. Studyof wildlife damages and techniques to control them. Study of capturing,marking identifying and telemetry. Study of management practices inzoo/captivity. Exercises on wildlife census techniques. Study of plantsand rangelands used to different intensities; indicators. Plant, rangelandand animal conditions as indicators of range quality. Study of plannedgrazing systems.

5.3 FORESTRY SCIENCES

5.3.1 Agroforestry(1) Plantation Forestry (2+1)

Introduction. Definition of energy plantations. Energy and economicgrowth. Classification of energy sources. Wood as a source of energy.Forest as a renewable source of energy. Characteristics of fire wood trees.Efficient use of fire wood (suitable trees for energy planting). Chulahsand wood stoves. Wood energy conservation methods. Non-conventionalenergy sources. Biogas. Energy savings in industry and houses. Agricul-tural residues as fuel. Integrated energy planning. Cowdung burning -problem and remedies. Block plantation. Strip plantations. Tree speciessuitable for different agroclimatic zones.

PracticalStudy of important fuel wood tree species; different high density energyplantations; Block plantations; energy consumption pattern in rural andurban areas; different chulahs and stoves, design and construction; AstraChulah and its impact; Biogas plants. Visits to nuclear power static;wind energy station. Energy consumption survey in rural areas amongsmall farmers, marginal farmers, big farmers and agricultural labour-ers. Determination of calorific value, moisture content and ash contentof fuel woods and agricultural residues.

(2) Social and Agro-forestry (2+1)Social forestry - Definition, concept, and objectives. Components of So-cial Forestry: timber, firewood, fodder and fibre - present needs andfu ture demands. Afforestation of river banks, canal banks, main chan-nels, tanks and reservoirs, railway lines, highways, avenues, sandy coastsand deserts. Command area and Canal lands. People's participation insocial forestry programmes. Forestry extension - role of industries, banks,voluntary agencies, rural youth and women, and students in afforesta-tion. Peoples' movement - organizations involved in social forestry pro-gramme.

Urban forestry- Definition. Climate ameleoration. Polution control meas-ures. Trees suitable for urban forestry, landscaping and architecturalareas. Control of epiphytes in buildings. Afforestation in picnic corners,museum and historical places. Management and maintenance of rec-reation forests. Tourism and forestry.

Farm forestry - definition, history. Farm woodlots. Drland and wetlandfarm forestry. High density plantations.

Agroforestry : Indian agriculture - its structure and constraints, landuse planning. Agroforestry: definition, objective, different agroforestrysystems - wind breaks shelterbelts, contour bund planting, stream andriver bank planting, multipurpose hedge planting, etc. Rain interceptionby trees altering local microclimate, tree crop interaction. Multipurposetrees species, desirable characters of trees in agroforestry. Tree row di-rection in agroforestry and management. Economics of agroforestry.

PracticalStudy of the following : fuel wood and fodder species suitable for socialforestry; moisture and temperature variations in agroforestry systems;light measurements under tree and open areas; effect of various treespecies on other components of agroforestry; agroforestry practices byfarmers under dryland, assured rainfall, high rainfall, hilly regions, andirrigation situations; block and strip plantations; shelterbelts; crownmeasurement of different tree specieS; multipurpose trees on live bunds;

wind breaks in agroforestry systems. Surveying shelterbelts and theireffects on crop productivity. Economic analysis of data from agroforestrystudies; forest nursery management. Visit to Kisan nurseries.

Note: Presentation and submission of report on Agroforestry.

5.3.2 Forest Biology(1) Dendrology (3+1)

Scope of dendrology, importance of tree taxonomy in forestry. Under-standing of vegetative morphology in identification of woody flora of for-ests. The forms of tree stems, twigs, general form of woody trunk anddeviations like buttresses, flutes, crooks, etc.

Floristics and procedures. Herbarium techniques, collection processingand preservation of plant material. General study of herbarium, aboretum,and xylariums. Description of the plants in scientific terms, study ofspot characteristics of plants. Systematic identification of seeds, seed-ling, trees, and wood in field.

Study of following families as survey of forest resources. Dilleniaceae,Magnoliaceae, Annonaceae, Guttiferae, Dipterocarpaceae, Malvaceae,Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, Rutaceae, Meliaceae, Anacardiaceae,Sapindaceae, Leguminosae, Combretaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Myrtaceae,Lythraceae, Rubiaceae, Sapotaceae, Ebenaceae, Apocynanceae,Verbenaceae, Lauraceae, Santalaceae, Euphorabiaceae, Ccisuriaceae,Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Cupressaceae Taxaceae, Pinaceae, Poaceae,Arecaceae.

Geographical distribution of important Indian native trees, exotic trees.Endemism, Allelopathy with respect to Indian forest flora. Moderen trendsin Dendrology.

PracticalMorphological description of plant parts, and method of collection ofplants. Technique of preparing herbarium sheets. Study of woody floracovered in the theory.

(2) World Forestry System (2+0)Geographical distribution of forests and their classification, critical ex-amination of the world forest resources, productivity potential and in-crement of world forests.

Survey of areas and economically most important forest species of tropi-cal forests, laurel and thorny forests; forest resources and forestry prac-tices in different regions of the World - Western Europe, North America,

Central Africa, Australia, Central America, Russia, Japan, and China;special problems of exploration of tropical forests.

