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Third Assignment: Formal Academic Essay (15%) You will learn the proper form of a formal academic essay as well as how to properly provide both content and development of an “academic” topic to an “academic” audience. You should choose “causeeffect analysis” or “problem solving” as the main directional pattern for this essay. Purpose/Audience: You are attempting to show your audience that you have good ideas supported by good academic information, but you must also show your audience that you can communicate your ideas and information in a proper academic form. Deadline: Monday, May 18. The process depends on whether we are having face toface or online classes. Requirements: Your formal essay should be approximately 500 words and should include a proper introduction paragraph , at least three body paragraphs that develop one main idea and a proper conclusion paragraph . Evaluation: Your informal essay will be evaluated in three areas: form (5 points), content and development (7 points), and English language ability (3 points). • follows a strict form • all parts in the right place and doing the right thing formal • content • tone • development academic • 3 levels of development • multiple paragraphs essay

academic! formal! essay · ! 2!!! What!is!a!formal!academic!essay?! Like!all!essays,!the!formal!academic!essay!operates!on!three!levels!of!ideas.! However,!thewordformal!tells!us!that!the

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Page 1: academic! formal! essay · ! 2!!! What!is!a!formal!academic!essay?! Like!all!essays,!the!formal!academic!essay!operates!on!three!levels!of!ideas.! However,!thewordformal!tells!us!that!the

 

Third  Assignment:  Formal  Academic  Essay  (15%)  You  will  learn  the  proper  form  of  a  formal  academic  essay  as  well  as  how  to  properly  provide  both  content  and  development  of  an  “academic”  topic  to  an  “academic”  audience.    You  should  choose  “cause-­‐effect  analysis”  or  “problem-­‐solving”  as  the  main  directional  pattern  for  this  essay.    Purpose/Audience:  You  are  attempting  to  show  your  audience  that  you  have  good  ideas  supported  by  good  academic  information,  but  you  must  also  show  your  audience  that  you  can  communicate  your  ideas  and  information  in  a  proper  academic  form.    Deadline:  Monday,  May  18.  The  process  depends  on  whether  we  are  having  face-­‐to-­‐face  or  online  classes.    Requirements:    Your  formal  essay  should  be  approximately  500  words  and  should  include  a  proper  introduction  paragraph,  at  least  three  body  paragraphs  that  develop  one  main  idea  and  a  proper  conclusion  paragraph.      Evaluation:  Your  informal  essay  will  be  evaluated  in  three  areas:  form  (5  points),  content  and  development  (7  points),  and  English  language  ability  (3  points).    

• follows  a  strict  form  • all  parts  in  the  right  place  and  doing  the  right  thing  

formal  

• content  • tone  • development  

academic   • 3  levels  of  development  • multiple  paragraphs  

essay  

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What  is  a  formal  academic  essay?  Like  all  essays,  the  formal  academic  essay  operates  on  three  levels  of  ideas.  However,  the  word  formal  tells  us  that  the  formal  academic  essay  has  a  very  strict  arrangement  of  ideas  –  unlike  an  informal  essay.  The  pattern  of  development  is  also  very  strict,  which  is  why  formal  academic  essays  use  “formal  paragraphs”  that  require  topic  sentences  and  proper  support  and  unity.      In  the  diagram  above,  the  blue,  yellow  and  purple  represent  three  formal  paragraphs.  Every  formal  academic  essay  requires  at  least  three  of  these  paragraphs,  which  are  also  called  body  paragraphs.  (The  formal  academic  essay  

also  requires  an  introduction  paragraph  and  a  conclusion  paragraph,  but  these  are  “special  purpose”  paragraphs,  which  do  not  require  topic  sentences  or  supporting  ideas.)  The  formal  academic  essay  is  often  called  the  “five-­‐paragraph  essay,”  because  there  must  be  at  least  five  paragraphs.      In  the  diagram  above,  the  three  body  paragraphs  are  supporting  the  overall  main  idea  of  the  essay  (often  referred  to  as  the  thesis  statement).  The  thesis  statement  operates  exactly  like  a  topic  sentence,  except  it  has  more  responsibility  and  a  specific  location  in  the  introduction  paragraph.      So,  the  formal  academic  essay  follows  a  strict  form,  which  means  that  all  of  the  parts  must  be  included,  all  of  the  parts  must  be  in  the  proper  location,  and  all  of  the  parts  must  be  meeting  their  responsibilities.  In  this  way,  the  formal  academic  essay  is  very  “mechanical”  compared  to  the  informal  essay,  which  is  more  casual  and  “natural.”      Meanwhile,  do  not  forget  the  word  “academic”  in  formal  academic  essay.  This  tells  us  that  the  content  itself  must  be  academic  in  nature,  and  it  must  be  treated  in  academic  fashion.  The  topic  

