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© SAP AG 2006
AC400 Programming in Financials
THE BEST-RUN BUSINESSES RUN SAP
© SAP AG 2006
AC400Programming in Financials
AC400 Programming in Financials
mySAP ERP 2005 Financial Analytics 2006/Q2 Material number: 5008 0584
© SAP AG 2006
Copyright 2006 SAP AG. All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose without the express permission of SAP AG. The information contained herein may be changed without prior notice.
Copyright
Die von SAP AG oder deren Vertriebsfirmen angebotenen Softwareprodukte können Softwarekomponenten auch anderer Softwarehersteller enthalten.
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© SAP AG 2006
Required:
Basic knowledge of programming
Recommended
AC010 – Business Processes in Financial Accounting
AC040 – Business Processes in Management Accounting (Controlling)
BC400 – ABAP Workbench Basics
Course Prerequisites
Note to participants The course materials are not suitable for self-study. The explanations provided by your
course instructor are essential to understanding the materials. The participants' handbook contains space for you to write down notes about this additional material.
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Participant
Members of financial accounting departments or system administrators who deal with tasks that cover a range of subjects
Consultants
Duration
Three days
Target Group
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Course Goals
Course Objectives
Course Contents
Overview Diagram
Overview of the Exercises
Contents:
Course Overview
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This course will prepare you to:
Perform technical programming-related tasks for the Accounting departments, above all to
analyze existing programs
create your own programs and reports
Course Goals
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Course Objectives
Use the development tools of the ABAP Workbench
Analyze and debug Accounting programs
Create function modules
Enable database access
Implement your own ALV reports
Define authorization checks
Develop and incorporate extractors
At the end of this course, you will be able to:
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Course Content
Unit 1 Overview
Unit 2 The ABAP Workbench
Unit 3 First Attempts at Programming
Unit 4 Dialogs and ALV Reports
Preface
Unit 5 Customer Enhancements
Unit 6 Extraction
Unit 7 Template Allocation
Appendix Self-Study Exercises
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Overview of the Exercises
• Exercises for the Units
• Unit 3: First Attempts at Programming
• Unit 4: Dialogs
• Unit 5: Customer Enhancements
• Unit 6: Extractors
• Unit 7: Template Allocation
• Optional self-study exercises
• Optional exercise F1: Customer address data
• Optional exercise F2: Open and close FI periods
• Optional exercise F3: Master data group report
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Overview Diagram: The ABAP Workbench
First Attempts at ProgrammingFirst Attempts at Programming
Customer EnhancementsCustomer Enhancements
Dialogs and ALV ReportsDialogs and ALV Reports
The ABAP WorkbenchThe ABAP Workbench
ExtractionExtraction
Template AllocationTemplate Allocation
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Overview Diagram: The ABAP Workbench
The ABAP WorkbenchThe ABAP Workbench
First Attempts at ProgrammingFirst Attempts at Programming
Dialogs and ALV ReportsDialogs and ALV Reports Template AllocationTemplate Allocation
ExtractionExtraction
Customer EnhancementsCustomer Enhancements
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The ABAP Workbench – Overview
The unit provides an overview of the structure of the ABAP Workbench and the objects in the repository. It presents the most important commands in the ABAP programming language.
Contents:
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Describe the structure of the repository
Name and use the search tools in the repository
Use the Object Navigator for your development work
The ABAP Workbench: Objectives
At the conclusion of this unit, you will be able to:
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Presentationserver layer
Applicationserver layer
Database
ABAP Program
Client-independent Client-dependent
Repository Application tablesCustomizing tables
The Repository – Embedding
The database contains application and Customizing tables that are usually client-dependent. The database also contains the R/3 Repository. Part of the R/3 Repository is made up of the ABAP Dictionary.
The R/3 Repository thus contains all the development objects, such as programs, database table definitions or central data type definitions. Development objects are therefore also known as repository objects.
Repository objects are always client-independent. They can therefore be used and changed in all clients.
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Function modules
ProgramsTable definitions
. . .Repository
FI
SD
CO
HR
CustomerCO
MMMM
CustomerFI
CustomerMM
MM
Package MM_CPackage MM_B
Package MM_A
Structure of the Repository
Repository objects
The R/3 Repository is subdivided into application components. Within an application component there are several packages to enable more accurate, logical subdivision..
Repository objects are often comprised of subobjects that are themselves repository objects. When you create a repository object, it must be assigned to a package.
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SAP
Cross-Application ComponentsAccounting - GeneralFinancial Accounting
. . .FBAS Financial Accounting "Basis". . .
FI-GL General Ledger AccountingFI-LC Consolidation...TreasuryControlling
++
Application componentPackageSelected subtree
+++
+++
CAACFI
TRCO...
+ Information System
SAP Application Hierarchy
The structure of the application components is represented in the application hierarchy. You access the application hierarchy from the Easy Access menu by choosing Tools ABAP Workbench Overview Application Hierarchy.
The application components are represented in a tree structure in the application hierarchy. When you open up the components you can see the packages assigned to them.
You can select subtrees and navigate from the application hierarchy to the Repository Information System. The system then collects all the packages for the selected subtrees and transfers them to the Information System.
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Repository Information System Business EngineeringABAP Dictionary
Basic ObjectsDatabase TablesViewsData ElementsStructuresTable Types. . .
Other ObjectsFields
ProgrammingFunction LibraryProgram LibraryProgramming EnvironmentProgram Subobjects
ABAP ObjectsClass LibraryClass SubobjectsInterface Subobjects
Environment
Double-click
Selection Screen for
Delimiting the Search
The Repository Information System
You can search specifically for repository objects using the Repository Information System. Suitable search criteria are available for the different repository objects.
The objects you find with the Repository Information System depend on how you navigate there: In the application hierarchy, if you click on the Information System pushbutton (double-click on the selected application component(s) or package), only those repository objects that are relevant are "filtered out".
If, from the Easy Access menu, you choose Tools ABAP Workbench Overview Information System, all the repository objects in the system can be searched from here.
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Function Builder
Screen Painter
ABAP DictionaryABAP Editor
ObjectNavigator
Menu PainterDebugger
Class Builder
FI HR
MM
SD
MM
WM
Customer
ABAP Workbench Tools
The ABAP Workbench comprises different tools for processing repository objects. The tools cover the whole software development cycle. The most important tools for creating and processing repository objects are:
the ABAP Editor for editing source texts, the ABAP Dictionary for editing database table definitions, central datatypes and more, the Screen Painter for creating screens (screen layouts including user dialog functions), the Menu Painter for creating user interfaces (menu bar, toolbar, application toolbar, function key setting),
the Function Builder for processing function modules, the Class Builder for processing central classes. There are three possible ways of calling the respective tool:
Call the object directly from the Easy Access menu. Work with the Object Navigator: This provides you with all the objects in a package or program in the form of a tree structure. By double-clicking on the object you open the respective tool.
Double-click to navigate from one tool to another and back again.
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Adjustable border
Context menu
Full screen on/off
Context menuRight mouse button
Navigation areaTool area
. . .
. . .
Screen Layout in the Object Navigator
Right mouse button
The Object Navigator screen is divided into two areas: The navigation area to display an object list as a hierarchy tree, The tool area, in which a package can be displayed or processed using the appropriate tool.
You can hide or display the hierarchy area. You can choose functions from the context menu in both windows. In each case, you can only choose those functions intended for displaying or processing the object on which the cursor is positioned. You open the context menu with the right mouse button (if you have set the mouse for left-handed users, this would then be the left mouse button).
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DDIC objectsProgramsSAPBC400WBD_GETTING_STASAPBC400WBT_GETTING_STAFunction groupsBC400ClassesCL_BC400
BC400
Package
BC400
Previous/nextobject list
ApplicationhierarchyPackageProgramFunction groupClass/Interface...Inactive objectsLocal objects
Organize Favorites
Update objectlist
Higher-levelobject list
Navigation bydouble-click
The Navigation Area
Repository objects are organized hierarchically: An application component can contain various development classes. A development class in turn can contain different repository objects: Programs, function groups, ABAP Dictionary objects and so on.
A repository object can comprise various subobjects: - For a program: Global data, types, events, subroutines and so on - For a function group: Global data, function modules and so on
You can enter the type of object list and the object names in the upper part of the navigation area. The object list is then displayed in the navigation area.
Double-click on an object in an object list to display the subobjects. Double-click on an object that does not belong to an object list to display the object using the appropriate tool in the tool area.
You can navigate historically or hierarchically between the object lists. You can add the object lists that you process frequently to your Favorites.
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Navigation stack
Functions of the current tool
Show navigationwindow
Navigation history
Previous/nextobject
Navigation in the Tool Area
You can show a window for historical navigation in the tool area. A list is displayed there with the objects that you have displayed in the tool area since you started the Object Navigator.
The object that is currently displayed in the tool area is highlighted in color in the list.
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Display object list
Double-clickor context
menu function
Modifying the Tool Area
Navigation in the navigation and tool area is decoupled. This allows the navigation area to be used very flexibly.
Both areas can be made to match one another if required: You can access the object display in the tool area by double-clicking the object or from the navigation area. The system then automatically chooses the relevant tool for editing the object you have selected.
You can call the object list display that belongs to an object that you are currently processing in the tool area by choosing Display Object List.
You can use the context menu for an object type to create objects for an object list. If no entry for the required object type exists in the object list, you can create any objects you like using Edit Object or Other Object.
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Create package
PackageShort description
Application component
Software component
Transport layer
Package type
ZBC400_00Exercises group 00
CA
HOME
ZDEV
No main packageWhere should the
development objects be transported ?
To which application component does the
package belong ?
Comply withcustomernamespace !
Creating Packages
You can create a package from the Object Navigator: With Release 4.6 c you can select the Development Class object type and enter the name of the package in the input field. Make sure you comply with the customer namespace in the process. If the package does not exist, the dialog box branches to the screen where you can create a package.
With Release 4.6 a/b you have to select Edit Object or Other Object in the initial screen. Enter the name of the package on the More tab strip in the Development Class entry field.
Check the presettings for the following attributes: Transport layer: If you carry out your own development, a transport layer has to be set up for customer development.
Person responsible: The person responsible carries full responsibility for the objects in this package. Your user name is entered as the default value.
Software component: You usually enter customer developments under HOME. You will find more detailed information in the F1 help for the field.
Application component: Determine where the package should appear in the application hierarchy.
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Package
Enter transportable Workbench request
ZBC400_00
Enter transportable Workbench request
Change requests involving BC400-00Changeable
Transportable
IT3K900051 CARSON
IT3K900052 CARSON
IT3K900053 BC400-00
IT3K900054 BC400-01
Request IT3K90051
Participants' exercises for course BC400
Workbench request
Double-click on order number
Own requests. . .
Assignment to Change Requests
The creation and change of each repository object must be assigned to the change request for the respective project. For this course, the instructor has created a change request for the project Participants' exercises for course BC400. Each group has a task within this change request.
You can display all the change requests in which you have tasks using the Own Requests pushbutton.
Simply assign all repository objects (packages, programs and so on) to this change request. The system assigns your task more precisely.
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Additions and operands(keyword-specific)
ABAPkeyword
SELECT
ENDSELECT.
WRITE
.
.
.
Period to closethe statement
DATA .
NEW-LINE.
WRITE
WRITE .
General structure of an ABAP statement
X X X Y Y Y
Sample Program...
wa_scarr TYPE scarr
* FROM scarrINTO wa_scarr
wa_scarr-carrid
wa_scarr-carrname
wa_scarr-url
ABAP Syntax I
An ABAP program comprises individual statements. Each statement must be concluded with a period. The first word in a statement is a keyword. Words are separated by at least one blank character. Statements can be indented. Statements can extend over several lines. One line can comprise several statements. The ABAP runtime system does not distinguish between upper and lower case keywords, additions and operands. To make things more transparent, all keywords and their additions are written in upper case and all operands in lower case in this course.
You can use the Pretty Printer for indentations and converting upper and lower case: Utilities Settings ABAP Editor Pretty Printer.
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:: ,,
..Chained statement
******
""
Comments(complete lines)
comments ...comments ...comments ...
DATA wa_scarr TYPE scarr.
SELECT * FROM scarrINTO wa_scarr. ""
comments ...
comments ...
Command-relatedcomments
NEW-LINE.
WRITE wa_scarr-carrid
,,wa_scarr-carrname
wa_scarr-url
ENDSELECT.
"" comments ...
ABAP Syntax II
You introduce comment lines with an asterisk *. The corresponding commented line is ignored by the ABAP runtime system.
If you want to add a comment to the remainder of a line that has already been started, you have to use quotation marks ".
You can group successive statements that begin in the same way in a chained statement: Close the identical start of the statement with a colon. Separate the chained parts of the statement that follow the colon with commas. Spaces and line breaks can come before and after the separators (colon, comma, period). Note that the individual components of a chained statement represent separate instructions for the ABAP runtime system, as before.
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REPORT ...
PARAMETERS pa_carr TYPE scarr-carrid.
DATA wa_scarr TYPE scarr.
SELECT SINGLE * FROM scarrINTO wa_scarrWHERE carrid = pa_carr.
IF sy-subrc EQ 0.
NEW-LINE.
WRITE: wa_scarr-carrid,wa_scarr-carrname,wa_scarr-url.