The general problems of forest development and economy: special prob-lems regarding industries in the developed and developing countries.The management of national parks and preservation of endangered spe-cies. The tribal population of the World.

Recent trends in forestry development in the world, International For-estry Organizations.

(3) Tree Physiology (2+1)Definition and scope; growth and development. Growth movements.Physiological functions and processes in trees. Environmental effects ongrowth and development of tree species. Plant phyllotaxis and their im-portance in translocation. Light use efficiency in forest species - canopystructure and the plant light environment. Radiation interception. LAl.Photosynthetic efficiency and source sink relationship. Long distancetransport in plant water relations, photosynthesis; Factors affecting pho-tosynthesis and respiration. Studies on seed dormancy, viability andvigour in tree species. Role of trees in dealing air pollution. Plant resist-ance to air pollution; green house effect. Physiological changes associ-ated with senescence and abscission. Allelopathy in trees.

PracticalMeasurement of growth in seedlings, linear growth in tree species.B iomet r i c measurements of plant growth. Est imation ofevapotranspiration. Measurement of water use efficiency in trees. Pat-tern of light interception in different canopy architecture. Meausrementof light use efficiency in tree species using plant efficiency analysis andlight quantum sensors. Growth as influenced by different spectral bandsin visible light. Source-Sink relationship in plants. Study of translocationin plants. Effect of growth promoters, retardants on plants. Use of bio-cicles in tree species. Studies on senescence in tree species. Regulationof senescence in tree species using agrochemicals.

(4) Forest Ecology and BiodiversityHistorical development of ecology as a science. Concept of levels of bio-logical organization. Ecosystem: classification; distribution. Forest envi-ronment: Major abiotic and biotic components and their interaction.Nutrient cycling. Energy, trophiclevels, food webs, ecological pyramidsand energy flow.

Poplation ecology: Definition of population, population dynamics andcarrying capacity. Preparation of life tables and its importance in forestmanagement.

Community ecology: Species interactions. Ecotone. Ecological succes-sion: terminology, basic conepts, climax vegetation types, methods tostudy; effects of forest management on succession. Island Biogeogra-phy. Autecology of important tree species.

Biodiversity and Conservation: meaning, levels of study, distribution ofdiversity in life forms, hotspots of biodiversity. Measurement of diveristy:diversity indices. Management of biodiversity. Principles of conservationbiology; Ex situ and In situ methods of conservation. Genetical and Evo-lutionary principles in conservation. Concept of rarity in plants. IUCNclassification of rare/endangered plants. Biosphere concept. Conserva-tion efforts in India and worldwide.

PracticalsEstimating productivity of a site. Sampling techniques in Ecology. Ef-fects of fire on forest ecosystem. Study of population dynamics usingmodel systems. Preparation of life tables. Allelopathic interactions inforestry species. Study of spatial dispersion among plants. Study of plant-pollinator interactions as model system for species interactions. Studyof forest composition. Niche analysis. Computation of diversity indices.Measurement of diversity of plants and insects in a nearby forest. Study-ing succession in field and water bodies. Visit to different ecosystems.Use of GIS (Geo information system) for biodiversity and conservation.

(5) Tree Seed Technology (2+1)Introduction. Seed and its importance - Afforestation activity and seedrequirements in India and Karnataka-Exchange of tree seeds-Forestryseed Research - Role of seed technology in tree production.

Tree seed production techniques, identification of areas-seed orchards,maintenance of genetic purity-isolation and rouging Seed source-spe-cies, provenance and stands. Selection of seed tree-genotypic andphenotypic selection, plus tree, pure stand, elite seed tree, isolated treeand their location. Locality factors.

Seed collection-planning and organizing, collection methods, factors af-fecting seed collection, seed maturity and tests. Seed processing: ex-traction, drying, blending, cleaning, grading, treating, bagging, labelingand storage.

Storage: Orthodox and recalcitrant seeds, precautions while handling ofrecalcitrant seeds, natural longevity of tree seeds, factors affecting lon-gevity, storage conditions, methods and conainers.

Seed testing: sampling, mixing and dividing-determination of genuine-ness, germination, moisture, purity, vigour, viability and seed dormancy.

Breaking of seed dormancy. Different viability and vigour tests, seedpelleting, seed health.

Classes of tree seeds. Certification and marketing procedure in tree seeds.

PracticalIdentification of seeds of tree species. Seed maturity tests. Study of seedsampling equipments. Physical purity analysis. Determination of seedmoisture. Seed germination test, Hydrogen peroxide test. Tetrazoliumtest for viability. Seed vigour and its measurements. Methods of break-ing seed dormancy in tree species. Testing for membrane permeability.Study of seed collection equipments. Planning of tree seed collection.Seed Collection. Seed extraction. Visit to tree seed production area andseed orchard. Visit to seed processing unit/testing laboratory. Visit tonursery.

(6) Principles of Tree Breeding and Improvement (2+1)Introduction - definitions forest genetics, tree breeding, history of treeimprovement, justification for tree improvement programme, its relationwith other disciplines of forest management; activities, advantages andlimitations of tree improvement.

Forest reproduction and natural variation: sexual and asexual repro-duction. Causes and kinds of variability, variation in natural stands,concepts-evolutionary forces and levels of genetic variation; conserva-tion and utilization of forest tree genetic resources- principles and strat-egies.