Main  Idea  (Thesis  statement)  

Topic  Sentence  1  

Support  Information  

Support  Information  

Support  Information  

Topic  Sentence  2  

Support  Information  

Support  Information  

Support  Information  

Topic  Sentence  3  

Support  Information  

Support  Information  

Support  Information  

• Hook/opening  statement  • Connecting  information  or  "bridge"  • Thesis  statement  

Introduction  paragraph  

• Topic  sentence  1  • Support  • Support  • Support  

Body  paragraph  1  

• Topic  sentence  2  • Support  • Support  • Support  

Body  paragraph  2  

• Topic  sentence  3  • Support  • Support  • Support  

Body  paragraph  3  

• Summary  of  main  ideas  • Closing  statement  

Conclusion  paragraph  

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should  be  appropriate  for  the  classroom,  and  the  overall  treatment  of  the  topic  should  be  as  objective  and  fair  as  possible.  It  is  also  recommended  that  the  writer  avoid  1st-­‐person  and  2nd-­‐person  pronouns  (I,  me,  my,  we,  our,  you,  yourself,  etc.)  as  much  as  possible.    

Parts and Problems of a Formal Essay    The  figure  on  the  left  illustrates  how  the  reader  sees  the  formal  academic  essay.  There  are  three  main  parts  of  the  essay:  the  introduction,  the  body  (which  includes  at  least  three  separate  paragraphs),  and  the  conclusion.  The  reader  begins  with  the  hook  or  opening  statement,  and  reads  down  until  the  essay  is  finished.      However,  the  writer  of  the  essay  should  be  aware  that  the  writing  process  should  begin  with  the  development  of  the  main  idea  (the  parts  shown  in  red  in  the  diagram).  Most  experienced  formal  academic  essay  writers  do  not  even  include  the  hook,  bridge,  and  closing  statement  in  their  outline.  Even  during  the  writing  process,  many  writers  will  work  on  the  body  paragraphs  first.  After  finishing  the  body,  they  will  then  go  back  and  write  the  introduction  and  then  the  conclusion.      The  body  paragraphs  The  “body”  of  the  essay  is  the  most  important  part.  This  is  where  all  of  the  real  information  is.  The  body  paragraphs  support  the  main  idea  of  the  essay,  and  provide  the  information  that  the  reader  needs  in  order  to  fully  understand  your  ideas.  There  can  be  (and  often  are)  more  than  three  paragraphs  in  the  body  –  but  three  is  the  lowest  amount  possible  in  a  formal  academic  essay.      In  many  composition  classes,  much  attention  is  paid  to  the  introduction  and  conclusion  paragraphs  of  the  essay.  These  are  important  parts  of  the  form,  and  they  do  provide  a  special  service  to  the  reader,  so  it  is  important  to  learn  how  to  write  proper  introductions  and  conclusions.  However,  never  forget  that  the  body  is  the  “real”  essay.  If  your  essay  has  some  problems  in  the  introduction  and/or  conclusion,  but  the  body  is  strong,  your  essay  is  overall  healthy,  and  the  problems  in  the  introduction  or  conclusion  can  be  fixed  easily.  On  the  other  hand,  if  you  write  a  perfect  introduction  and  a  perfect  conclusion,  but  your  body  paragraphs  are  weak,  you  don’t  have  an  essay  at  all  …  and  fixing  that  problem  is  much  more  difficult  than  repairing  the  introduction  or  conclusion.    What  are  common  problems  in  body  paragraphs?  A  formal  paragraph  must  have  a  proper  topic  sentence  that  (1)  clearly  states  the  topic  and  (2)  provides  a  clue  as  to  the  pattern  of  development  (comparison/contrast,  cause/effect  analysis,  process  analysis,  for  example)  that  the  paragraph  will  follow.  Formal  paragraphs  must  have  proper  support  (without  repeating  the  same  ideas  in  different  words)  and  proper  unity  connected  with  the  controlling  ideas  found  in  the  topic  sentence.        These  are  the  most  common  problems  in  body  paragraphs  –  poor  or  vague  topic  sentences,  improper  support  or  a  break  in  the  unity.  These  problems  are  the  most  dangerous  ones,  for  if  the  body  is  weak,  the  entire  essay  will  collapse.  