ELSE.
WRITE 'Sorry, no data found!'.
ENDIF.
SY-SUBRC as Return Code
For many ABAP statements, the ABAP runtime system writes a numeric value to the system field sy-subrc to indicate how successful the execution of this statement was.
The value zero always indicates that the statement was executed successfully. You can find out whether and how this return value is set in each individual case in the documentation for the respective statement.
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With TOP include
Create program
Program ZBC400_00_GS
Attributes
ABAP program properties ...
Header My 1st ABAP program
TypeStatusApplication
Fixed point arithmetic
Executable programTest program
Comply with customer namespace !
. . .
Save
. . .
Creating a Program
The following options are available for creating a program from the Object Navigator: In the navigation area, choose the Program object type and enter a name. Make sure you comply with the customer namespace in the process. If the program does not exist, the system takes you through a dialog sequence to create the program. (This procedure is only possible as of Release 4.6 c.)
Display the package for which the program is to be created. Use the context menu for the package or the Programs node to trigger the dialog sequence for creating a program.
Choose Other Object or Edit Object. Choose the Program Objects tab page and enter the name. Now choose Create.
For this course, remove the With TOP Include indicator (otherwise, your source text would be distributed to several programs).
Change the title to a self-explanatory short text. Select the appropriate program status: Test Program for all ABAP training courses.
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START-OF-SELECTION.SELECT SINGLE * FROM scarr
INTO wa_scarrWHERE carrid = pa_car.
IF sy-subrc = 0.MOVE-CORRESPONDING wa_scarr
TO sbc400_carrier.CALL SCREEN 100.MOVE-CORRESPONDING sbc400_carrier
TO wa_scarr.
WRITE: wa_scarr-carrid,wa_scarr-carrname,wa_scarr-currcode.
ENDIF.
i
WRITEWRITE
ABAP overview ABAP term What's new in ABAPABAP glossaryABAP index. . .
Help
WRITE
F1
Keyworddocumentation
Documentation of ABAP Terms
There are a number of navigation options for displaying keyword documentation for an ABAP statement: The F1-button takes you directly to the documentation for the statement on which the cursor is currently positioned.
The Information button takes you to a display frame for different views of the keyword documentation.
Under Help SAP Library Basis you will also find comprehensive documentation for all tools and topics relating to the ABAP Workbench.
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Program A( inactive version )
Saved programs(for further development/testing)
Activated programs(for using/transporting across all systems)
Program A( active version )
Activate
Program B( active version )
Program C( active version )
Program C( inactive version )
Inactive and Active Development Objects
If you create or change a development object and then save it, an inactive version is always stored in the R/3-Repository first.
A repository object has to exist as an active version before it becomes available across the system, however. This active version of your program is then drawn when a user wants to execute your program, for example.
If your program exists in both versions, you can switch between the two versions in display mode.
If you activate a program, a list of all the inactive objects that you have processed is displayed first in the worklist. When you activate a program, the following occurs:
It is saved, which means that the inactive version is either stored or overwritten. The program syntax is checked. The active version is stored or overwritten.
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Generating Runtime Objects
Saved programs(for further development/testing)
Activated programs(for using/transporting across all systems)
Program A( active version )
Program B( active version )
Program C( active version )
Program C( inactive version )
When executed (from the editor), the relevant runtime object is
always generated again.
When executed, the runtime object generated during activation
is used.
When a development object is generated, a separate runtime object (LOAD) is created (compiled) and stored in the R/3 Repository too.
This generated object is the one that is executed (interpreted). The object is generated automatically, but can also be generated explicitly. If, for example, a user wants to execute your program and no generated version exists at that time, the active version is taken to be generated.
You yourself can choose which version you want to execute: If you start your program from the navigation area, the active version is taken for generation. If you test an executable program from the editor, however, the inactive version is taken. A temporary generated version is created.
This makes it possible for you to further develop the program without changing the current system status. The changes to the development object can only be "seen" across the system when the object is reactivated. A local, separate view is created on the R/3 Repository with the inactive versions, which creates the basis for a "local runtime system".
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System System HelpHelp
ZBC400_00_GS
Create report transaction
Transaction code Z00GSPackage ZBC400_00
Transaction textProgram...
. . .ZBC400_00_GS
Classification
Professional User TransactionEasy Web Transaction
. . .
. . .
Creating a Transaction Code
If you want to add a program to the menu for a role or to the Favorites in your SAP Easy Access menu, you have to assign it to a transaction code.
To do this, display the object list for your program in the Object Navigator. In the context menu for the program name, choose Create Transaction. Make sure you comply with the customer namespace in the process.
Choose Program and Selection Screen (Report Transaction), if the program is an Executable Program.
Enter the name of the program on the subsequent screen. Choose Professional User Transaction.
Save your transaction code. Since a transaction code is a repository object, you have to assign it to a package and a change request in the subsequent screens.
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Favorites
SAP Menu
SAP Easy Access
Object Navigator
Enter a transaction manually
Transaction code Z00GS
Insert Transaction. . .
. . .
Inserting Transaction Codes in Favorites
System System HelpHelp
To enter a transaction code in the Favorites for your role menu, proceed as follows: Navigate to the initial screen (SAP Easy Access menu). In the Favorites context menu, choose Insert Transaction. Enter the transaction code in the dialog box.
The short text for the transaction then appears under the Favorites node. You can use the context menu for this new node to start the relevant program.
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ABAP program
SubroutineInterface
Interface
. . . Definition of input/output fields
. . . Definition of data objects
. . .
MethodInterface
. . .
. . . Typing interfaceparameters. . . Typing interfaceparameters. . . Typing interfaceparameters Functio
n module
Data Types
The type of a data object determines its technical properties. The type of an interface parameter determines the type of values (actual parameters) that are transferred when a modularization unit is called.
The type of an input/output field can also provide information in addition to the technical properties. For example, it can be used to control the input help.
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ABAPDictionary
Global data types(technical and semantic
properties)ABAP program
SubroutineInterface
Interface
. . .
MethodInterface
. . .
Function module
Data types local to programs(technical properties only)
Local vs. Global Data Types
Data types can be defined both within an ABAP program (local, keyword TYPES) or in the ABAP Dictionary (global). There are many advantages in using global data types:
Global types are managed centrally and can be used in all repository objects. This improves the consistency of the system and reduces the effort required for maintenance considerably.
An environment analysis is available in the ABAP Dictionary (where-used-list). The content of global data types can be coupled to business variables, and can thus contain semantic as well as technical information.
This can be used to create screens too. When searching for global types, you should therefore make sure that you take semantic properties into account as well as technical ones. Only this way can you fully exploit the advantages of ease of maintenance and robustness of your program.
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Implemented ABAP types(Standard types in ABAP)
X
I
F
STRING
XSTRING
T
D
C
N
P
TYPES type_name TYPE ...
DATA myvar TYPE type_name .
DATA myvar2 LIKE myvar.
ABAP program
Global types ABAPDictionary
Declaration of local types
Elementary Data Types
You can use an implemented ABAP type, a local or a global type to type data objects. The following implemented ABAP types are complete:
d Date (Date, format: YYYYMMDD) t Time (Time, format: HHMMSS) i Integer (Integer) f Floating point number (Floating point) string String (String, variable length) xstring Byte sequence (HeXadecimal string, variable length)
The length must be specified for the following implemented types: c Character (Character) n Numerical character (Numerical character) x Byte (HeXadecimal) p Packed number (Packed number = binary coded decimal number). You have to specify the number of decimal places here too.
You will find further information about installed ABAP types in the keyword documentation for TYPES or DATA.
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You can use LIKE to refer to the type of a data object that has already been defined.
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S_CARR_ID (Data element)
...
TYPES t_percentage(3) TYPE p DECIMALS 2.
DATA: percentage1 TYPE t_percentage,
percentage2 TYPE t_percentage,
number1 TYPE i VALUE 17,
number2 LIKE number1,
city(15) TYPE c,
carrid TYPE s_carr_id,
connid TYPE sbc400focc-connid.
number1
percentage2
carrid
connid
SBC400FOCC (Structure)
percentage1 +00000
0000
+00000
number2 0
17
city
Declaration of Variables
The predefined ABAP types d, t, i, f, string and xstring are complete. This means that you can define an elementary data object for these types in the following way: DATA do_name TYPE predefined_ABAP_type. With the predefined ABAP types c, n, p, and x you still have to determine the length. This means that you should first define an elementary type: - TYPES type_name(length) TYPE predifined_ABAP_type. - You then use this to define the data object: - DATA do_name TYPE type_name. - For type p, you can also determine the number of decimal places using the DECIMALS
addition. With the VALUE addition you can preassign a value for an elementary data object. For compatibility reasons, it is still possible to construct data objects in the DATA statement without defining the type locally to a program using a TYPES statement.
For ABAP types that have not been fully implemented, the missing type information is supplemented by standard values.
If the type is not specified at all, an elementary type cdata object of length one is defined. You will find the standard lengths as well as further information in the keyword documentation for TYPES or DATA.
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When you use global types, the syntax is the same as for user-defined types: DATA do_name TYPE global_type_name.
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Literals:
Constants :
Fixed data objects without identifier
Character string : 'Hallo'Decimal numbers : '123.45'Floating point numbers : '123.45E01'
Text literals
myconst TYPE type_name VALUE {literal | IS INITIAL } . CONSTANTS
positive integer : 123
negative integer : -123
Fixed data objects with identifier
Numeric literals
Fixed Data Objects
You already assign a value to fixed data objects in the source text. This value can therefore no longer be changed at runtime.
With literals you can transfer fixed values to ABAP statements. There are numeric literals and text literals. The latter are enclosed by quotation marks. You can represent integers (with a minus sign for negative numbers) as numeric literals. They are then mapped to data type i if they lie within the value range of 4-byte integers. Larger numeric literals are mapped to data type p.
You must represent all other literals (character strings, floating point numbers, ...) as text literals. They are mapped to data type c and converted later, if necessary. If a text literal contains an inverted comma, you have to enter this twice.
Constants are defined with the CONSTANTS statement. Typing takes place in the same way as the definition of elementary data objects with DATA. The VALUE addition is mandatory for constants. This determines the value for the constants.
Recommendation: Avoid using literals for statements whenever you can. Create constants instead. This makes your program much easier to maintain.
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© SAP AG 2006
ABAP runtime system
MOVE c_qf TO carrid1.
carrid2 = carrid1.
ADD 1 TO counter.
CLEAR: carrid1, carrid2,counter.
CONSTANTS c_qf TYPE s_carr_id VALUE 'QF'.
DATA: carrid1 TYPE s_carr_id,carrid2 TYPE s_carr_id VALUE 'LH',counter TYPE i.
Program start
Data declarations
c_qf QF carrid1 carrid2
LH
counter
0
QF LH 0
QF QF 0
QF QF 1
0
ABAP program
Value Assignments
If a program is started, the program context is loaded to a storage area on the application server and storage space is made available for all the data objects.
Each elementary data object is given the initial value assigned to its type, unless it has been allocated a different value by means of the VALUE addition.
You can use the MOVE statement to copy the contents of data objects. Two syntax variants are available for this: MOVE source TO target. target = source.
If both data objects belong to different types, the type is converted automatically if a conversion rule exists.
You will find detailed information about copying transactions and conversion rules in the keyword documentation for the MOVE statement.
The CLEAR statement resets the content of a data object to the initial value for the type. You will find detailed information about initial values for types in the keyword documentation for the CLEAR statement.
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DATA: max TYPE sbc400focc-seatsmax,
occ TYPE sbc400focc-seatsocc,
percentage TYPE sbc400focc-percentage.
Keyword COMPUTE is optional :
percentage = occ * 100 / max .
ABAP program
Data declarations
* /
Calculations
COMPUTE percentage = occ 100 max .
In ABAP you can program nested arithmetic expressions as "deep" as you wish. Note that brackets and operators are keywords and must therefore be enclosed by at least one blank character. Valid operators are: + Addition - Subtraction * Multiplication / Division ** Power DIV Integral division without remainder MOD Remainder with integral division
There are numerous functions for the different data types in the ABAP runtime environment. For example, the following statement provides the current length of the content of a character string: length = STRLEN( cityfrom ). With functions, the opening bracket belongs to the identifier. The remainder must once again be separated by at least one blank character.
© SAP AG AC400 2-45
The usual algebraic rules normally apply for the evaluation sequence, in other words, first the bracketed expressions, then functions, followed by powers, multiplication/division, and finally addition/subtraction.
You will find detailed information about possible operations and functions in the keyword documentation for COMPUTE.
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Statements
Statements
Statements
Statements
Statements
Statements
Conditional Branches
IF var > 0 .
ELSEIF var = 0 .
ELSE .
ENDIF . CASE mycarrid.
WHEN 'AA'.
WHEN 'LH'.
WHEN OTHERS .
ENDCASE .
In ABAP you have two options for executing different sequences dependent on certain conditions.
With the CASE-ENDCASE construct, the similarity of the data objects is the criterion for executing a statement block. If the comparison fails, the OTHERS branch is executed, providing it exists. Until the first WHEN branch, all other additions are optional.
With the IF-ENDIF construct you can use any logical expressions you want. If the condition is fulfilled, the relevant sequence is executed. If no condition is fulfilled, the ELSE branch is executed, providing it exists. Until the first query, all other branches are optional.