Species and provenance selection. Introduction of exotic species. Quan-titative genetics and selection. Selection procedures and techniques intree improvement. Progeny trials; Seed production and seed orchards -establishment, evaluation, maintenance and utility.

Selection and breeding for resistance to diseases, insects, and adverseenvironments. Breeding for wood properties and for agroforestry objec-tives. Hybrids in tree improvement; mutation and polyploid breeding, invitro techniques; achievements made in important tree species suitableto tropical conditions.

Vegetative propagation and tree improvement. Seed technology and cer-tification. Economic considerations, planning and strategies of a treeimprovement program.

PracticalSeed collection and handling of forest seeds. Techniques of selectingsuperior trees in natural stands and plantation. Floral biology and con-

trolled crossing techniques. Establishment and management of seedproduction areas and seed orchards. Seed orchard designs. Visits toseed production areas, seed orchards, clonal banks, species and prov-enance trials and forest nursery of State Department. Different breedingmethods - flow chart. Separation of total variation into its components.Estimation of phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of valuation.Micropropagation techniques.

(7) Ethnobotany (2+1)Definition and scope of Ethno-Botany Ethnic Diversity, Ethnic commu-nities of India. Contribution of ethnic communist to Ethno-Botany.Ethnobotanical documentation of traditional herbal medicines. Refer-ences on progressive use of medicinal plants in veclic, medival and mod-ern period. Few important plants that were used in olden clays to curecommon ailments like boils, blister, cold, cough, asthama, jaundice, dia-betes, head aches, plants used as tonic, aborti facient.

Methodology of study of traditionally used medicinal plants; the part ofplant used as active medicine, texture, morphology of the plant part,purpose of the use, either single, or with other plants, animal or othermaterial etc. Collection of information regarding persons collecting thetraditional medicinal plants. Ethno-Botany of following medicinal plants:(may be modified based on the local needs).

Aswagandha - (Withania sornnifera) Shatavari, (Asparagus), Vidang(Embelia ribes) Gorakhmundi sphaceranthus sp. Nag-Kesar (Mc.ssua ferrea)Phalas Butea Kivanch (Mucunapruriens), Hareetaki (Tenninalia chebula)Bahera (Terminalia bellirica) Amla (Phytanthus emblica) Brahmi - Centelkasiatica, Madhuvanshini (Cymnema silvestre) Sonamukhu (Cassiaaiigusetifolia), Amaltas 9Cassia fistula,/, Jyotisinati, fCalastrus paniculatusjIndraja 9Holarrhena antidysenteriea) Dikamali (Gardinia guiunifera)Jalaneem (Becopa jnonisi) Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa) Neem(Azadirachta indica).

PracticalVisits to meet amilies Ethnic tribes survey. Collection of plant materialsused in local health tradition.

5.3.3 Forest Engineering(1) Survey, Mapping and Land Development (2+1)

Objectives, Principles and types of surveying. Scope of surveying in for-estry, Units of measurements, different typesof scales, chain surveying,traversing, triangulation survey stations and their seleclion. Base line,check and tile lines. Instruments used in chain surveying. Ranging ofsurvey lines chaining on plain and sloppy area. Offsets, their lypes, bookentry, obstacles and errors in chaining, cross staff surveying.

Chain and Campass surveying: Chain and Compass traversing, Tes ofmeridian and bearings and their measurements of angles between twolines, primatic compass, surveyor's compass, local attraction and itscorrection. Computation of interir angels, plotting of a compass traverse.

Plane table surveying: Its objectives, advantages and disadvantages, planetable and its accessories, orientation, methods of plane table surveying,Radiation, Intersection, Traversing and resection, two point and threepoint problems.

Leveling: Definitions, terms used in leveling, Dumpy level and its ad-justments, booking, staff reading, calculating the reduced levels by lineof collimation method and rise and fall method.

Topographical surveying: methods of contouring characteristics and useof contours, maps and map reading, principles of map reading, copying,enlargement and reduction of maps., computation of area and methodof computation.

PracticalScales, lettering and conventional signs, field work of chain surveying,ploOtting of chain surveying, chain and compass traversing, field work,computation of included angles, plotting of chain and compass survey.Plane table survey . Study of dumpy level, profile leveling and its plot-ting, field work of dumpy level survey. Contou survey field work andplotting countour map.

(2) Forest Mensuration (2+1)Introduction - definition, objectives and scope. Units of measurement,standard of accuracy implied in their expression. Measurement of singletree - object, place of measurement, standard rules governing measure-ment at breast height. Measuring diameter and girth. Calipers, girthtapes, comparison between tape and caliper. Diameter and gir th classes.Measurement of upper stem diameter and instruments used like Ruler,Finish Parabolic caliper, Relaskop, Pentaprism. Bark thickness, barkvolume. Crown Measurement - Crown diameter, crown height, crownsurface area, crown volume. Height measurement - direct and indirectmethods. Methods of height measurement employing geometrical andtrigonometric principles, errors in height measurement. Measurementof cross sectional area, basal area, leaf area, sawn timber area. The formof the tree, form factors. Volume estimation of felled trees. Volume esti-mation tables - general and local volume tables. Biomass measurement.Determination of age of trees. Tree growth measurements - object, in-crement growth rates. Determination of increment - stump analysis.