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 Introduction  paragraphs  The  first  “special-­‐purpose”  paragraph  is  the  introduction  paragraph.  The  introduction  paragraph  is  not  really  a  “formal”  paragraph,  because  it  does  not  have  a  topic  sentence  and  supporting  ideas.    So,  it  looks  like  a  paragraph,  but  it  does  not  have  to  follow  the  same  structure  as  a  formal  paragraph.  The  introduction  paragraph  does  two  things  –  it  allows  the  reader  to  comfortably  join  the  complicated  discussion  that  will  happen  in  the  body  paragraphs,  and  the  introduction  also  shows  the  reader  the  thesis  statement,  or  the  overall  main  idea  of  the  essay.      These  special  purposes  are  important.  First,  as  a  student,  you  know  how  important  it  is  to  start  each  class  gradually  –  you’re  not  comfortable  if  your  professor  immediately  starts  a  lecture  or  a  presentation  with  important  details,  but  if  you  have  time  to  settle  into  your  desk,  and  the  professor  checks  attendance  and  perhaps  makes  a  few  general  comments  to  introduce  the  topic  of  the  lecture,  you  feel  more  prepared  to  accept  the  new  information.  At  the  same  time,  if  you  don’t  know  the  main  idea  of  the  lecture  before  it  starts,  you  may  feel  confused  for  some  time  until  you  realize  exactly  what  the  lesson  is  about.  It’s  the  same  for  the  reader.      There  are  three  parts  of  a  good  introduction  paragraph:  the  “hook,”  the  “connecting  information,”  and  the  thesis  statement.  We  will  look  at  the  thesis  statement  first.      The  most  important  part  of  the  introduction  is  the  thesis  statement,  which  almost  always  will  be  the  final  idea  in  the  introduction.  As  mentioned  earlier,  the  thesis  statement  is  the  main  idea  of  the  overall  essay  –  so  it  is  important  to  deliver  this  idea  in  the  first  part  of  the  essay.  When  you  are  trying  to  “translate”  your  main  idea  into  an  actual  sentence,  remember  that  a  thesis  sentence  needs  to  have  two  parts:  it  must  tell  the  reader  what  the  overall  topic  of  the  essay  is,  and  it  must  give  the  reader  a  general  sense  of  direction,  or  an  idea  of  what  you  plan  to  do  with  the  topic.      To  say  this  in  another  way,  remember  that  a  thesis  statement  can  be  a  “statement  of  intent,”  or  a  “statement  of  opinion,”  or  it  can  deliver  intent  and  opinion  at  the  same  time.  For  example:    

This essay is about the communicative approach to teaching a second language.

This  is  not  a  satisfactory  thesis  statement,  because  the  reader  is  told  what  the  topic  is  –  the  communicative  approach  –  but  there  is  no  indication  of  how  the  writer  will  deal  with  the  topic.  (Also,  in  the  modern  world  today,  it  is  considered  poor  style  to  directly  refer  to  the  essay  by  saying  “this  essay  will…”)    

There are several distinct differences between the “grammar-based approach” and the “communicative approach” in teaching a second language.

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This  is  a  very  satisfactory  thesis  statement.  This  is  a  statement  of  intent,  because  it  is  obvious  to  the  reader  that  the  writer  plans  to  compare  two  types  of  teaching  a  second  language.  We  don’t  know  the  writer’s  opinion  of  these  two  approaches,  but  we  know  they  will  be  compared  to  each  other  –  and  we  know  the  focus  will  be  on  the  differences  instead  of  the  similarities.       The “communicative approach” is the best way to teach a second language. This  is  a  statement  of  opinion.  The  reader  clearly  understands  the  topic,  and  the  writer  is  also  giving  a  obvious  opinion  about  the  topic.  The  audience  now  expects  that  the  writer  will  explain  why  this  opinion  is  acceptable.  This  is  also  a  very  acceptable  form  of  thesis  statement.    

By comparing the “grammar-based” and the “communicative” approaches, it is easy to see that the communicative approach is the best way to teach a second language.

Here  we  see  an  example  of  a  thesis  statement  that  is  both  a  statement  of  opinion  and  a  statement  of  intent.  The  reader  now  expects  the  body  paragraphs  to  provide  information  comparing  the  two  approaches  –  and,  at  the  same  time,  the  reader  expects  that  the  comparison  will  support  the  writer’s  opinion.      When  writing  your  thesis  statement,  you  should  also  consider  providing  an  essay  map  for  the  reader  (the  essay  map  is  sometimes  called  a  specific  thesis).  A  thesis  statement  that  includes  an  essay  map  is  slightly  more  complicated  to  write,  but  it  can  be  very  helpful  to  the  reader  –  and  using  an  essay  map  is  also  a  sign  that  the  writer  is  more  skilled  at  overall  composition.  An  essay  map  not  only  provides  the  statement  of  intent/opinion,  but  also  shows  how  the  body  of  the  essay  will  develop.    

The “communicative approach” is the best way to teach a second language, because it focuses on the practical aspect of language use, it encourages students to think instead of simply memorizing grammar rules, and its effects are more permanent than the “grammar-based approach.”