With both constructs, only one statement block is ever executed, namely for the first valid case.
Recommendation: If you only look for similarity with a value in each condition, you should use the CASE-ENDCASE construct. It is more transparent and viable as far as runtime is concerned.
Outside loops you can also use CHECK instead of IF. This query places the execution of all statements up to the end of the current processing block under a condition. If this fails, the system continues with the first statement of the next processing block.
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DO.
IF <abort_condition>. EXIT. ENDIF.ENDDO.
DO n TIMES.
ENDDO.
WHILE <condition>.
ENDWHILE.
SELECT ... FROM <dbtab> ...
ENDSELECT.
LOOP AT <internal table> ...
ENDLOOP.
Loop countersy-index
Statements
Statements
Statements
Statements
Statements
Loop countersy-index
Loop countersy-index
Loops
In ABAP there are four loop constructs. LOOP-ENDLOOP and SELECT-ENDSELECT represent special cases. With the first two of the loop types shown here, the number of the current loop pass is counted by the system in the sy-index field. With nested loops the system always counts the current one.
Unconditional/index-controlled loops The statements between DO and ENDDO are executed until the loop is exited through other statements. Another option is to specify the number of loop passes, otherwise you can get a so-called endless loop.
Precondition loops The statements between WHILE and ENDWHILE are only executed if the <logical_expression> condition is fulfilled.
With the statements CHECK and EXIT you can influence loop processing in different ways. For example, you can construct a postcondition loop.
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MESSAGE tnnn(message_class) [ WITH v1 [ v2 ] [ v3 ] [ v4 ] ] .
Type Dialog behavior Message appears in
i
s
w
e
a
x
Program continuesafter interruption
Program continueswithout interruption
Context-dependent
Context-dependent
Program is terminated
Runtime error MESSAGE_TYPE_Xis triggered
modal dialog box
Status bar of next screen
Status bar
Status bar
modal dialog box
Short dump
Meaning
Info message
Successmessage
Warning
Error
Abort
Short dump
Dialog Messages
You can send dialog messages with the MESSAGE statement. You must specify the three digit number of the message and the message class.
You can also use the WITH addition to include up to four values. These are set dynamically, dependent on the message text.
The type ID t controls the dialog behavior. There are six different qualifications for messages: a Abort The program is terminated after a dialog box. x Exit The program is terminated with a short dump. e Error The runtime behavior is context-dependent. w Warning The runtime behavior is context-dependent. i Information The program continues after a dialog box. s Success The message appears on the following screen in the status bar.
You will find further information about alternative syntax for the MESSAGE statement in the keyword documentation.
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wa_focc TYPE sbc400focc.
wa_spfli TYPE spfli.
DATA
DATA
wa_focccarrid seatsmaxconnid fldate seatsocc percentage
wa_spflicarrid cityfromconnid countryfr airpfrommandt . . .countryto
Data DictionaryData element
Structure SBC400FOCC
Transparent table SPFLI
Table types
Field type
Structuretype
Type forinternaltables
Global Reference Structures
In ABAP you can define structured data objects (known as structures for short). You can group values that belong together logically in one object.
Structures can be nested so that components can, in turn, be derived from structures or even tables.
There are two different ways of defining structures: With DATA struc_name TYPE struc_type you can use local or global types struc_type. With TABLES global_struc_type a structure is defined that is technically managed in a special storage area. It has an identical name to the global structure global_struc_type or the transparent table global_struc_type. The global structure has to be "flat" for this variant, in other words, the components must be elementary type components. As of Release 4.0 you only require TABLE structures as interfaces for screen fields.
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wa_flightinfocarrid seatsmaxconnid fldate seatsocc percentage
TYPES: BEGIN OF st_flightinfo,carrid TYPE s_carr_id,connid TYPE s_conn_id,fldate TYPE s_date,seatsmax TYPE sflight-seatsmax,seatsocc TYPE sflight-seatsocc,percentage(3) TYPE p DECIMALS 2,
END OF st_flightinfo.
DATA wa_flightinfo TYPE st_flightinfo.
Declaration of alocal structure type
Definition of astructure variable
Structures Without Local Reference
You can also define structure types locally with the TYPE statement. The components are enclosed by BEGIN OF structure_type_name, ... , END OF structure_type_name . Each individual component can also be given any type you wish.
You will find further information in the keyword documentation for TYPES. You define the data object itself in the usual way. For compatibility reasons, a structured data object can also be defined directly:
DATA: BEGIN OF structure_name, ... , END OF structure_name.
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DATA wa_scarr TYPE scarr.
wa_scarr carrid = 'LH'.
SELECT SINGLE * FROM scarrINTO wa_scarrWHERE carrid = wa_scarr carrid.
WRITE: / wa_scarr carrid,wa_scarr carrname,wa_scarr url.
-
-
---
wa_scarrmandt currcodecarrid carrname url
400 LH Lufthansa EUR www.lufthansa.com
Accessing Structure Components
Components in a structure are always addressed with a hyphen: structure_name-component_name.
For this reason, you should not use a hyphen in the name.
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DATA: wa_sflight TYPE sflight,
wa_focc TYPE sbc400focc.
MOVE-CORRESPONDING wa_sflight TO wa_focc.
wa_focccarrid seatsmaxconnid fldate seatsocc percentage
wa_sflight
carrid priceconnid fldate seatsmaxmandt . . .seatsocc
. . .
planetype
Value Assignments Between Structures
The MOVE-CORRESPONDING source_struc TO target_struc statement copies the content of the source_struc structure component for component to the target_struc structure. The precondition for the value assignment is that the components have the same name.
The other components remain unchanged.
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Dynamic increasein storage capacity
Print list
Screen display
Database tables
Files
internal Tables
Internal tables are data objects with which you can hold a number of data records with the same structure in the working memory. The number of data records is unlimited. It is only restricted by the limits placed on capacity by actual system installations.
The length of internal tables is managed dynamically by the ABAP runtime system. This means that the developer does not need to do anything with regard to managing the working memory.
The individual data records of an internal table as known as table entries. The individual components of a line are also known as the columns of the internal table.
The line types of internal tables can be any ABAP data types. They can be elementary, structured or even internal tables themselves.
Internal tables therefore provide you with a very convenient option for processing large data volumes in a structured form in the program. Typical areas of application are: Retaining data from database tables for processing at a later stage, Structuring and staging data for output, Staging data for use by other services.
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© SAP AG 2006
AA 0017 2.572 LH 0400 6.162
QF 0005 10.000 LH 0402 7.273
CARRID CONNID DISTANCE
SQ 0866 1.625 UA 0007 2.572
• Components• Uniqueness• Sequence
IndexIndex
54321
6• Standard• Sorted• Hashed
Line type
Key
Table type
Properties of an Internal Table
1
2
3
The data type for an internal table is completely specified through the following properties: Line type The properties of the individual columns are derived from this. You usually specify a structure type, however, any data types are possible.
Key definition The key columns and their sequence determine the criteria for identifying lines in a table. The key can be defined as unique or non-unique, depending on the access type. With unique keys there are no multiple entries in internal tables with identical keys.
Access type With key access, data is accessed - in the same way as for database tables - by way of field contents. Example: Read access with the search term 'UA 0007' to an internal table with a unique key CARRID CONNID and the same data as above will yield exactly one data record.
Index access: In contrast to database tables, the system can, under certain circumstances, number the lines for internal tables. This means that it is also possible to use this Index to access table lines. Example: A read access to the data record with index 5 supplies the fifth data record from the internal table.
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Index access
Keyaccess
Keyuniqueness
HASHED TABLESTANDARD TABLE SORTED TABLE
Index tables
Table type
n
NON-UNIQUE UNIQUEUNIQUE | NON-UNIQUE
Usage with predominantindex access
predominantkey access
exclusivekey access
Table Type and Access Type
Hashed table
Another property of an internal table is the table type. Internal tables can be divided into three table types using the possible access types: With Standard tables, line numbering is maintained internally. Both index and key access is possible.
With sorted tables, the data records are always saved sorted according to the key. With sorted tables, the index is maintained internally too. Both index and key access is possible.
With hashed tables, the data records are managed in the optimum way for runtime. A unique key is required for this. With hashed tables you can only use key access.
The table type to be used in each individual case depends on the way in which table entries are normally accessed: Standard tables are normally used for index access: Sorted tables are used for unique keys and fixed sorting. With hashed tables, runtime optimization is only noticeable if read access with a unique key is predominantly used.
In this course, although only standard tables are dealt with, the syntax is identical for all three table types - with the odd exception.
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© SAP AG 2006
itab_flightinfo TYPE sbc400_t_sbc400focc.DATA
itab_flightinfocarrid seatsmaxconnid fldate seatsocc percentage
Access
Key
Key typeKey components
Line type SBC400FOCC
non-uniqueCARRID, CONNID, FLDATE
SBC400_T_SBC400FOCCTable type
Standard table
Global Table Types
Table types can be defined locally for a program or globally in the ABAP Dictionary. With DATA itab_name TYPE itab_type you can use local or global types itab_type. You will find detailed information about defining global table types in the ABAP Dictionary in the SAP Library under Basis ABAP Workbench BC - ABAP Dictionary Types Table Types.
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© SAP AG 2006
itab_flightinfocarrid seatsmaxconnid fldate seatsocc percentage
WITH NON-UNIQUE KEY
sbc400focc
Local table type
Internal tables
Local Table Types
TYPES tt_flightinfo
TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF
carrid connid fldate.
DATA itab_flightinfo TYPE tt_flightinfo.
You can define internal types locally too, using a TYPES statement. The table type is specified between TYPE and TABLE OF. The line type follows TABLE OF. The key fields are listed after the WITH addition. Note that the sequence of the key fields is important here.
You will find detained information about the definition of table types that are local to programs in the keyword documentation for TYPES.
You define the data object itself in the usual way. For compatibility reasons, you can define an internal table directly too: DATA itab_name TYPE table_kind TABLE OF struc_type WITH key_def.
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© SAP AG 2006
DATA wa TYPE spfli.
SELECT ... FROM spfliINTO wa ...
DATA wa TYPE sbc400focc.
DATA itab TYPEsbc400_t_sbc400focc.
ABAP program ABAP Dictionary Database
SPFLI
Transparent table
(Description)
SBC400FOCC
Structure
SBC400_T_SBC400FOCC
Table type
AA 17 ...AA 64 ...... ... ...LH 400 ...LH 402 ...
SPFLI
wa
wa
itab
Overview of Complex Data Types
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Append
Insert
Read
Change
Delete
wa to itab.
wa INTO TABLE itab <condition>.
itab INTO wa <condition>.
TABLE itab FROM wa [ <condition> ].
itab <condition>.
APPEND
INSERT
READ TABLE
MODIFY
DELETE
Single Access Overview
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Single record processingover the whole(or part) ofthe internal table
Delete severalrecords
Insert severallines from another internal table
Append severallines from another internal table
Group Access Overview
LOOP AT itab INTO wa <condition> ....
ENDLOOP .
DELETE itab <condition> .
INSERT LINES OF itab1 <condition1>INTO itab2 <condition2> .
APPEND LINES OF itab1 <condition>TO itab2.
The following set operations are available for internal tables. wa stands for a structure that must be the same type as the line type of the internal table itab: LOOP ... ENDLOOP The LOOP places the rows of an internal table one after the other into a structure that is specified in the INTO clause. All single record operations can be carried out within the loop. With single record operations, the system identifies the line to be processed in this case.
DELETE deletes the lines of an internal table that satisfy the <condition> requirement. INSERT copies the content of several lines of an internal table into another internal table. APPEND appends the content of several lines in an internal table to another standard table.
You will find detailed information about the ABAP statements listed here in the respective keyword documentation.
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© SAP AG 2006
* fill structure with values
wa_flightinfo-carrid = ... .wa_flightinfo-connid = ... .wa_flightinfo-fldate = ... .wa_flightinfo-seatsmax = ... .wa_flightinfo-seatsocc = ... .wa_flightinfo-percentage = ... .
* insert structure into internal table
INSERT wa_flightinfo INTO TABLE itab_flightinfo.
* define internal table and workarea
DATA: itab_flightinfo TYPE sbc400_t_sbc400focc,
wa_flightinfo LIKE LINE OF itab_flightinfo.
itab_flightinfo
wa_flightinfo
Inserting a Single Record
You can insert lines in an internal table by first filling a structure with the required values and then inserting them into the internal table using the INSERT statement.
With standard tables, this appends the line, whereas with sorted and hashed tables, the line is inserted by means of a key.
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LOOP AT itab_flightinfo INTO wa_flightinfo.
WRITE: / wa_flightinfo-carrid,wa_flightinfo-connid,wa_flightinfo-fldate,wa_flightinfo-seatsmax,wa_flightinfo-seatsocc,wa_flightinfo-percentage,'%'.
ENDLOOP.
sy-tabix
Reading by Loop
* define internal table and workarea
DATA: itab_flightinfo TYPE sbc400_t_sbc400focc,
wa_flightinfo LIKE LINE OF itab_flightinfo.
itab_flightinfo
wa_flightinfo
You can read and process the content of an internal table using a LOOP by accessing the structure components within the loop.