Measuring tree crop - Measuring diameters in field, basal area per hec-

tare using sample plots basal area by relaskop, wedge prism. Heightmeasurement of crop. Stand volume tables.

Forest inventory : Definition, object, kinds of enumeration. Sampling:advantages. Kinds of sampling. Random sampling: simple, stratified,multi stage, multiphase samplings. Non-random sampling: Selective,systematic and sequential samplings. Sampling design, size and shapesof sampling units. Point sampling: horizontal and vertical point sam-pling.

PracticalKnowledge of technical terms used in Forest Mensuration, Units of meas-urement, Instruments used in Forest mensuration utilities, Estimationof bark volume, crown volume, timber estimation, stump analysis, prepa-ration of volume tables, Estimation of farm factor, stand volume.

5.3.4. Forest Management (2+0)(1) Forest Tribology and Anthropology

Anthropology-meaning-definitions, nature and scope of Anthropology.History and development of Anthropology. Branches of Anthropology.Concepts - Culture, Society, Community, Groups and Institutions. Con-cept of race, criteria of racial classification; major races of India andworld.

Social Institutions:- family - forms and functions. Marriage - forms andFunctions. Kinship - decent, residence, terminology and usage. Economy- types Forms of Exchange. Religion, magic and science.

Meaning, definitions, and characteristics of Tribes. History of IndianTribes. Tribal Demography. Tribal / Social and Political organization.Tribal Law & Justice. Tribal taboo and Totamism.

Ethnographic profiles of Indian Tribes: racial, linguistic and socio-eco-nomic characteristics. Problems of tribal peoples - land alienation, in-debtedness, lack of educational facilities, shifting cultivation, migration.Forests and tribals unemployment, agricultural labour, special prob-lems of hunter / gatherer and other minor tribes.

The problems of culture - contact, impact of urbanization and industri-alization. Economic and psychological frustrations. Social 81 Culturalchanges.

Role of Forestry in economic development of Tribal Community - forestecosystem, cottage industries. Role of Tribals in forest protection, devel-opment and conservation. Tribals' welfare and Social Forestry. Wildlife,Tribals and co-operative movements.

History of tribal administration, The constitutional safe guards for thescheduled tribes, polices, plans, programmes of tribal development andtheir implementations. The response of the Tribal people to the Statesponsored projects. The different approaches to tribal problems the roleof anthropology in tribal development.

(2) Forest Management Policy and Legislation (2+1)Introduction - definition and scope. Peculiarities of forest management.Principles of forest management and their applications. Object of man-agement, purpose and policy. Sustained and progressive yield conceptand meaning. General definitions and management and administrativeunits, felling cycle, cutting sections and conversion period. Rotations:definition, kinds of rotations, choice of rotations, conversion period andlength of rotations. Normal forest: definition and concept, even aged anduneven aged, models. The actual growing stock and its increment distri-bution of age gradations.classes in regular, irregular forests and coppicesystems. Estimation of growing stock, density, quality and increment.Yield regulation: general principles of even aged and uneven aged forestcrop. Yield regulation based on area, volume, area and volume, incre-ment and number of trees. Application and control of various methodsof yield regulations in the forests of India. Working plan - definition,objects and necessity.

Forest Policy - definition, necessity and scope. Legal and institutionalapproaches to forest resources management. National forest policy. For-est law/legal definition, Indian penal code, general principles of crimi-nal law, legal principles of punishment, criminal procedure code. Indianevidence act applied to forestry matters. Objects of special forest law.Indian forest Act general provisions and detailed study. State Forestacts and rules. Legal organization of forest service.

PracticalVisiting plantations of different age gradations, recording growing stockand working out increments. Visiting natural forests and enumeratingthe stock and testing one of the methods for yield regulation. Study ofvarious units adopted in forest management. Study of various recordsand forms maintained in the office of the RFO. Study of procedures forseizure of property. Visit to forest department and courts to observepenalty procedures. Preparation of First Information Report and Enact-ment Report. Study of Working Plans of forests; preparation of a work-ing plan for one of the areas in a range.

(3) Marketing and Trade of Forest Produce (2+1)Basic concepts of demand, supply of forest produce, derived demand,demand and supply schedules, types of markets for timber and non

timber forest produce, market locations of timber and non timber forestproduce and their features. Demand forecasts.

Price determination in timber and non-timber forest produce.

Economic features of specialized markets in terms of degree and type ofcompetition in buying and selling, price spread, costs of marketing func-tions involved like precommercial thinning, commercial thinning, har-vesting, hauling, sawing, transportation, treatment of wood, carpentry,and other processing activities involved in teakwood, rosewood,mathwood, pulpwood, sandalwood, veneers - type and degree of compe-tition in market for services of saw mill and other intermediate woodprocessing industries, price spreads across different channels of mar-keting.

Economic features of specialized markets in terms of degree and type ofcompetition for bamboo, canes, lac, gums, resins, hides and skins. For-est based medicinal plants, trees, and other non-timber forest products.

Economics of gathering medicinal plants from forests, economics ofprocessing medicinal plants.