 Obviously,  the  sentence  above  –  the  thesis  statement  with  essay  map  –  is  more  difficult  to  write.  However,  now  the  reader  clearly  understands  the  topic  and  the  writer’s  opinion  about  the  topic.  In  addition,  the  reader  can  predict  that  the  first  part  of  the  body  will  talk  about  the  “practical  aspect  of  language  use,”  and  the  second  part  of  the  body  will  discuss  why  “thinking”  instead  of  “memorizing  grammar  rules”  is  better.  Finally,  the  reader  sees  that  the  last  part  of  the  body  will  include  information  that  compares  the  communicative  approach  to  the  grammar-­‐based  approach,  and  will  show  that  the  communicative  approach  has  longer-­‐lasting  effects.      Remember,  a  thesis  statement  is  absolutely  necessary  in  a  formal  essay.  An  essay  map  is  helpful  to  the  reader  and  the  writer,  but  it  is  not  required.      The  hook  is  the  first  sentence  or  the  first  idea  of  the  essay  (a  hook  can  be  one  sentence,  or  several  sentences).  After  the  title,  this  is  the  first  statement  the  

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reader  will  see.  Does  the  need  to  be  strong  and  interesting?  It  depends  upon  the  type  of  writing  you  are  doing  –  for  example,  in  journalism,  the  hook  is  very  important  and  should  “grab”  the  reader.  This  is  because  newspaper  and  magazine  readers  do  not  try  to  read  every  article;  they  “sample”  a  few  articles  and  only  read  the  ones  they  find  interesting.  In  academic  writing,  however,  you  should  remember  that  the  reader  is  much  more  interested  in  the  information  that  will  be  found  in  the  body  paragraphs  –  so  a  funny,  clever,  interesting  hook  is  not  necessary.        Overall,  interesting  writing  is  good  for  the  reader,  so,  if  you  provide  a  good  hook  for  an  academic  essay,  it  will  not  be  a  bad  thing.  However,  don’t  waste  too  much  time  or  energy  to  create  an  amazing  hook  for  academic  writing,  especially  if  you  are  losing  time  and  energy  to  work  on  the  actual  information.  Remember  this  –  when  you  are  planning  your  essay,  you  must  know  your  overall  idea  before  you  can  organize  the  other  ideas  in  the  proper  “support”  structure.  You  do  not  need  to  know  the  hook  until  later  –  in  fact,  even  though  it  is  the  first  sentence,  the  hook  is  often  one  of  the  final  ideas  developed  by  the  writer.    (The  pretty,  sweet  frosting  on  a  cake  is  the  first  thing  you  see,  but  it  was  the  last  part  of  the  cake-­‐making  process!)      The  last  component  of  the  introduction  paragraph  is  the  connecting  information.  This  is  the  idea  or  ideas  you  must  use  in  order  to  show  a  logical  connection  between  the  hook  and  the  thesis  statement.  Doing  this  part  well  requires  logic  more  than  language,  and  it  requires  the  writer  to  think  about  the  audience.  If  the  hook  idea  is  naturally  very  close  to  the  thesis  idea,  very  little  connecting  information  is  needed.  However,  if  the  hook  idea  is  not  obviously  attached  to  the  thesis,  you  will  have  to  work  harder  to  make  the  logical  connection  for  the  reader.      Common  problems  in  introduction  paragraphs  There  are  two  common  mistakes  made  by  students  (both  native  speakers  and  non-­‐native  speakers)  when  writing  introduction  paragraphs.  The  first  common  mistake  is  that  there  is  no  thesis  statement,  or  it  is  in  the  wrong  place  or  is  not  a  complete  thesis  statement  (as  mentioned  above,  it  mentions  the  topic  but  gives  no  idea  as  to  the  direction  of  the  essay).  The  second  mistake,  a  very  common  one,  is  that  students  often  make  their  introduction  paragraph  too  long  –  sometimes,  in  a  two-­‐page  essay,  the  introduction  paragraph  is  one  page  long!  Remember  that  the  purpose  of  the  introduction  is  to  greet  the  reader  and  to  introduce  the  main  idea.  That’s  all.  Don’t  start  introducing  the  other  important  ideas  in  the  introduction.  Hook,  connecting  information,  thesis  statement,  and  perhaps  an  essay  map  –  and  then  go  to  the  body  paragraphs.    Conclusion  paragraphs  The  final  paragraph  of  the  formal  essay  is  the  conclusion  paragraph,  which  is  similar  to  the  introduction  paragraph  in  that  it  is  a  “special-­‐purpose”  paragraph,  and  does  not  have  the  “topic  sentence/supporting  ideas”  structure  of  a  formal  paragraph.      