In this example, a list is compiled from the field contents using the WRITE statement. If you want to change the contents of the internal table, first change the value of the components within the loop and then overwrite the line in the internal table using the MODIFY statement.
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sy-tabix
Reading by Index
LOOP AT itab_flightinfo INTO wa_flightinfoFROM 1 TO 5 .
WRITE: / wa_flightinfo-carrid,wa_flightinfo-connid,wa_flightinfo-fldate,wa_flightinfo-seatsmax,wa_flightinfo-seatsocc,wa_flightinfo-percentage,'%'.
ENDLOOP.
READ TABLE itab_flightinfo INTO wa_flightinfo
INDEX 3 .
WRITE: / wa_flightinfo-carrid,wa_flightinfo-connid,wa_flightinfo-fldate,wa_flightinfo-seatsmax,wa_flightinfo-seatsocc,wa_flightinfo-percentage,'%'.
You can use the INDEX addition to limit access to specific line numbers. Index operations can only be performed on index tables. They are therefore only supported for standard and sorted tables.
In the above example, only the first five lines of the internal table are processed. In the example below, the third line of the internal table is read.
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sy-tabix
Reading by Key
LOOP AT itab_flightinfo INTO wa_flightinfoWHERE carrid = 'LH' .
WRITE: / wa_flightinfo-carrid,wa_flightinfo-connid,wa_flightinfo-fldate,wa_flightinfo-seatsmax,wa_flightinfo-seatsocc,wa_flightinfo-percentage,'%'.
ENDLOOP.
READ TABLE itab_flightinfo INTO wa_flightinfoWITH TABLE KEY carrid = 'LH'
connid = '0400'fldate = sy-datum .
IF sy-subrc = 0. WRITE: / wa_flightinfo-seatsmax,
wa_flightinfo-seatsocc,wa_flightinfo-percentage,'%'.
ENDIF.
sy-tabix
You can use the WHERE addition to limit access to lines with specific values. Key operations are supported for all table types.
With a completely specified key, key accesses to sorted and hashed tables normally make less demands on runtime than key accesses to standard tables.
In the above example, only those lines in the internal table are processed where the carrid field contains the value "LH". (Performance aspect: The sorted table is best suited for this kind of processing.)
The example below shows the syntax for reading a line in the internal table with a completely specified key. The return code sy-subrc is set to zero if a corresponding line exists in the internal table. (Performance aspect: The hashed table is best suited for this type of single record access when the number of data records it contains is very large.)
Note that for single record access by key with the addition WITH TABLE KEY all key fields must be supplied. If you want to limit the field content, you have to use the WITH KEY addition.
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DESCENDING
ASCENDING
REFRESH itab_flightinfo.
FREE itab_flightinfo.
SORT itab_flightinfo.
Sorting a Standard Table
SORT itab_flightinfo BY carrid.
SORT itab_flightinfo BY percentage
carrid .
You can sort standard tables into columns of your choice by specifying the column name after the BY clause of the SORT statement.
SORT itab [ ASCENDING | DESCENDING ] [ BY f1 [ ASCENDING | DESCENDING ] ... fn [ ASCENDING | DESCENDING ] ] [ AS TEXT ] [ STABLE ].
Sorting the internal table according to the table key or the specified field sequence: Without addition in ascending order. With the AS TEXT addition you can take account of culture-specific sort rules when sorting according to character type fields. When sorting, the relative sequence of the data records that are not differentiated in the sort key is retained only with the STABLE addition.
In this example, the data records for the internal table are sorted in descending order according to the extent to which the flights are used, expressed as a percentage.
You will find detailed information in the keyword documentation for SORT.
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Internal table itab
INSERT itab INDEX n.
DELETE TABLE itab.
READ TABLE itab INDEX n.
WRITE itab-carrid.
Implicit syntaxExplicit syntax
Internal table itab
DATA itabTYPE STANDARD TABLE OF scarrWITH NON-UNIQUE KEY carrid.
.DATA wa LIKE LINE of itab
Internal Tables with and Without Header Lines
DATA itabTYPE STANDARD TABLE OF scarrWITH NON-UNIQUE KEY carrid
WITH HEADER LINE .
Work area wa Header line itab
INSERT wa INTO itab INDEX n.
DELETE TABLE itab FROM wa .
READ TABLE itab INTO wa INDEX n.
WRITE wa-carrid.
Internal tables can de defined with or without header lines (addition WITH HEADER LINE). An internal table with header line is a data set from a work area (header line) and the actual body of the table.. Both objects are addressed using the same name! The interpretation of this names depends on the context. With MOVE, for example, it stands for the header line, with SEARCH for the body of the table.
In order to avoid confusion, we recommend you use internal tables without a header line. This is particularly evident with nested tables. On the other hand, with operations on internal tables with header lines, a shortened syntax is often possible (APPEND, INSERT, MODIFY, COLLECT, DELETE, READ, LOOP AT). Within ABAP objects, only internal tables without header lines are allowed.
You can always address the body of an internal table itab uniquely by using the following syntax: itab[]. This is the case regardless of whether the internal table has a header line or not. Example - DATA itab1 TYPE TABLE OF i WITH HEADER LINE. - DATA itab2 LIKE itab1.
itab1 = itab2. " only the header lines are copied itab1[] = itab2[]. " the actual table content is copied
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Applicationserver
Native SQL
ABAPOpen SQL Native SQL
Tablebuffer
Database server
Database interface
Database Accesses
Open SQL statements are a subset of SQL Standards that are fully integrated in ABAP. They allow the ABAP developer unified access to data, independent of the installed database system. The database interface converts Open SQL to database-dependent SQL statements.
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Application-related search
Search within a particular application component:Application hierarchy
Search within a program that accesses the required table:
Source text search: Search in the editor for the SELECT statement
Function debugging: Prior to executing a subfunctionswitch to debugging mode ("/h") and set breakpoint at SELECTstatement
Using screen field information: Display corresponding structure field with F1 + "Technical Information", double-click to navigate to the relevant data element and execute "Where-Used-List in Table Fields"
Program-related search
Table Drilldown Report
When searching for database tables, you have various options: Using the Application Hierarchy or the Repository Information System.
If you already know a program that accesses the required database table: Debugger: - Start this program in debugging mode and set a breakpoint at the SELECT statement.
Editor: - Search for the SELECT statement in the source text.
Input field on a screen: - If you know a program that contains a screen with input fields for the table you are
looking for, you can use F1 Technical Information and double-click on the technical name of the screen field to navigate to the ABAP Dictionary. This is frequently a structure field. Double-click to navigate to the data element. You can then use the Where-Used-List to search for transparent tables with the field type.
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specific columns
single/multiple lines
SELECT <fields> FROM <table> INTO <target> WHERE <condition> .
Which columns ? Which table ? Where ? Which lines ?
Read Database Access
You program read database accesses with the open SQL statement SELECT. The SELECT statement is comprised of a number of clauses with different tasks:
The SELECT clause describes amongst other things whether the selection result should cover several lines or an individual data record, and which fields and tables should be read.
The FROM clause names the source (database table or view) from which the data is to be selected.
The INTO clause determines the internal data objects into which the selected data is to be placed.
The WHERE clause gives the conditions that the selection result must fulfill. It therefore determines the lines in the table that are to be selected.
You will find other clauses in the keyword documentation for SELECT.
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pa_car
IF sy-subrc = 0....
ENDIF.
SINGLE
Databaseinterface
wa_scarr
INTO
WHERE
SCARR
Databasetable
SELECT *
FROM scarr
wa_scarr
carrid = pa_car .
Reading by Single Record Access
With the SELECT SINGLE * statement, you read a single record from the database table. To guarantee unique access, all the key fields in the WHERE clause have to be supplied. The asterisk * is used to supply the database interface with the information that all the columns in the line of the database table should be read. If you only want to select certain columns, the required fields can be listed instead.
The INTO clause is used to specify the target to which the database interface should copy the data. The target area should be structured with left-alignment in the same way as the required columns from the database table.
With the CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF addition for the INTO clause you fill the target area for each component. Only those components are included that have the same name as columns in the database table. Without this addition, the target area is filled aligned to the left, without its structure being taken into account.
If a suitable record was found, sy-subrc has the value 0. The SINGLE addition is used to pass the information to the database that only one record is to be read. The database can then terminate the search as soon as the matching record has been found. For this reason SELECT SINGLE is still more efficient at runtime than a SELECT loop when all the key fields are supplied with data.
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pa_car
wa_sbc400focc
Databaseinterface
ENDSELECT
SELECT
Statements for each read record
SFLIGHT
Databasetable
carrid connid fldateseatsocc seatsmax
FROM sflightINTO wa_sbc400focc
" INTO CORRESPONDING" FIELDS OF ...WHERE carrid = pa_car.
IF sy-subrc = 0.sy-dbcnt ...
ENDIF.
Reading Several Lines
Without the SINGLE addition for the SELECT statement, the system reads several records from the database. The columns with the data to be read by the database are selected using the field list.
The number of lines requested can be limited by the WHERE clause. Within the WHERE clause, only the field names of the database table are specified. The FROM clause identifies the database table that is accessed.
A number of logical conditions within the WHERE clause can be linked with AND or OR. The database supplies the data to the database interface in packages. The ABAP runtime system then copies the data records line by line in a loop in the target area and ensures that all the statements between SELECT and ENDSELECT. are processed sequentially
After the ENDSELECT statement, the return code for the SELECT loop can be read. sy-subrc has the value 0 if the solution quantity comprises at least one record.
After the ENDSELECT statement, sy-dbcnt contains the entire number of read lines.
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pa_car
itab_focc
Databaseinterface
SFLIGHT
Databasetable
Reading Several Lines in an Internal Table
SELECT carrid connid fldateseatsmax seatsoccFROM sflightINTO TABLE itab_focc
WHERE carrid = pa_car .
IF sy-subrc = 0.sy-dbcnt ...
ENDIF.
The addition INTO TABLE itab causes the ABAP runtime system to copy the content of the database interface directly into the internal table itab. This is described as Array Fetch.
Since the Array Fetch is not executed as a loop, you cannot program an ENDSELECT statement.
If you do not want to overwrite the internal table, but want to append lines to an internal table that has already been filled, you can use the addition APPENDING TABLE itab.
sy-subrc has the value 0 if at least one record was read.
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ABAP program
Same type asread fields
wa_sbc400focc
Transferring Structures
DATA wa_sbc400focc TYPE sbc400focc.
SELECT SINGLE carrid connid fldate seatsmax seatsocc
FROM sflight
INTO wa_sbc400focc
WHERE carrid = pa_carAND connid = pa_conAND fldate = pa_date.
In the program, a suitably typed data object must exist for each column requested by a database table. For maintenance reasons, the data objects should be typed by the appropriate dictionary objects. The INTO clause determines the data object in which the data from the database table is placed. There are two options: Flat structure: In your program, you define a structure that contains the same fields in the same sequence as the field list in the SELECT clause. In this case you can specify the name of the structure in the INTO clause. The content is copied with left alignment. The field names of the structure are not included in the process.
Individual data objects: You can specify a number of data objects in the INTO clause. Example: - DATA:
gd_carrid TYPE sflight-carrid, gd_connid TYPE sflight-connid, gd_fldate TYPE sflight-fldate, gd_seatsmax TYPE sflight-seatsmax, gd_seatsocc TYPE sflight-seatsocc.
- START-OF-SELECTION. - SELECT carrid connid fldate seatsmax seatsocc
FROM sflight INTO (gd_carrid, gd_connid, gd_fldate, gd_seatsmax, gd_seatsocc)
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WHERE ...
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ABAP program
Same name asread fields
INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF wa_sdyn_conn
wa_sdyn_conn
Transferring Selected Structure Content
DATA wa_sdyn_conn TYPE sdyn_conn.
SELECT SINGLE carrid connid fldate seatsmax seatsocc
FROM sflight
WHERE carrid = pa_carAND connid = pa_conAND fldate = pa_date .
If you use the INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS clause, the data is placed in fields with the same name in the target structure.
Advantages of this construct: The target structure does not have to be structured with left alignment in the same way as the field list.
The construct is easy to maintain, since the extension of the field list requires no other change to the program, providing a field of the same name and same type exists in the target structure.
If you want to use Array Fetch to place data in columns of the same name in an internal table, use INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF TABLE itab.
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CARRID CITYFROM
AAAA......AAAA... ...AAAA
NEW YORKFRANKFURT......NEW YORKFRANKFURT......NEW YORKFRANKFURT
Database table SPFLI
CONNID
00170064......
00170064... ...
00170064
MANDT
400400......401401... ...402 402
SELECT * FROM spfliINTO ...WHERE carrid = 'AA'.
Logged on in client 400 :
Client-Dependent Selection
SELECT * FROM spfliCLIENT SPECIFIED
INTO ...WHERE mandt = 402AND carrid = 'AA'.
In client-dependent database tables, the first key field is always MANDT (data type CLNT). If you select data from client-dependent tables, the data records for the current client are always read, without further specifications. (The ABAP runtime system converts the SELECT statement automatically.)
If you explicitly want to include the client field in the WHERE clause, you have to set the CLIENT SPECIFIED addition after the FROM clause.
Since this special case is not relevant in the context of this course, the client field is normally omitted from the illustrations.
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CARRID CITYFROM ...