Domestic demand and trade in timber and non-timber forest products.International demand and trade in timber and non-timber forest pro-duce. Market inefficiencies in timber, non-timber forest produce andmeasures to check in efficiencies.

Essentials of World Trade Organization, GATT, Dunkell proposals, Intel-lectual Property Rights and Patenting.

PracticalLibrary review of studies on marketing and trade of - timber forest pro-duce (teak, rosewood, Terminalia spp. Pteracarpus etc.); Non-TimberForest Produce (NTFP such as bamboo, canes, eucalypts etc.); forestbased medicinal plants. Visits to timber produce and NTFP markets tocollect price data and quantity sold and to observe auctions and compe-titions. Analysis of price and quantity data of timber forest produce,NTFP for examining trend - seasonal, cyclical, secular variations. Visitto markets of forest based medicinal plants. Study of buy back arrange-ments in forest based medicinal plants trade. Valuation of timber andNTFP (existence value, use and option values, intrinsic value etc). Devel-opment of hypotheses to study the marketing of forest produce. Presen-tation of results on analysis of price and quantity. Economics of processingpulp to paper/polyfiber; wood to plywood/veneers.

5.3.5. Forest Protection(1) Forest Protection (2+1)

Introduction: Susceptibility of forests to damage, need of forest protec-tion. Damages by human agency, encroachment, shifting cultivationfaulty management. Indirect and direct mesures to control the dam-ages.

Forest fires - nature and classification of forest fires, factors affectingfire spread. Beneficial and harmful effects of fire on soil, water, air, veg-etation and wildflife. Fires as natural process in Forests. Techniquesand application of prescribed/controlled burning. Detection of forest fires.Measures to control forest fires. Fire fighting devices.

Damage by wild animals and domestic animals and their control. Forestgrazing, advantages and disadvantages of forest grazing rotational andcontrolled grazing, different methods of control against grazing and brows-ing animals.

Damage by small animals like snails, slugs, mites, centipedes, milli-pedes and isopedes and their management.

Damage by weeds, climbers, lianas, epiphytes and phanerogamic para-sites. Methods to control them including biological control.

Damage by adverse climatic factors like snow, frost, hail, heavy rain andavalanche. Damage by drought, water logging, shifting sands, lighteningand storms. Damage by non infectious agents like calcareous soils, rockyareas. Damage by air pollutants, toxic gases and their management.

PracticalVisit to dams and hydroelectric projects to estimate the losses due tosubmergence and rehabilitation. Preparation of different types of treeguards and their economics. Study on damage by domestic animals.Preparation of cattle-proof trenches and cost involved. Construction ofdifferent types offences and their economics. Fire line preparation. Studyon fire fighting devices, watch towers, fire resistant species. Effect of fireon forest floor. Study on damage caused by different types of weeds,climbers and epiphytes, loranthus and dodder (cuscuta) and their man-agement. Method of rodent control. Collection and extent of damage bysmall animals.

(2) Forest Pathology (2+1)History of forest pathology in India and the world. Classification of treediseases. Role of microbes and fungi in natural forest ecosystem. Broadclassification of pathogens causing tree diseases. Important character-istics of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. Important orders and fami-

lies of Hymenomycetes with a special reference to Aphyllophoraceae andAgaricaceae that contain members causing tree diseases. Distribution,economic importance, symptoms, etiology and management of diseasesof important forest species like Teak, Dalbergia Sp. Acacia sp. Neem,Cassia, Sal, Albizia, Terminalia, Mango, Jack, Pines, Deodar, Eucalyp-tus, Bamboo, Casuarina, Rubber, Sandal wood, medicinal and aromaticplants, trees grown in different agroforestry systems, non-infectious dis-eases. Biodegradation of wood in use. Types of wood decay-gross char-acters of decay, sapstain, different types of rots in hardwoods, softwoodsand their prevention. Graveyard test and decay resistant woods.

Plant parasitic nematodes - importance, morphology, brief classifiction,diseases caused by them in tree species and their management.

Principles of forest disease management- Definition and scope of dis-ease management in forestry. Importance of disease cycle and economicthreshold in disease management. Principles of disease managementsuch as exclusion, cultural, chemical biological and immunization. Na-ture of disease resistance. Fungicides and their use in nurseries andplantations. Integration of cultural, chemical, biological and host resist-ance in effective disease management. Meristem and tissue culture tech-niques in disease management.

PracticalCollection, observation and preservation of diseased specimens andpathogenic structures, symptoms, signs and diagnosis of nursery andtree diseases. Preparation of different culture media and isolation of airborne/ soil borne tree pathogens. Measuring tree diseases. Symptoms,etiology and control of diseases/disorders of important tree species likeSandalwood, Teak, Dalbergia, Eucalyptus, bamboo, Cassia, Semul andTerminalias, Rubber, Casuarina, Neem, mango, Albizia, Sal, SubabulAcacia, Jack, Lagerstroemia, Anogeissus, Emblica. Studies on wood de-caying pathogen. Tree seed Pathology. Use of bio-control agents andMycorrhizae in disease management. Tissue culture technique in forestpathology. Study of morphology, extraction and important symptomscaused by Plant Parasitic nematodes. Visit to nurseries and plantations.

Note: Each student has to submit 25 disease specimens of forest treespecies.