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Like  the  introduction,  the  special  purposes  of  the  conclusion  paragraph  are  important  to  both  the  reader  and  the  writer.  The  conclusion  paragraph  gives  a  sense  of  “closure”  to  the  reader;  it  is  a  clear  signal  that  the  writer  has  ended  the  discussion  and  that  all  of  the  important  ideas  have  been  presented.  Have  you  ever  been  in  a  classroom  where  the  professor  simply  walked  out  in  the  middle  of  the  lecture?  How  did  you  feel  –  confused,  probably,  and  maybe  even  angry?  Simply  ending  your  essay  without  a  conclusion  paragraph  will  cause  your  reader  to  feel  the  same  emotions.        The  other  purpose  of  the  conclusion  paragraph  is  to  remind  the  reader  of  what  the  most  important  ideas  of  your  essay  are.  This  may  seem  unnecessary  in  a  very  short,  simple  essay,  but  remember  that  in  a  normal  academic  essay  (similar  to  an  academic  lecture),  the  reader  is  receiving  a  lot  of  information  and  ideas.  The  conclusion  paragraph  helps  the  reader  to  organize  that  information  in  the  same  pattern  you  originally  intended.      One  thing  the  conclusion  must  do  is  provide  a  signal  of  conclusion.  This  can  be  done  very  easily;  if  you  begin  your  conclusion  paragraph  with  the  phrase  “In  conclusion,”  the  reader  clearly  understands  that  the  essay  is  ending.      Another  thing  needed  in  a  formal  essay’s  conclusion  paragraph  is  a  summary  of  the  main  ideas.  As  said  earlier,  this  helps  the  reader  understand  what  your  overall  organization  was.  The  summary  should  include  your  overall  main  idea  (the  thesis  statement  idea)  and  the  three  ideas  that  were  explained  in  the  body  paragraphs.  It  is  considered  poor  style  to  simply  repeat  these  ideas  in  the  exact  same  words  you  used  in  the  thesis  statement,  so  you  must  try  to  “paraphrase”  (change  the  words)  of  the  original  statements.      Here’s  a  bonus  hint:  remember  we  said  the  conclusion  paragraph  needs  a  signal  of  conclusion?  A  summary  of  main  ideas  is  also  a  signal  of  conclusion!  So  you  don’t  have  to  say  “in  conclusion”  all  of  the  time.      So  the  signal  of  conclusion  and  the  summary  of  main  ideas  are  the  required  parts  of  the  conclusion  paragraph  –  but  those  two  things  can  often  be  expressed  in  one  sentence,  and  so  the  writer  may  feel  that  the  last  paragraph  looks  weak  and  under-­‐developed.      It  is  also  necessary  to  add  a  closing  statement  in  the  conclusion.  A  closing  statement  can  be  a  prediction,  a  suggestion,  or  some  kind  of  overall  general  statement  that  is  relevant  to  the  topic  and/or  main  ideas  of  the  essay.  Without  the  closing  statement,  the  conclusion  paragraph  will  appear  to  be  under-­‐developed.    Common  problems  in  conclusion  paragraphs  One  thing  you  should  never  do  in  the  conclusion  is  to  introduce  a  new  “main  idea”!  This  often  happens  accidentally,  because  when  the  writer  starts  to  write  the  conclusion  paragraph,  he  or  she  may  suddenly  remember  or  create  a  new  idea  that  feels  important  enough  to  add  to  the  essay.  (For  example,  after  you  have  finished  discussing  three  reasons  why  the  “communicative  approach”  is  the  

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best  way  to  teach  a  second  language,  you  write  “In  conclusion,”  and  give  your  summary  of  main  ideas  –  and  then  suddenly,  you  think  of  another  reason  why  the  communicative  approach  is  good.  This  happens  to  teachers  in  classrooms  all  of  the  time!)      You  can’t  introduce  new  information  or  new  directions  to  the  conclusion,  because  that  means  you  are  confusing  the  reader  –  and  it  also  means  you  are  making  yourself  appear  to  be  disorganized  and  confused.  The  body  of  the  essay  is  the  proper  place  for  discussing  main  ideas  and  supporting  information,  not  the  conclusion.  Therefore,  if  this  happens  to  you,  it  is  okay  to  go  back  and  create  a  new  body  paragraph,  or  perhaps  add  the  new  information  to  an  existing  paragraph  (if  it  fits  logically).  You  cannot,  however,  simply  throw  in  more  ideas  at  the  reader  during  the  conclusion.    This  is  the  most  common  mistake  I  have  seen  student  writers  make  in  the  conclusion  of  a  formal  essay  (the  second  common  mistake  is  not  providing  a  summary  of  the  main  ideas).      Another  common  problem  students  make  in  the  conclusion  paragraph  is  to  forget  the  summary  of  main  ideas.    Academic  content      Academic  essays  are  not  “personal”  essays.  The  academic  reader  may  accept  your  opinions,  but  is  not  interested  in  your  personal  situation  or  experiences.  Be  sure  to  present  topics  and  information  that  is  suitable  for  academic  situations  and  a  general  academic  audience.      For  example,  I  might  write  an  essay  about  common  problems  that  happen  in  international  education,  but  I  should  not  write  about  the  problems  that  have  happened  to  me  personally.  I  should  focus  on  problems  that  could  be  common  in  general  situations.        For  this  reason,  the  most  common  discussion  style  in  academic  writing  is  called  “first-­‐person  limited”  and  refers  specifically  to  the  use  of  1st-­‐person  pronouns  (I,  me,  my,  we,  us,  our).  Keep  the  reader  focused  on  the  academic  topic,  not  on  the  writer  of  the  essay.  (You  should  also  avoid  2nd-­‐person  pronouns  such  as  you/your.)      This  is  especially  true  for  the  main  part  of  the  essay:  from  the  thesis  statement,  through  the  body  paragraphs  and  until  the  summary  of  main  ideas.  Using  self-­‐reference  in  the  hook  and  closing  statements  is  absolutely  acceptable.      NOTE:  If  you  are  taking  a  IBT-­‐TOEFL  or  TOEIC  Writing  essay  test,  it  is  acceptable  and  even  more  effective  to  refer  to  yourself.  It  is,  however,  important  to  present  your  content  in  proper  academic  form.    