AAAAJLLHLH... AAAALHUA...
NEW YORKFRANKFURTTOKYOFRANKFURTFRANKFURT...NEW YORKFRANKFURTBERLINFRANKFURT...
Database table SPFLI
CONNID
00170064040704000402...
0017 006424070941...
PARAMETERS pa_from TYPE spfli-cityfrom .
SELECT * FROM spfliINTO ...WHERE cityfrom = pa_from .
...
CITYFROM
Secondary index forfaster access with
CITYFROM selection
FRANKFURTFRANKFURTFRANKFURTNEW YORKTOKYO...BERLINFRANKFURTFRANKFURTNEW YORK...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
MANDT
400400400400400... 401401401401 ...
MANDT
400400400400400... 401401401401 ...
Selection screen
Departure from
FRANKFURT
Selecting with Indices
As soon as you navigate to the definition of a database table in the ABAP Dictionary, you find information about all the technical properties of that database table.
The following information is relevant for efficient database access at runtime: Key fields: If the required lines from the database are selected according to key fields, the Database Optimizer can access the data using a primary index.
Secondary index: If the required lines from the database are selected according to fields that are listed in a secondary index, the Database Optimizer can use this to access the data. - If you click on the Indexes pushbutton in the Dictionary, the secondary indexes are
displayed in a dialog box. If you double-click on an index in the dialog box, the system displays detailed information about the selected index With client-dependent tables the client field is usually included in the index.
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MANDT CARRID CONNID CITYFROM...SPFLI
... MANDT CARRID CARRNAME
SCARR
...
Join tables
SPFLI-MANDT = SCARR-MANDT
SPFLI-CARRID = SCARR-CARRIDandJoin condition
MANDT CARRID CONNID CITYFROM
Table joinCARRNAME
Joincolumns
Reading Linked Tables
If you want to read data from two databases that are logically related, you can use one database query to access both database tables. Logically, the following information must be specified: Which database tables should be accessed? How should the link conditions look? In this condition, columns from both database tables are linked to one another. A shared line in the results table contains an entry if all the field values for the linked columns match.
Which columns should be read? With column names that appear in both database tables, you have to specify the table from which the column should be read.
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Database view in Dictionary
Database view ZABC
SELECT ...
FROM zabc
WHERE ...
Program Program
SELECT ...
FROM
ON spfli~carrid = scarr~carrid
WHERE ...
View and Join
View definition in the Dictionary+ Selection in program
Direct joining inprogram (ABAP join)
spfli INNER JOIN scarr
The link conditions can be defined statically or dynamically. The static links can be defined in the ABAP Dictionary and is labelled a view. There are different types of views. You will find more detailed information in the SAP Library under Basis ABAP Workbench BC ABAP Dictionary Views.
You can implement the dynamic link using ABAP statements. It is known as an ABAP Join. At runtime, a corresponding database query is generated in the database interface. You will find detailed information in the keyword documentation for SELECT FROM clause.
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SELECT
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE
MODIFY
Statements for Database Changes
With Open SQL, as well as the SELECT statement you can also use UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE and MODIFY.
You should not use these changing database accesses unless you are familiar with the SAP transaction concept.
All Open SQL statements support the return code sy-subrc. This means that if the data was successfully accessed, the system field sy-subrc has the content 0, if the attempt was unsuccessful, the content is not equal to 0.
More detailed information is available in the respective keyword documentation.
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...
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...
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...
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...
...
...
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.
.
.
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.
...
...
...
Subroutine
Subroutine call...
Subroutine call...
Subroutine call...
More transparent+Easier to maintain
Same
sourcetext
blocks
Motivation Behind Subroutines
A subroutine is a modularization unit inside the program. In a subroutine you store segments of a program to improve the transparency of the main program and/or to be able to use the sequences several times.
Data can be exchanged using the subroutine interface. This enables you to call the same functions for different data objects. The above example shows a subroutine that calculates a percentage rate. This subroutine is called a number of times, and in each case, different data objects are transferred to the interface.
The use of subroutines makes your program more function oriented: It divides the task into subfunctions to be handled by the subroutine.
Under normal circumstances, this also makes your program easier to maintain. You can run these subroutines in the debugger "in the background" and only view the result. This generally enables you to identify the source of an error faster.
Structure of a subroutine: A subroutine is enclosed by FORM and ENDFORM. After the name of the subprogram comes the interface definition. Then come the statements that execute the program.
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REPORT ...DATA: a TYPE ... ,
b TYPE ... ,c TYPE ... .
Subroutine
...
Formal parameter :
Call subroutine with ( a , b , c )...
...
...Call byValue
Call byReference
Call by Valueand Result
f1 f2 f3, ,
Copyof a
Copyof b
Data Copy when Calling the Subroutine
The way in which the data from the main program (actual parameter) is transferred to the data objects of the subroutine (formal parameter) is determined in the interface. There are three possibilities here:
Call-by-value A local copy of the actual parameter is to be transferred to the subroutine. This means that value assignments to the formal parameter have absolutely no influence on the actual parameter.
Call-by-reference The dereferenced address of the actual parameter is to be transferred to the subroutine. This means that value assignments to the formal parameter have a direct influence on the actual parameter. The value of the actual parameter is changed physically by the subroutine through the addressing.
Call-by-value-and-result A local copy of the actual parameter with value return is to be transferred to the subroutine. This means that value assignments to the formal parameter influence the actual parameter only when the subroutine is exited. You should choose this transfer type when you want to ensure that that actual parameters have not been changed when the subroutine is terminated prematurely.
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FORM xyzUSINGvalue(f1) ... " Call by Value
CHANGINGvalue(f2) ... " Call by Value and Result
f3 ... . " Call by Reference...
ENDFORM.
PERFORM xyzUSINGa
CHANGINGbc.
Definition
Call
Subroutine Call and Interface
REPORT ...DATA: a TYPE ... ,
b TYPE ... ,c TYPE ... .
In the interface definition you count the formal parameters of the various types and type them if necessary. The sequence is fixed: First you have to name all the USING parameters, then all the CHANGING parameters. Within the subroutine you address the transferred data using the formal parameters.
When the procedure is called, the actual parameters are also grouped with USING and CHANGING.
You determine the transfer type in the interface definition: Call-by-value (f1)
List this kind of parameter after USING and enclose it in brackets with value(f1) too. Call-by-reference (f2)
List this kind of parameter after CHANGING. (For the purpose of documentation you can list a parameter for this transfer type under USING too.) From a technical perspective, USING and CHANGING have the same effect here. (However, if you change a parameter listed under USING in the subroutine, this leads to a warning in the Extended Program Check.)
Call-by-value-and-result (f3) List this kind of parameter after CHANGING and enclose it in brackets with value(f3) too.
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TYPES t_perc TYPE p DECIMALS 2.
DATA: a TYPE i,b TYPE i ,c TYPE t_perc .
...
PERFORM calc_percUSING
ab
CHANGINGc.
FORM calc_percUSING
value(f_part) TYPE ANYvalue(f_all) TYPE ANY
CHANGINGvalue(f_pc) TYPE ANY .
CHECK f_all <> 0.f_pc = f_part * 100 / f_all .
ENDFORM.
Variable:Type inheritance +Risk of conflicting types
TYPES t_perc TYPE p DECIMALS 2.
DATA: a TYPE i,b TYPE i ,c TYPE t_perc .
...
PERFORM calc_percUSING
ab
CHANGINGc.
FORM calc_percUSING
value(f_part) TYPE ivalue(f_all) TYPE i
CHANGINGvalue(f_pc) TYPE t_perc .
CHECK f_all <> 0.f_pc = f_part * 100 / f_all .
ENDFORM.
Constant:Prescribedtype foractual parameter
Variable and Constant Typing
Any type of data object (actual parameters) can be transferred to a subroutine. With elementary types you can decide whether or not you want to type for formal parameter.
By typing the formal parameter you ensure that only actual parameters for the specified type can be transferred to the subroutine. This improves the stability of your program, since the syntax check already picks out any type conflicts.
TYPE ANY leaves the typing open. (This specification can also be left out for reasons of compatibility.) In this case, the type is "inherited" from the actual parameter to the formal parameter at runtime. If the statements in the subprogram do not match the inherited type, this can lead to runtime errors!
If you type with p, n, c or x, the missing type properties are also first "inherited" at runtime. If you want a complete specification here, you have to deploy user-defined types. With string and xstring, the complete specification is only ever available at runtime.
The data types i, f, d and t, on the other hand, are completely specified.
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© SAP AG 2006
DATA wa_flightinfoTYPE sbc400focc.
...
PERFORM fill_waCHANGING wa_flightinfo .
...
FORM fill_waCHANGING
f_wa .
f_wa-carrid = ... .f_wa-connid = ... .
ENDFORM.
DATA it_flightinfoTYPE sbc400_t_sbc400focc.
...
PERFORM fill_itabCHANGING it_flightinfo.
...
TYPE sbc400focc
Structure type Table type
Structure componentsaddressable
Typing with Structures and Internal Tables
FORM fill_itabCHANGING
f_itab TYPE sbc400_t_sbc400focc .
LOOP AT f_itab ... ....
ENDLOOP.
ENDFORM.
Structures and internal tables as formal parameters must be typed. This enables you to access these formal parameters as usual within the subroutine.
Typing structures identifies the components in the subroutine, so that you can address these with the usual syntax.
With internal tables, typing enables you to address the formal parameter as an internal table with the usual syntax.
Performance aspect: With internal tables as the transfer parameter, you should generally select call-by-reference as the transfer type, as the effort required to copy data can otherwise be considerable.
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© SAP AG 2006
...
PERFORM fill_itab CHANGING it_flightinfo .
...
Global variables
Local variable
DATA: it_flightinfo TYPE sbc400_t_sbc400focc,wa_flightinfo LIKE LINE OF it_flightinfo .
Local and Global Internal Tables
FORM fill_itabCHANGING
f_itab TYPE sbc400_t_sbc400focc.
DATA l_wa LIKE LINE OF f_itab .
LOOP AT f_itab INTO l_wa....
ENDLOOP.
ENDFORM.
You can make so-called local definitions within a subroutine. Both the formal parameters and the local data objects are only active during the subroutine runtime. This means that the corresponding memory space is only allocated at the time the subroutine is called and then freed up again after it has been executed. They can therefore only be addressed from the subprogram.
The global data objects of the main program can also be addressed from the subroutine. You should avoid doing this as far as possible, however. Otherwise, you by-pass the interface and your program becomes prone to error.
When formal parameters or local data objects and global data objects use the same names, the ABAP runtime system addresses the local data object from within the subroutine and the global data object from outside. This is know as local overcoverage.
Summarized advice: Address the global data objects in the main program and and transfer them to the subroutine via the interface.
Address only the formal parameters and the local data objects in the subroutine. Avoid using the same names for the sake of clarity. Use simple prefixes such as f_... for "formal parameter" and l_... for "local data object" or similar.
© SAP AG AC400 2-87
© SAP AG 2006
DATA: carrid TYPE sbc400focc-carrid,it_flightinfo TYPE sbc400_t_sbc400focc,lines TYPE i.
PERFORM count_linesUSING
carridit_flightinfo
CHANGINGlines.
FORM count_linesUSING
f_carr TYPE sbc400focc-carrid f_itab TYPE sbc400_t_sbc400focc
CHANGINGvalue(f_lines) TYPE i.
DATA l_wa LIKE LINE OF f_itab.
CLEAR f_lines.LOOP AT f_itab INTO l_wa WHERE carrid = f_carr.
ADD 1 TO f_lines.ENDLOOP.
ENDFORM.
Calling a Subroutine
This example shows the calling of a subroutine that determines the number of lines in an internal table that fulfill a certain criterion.
For performance reasons, the internal table f_itab and the comparison value f_carr are transferred by address and the number of lines f_lines as a value copy.
A line-compatible work area is required for the loop access. This is defined locally in the subroutine here by reference to the formal parameter.
© SAP AG AC400 2-88
© SAP AG 2006
System Help
Z00_FORM
ABAP Editor: Change Report Z00_FORM
SubroutinesCOUNT_LINES
FORM count_linesUSING
f_carr TYPE ...f_itab TYPE ...
CHANGINGvalue(f_lines) TYPE ... .
...ENDFORM.
...
PERFORM count_linesUSING
f_carrf_itab
CHANGINGf_lines .
...Use
actual parameter
+
Drag &
Dro
p
Editing a Subroutine
A subroutine is called with the PERFORM statement. When a subroutine is called, the parameters are transferred in sequence. You should proceed is such a way that you define the subroutine first and then call it. The Object Navigator offers you considerable support here: You can select the subroutine in the navigation area and the "drop" the call statement into the editing area by "drag and drop.
Alternatively, you can also use the Template function in the editor to generate the call statement.
This ensures that you do not forget or mix up any of the parameters. However, you still have to replace the formal parameters with the actual parameters.
© SAP AG AC400 2-89
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ABAP Workbench Overview: Summary
The ABAP Workbench contains a number of tools for developing a wide variety of program objects.
The ABAP Workbench is integrated with the Repository.
The ABAP Workbench provides a glossary of all ABAP statements.