(3) Forest Entomology and Nematology (2+1)History and importance of Forest Entomology in India. Methods andprinciples of pest management - mechanical, physical, silvicultural, le-gal, biological and chemical. Classification of insecticides and their modeof action. Principles and techniques of Integrated Pest Management inforests.

Classification of forest pests: types of damages and symptoms; factorsresponsible for out-break of pests. Survey methodology for forest pests.Nature of damage, and management of major insect pests of forest seeds,forest nursery and standing trees; timber yielding species of naturalforest such as Tectona, Dalbergia sp., Sal, Albizia sp., Sandal, Ailanthus,Gmelina, Terminalia, Deodar, Pines. Plantation forest species such asEucalyptus, Bamboo, Casuarina, Neem Acacia; Fruit yielding trees suchas Emblica, Ber, Eugenia, Tamarina. Insect pests of freshly felled trees,finished, timbers and their management.

PracticalStudy of symptoms and types of damages caused by forest pests. As-sessment of insect population/damage in forest plantation. Study of in-secticides, their formulations and their mode of action. Preparation ofspray fluid; precautions while handling pesticides. Study of plant pro-tection appliances. Study of predators, parasitoids and pathogens of forestpests. Pheromones, hormones and growth regulators in forest pestsmanagement. Study of insect pests of forest seeds, forest nurseries andstanding trees of different species. Study of insect pests of freshly felledtrees and finished products. Field visits to collect different insect pestsof forests.

5.3.6. Forest Utilization(1) Wood Anatomy (2+1)

Introduction to wood Anatomy. Outlines of plant body, the axis and ap-pendages of shoots. Meristems. Promeristem, Primary meristem, sec-ondary meristem. Simple tissues, parenchyma collenchyma,sclerenchyma and the vascular tissues.

Parts of primary body : typical stems and roots of dictos, monocots. Thesecondary growth in woody plants. Mechanism of wood formation ingeneral, and with special reference to typical dicot stem.

Formation of early and late wood, and growth rings. Transformation ofsapwood to heartwood. The macroscopic features of wood, sapwood,heartwood, pith, growth rings, wood rays, resin in gum-canals.

Elements of wood - Cell walls. The structure and arrangement of simplepit, bordered pits. Prosenchymatous elements, trachcids, vessels, fibers.Parenchymatous elements, parenchyma and rays. Impregnation andinfiltrations in wood, (resin canals, gum-canals, latex canals, silica, cal-cium salts etc.). Physical properties of wood, colour, hardness, weight,texture, grain and lusture.

Abnormalities in wood deviation from typical growth form, grain devia-tion, false and discontinous growth rings. Reaction wood.

Disruption of continuity of inner wood^ shakes, included bark, resinpockets pith flecks, knots, (live and dead knots).

PracticalStudy of stems on primary growth with reference to typical dicots andmonocots. Study of wood formation in typical dicot stem. Study of vas-cular bundles in monocots. Parts of the logs (woody trunks), and thethree distinctive surfaces of wood (i.e. cross, radial and tangential planes).Classification of woody plants into soft woods, and hardwoods, study ofphysical features of wood. Study of gross features of wood. Study ofanatomical features of wood, pores or vessels, different types. Study ofsoft tissue in timbers and their different types distributions. Study ofwood rays, and their different types. Study of the non porous woods,their physical and anatomical description. Study of infiltration and in-clusions in wood.

(2) Wood Science and Technology (2+1)Wood as raw material, kinds of woods-hardwood, softwood, bamboosand palms, merits and demerits of wood as raw material, the physicalfeatures of wood. Mechanical properties of wood like tension, compres-sion, bending, shearing, cleavage, hardness, impact resistance, nail andscrew holding capacities. Suitability of wood for various end-uses, basedon mechanical and physical properties. Electrical and acoustic proper-ties of wood.

Wood water relationship - shrinkage, swelling, movement, fibre satura-tion point, equilibrium moisture contact. Wood seasoning - merits, prin-ciples and types - Air seasoning, klin seasoning, chemical, seasoning,refractory classes of timbers, kiln schedules. Seasoning defects and theircontrol. Wood preservation - principles, processes and need. Types ofwood preservatives (water soluble, oil based etc.). Classification of tim-bers based on durability. General idea about fire retardants and theirusage. Non-pressure methods - steeping, dipping, soaking open tankprocess, Boucherie process. Pressure methods - full cell process, emptycell process.

Wood machining, Sawing - techniques, kinds of saws - cross cut saw,edging saws, endless saws, hand saws, and circular saws, bow saws,Saw milling -, selection of timber for the proper end use, breaking downof logs, plain sawing, quarter sawing. Wood working, tools used in woodwork. Dimensional stabilization of wood by surface coating method, bulk-ing method by regulation of resins and polymers.

PracticalTypes of wood as raw material, other wooden raw materials, parts oflogs. Wood conversion and saw milling. Estimation of moisture content

and density of wood. Seasoning of timber - air seasoning, kiln season-ing. Seasoning defects and their remedies. Testing mechanical proper-ties of wood. Wood working - tools and operations; types of joints inwooden members, wooden fasteners, dowels; turning and carving. Pol-ishing and finishing of wood. Surface coatings - lacquering, applicationof wood primers. Wood preservatives. Methods of wood preservation-chemical treatment and fire retardant treatments.