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Sample Formal Essays   Sample  Formal  Essay  1  

Why  Should  “Language”  Students  Study  Literature?    

  When  I  sighed,  the  student  in  my  office  immediately  looked  down  and  probably  thought  his  question  had  upset  or  disappointed  me.  It  hadn’t,  but  it  was  a  question  that  I’ve  heard  for  years  from  Keimyung  students,  and  I’ve  always  felt  that  I  never  could  answer  it  properly.  He  and  I  discussed  it  for  a  few  minutes,  and  maybe  he  was  satisfied  with  my  comments,  but  I  know  that  at  some  point  in  the  future,  another  English  Language  and  Literature  student  will  ask  me:  Why  do  they  make  us  study  literature  when  I  only  want  to  learn  English?  I  teach  language,  but  my  major  was  English  Literature,  and  I  know  there  are  three  good  reasons  why  students  should  study  literature.     The  first  reason  is  a  simple  one:  because  it’s  a  rule.  No  one  likes  to  be  forced  to  do  something  because  they  have  to  do  it,  but  at  the  same  time,  every  person  must  do  some  things  simply  because  they  must  be  done.  From  governments  to  games,  from  the  office  to  the  home,  there  are  rules  that  must  be  followed.  To  explain  “why”  the  English  Language  and  Literature  Department  has  this  rule  would  require  an  entire  essay  by  itself,  but  all  organizations  require  a  system  to  guide  its  members.  That  doesn’t  mean  authority  should  always  be  followed,  but  becoming  an  adult  means  knowing  that  authority  should  be  questioned  –  and  sometimes  obeyed.     The  second  reason  is  that  students  need  the  “university”  experience.  The  word  itself  comes  from  “universe,”  meaning  everything,  and  universities  were  created  to  provide  a  wide  range  of  educational  experiences  for  students.  All  students  should  take  some  classes  completely  different  from  their  major  –    engineering,  art,  business  or  science  course.  It  is  important  to  focus  on  one  area  –  a  “major”  –  but  students  who  want  to  focus  on  one  skill  only  should  realize  that  specialized  “training”  is  available  (the  Korean  word  is  hagwon).  The  benefit  of  a  university  experience,  however,  is  that  adults  who  have  had  a  wide  range  of  experiences  will  have  a  wide  range  of  understanding.     The  final  reason  is  that  studying  literature  has  its  own  specific  benefit:  studying  literature  helps  us  learn  about  our  world  and  our  self.  Shakespeare  died  hundreds  of  years  ago,  but  his  evil  Iago,  his  foolish  Lear,  his  doubtful  Hamlet  and  even  his  poems  about  love  and  beauty  still  speak  to  us,  because  those  kinds  of  people  and  feelings  still  exist.  Reading  literature  from  different  times  and  different  countries  help  the  reader  understand  history  and  culture.  Furthermore,  whether  reading  about  drama,  action,  or  romance,  the  reader  will  search  his  or  her  soul,  for  comparison  and,  hopefully,  improvement.     In  conclusion,  students  should  study  literature  not  only  because  they  are  told  to,  but  because  of  the  benefits  of  a  wider  education  and  self-­‐improvement.  Even  the  student  who  asked  the  question  told  me  later  in  our  discussion  that  he  wanted  to  read  more  poetry  during  the  winter  vacation  period,  because  it  made  him  feel  something  that  he  couldn’t  really  describe.  He  said  he  wants  to  read  poetry,  not  study  it,  but  I  think  his  inspiration  probably  came  from  a  literature  class  that  he  was  forced  into.  