© SAP AG AC400 2-90
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© SAP AG 2006
First Attempts at Programming: Overview Diagram
First Attempts at ProgrammingFirst Attempts at Programming
The ABAP Workbench The ABAP Workbench
Dialogs and ALV ReportsDialogs and ALV Reports Template AllocationTemplate Allocation
ExtractionExtraction
Customer EnhancementsCustomer Enhancements
© SAP AG AC400 3-92
© SAP AG 2006
Programming an Authorization Check
For the purpose of developing your first programthis unit deals with:
Authorization check architecture
The tools for developing function modules
Options for testing the program using the debugger
Contents:
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Explain the authorization concept
Analyze and write simple function modules
Use the debugger
The ABAP Workbench: Objectives
At the conclusion of this unit, you will be able to:
© SAP AG AC400 3-94
© SAP AG 2006
Authorizationobject class
Authorizationobject
Authorization Authorization-profile
Role
User
1) := assigned2) := combined
1) 1) 2) 1) 1)
Elements of the SAP Authorization Concept
Authorization field: Smallest unit against which a check can be made (ACTVT, BUKRS). Authorization object: Groups 1 to 10 authorization fields that are then checked in combination (For example.: F_LFA1_APP Vendor: Application authorization).
Authorization object class: Logical grouping of authorization objects (for example, all authorization objects for object class FI).
Authorization: An attribute for an authorization object, in other words, a combination of permitted values for each authorization field of an authorization object.
Authorization profile: Contains attributes (authorizations) for various authorization objects. Role: Is created with the profile generator (transaction PFCG) and enables an authorization profile to be generated automatically. A role describes the activities of an R/3 user.
User master record: Used for logging on to the SAP system and allows limited access to functions and objects in the SAP system by way of authorization profiles.
Naming conventions for customer developments (see SAP Notes 20643 and 16466) : Authorizations and authorization profiles are Customizing objects, which is why they do not have to lie in the customer namespace (Y,Z). They cannot have an underscore as the second character, however.
Authorization object classes, objects and fields are development objects and must begin with Y or Z (customer namespace).
© SAP AG AC400 3-95
© SAP AG 2006
BUKRS
ACTVT
WERKS
BEGRU
M_RECH_BUK
F_BKPF_BUK
F_KNA1_BUK
C_KAPA_PLA
C_ARPL_WRK
M_MSEG_WWA
V_KNA1_BRG
C_DRAW_BGR
MM_R
FI
PP
MM_B
SD
CV
Authorization Fields, Objects and Object Classes
Authorization fields Authorization objects Authorizationobject classes
Example: The authorization fields BUKRS (company code) and ACTVT (activity) are used, amongst others, in the following authorization objects: M_RECH_BUK: Authorization to release locked invoices for certain company codes. F_BKPF_BUK: Authorization to process documents for certain company codes. F_KNA1_BUK: Authorization to maintain the customer master record for certain company codes.
In the authorizations for the respective authorization object, you can determine which activities (for example, create, change, display, and so on) are allowed to be executed in which programs. Each object has a number of possible activities that are described in the documentation for the object.
All possible activities (ACTVT) are defined in the table TACT (transaction SM30). You will find the valid activities for each authorization object in the table TACTZ (transaction SE16).
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BUKRS 1000, 2000ACTVT 01, 02, 031000 2000 3000
Authorization A
BUKRS
ACTVTCreateChangeDisplay
BUKRS 1000, 2000. 3000ACTVT 031000 2000 3000
Authorization B
BUKRS
ACTVT
CreateChangeDisplay
Authorizations as Attributes
Example: Authorization A allows you to execute the activities create, change and display in the company codes 1000 and 2000.
Authorization B allows you to execute only the display activity in company codes 1000, 2000 and 3000.
If a user has authorization A and B, these operative in an additive way. In other words, the user can execute the activities create, change and display in the company codes 1000 and 2000. In company code 3000, the user can only execute the display activity.
© SAP AG AC400 3-97
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Change accountingdocumentT code "FB02"
System program
Authorization for the transaction (authorization object S_TCODE)?
Authorization for authorization object in table TSTCA?STOP
No
No
ABAP programAuthorization checks"AUTHORITY-CHECK"
Initial screen
Next screen
Start transaction
Yes
Events for Authorization Checks
When the transaction is started, a system program performs various checks to ensure that the user has the corresponding authorizations.
Step 1: Check whether the user is authorized to start the transaction. The authorization object S_TCODE (transaction start) contains the authorization field TCD (transaction code). Users have to have authorization for the transaction code they want to execute (for example FB02, Change Document).
Step 2: Check whether the an authorization object is assigned to the transaction code. If this is the case, the system checks whether the user has authorization for this authorization object. The transaction code/authorization object assignment is defined in the table TSTCA.
Of one of the above checks is negative, the transaction is not started and the system displays a corresponding message.
IMPORTANT: The authorization object assigned to the transaction is checked with the ABAP statement AUTHORITY-CHECK. The check is carried out by the ABAP program that is called by the transaction when the transaction is started.
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Change accountingdocument
Transaction FB02Program SAPMF05L
....
AUTHORITY-CHECKOBJECT ´F_BKPF_BUK´ID ´ACTVT´ FIELD ´02´ID ´BUKRS´ FIELD BUK.
IF SY-SUBRC NE 0.MESSAGE E083 WITH BUK.
ENDIF......
Userauthorizations
Object F_BKPF_BUKAuthorization BUK
1000
Field ValueACTVT 02, 03BUKRS 1000
Authorization BUK 1000
The authorizations are read using the buffer
Programming Authorization Checks
Check
Result
Authorization checks are carried out in programs with the ABAP statement AUTHORITY-CHECK.
A program can contain any number of these checks. For example, the user wants to call transaction FB02. An AUTHORITY-CHECK is programmed in the ABAP program SAPMF05L that calls transaction FB02. The following authorization is checked: Authorization object F_BKPF_BUK Authorization field ACTVT (activity) for the value 02 (change). Authorization field BUKRS (company code) for the value 1000.
The user can only execute the transaction if he/she has the authorization object F_BKPF_BUK with the authorization fields ACTVT (02) and BUKRS (1000) as authorization.
The system returns a return code after the authorization check. The valid return codes for the ABAP statement AUTHORITY-CHECK are: 0: The user has authorization for the authorization object with the correct field values. 4: The user has authorization for the authorization object, however, the checked values are not assigned to the user
12: The user has no authorization for the authorization object.
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Func
tion
mod
ule
FB3
Inte
rface
Interface
Function moduleFB2
Interface
Function module
FB1
Functionm
odule
FB5
Interface
Function moduleFB4
Interface
Sub-routine
Interface
Logical View of a Function Group
Function modules are special procedures that can be viewed globally and can be called from other ABAP programs. They can only be defined and implemented in special ABAP programs. These programs are called function groups.
Function groups are not executable programs, in other words, they cannot be started using transaction codes or by entering the name of the program. They serve exclusively as framework programs for the function modules. In most cases, a function group contains several function modules that offer related functions or operate on the same data.
As well as function modules, function groups can also contain the following elements: Data declarations (global data objects) Subroutines Screens These elements can by used by all function modules in the function group.
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INCLUDE L<fgrp>TOP.
INCLUDE L<fgrp>UXX.
INCLUDE L<fgrp>F<xx>.
...
INCLUDE L<fgrp>O<xx>.
...
INCLUDE L<fgrp>I<xx>....
Framework program SAPL<fgrp>
INCLUDE L<fgrp>U01.
FUNCTION <name>....ENDFUNCTION.FUNCTION <name>....ENDFUNCTION.FUNCTION <name>....ENDFUNCTION.
FORM <form_1>
ENDFORM.
MODULE <mod_a> OUTPUT.
ENDMODULE.
MODULE <mod_b> INPUT.
ENDMODULE.
Subroutines
PBO module
PAI module
Function modules
Include programs
FUNCTION-POOL <fgrp>.TYPES: … DATA: …CONSTANTS: …
Global data for the function group
Technical Structure of a Function Group
From a technical point of view as far as the program is concerned, a function group comprises a framework program and a range of include programs. When you create a function group, the framework program and the include programs are created automatically. The names of the individual components are generated from the name of the function group (<fgrp>). This name can have up to 26 characters.
The framework program SAPL<fgrp> contains only INCLUDE statements for the following include programs: TOP include - The include program L<fgrp>TOP contains the FUNCTION-POOL statement and global
data declarations. U includes - The include program L<fgrp>UXX contains additional INCLUDE statements for the
include programs L<fgrp>U01, L<fgrp>U02, ... . The latter contain the actual function modules.
F includes - The include programs L<fgrp>F01, L<fgrp>F02, ... can be used to define subroutines to
which all the function modules in the group have access by internal call. O includes
© SAP AG AC400 3-101
- The include programs L<fgrp>O01, L<fgrp>O02, ... can be used to define PBO modules (OUTPUT) for the function group screens.
© SAP AG AC400 3-102
I includes - The include programs L<fgrp>I01, L<fgrp>I02, ... can be used to define PAI modules
(INPUT) for the function group screens. The creation of these include programs is to a large extent automated by forward navigation in the ABAP Workbench.
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-
-
-
+-
+
+
+
+
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Function groups Global classes
Screens
Asynchronous execution
Update
Remote capability
Instantiability
Function Groups vs. Global Classes
Advantages. As well as important object-oriented concepts such as inheritance, polymorphism and interfaces, the main advantage is the multiple instantiability of the classes. Function groups continue to play an important role in ABAP programming, however. In the following important application cases you cannot use global classes as an alternative to function modules:
Screens In contrast to classes, function groups can contain screens. This allows you to encapsulate user dialogs in function modules too.
Remote capability Function modules can be called from external systems (Remote Function Call).
Update Special function modules can be used for updates (update function modules). They are not executed directly when called, but at the end of the Logical Unit of Work (LUW).
Asynchronous execution The function module is executed in parallel in a separate work process. The calling program does not wait until the function module has finished processing.
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Creating a Function Group
Creating a function group Start transaction SE80 In the navigation area, select object list for function group Enter the name of a new function group (ZBC402_EXAMPLE) (->Screenshot) Clock on Display, "Create Object" popup (->Screenshot) Confirm with "Yes", "Insert Function Group" popup (->Screenshot)
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Creating Function Modules
Start transaction SE80 In the navigation area, select object list for function group Enter the name of the new function group (ZBC402_EXAMPLE) and click on "Display" In the tree structure, open the context menu (right mouse click) for the uppermost node (ZBC402_EXAMPLE)
Open submenus: "Create" -> "Function Module". (->Screenshot) Enter data in the "Create Function Module" popup. (->Screenshot)
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Function module Edit Goto Utilities Environment System Help
Function Builder: Display BC402_FMDD_DIVIDE1_PACKED
Function module BC402_FMDD_DIVIDE1_PACKED Active
Source textExceptionsTablesChangingExportImportProperties
Process type
Normal function moduleRemote-enabled moduleUpdate function module
Function group BC402_FMDD_EXAMPLE Demonstration Function modules
Short text Divides two packed numbers
Package BC402
General data
Classification
Function module documentation
Function Module Properties
In the properties, as well as the general administrative data, you also determine the process type: Remote-enabled modules can also be called from other systems. Update function modules are used for bundled database changes and have additional functions for this purpose.
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Function module documentation
Function Builder: Display BC402_FMDD_GET_FREE_SEATS
Function module BC402_FMDD_GET_FREE_SEATS Active
Source textExceptionsTablesChangingImportProperties Export
Parameter name Typing Associated type Pass by value Short textE_RESULT TYPE DEC8_2 Results
Function module BC402_FMDD_DIVIDE1_PACKED Active
Source textExceptionsTablesChangingExportImportProperties
Parameter name Typing Associated type Default value Optional Pass by value Short textI_NUMBER1 TYPE DEC8_2 First numberI_NUMBER2 TYPE DEC8_2
1Second number
Function module Edit Goto Utilities Environment System Help
Function Builder: Display BC402_FMDD_DIVIDE1_PACKED Function module documentation
Defining Interface Parameters
Interface parameters are used to exchange data between calling programs and the function module.
Parameter types You distinguish between the following types of parameters: - Import parameters are transferred from the calling program to the function module. - Export parameters are transferred from the function module to the calling program. - Changing parameters act as both import and export parameters at the same time. They
are transferred from the calling program to the function module. The function module can change the contents and then return them to the calling program.
- Tables parameters are a special option for transferring internal tables. The tables are both imported and exported. You should no longer use tables parameters for normal function modules. Instead, you should transfer internal tables using the other parameter types (typing with a table type from the Dictionary or a generic table type).
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FUNCTION bc402_fmdd_divide1_packed.*"------------------------------------------------*"*"Local Interface:*" IMPORTING *" VALUE(I_NUMBER1) TYPE DEC8_2 DEFAULT 1 *" REFERENCE(I_NUMBER2) TYPE DEC8_2 *" EXPORTING*" VALUE(E_RESULT) TYPE DEC8_2 *" EXCEPTIONS*" ... *"------------------------------------------------
Optional Parameters
IF i_number1 IS SUPPLIED. "optional parameter...ENDIF.
IF e_result IS SUPPLIED. "export parameter...ENDIF.