(3) Logging and Ergonomics (2+1)Definition and scope of logging. Brief reference regarding, logging planand execution. Survey and demarking the area for logging and estima-tion of produce available for extraction. Implements used in logging op-eration, traditional and improved tools. Season for felling, felling rulesfor trees. Methods of felling trees. Conversion of available timber fromindividual trees and measurement and description of converted mate-rial. Methods of minor transport of timber on road, by carts, dragging,skidding, overhead transport, rope ways, skylines, and Donald portablegravity rope way. Transport by water, floating, rafting and booms.

Storage of timber, temporary and final storage for display and disposal,land depots, depots with permanent establishments. Depot management,lay out of an idean timber depot.

Dumping, sorting, grading of timber in the depots for display and dis-posal. Systems of disposal of timber. Cost of time, cost of produce, log-ging operations.

PracticalSurvey and demarcation of area, permanent boundary marks, markingtree for logging. Information procedures regarding handing over, takingover before starting actual logging. Equipments, implements, tools usedin logging. Planning and execution of logging. Maintaining records andregisters in logging. Felling rules. Conversion to logs, poles, fire wood,pulpwood etc. Measurement of logs, poles and fire wood. Transport oflogs. Transit permits. Visit to dumping yard. Sorting of logs, poles. Stack-ing logs, poles and firewood in depots. Lotting of the stacks for display.Visit and recording of lots for auction sale. Final disposal.

(4) Wood porducts and Utilization (2+1)Pulp and paper industry. Introduction and raw material; pulping-me-chanical, chemical, semi-chemical and semi-mechanical; pulp bleacing;stock preparation and sheet formation; Types of paper; manufacture ofrayon and other cellulose derived products. Composite wood - plywood,fiberboard, particle board, hardboard - manufacture, properties and uses.Adhesives used in the manufacture of composite wood. Imporved wood -definition, types of improved woods, impregnated wood, heat stabilized

wood, compressed wood, chemically modified wood. Destructive distilla-tion of wood. Sacharification of wood chemistry and processes.

PracticalStudy of different types of papersw, paper boards, improved wood, ply-wood, fiber boards particle boards, and hard boards. Visit to paper in-dustry to study pulp and paper making; to rayon industry, plywood in-dustry to study the manufacturing processes; to other wood based in-dustries, wood distillation unit and industrial plantations.

Forest Research Institute and Colleges, Indian forest Utilization (Vol-I).FRI, Dehradun.

(5) Utilization of Non-timber Forest Products (2+1)Introduction: methods of collection of Non-Timber Forest produces (NTFP).Essential oils - introduction, methods of extraction, classification of In-dian essential oils, storage and uses. Non-essentiaql oils- nature, occur-rence, methods of extraction of oils from seeds. Important oil yieldingtrees. Gums and Resins. The occurrence and origin of gums in plants.Properties of gums. Important Indian gums and their uses. Resins andoleoresins - sources. Formation of resins in plants, classification of res-ins, and uses of resins. Tans and Dyes - nature and kinds of tannins.Dyes - Classification and sources of dyes. Beedi leaves - sources, collec-tion and processing. Fibers and Flosses. Cutch and Katha - sources,extraction and uses. Drugs. Spices. Poisons and Bio-pesticides.

PracticalStudy of gums and resins and their collection; tans and dyes and theirsources; fibers, flosses and their collection from nearby forests; treesyielding drugs, spices, poisons and bio-pesticides and their collectionfrom nearby forests. Visit to nearby forests to study important oil yield-ing trees; to gardens of KFD to study medicinal plants; to nearby extrac-tion units.

5.3.7. Silviculture(1) Principles of Silviculture (2+1)

Definition of forestry - stages of forestry development and its influenceon forestry today. Definition of silvics and silviculture. Study of localityfactors like climatic, edaphic, physiographic and biotic in relation toforest.

Classification of climatic factors the role played by light, temperature,rainfall, snow, wind, humidity and evaporation in relation to forest veg-etation. Edaphic factors influence of biological agencies parent rock, to-pography etc., on the soil formation. Soil profiles - physical and chemi-

cal properties, mineral nutrients, nutrient cycling, soil moisture and theirinfluence on forest production.

Biotic factor-influence of plants, insects, wild animals, man and domes-tic animals on vegetation. Tree growth - photosynthesis, respiration,translocation and transpiration. Cambium development, growth rin'gs,effect of environment on cambial development. Shoot and crown devel-opment. Flowering, fruiting and seed production. Root growth distribu-tion and biomass.

Stand dynamics - Plant succession, competition and tolerance Standdevelopment - structure, composition and dbiomass. Forest types - ob-jects and basis of classification of forest types. Brief description of thegroups, sub groups and forest types of India in general and Karnatakain particular.

PracticalVisits to different forest sites. Study of locality factors of diverse loca-tions. Study successional stages, retrogression, climax formation, com-position of different vegetation types. Vegetation analysis - methods,standardization of sampling techniques, quadrat, transect & point sam-pling methods. Assessment of vegetation-abundance, Density, canopycorer, basal cover, importance Value Index. Study of vegetation profiles& drawing profile diagrams. Assessment of establishment and perform-ances of various plantations of economic species. Study of soil profilesunder both artificial and natural stands & root distribution of variousspecies.