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   Discussion  of  Sample  Formal  Essay  1  Maybe  the  first  sample  essay  seems  familiar  to  you,  because  I’m  using  most  of  the  same  ideas  that  were  in  the  “informal  essay”  example  in  our  previous  lesson.  Some  ideas  have  been  eliminated  (for  example,  my  conversation  with  the  poet  who  used  to  teach  literature)  in  order  to  stay  more  focused  on  the  thesis  statement,  but  the  biggest  difference  is  that  now,  all  of  my  key  ideas  are  arranged  in  the  proper  academic  essay  form.        I  have  five  paragraphs:  introduction,  three  body  paragraphs  and  a  conclusion.  My  introduction  has  a  hook,  a  bridge,  and  a  thesis  statement.  My  body  paragraphs  have  clear  topic  sentences  and  proper  support  and  unity  with  the  controlling  ideas.  Finally,  my  conclusion  has  a  signal  of  conclusion,  a  summary  of  my  main  ideas,  and  a  closing  statement.      And  nothing  else.  Except  for  the  hook  and  the  closing  statement,  the  essay  keeps  the  focus  upon  developing  and  supporting  the  main  ideas.  I  could  have  included  a  background  paragraph  after  my  introduction,  and  I  could  have  balanced  my  argument  with  logical  counterargument.  You’ll  need  to  return  to  my  class  (or  at  least  to  this  textbook)  for  the  fall  semester  to  see  how  those  parts  are  developed,  because  we  are  learning  the  “five-­‐paragraph”  academic  essay  form  first.      Finally,  please  remember  the  proper  development  of  any  writing.  I  did  not  just  sit  down  at  the  computer  to  write  a  proper  academic  essay.  The  meeting  with  my  student  (the  hook/closing  statement)  happened  first,  and  I  thought  about  that  for  a  few  days.      When  I  decided  to  write  an  essay  about  it  for  my  writing  class,  I  considered  my  purpose  (to  state  my  ideas  about  studying  literature,  but  also  to  create  a  new  sample  essay  for  my  class)  and,  of  course,  my  intended  audience.        I  did  several  minutes  of  brainstorming  (I  actually  used  “listing”  and  “diagramming”).  A  couple  of  days  after  the  brainstorming  (adding  and  revising  a  few  ideas  in  my  notes),  I  made  an  outline.  Then  I  was  ready  to  write  the  essay.    The  initial  outline     Thesis:  three  reasons  why  English  “language”  students  should  also  study  literature    

A.  to  learn  about  humanity  as  a  whole  and  the  individual  self  1.  poems  and  fiction  written  hundreds  of  years  ago  are  still  relevant  today  2.  literature  from  different  countries  and  cultures  teach  us  about  the  world  then  and  now  3.  reading  literature  invites  the  reader  to  search  his  or  her  soul  for  comparison  and  improvement  

 B.  because  the  department  makes  them  

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1.  every  life  has  something  that  simply  must  be  done  2.  all  organizations  need  some  type  of  system  to  follow  3.  learn  when  to  question  authority  and  when  to  follow  it  

 C.  to  gain  the  full  benefit  of  a  “university”  education  

1.  the  purpose  of  a  “univers”ity  is  to  provide  a  range  of  learning  experiences  2.  focused  and  specialized  training  is  available  –  go  to  a  hagwon!  3.  adults  with  a  wide  range  of  experience  have  a  wider  range  of  understanding  

 Discussion  of  the  initial  outline  Do  you  notice  something  missing  from  the  formal  outline?  Do  you  notice  something  “wrong”  about  the  outline?      I  did  not  bother  to  outline  my  introduction  and  conclusion  paragraphs.  There  are  two  reasons:  the  most  important  reason  is  that  I  was  taught  to  outline  this  way,  because  it  is  more  important  (and  more  effective)  to  compose  or  arrange  the  most  important  ideas  first.  (The  second  reason  is  that  I  was  already  thinking  about  using  the  actual  encounter  with  my  student  as  my  “hook”  and  “closing  statement.”      Also,  in  the  finished  essay,  the  organization  of  ideas  has  changed.  The  “B”  section  of  my  outline  became  my  first  body  paragraph  instead  of  my  second  one,  and  the  “A”  ideas  were  moved  to  the  third  body  paragraph.  There  was  nothing  wrong  with  following  my  original  outline,  but  in  the  rewriting/revision  part  of  the  writing  process,  I  decided  to  change  the  original  order;  I  thought  it  might  be  a  more  effective  arrangement.      Sample  Formal  Essay  2  