You can mark import, change and table parameters as optional. Such parameters do not need to be supplied by the caller. Export parameters are always optional. You can define default values for optional import and change parameters that can be used if the caller does not enter any values. When programming function modules you can make the program flow dependent on whether the caller has supplied optional parameters or not. To do this, use logical expressions in the form of <name> IS SUPPLIED or <name> IS NOT SUPPLIED, where <name> stands for the name of the optional parameter. Note that EXPORT parameters are always optional parameters.
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Function module BC402_FMDD_DIVIDE2_GENERIC Active
TablesChangingExportImportProperties
Exception Short textDivision by zero
Source textExceptions
ZERO_DIVIDEOne of the transferred figures is too largeOVERFLOW
Function module Edit Goto Utilities Environment System Help
Function Builder: Display BC402_FMDD_DIVIDE2_GENERIC
Function module documentation
Exception classes
RAISE <exception>.
*** with default message:MESSAGE <type><num>(<id>)
RAISING <exception>.
Exceptions
Function modules can trigger exceptions in order to display errors to the calling program. To do this you have to declare the exceptions in the function module interface. Choose an identifier for each exception that the function module may trigger.
You have two options for triggering an exception in a function module when an error occurs: RAISE <exception>. - If <exception> is specified in the function module call, control goes directly back to the
calling program. If it is not executed, the program is terminated with a runtime error. MESSAGE <kind><num>(<id>) RAISING <exception>. - If the exception is specified in the call, processing takes place in the manner described
above. If the exception is not specified in the calling program, the message <num> from the <id> message class is sent. The message type <kind> determines whether the program is terminated or continues to run. No runtime error is triggered.
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Function module BC402_FMDD_DIVIDE4_EXCP_CLASS Active
TablesChangingExportImportProperties
Exception Short text
System exception for conversion overflow
Source textExceptions
CX_SY_ZERODIVIDE System exception for division by zero.CX_SY_CONVERSION_OVERFLOW
Function module Edit Goto Utilities Environment System Help
Function Builder: Display BC402_FMDD_DIVIDE4_EXCP_CLASS
Function module documentation
Exception classes
RAISE EXCEPTION TYPE <exception class>[EXPORTING ... ].
Class-Based Exceptions
As an alternative to defining identifiers you can also list exception classes in the interface for the function module. To do this, select the Exception Classes checkbox. The exception classes must first be created as global classes belonging to the .Exception Class. type (naming convention: Exception classes beginning with .CX_. or .ZCX_.).
The course BC401 ABAP Objects describes how to work with class-based exceptions. To trigger a class-based exception, for example, you use the statement RAISE EXCEPTION TYPE <exception class>. - If the constructor for the exception class has parameters, use the EXPORTING addition to
supply them with data.
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Function module
Parameter name Short textI_NUMBER1 First numberI_NUMBER2 Second number
Long textChange
Create Number to be divided
Function moduledocumentation
Division of two numbers …
This function module can only be used for training purposes.
- 10 000 000 000 000 < i_number1 < 10 000 000 000 000
1
Documentation
Function modules can and should be used in other programs. Thorough documentation of the function and interface is therefore particularly important. A distinction is made between function module documentation and parameter documentation.
In the function module documentation, you describe the functions offered by the function module. The information contained therein should be sufficiently detailed to make an analysis of the source code unnecessary in order to use the function module.
As well as describing the functions, you can also include sample calls, notes on usage and additional sources of information in the documentation.
You can access the function module documentation in change mode for the Function Builder using the Function Module Documentation pushbutton, or by following the menu path Goto→ Documentation.
In the parameter documentation you enter information about the individual parameters and exceptions for the function module.
For parameters, you describe the meaning and, if necessary, the value range and default value.
With exceptions, you should describe precisely for which error the exception is triggered and what effect this has.
You can access the documentation for parameters and exceptions in the Long Text column of the Parameter/Exception List in the Function Builder.
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Function module BC402_FMDD_DIVIDE1_packed Active
ExceptionsTablesChangingExportImportProperties Source text
FUNCTION bc402_fmdd_divide1_packed.*"---------------------------------*"*"Local Interface:*" IMPORTING*" EXPORTING*" EXCEPTIONS*"---------------------------------...
ENDFUNCTION.
Function module Edit Goto Utilities Environment System Help
Function Builder: Display BC402_DIVIDE1_PACKEDFunction module documentation
Source Text of a Function Module
When you create a function module the system automatically generates a corresponding U include. The actual functions of the function module are programmed in this include. You cannot load a U include directly to the ABAP Editor, however. It can only be processed within the Function Builder.
The FUNCTION and ENDFUNCTION statements mark the beginning and end of the function module. The function module interface is displayed in the form of generated comment lines. These lines are automatically updated when changes occur to the interface. The interface is actually defined on the corresponding tab titles.
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Function module BC402_FMDD_DIVISION1_PACKED Active
Function module Edit Goto Utilities Environment System Help
Function Builder: Change BC402_FMDD_DIVISION1_PACKED
Testing Function Modules
You test a function module in the Function Builder by clicking on the pushbutton (Test/Execute). This generates a test framework from the active interface definition. Here you have the opportunity to provide all import, changing and tables parameters with input values. To enter table or structure parameters, double-click on the parameter name. Then execute the function module either directly (pushbutton) or in debugging mode (Debugging pushbutton).
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Program
ZBC400_00_GS
ZBC400_00_GS
REPORT sapbc400wbt_getting_started.
TABLES sbc400_carrier.DATA wa_scarr TYPE scarr.PARAMETERS pa_car TYPE scarr-carrid.
SELECT SINGLE * FROM scarrINTO wa_scarrWHERE carrid = pa_car.
IF sy-subrc = 0.
MOVE-CORRESPONDING wa_scarr TO sbc4CALL SCREEN 100.MOVE-CORRESPONDING sbc400_carrier T ...
ExecuteDebugging
Debugging fromstart of program
Debugging from a specificline in a program
+
. . .
. . .
Running a Program in Debugging Mode
You have several options for starting a program from the Object Navigator in debugging mode without having to change the program: In the navigation area for the selected program, choose Execute Debugging. In the editing area, select the required program line and choose Set/Delete Breakpoint. Then start the program with Execute Direct or <F8>.
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/ h
System Help
Utilities Debugging screenDebugging ABAP"/ h" to the command field
+ Enter key
Alternative to "/ h"
Switch to debugging mode at runtime
If you only want to debug certain parts of the program, you should start it first and then switch to debugging mode before changing screens. There are two possible ways of doing this: Choose System Utilities Debug ABAP or Debug Screen. Enter /h in the command field in the toolbar and click on <Enter>.
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Field names
ZJJ_FORMS
1 4- Field contents
SELECT SINGLE * FROM scarrINTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF wa_scarrWHERE carrid = pa_carr.
IF sy-subrc = 0.MOVE-CORRESPONDING wa_scarr TO sbc400_carrier.CALL SCREEN 100.MOVE-CORRESPONDING sbc400_carrier TO wa_scarr.
Fixed point arithmetic15 30-
X SAPABAP debugger
r
SY-SUBRC SY-TABIX SY-DBCNT
Double-click ondata object
pa_carr LH
Current statement
SY-DYNNR0 0 1 1000
Watchpoint
Single-step
Single Step and Field Contents
You can execute the program statement for statement in debugging mode with Single Step. You can also display the content of up to eight data objects. To do this, enter the names in the input field on the left or double-click on the names in the displayed code.
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SELECT SINGLE * FROM scarrINTO wa_scarrWHERE carrid = pa_carr.
IF sy-subrc = 0.
MOVE-CORRESPONDING wa_scarr TO sbc400_carrier.
CALL SCREEN 100.
MOVE-CORRESPONDING sbc400_carrier TO wa_scarr.
Fixed point arithmetic15 30-
ABAP Debugger
Field names 1 4- Field contents
SY-SUBRC SY-TABIX SY-DBCNT
pa_carr LH
SY-DYNNR0 0 1 1000
Watchpoint
Continue
Breakpoints
You can set a breakpoint by double-clicking in front of a line in the source text. You can also set breakpoints at a specific ABAP statement: Breakpoint Breakpoint at Statement.
If you click on Continue, the program is run as far as the next breakpoint. If you Save the breakpoints, they are retained throughout the time you are currently logged on to the system.
With breakpoints, the ABAP Workbench changes to debugging mode only for the developer who set the breakpoint. All other users can run the program directly or set their own breakpoints.
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Watchpoint
Create/change watchpoint
Local watchpoint (only in specified program)
ProgramField name
Comparison operator
Comparison field/valueComparison field (if not selected: Comparison value)
pa_carr
=
LH
123...10
OR AND
pa_carr LH=No. Local Program Field name FieldOperator Comparison field/value
Logical operator between the watchpoints:
Watchpoints
Change Tracking
A watchpoint is a breakpoint that is dependent on field content: You can create the following types of watchpoints: Field name: - The program is run until the content of the field has changed.
Field name, relational operator, comparison value: - The program is run until the field content has changed in such a way that the defined
logical condition in relation to a value has been fulfilled. Field name, relational operator, comparison field: - The program is run until the field content has changed in such a way that the defined
logical condition in relation to the content of a field has been fulfilled. You can set up to ten watchpoints an link them using the logical operators AND or OR.
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Field name
Main programSource text from
SELECT SINGLE * FROM scarrINTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF wa_scarrWHERE carrid = pa_carr.
IF sy-subrc = 0.MOVE-CORRESPONDING wa_scarr TO sbc400_carrier.CALL SCREEN 100.MOVE-CORRESPONDING sbc400_carrier TO wa_scarr.
Fixed point arithmetic
ABAP Debugger
Fields
SY-SUBRC
wa_sbc400
No. Component name Type Length Content
12345678
MANDTCARRIDCARRNAMECURRCODEMARKTRANSTIMEDATE
CCCCCCTD
3 3 20 5 1 12 68
800AAAmerican AirlinesUSDXSMITH14305920061224
Structured field
Length (in bytes)
wa_sbc400
58
Double-click
0
Watchpoint
Structure Contents
You can track the field contents of a structure by entering the structure name in the left column. Double-click on this entry to access the component display for the structure.
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Field names
LOOP AT it_flightinfo INTO wa_flightinfo. WRITE: / wa_flightinfo-carrid,
wa_flightinfo-connid,
Fixed point arithmetic15 30-
ABAP Debugger
SY-SUBRC
it_flightinfo12345678
AAAAAAAALHLHLHLH
Internal table it_flightinfo Type STANDARD
CARRID
00170017001700170400040004000400
CONNID
2006051220060724200608282006122420060626200607152006111320061212
FLDATE
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
66120560470240123273280
PERCENTAGE
Table
Double-click ondata object
0
WatchpointAlternative
Internal Table Contents
You can track the line content of an internal table by entering the name in the left column. Double-click on this entry to access the table display.
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Field names
Z00_FLIGHTINFOZ00_FLIGHTINFO
1 4- Field contents
...
FORM count_lines USINGf_carr TYPE ...f_itab TYPE ...
CHANGINGvalue(f_lines) TYPE ... .
DATA l_wa LIKE LINE OF f_itab.
CLEAR f_lines....
15
ABAP Debugger
SY-SUBRC SY-TABIX SY-DBCNT
f_carr LH
SY-DYNNR
FORM COUNT_LINES
Main programSource text from
0 0 1 1000
Watchpoint
Execute Return
Debugging Subroutines
You can execute a subroutine without stopping in debugging mode. The main program is then stopped again after the subroutine has been executed.
Alternatively, you can execute the subroutine statement for statement with Single Step. If the current statement is within a subroutine, you can click Return (<F7>) to execute the remainder of the subroutine without stopping. The main program is then stopped again after the subroutine has been executed.
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You are familiar with the authorization concept and can apply it.
You can program function modules.
You can use the debugger.
First Attempts at Programming: Summary
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Exercises
Unit : First Attempts at Programming
At the conclusion of this exercise, you will be able to: • Analyze existing function modules • Program your own function modules • Debug programs • Create authorization objects and evaluate them technically in relation
to the program
1-1 Analysis of the delivered function module BAPI_COMPANYCODE_GETDETAIL 1-1-1 Start the Function Builder to analyze the function module
BAPI_COMPANYCODE_GETDETAIL. 1-1-2 What is the name of the function group in which the function module
BAPI_COMPANYCODE_GETDETAIL is located? How many function modules are there in total in this function group? Which other object types does this group have, other than function modules?
1-1-3 What are the names of the input and output parameters for the function module?
1-1-4 Test the function module: What is the name of the company code 1000?
1-1-5 How many function modules are called directly from the function module BAPI_COMPANYCODE_GETDETAIL?
1-1-6 Does an authorization check take place? If so, how is it encapsulated? 1-1-7 Follow the execution of the function module in the debugger.
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1-2 Programming a function module for the authorization check 1-2-1 Create a function group Y_## as a local object. 1-2-2 Analyze the authorization fields ACTVT and BUKRS. What meaning
do the attributes “01”, “06” and “10” for the ACTVT field have? In which table can you find the permitted attributes for the authorization field BUKRS?
1-2-3 Define the authorization object Y## in the authorization class “AC40” with the authorization field “ACTVT”.
1-2-4 Define a role Y## and assign the profile Y##_123456 to it. Assign the authorization object Y## to the role. Define an authorization by giving attributes to the authorization object Y## for the role Y##, such as setting the activities "Change” and “Display”, for example. Assign the role Y## to yourself.