(2) Practices of Silviculture (2+1)Classifications of forests in the context of locality conditions operatingwithin them and their management. Forest regeneration, natural, artifi-cial (plantation forests) and mixed regeneraton. Plantation forets: plant-ing survey, planting plan, plantation records, maps, ecological aspectsfor the choice of tree species, Site preparation, planting tools and plant-ing, direct seeding, gap filling, afforestation of dryland, wetland adversesites and taungya. Enrichment planting; fertilizer application, nurserycrops, cover crops. Tending; control of climbers and undesirable trees,weed management, pruning and lopping. Thinning- thinning of irregu-lar corps, increments felling, improvement felling. Fire- prescribed burn-ing. Conflicts between afforestation and cattle ranching.

PracticalAcquaintance with technical terms used in the course. Visit to nurseryand study the practices adopted and tools used in the nursery. Workingout survival percent. Introduction to stand composition and structure.Collection of seeds. Seed treatment, packing and storage. Introduction

to thinning laboratory. Collection of data from naturally regenerated standcollection of data from artificially regenerated stand. Analysis of data ofboth stands. Marking of trees for thinning. Study of fertilizers and theiruse in stand management. Introduction to site preparation and use ofweedicides in forest Management. Observation on site preparation andEnrichment planting.

(3) Silviculture of Trees and Shrubs (2+1)The origin, distribution, general description, economic value, phenology,silvicultural characters, regeneration methods, cultural practices, rota-tion yield other management practices trees such as: Tectona grandis,Acacia nilotica, Dalbergia sissoo. Dalbergia latifolia, Acacia catechu,Acacia auriculiformis, Lagerstromia lanceolata, Casuarina equisetifolia,Terminalia cranulata, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Terminalia paniculata,Terminalia chebula, Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia bellirica, Ceibapentandra, Bombax malabaricum, Cassia siamea, Gmelina arborea,Derris indica, Eugenia jambolano, Prosopis juliflora, Shorea robusta,Adina cardifolia, Switenia mahogany, Albizia lebbek, Santalum album,Pterocarpus santalinus, Azadirachta india, Ailanthus excelsa, Anogeissuslatifolia, Hardwickia binata, Depterocarpus indicus, Chukrasia tabularis,Hopea parviflora, Michelia champaka, Mangifera indica, Poeciloneuronindica, Artocarpus hirsuta, Mesua ferrea, Kydia calicina, Gardenia sp,Vitex negunda, Vateria indica, Bamboo and canes.

General information on Indian Pines with emphasis on tropical pineslike: Pinus roxburghii, Pinus oocarpa, Pinus petula, Pinus inesularis.

PracticalStudy of Phenology and morphology of root, stem, bark, leaves, flowersof trees. Study of natural regeneration, nature of association and struc-tural features of trees under different ecological conditions. Study ofspecific nursery practices of important species. Study of cultural prac-tices adopted. Productivity of different tree species raised under differ-ent localities. Phenology & morphology, cultural practices, yield undernatural and plantation conditions.

(4) Experimental Techniques in Forestry (2+1)Development of forestry research in India. Modern trends and conceptsin forestry research, aims and objectives of forestry research. Importantnational and international institutes on forestry research and their man-dates. Introduction to scientific methodology.

Measurement and scaling techniques. Measures of central tendency anddispersion, introduction to distributions. Tests of Significance - 'z' test,T test and 'F' test.

Principles of field experimentation: Replication, randomization and localcontrol. Comparison between field and forestry experimentation. Designand analysis: Completely randomized design, Randomized complete blockdesign, Latin square design and split-plot design, normalization of data.Concept of factorial experiments, Sampling - Concept of population andsample, advantages of sampling and methods of sampling.

Models in Agroforestry research. Site selection, size, layout and shape ofthe plot arrangement of blocks in traditional forestry and Agroforestry.

Instrumentation in forestry research (for soil analyses, plant analyses).Development of a research plan. Research palnning in Forestry in India.Scientific literature search / retrieval and scientific writing.

PracticalHistory of Scientific though. Scientific methodology. Organizational pat-tern of ICFRE, ICAR, SAUs. Exercises on basic concepts in Statistics;tests of Significance. Principles of Field experimentation. Layout andanalysis of problems on CRD, RCBD, LSD and Split-plot designs. Prob-lems on factorial experiments. Exercises on data standardization. Meth-ods to estimate vegetational diversity. Modern instruments used in for-estry. Visit to established field trials/experimental plots. Exercises onScientific writing.

Each student has to select a problem in the field of forestry and conductthe experiment, collect data, analyze, submit a report and present aposter.

(5) Silvicultral Systems (2+0)Silvicultural system - definition, modern silviculture, classical silvicul-ture, classification and detailed study of the following systems:

Clear felling system (including clear strip and alternate strip system);shelterwood system; uniform system; the group system; the stripshelterwood system; the wedge system; the irregular shelter wood sys-tems; the coppice of two rotation system; the shelter wood coppice sys-tem; coppice selection system; selection system; coppice with standardsystem; coppice with reserve system; pollard system and culm selectionsystem in bamboo.

4.3.8. Work Experience in Forestry Program (0+20)The students will spend one full semester working with State Depart-ment of Forests, Forest industries, Plantation industries to gain firsthand experience in their chosen field.