The  Transaction    

  Is  it  necessary  for  a  reader  to  want  to  spend  a  year  alone  in  the  woods  in  order  to  enjoy  reading  “On  Walden  Pond”  by  Henry  David  Thoreau?  Do  only  scientists  enjoy  reading  about  scientific  topics?  I  can  become  interested  in  almost  any  topic,  if  I  feel  the  writer’s  enthusiasm  for  his  or  her  topic  as  I  am  reading.  This  is  what  I  consider  good  writing:  writers  may  use  different  writing  methods,  there  are  some  common  effects,  and  the  “personal  transaction”  between  writer  and  reader  is  the  most  important  part  of  good  writing.     There  isn’t  any  “right  way”  to  write  well.  Different  writers  have  always  used  different  methods;  some  write  by  day,  others  by  night.  Some  people  need  silence,  but  others  turn  on  the  radio.  Some  write  by  hand,  and  others  use  computers.  Some  older  writers  still  prefer  their  old-­‐fashioned  typewriters.  Some  writers  write  their  entire  draft  in  one  long  burst  and  then  revise  after  they  have  finished,  but  other  writers  fiddle  constantly  with  their  writing  and  cannot  move  on  to  the  second  paragraph  until  they  feel  the  first  paragraph  is  perfect.  The  writing  method  is  often  a  reflection  of  the  writer’s  personality,  although  sometimes  the  writer’s  “real  job”  may  affect  the  writing  process.  Since  highly  

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successful  writers  employ  vastly  different  processes,  it  is  obvious  that  “how”  writers  write  does  not  control  “how  well”  they  write.     While  the  process  may  vary,  all  writers  share  something  in  common.  All  of  them  are  vulnerable  and  all  of  them  are  tense.  They  are  driven  by  a  compulsion  to  put  some  part  of  themselves  on  paper,  and  yet  they  don’t  just  write  what  comes  naturally.  They  sit  down  to  perform  an  act  of  writing,  and  the  self  who  emerges  on  paper  is  a  far  stiffer  person  than  the  one  who  sat  down.  This  can  obviously  affect  the  audience,  for  no  what  the  topic  is,  the  reader  is  always  aware  that  there  is  a  human  life  form  behind  the  printed  word  –  and  it  is  natural  for  a  human  reader  to  seek  some  type  of  connection  with  the  writer.  Sometimes  it  is  difficult  for  the  audience  to  find  the  real  man  or  woman  behind  all  the  tension.  Ultimately,  however,  the  product  that  any  writer  has  to  sell  is  not  his  or  her  subject,  but  who  he  or  she  is.     This  personal  transaction  –  the  audience  discovering  the  real  writer,  the  enthusiasm,  the  emotional  baggage  –  is  the  heart  of  good  nonfiction  writing.  If  the  personal  transaction  is  accomplished,  the  audience  will  share  the  humanity  and  warmth  of  the  writer.  Good  writing  is  alive,  it  keeps  the  reader  reading  from  one  paragraph  to  the  next,  and  it  doesn’t  need  tricks  or  gimmicks.  It  only  requires  using  the  language  in  a  way  that  will  achieve  the  greatest  strength  and  the  least  clutter.     In  conclusion,  good  writers  make  a  personal  connection  to  their  readers  no  matter  what  writing  methods  they  use  or  how  stiff  they  are  while  they  write.  Can  such  principles  be  taught?  Maybe  not,  but  most  of  them  can  be  learned.    Discussion  of  Sample  Formal  Essay  2  The  second  formal  essay  sample  is  also  familiar,  because  I  have  adapted  Dr.  Zinsser’s  informal  essay  from  Unit  3  into  a  formal  essay.  I  tried  to  keep  his  original  ideas  as  close  as  possible  to  his  original  writing  and  often  used  his  exact  same  words.  However,  to  maintain  focus  on  his  thesis  statement,  I  had  to  delete  more  than  half  of  the  original  informal  essay  –  the  entire  discussion  between  the  two  writers  has  been  removed.      The  second  formal  essay  is  complicated.  In  order  to  stay  as  close  as  possible  to  the  original  ideas,  I  had  to  create  a  difficult  thesis  statement  (which  also  includes  an  “essay  map”).  Keep  in  mind  that  the  “best”  thesis  statements  are  presented  clearly  to  the  reader.    

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The Formal Essay Outline

Thesis  statement:                    

                       

Topic  sentence  1:                  

                     

Support  1:                  

                   

Support  2:                  

                   

Support  3:                  

                   

Topic  sentence  2:                  

                     

Support  1:                  

                   

Support  2:                  

                   

Support  3:                  

                   

Topic  sentence  1:                  

                     

Support  1:                  

                   

Support  2:                  

                   

Support  3:                  

                   

Summary  of  main  ideas:                  

                       

             Note:  Some  textbooks  and  some  teachers  may  require  you  to  outline  your  entire  introduction  and  conclusion  paragraph.  It’s  not  necessary  for  my  students  to  do  this  extra  outline  work.