1-2-5 Program a function module, Y##AUTHORIZATION, for the authorization object Y## that provides the authorization to create, change and display dependent on the company code.
1-2-6 Test the function module. Play with the function module by extending your authorization and then calling the function module again. Develop an additional function module, Y##BERECHTIGUNGSTEST, that calls the first one.
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Solutions
Unit : First Attempts at Programming
1-1 Analysis of the delivered function module BAPI_COMPANYCODE_GETDETAIL 1-1-1 Start the Function Builder to analyze the function module
BAPI_COMPANYCODE_GETDETAIL. Start the transaction SE37 under the menu path Tools>ABAP Workbench>Development>Function Builder. Function module BAPI_COMPANYCODE_GETDETAIL Press button “Display”
1-1-2 What is the name of the function group in which the function module BAPI_COMPANYCODE_GETDETAIL is located? How many function modules are there in total in this function group? Which other object types does this group have, other than function modules? Tab page “Attributes” The function group is called “0002”. When you click on the “Display Object List” key, a structure tree is displayed that contains all the objects in the function group. Amongst other objects, there are six function modules in the group. There are also objects for the "DDIC Structures", “Fields”, “Subroutines” and “Includes” types for this group.
1-1-3 What are the names of the input and output parameters for the function module? Tab page “Import” or “Export” Input parameter COMPANYCODEID Output parameter COMPANYCODE_DETAIL COMPANYCODE_ADDRESS RETURN
1-1-4 Test the function module: What is the name of the company code 1000? Press button “Test/Execute” COMPANYCODEID 1000 Press button “Execute” The name of the company code is “IDES AG”.
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1-1-5 How many function modules are called directly from the function module BAPI_COMPANYCODE_GETDETAIL? Start the transaction SE37 under the menu path Tools>ABAP Workbench>Development>Function Builder. Function module BAPI_COMPANYCODE_GETDETAIL Press button “Display” Tab page “Source Code” The function modules that are called directly can be listed using the “Find/Replace” pushbutton and entering “Call Function” as the search text . Five function modules are called directly.
1-1-6 Does an authorization check take place? If so, how is it encapsulated? Yes, and authorization check is made. It is encapsulated by the “CHECK_AUTHORITY_T001” subroutine.
1-1-7 Follow the execution of the function module in the debugger. Press button “Test” Press button “Debugging”
1-2 Programming a function module for the authorization check
1-2-1 Create a function group Y_## as a local object. Start the transaction SE80 under the menu path Tools>ABAP Workbench>Overview>Object Navigator. View “Local Objects” Local Objects AC400-## Select the “Function Groups” line in the object tree. Use the context menu to choose the “Create” function. Function group Y_## Short text … Person responsible AC400-## Press button “Save” Press button “Local Object”
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1-2-2 Analyze the authorization fields ACTVT and BUKRS. What meaning do the attributes “01”, “06” and “10” for the ACTVT field have? In which table can you find the permitted attributes for the authorization field BUKRS? Start the transaction SU20 under the menu path Tools>ABAP Workbench>Development>Other Tools> Authorization Objects>Fields. Select the field ACTVT. The corresponding table name "TACT" can be found by clicking on "Display". Transaction SE16 provides the table content for TACT. The attributes have the following meaning: 01 Insert or Create 06 Delete 10 Post In transaction SU20, select the field BUKRS. The corresponding table name "T001" can be found by clicking on "Display".
1-2-3 Define the authorization object Y## in the authorization class “AC40” with the authorization field “ACTVT”. Start the transaction SU21 under the menu path Tools>ABAP Workbench>Development>Other Tools> Authorization Objects>Objects. Select the authorization object class “AC40”. You can use the context menu to create authorization objects for this class: Object Y## Field name ACTVT BURKS After you have created the documentation, save your data.
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1-2-4 Define a role Y## and assign the profile Y##_123456 to it. Assign the authorization object Y## to the role. Define an authorization by giving attributes to the authorization object Y## for the role Y##, such as setting the activities "Change” and “Display”, for example. Assign the role Y## to yourself. Start the transaction PFCG under the menu path Tools>Administration>User Maintenance>Role Administration>Roles Press button “Create Role” Role Y## … Press button “Save” Tab page “Authorizations” Press button “Propose Profile Names” Press button “Save” Press button “Change Authorization Data” Press button “Do Not Select Template” Press button “Manual Entry of Authorization Objects” Authorization Object “Y##” Expand the structure tree that then appears as far as the lowest level. Select the “Activity” line. Press button “Change” Select the entries “01”, “02” and “03”, for example. Press button “Save“ Select the “Company Code” line. Press button “Change” Select the entry “1000”, for example. Press button “Save” Press button “Generate” Press button “Back” Tab page “User” ID AC400-## Press button “Save“
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1-2-5 Program a function module, Y##AUTHORIZATION, for the authorization object Y## that provides the authorization to create, change and display dependent on the company code. Start the transaction SE37, for example. Function module Y##AUTHORIZATION Press button Create Function group Y_## Short text … Tab page “Import” Set the parameters according to the “Source Text” information. Tab page “Export” Set the parameters according to the “Source Text” information. Tab page “Exceptions” Set the parameters according to the “Source Text” information. Tab page “Source Text” The following program text offers a possible solution. The import and export parameters are listed in the first section under “Local Interface”. Messages are also used in the function module. The messages used can be created using transaction SE91, for example. The messages referenced here have the following message short text: Message Short text 102 User &1 has no authorization 103 User &1 is not known
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FUNCTION Y##AUTHORIZATION. *"---------------------------------------------------------------------- *"*"Local interface: *" IMPORTING *" REFERENCE(ID_ACTVT) TYPE ACTIV_AUTH *" REFERENCE(ID_BUKRS) TYPE BUKRS *" REFERENCE(ID_UNAME) TYPE SY-UNAME DEFAULT SY-UNAME *" EXPORTING *" REFERENCE(ED_ANSWER) TYPE CHAR2 *" EXCEPTIONS *" NO_AUTHORITY *" USER_UNKNOWN *"---------------------------------------------------------------------- * data DATA: ld_subrc LIKE sy-subrc. * Check AUTHORITY-CHECK OBJECT 'Y##' FOR USER id_uname * for activity ID 'ACTVT' FIELD id_actvt * and for company code ID 'BUKRS' FIELD id_bukrs. ld_subrc = sy-subrc. * Evaluation of sy-subrc CASE ld_subrc. WHEN 0. ed_answer = 'YES'. WHEN 4 or 12. ed_answer = 'NO'. MESSAGE ID 'AC400' TYPE 'S' NUMBER '102' WITH id_uname RAISING no_authority. WHEN 40. ed_answer = 'NO'. MESSAGE ID 'AC400' TYPE 'S' NUMBER '103' WITH id_uname RAISING user_unkown. WHEN OTHERS. ed_answer = 'NO'. ENDCASE. ENDFUNCTION.
1-2-6 Test the function module. Play with the function module by extending or limiting your authorization and then calling the function module again. Develop an additional function module, Y##AUTHORIZATIONTEST, that calls the first one. Create the function module Y##AUTHORIZATIONTEST in the same way you created your function module Y##AUTHORIZAITON. It
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could look as follows:
FUNCTION Y##AUTHORIZATIONTEST. *"---------------------------------------------------------------------- *"*"Local interface: *"---------------------------------------------------------------------- DATA: ld_answer TYPE char2. BREAK-POINT. * Test should deliver: ed_answer = 'YES' * and sy-subrc = 0 CALL FUNCTION 'Y##AUTHORIZATION' EXPORTING id_actvt = '01' id_bukrs = '1000' id_uname = 'AC400-##' IMPORTING ed_answer = ld_answer EXCEPTIONS authority_incomplete = 1 no_authority = 2 user_unknown = 3 OTHERS = 4.
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* Test should deliver: ed_answer = 'NO' * and sy-subrc = 4 CALL FUNCTION 'Y##AUTHORIZATION' EXPORTING id_actvt = '01' id_bukrs = '2000' id_uname = 'AC400-99' IMPORTING ed_answer = ld_answer EXCEPTIONS authority_incomplete = 1 no_authority = 2 user_unknown = 3 OTHERS = 4. * Test should deliver: ed_answer = 'NO' * and sy-subrc = 40 CALL FUNCTION 'Y##AUTHORIZATION' EXPORTING id_actvt = '01' id_bukrs = '2000' id_uname = 'ODYSSEUS' IMPORTING ed_answer = ld_answer EXCEPTIONS authority_incomplete = 1 no_authority = 2 user_unknown = 3 OTHERS = 4. ENDFUNCTION.
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Dialogs and ALV Reports: Overview Diagram
Dialogs and ALV ReportsDialogs and ALV Reports
The ABAP WorkbenchThe ABAP Workbench
First Attempts at ProgrammingFirst Attempts at Programming
Template AllocationTemplate Allocation
ExtractionExtraction
Customer EnhancementsCustomer Enhancements
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Dialogs and ALV Reports – Overview
This unit provides an overview of dialog programming and ALV as a reporting tool.
Contents:
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Program dialogs
Program ALV reports
Dialogs and ALV Reports: Unit Objectives
At the conclusion of this unit, you will be able to:
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Selection screen
Airline
Global types
• Documentation• Field label• Search help
Data element
Structurefield
• Technical type
ABAP program
PARAMETERS pa_carr TYPE spfli-carrid .
pa_carr
* PARAMETERS pa_carr TYPE s_carr_id .
Semantic information
program-internalvariable
Parameter Definition
If an input field is typed with a data element, the following semantic information is also available: A field label can be adopted as the selection text. The input help (F1 help) from the data element is automatically available for the input field. An input help (F4 help) is automatically available for the input field if a search help is coupled to the data element. A search help is an independent object that is defined in the Dictionary and that controls the dialog and data retrieval for the input help.
If an input field is typed with a structure field that uses a data element, the following semantic information is also available: The field label and the input help (F1 help) are copied from the data element with which the Dictionary structure field is typed.
If a search help is coupled to the structure field, this is drawn upon for the input help (F4 help) and overcovers the search help for the data element. If no search help is coupled to the field, the search help from the data element is drawn upon.
Note that the choice of the global type that you use for typing the input field affects the semantic information available to the user.
You will find more information in the online documentation for the ABAP Dictionary.
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Text elements ( multilingual )
List header
ABAP program
Text symbols
PA_CITY
Selection texts
DE AbflugortEN
...
PARAMETERS pa_city TYPE ...
SELECT-OPTIONS so_carr FOR ...
Point of departureAirline LH to
DE FluggesellschaftEN
SO_CARR…
…
Dictionary reference
Dictionary reference
Selection screen
Selection Texts
The field names appear as text in front of the input fields of a selection screen by default. You can replace them with selection texts and translate them into the required language. The selection texts appear for the user in the logon language.
If the input field is typed directly or indirectly with a data element, you can copy the field labels from one of the texts stored in the Dictionary.
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Databasetable
ABAP program
pa_car
LH
Selection screen
PARAMETERS pa_car TYPE s_carr_id.
...
LH
SELECT * FROM spfli
DATA wa_spfli TYPE spfli.
INTO wa_spfli
WHERE carrid = pa_car .
WRITE: / ...
ENDSELECT.
Using Parameters
To get the standard selection screen in an executable program, all you need to do is program a PARAMETERS statement.
The statement PARAMETERS name TYPE typename or PARAMETERS name LIKE data_object generates an elementary input field on the selection screen and declares a data object name of the same type.
If the user enters a value and chooses Execute, the input value is placed in the internal data object name for the program. Only entries that conform to the type are permitted.
© SAP AG AC400 4-140
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Databasetable
ABAP program
Selection screen
SELECT-OPTIONSso_car FOR wa_spfli-carrid .
...
DATA wa_spfli TYPE spfli.
SELECT * FROM spfli
INTO wa_spfli
WHERE carrid IN so_car .
WRITE: / ...
ENDSELECT.
AA DL
( Selection conditions )Internal table so_car
sign option low highIIE
EQ
EQBT
LHAA DLBA
Using Select Options
You define selection options using the SELECT-OPTIONS name FOR data_object statement: Two data objects of the same type appear on the selection screen as input fields for entering range limits by default. A pushbutton also appears for carrying out complex range selections.
The ABAP runtime system defines an internal table name with four columns as a data object inside the program: sign to indicate whether the value or the interval should be included (I) or excluded from the range (E),
option for the operator (BT, ...): You will find all the possible operators in the keyword documentation for SELECT-OPTIONS,
low for the lower limit of an interval or individual value, high for the upper limit of an interval.
This selection table name always refers to a data object that has already been defined. The data object normally serves as the target field in data selection and the selection table as the possible range of values. For this reason there is a special form of WHERE clause for the database selection that queries whether the corresponding field is contained in the range on the database.
Note: A similar inclusion query is also define for the IF statement.
© SAP AG AC400 4-141
© SAP AG 2006
...PARAMETERS pa_car TYPE s_carr_id.CONSTANTS actvt_display(2) VALUE '03'.
* Event processed after leaving the selection screen
AT SELECTION-SCREEN.
AUTHORITY-CHECK OBJECT 'S_CARRID'ID 'CARRID' FIELD pa_carID 'ACTVT' FIELD actvt_display.
IF sy-subrc NE 0.* Show selection screen again with error message
MESSAGE e045(bc400) WITH pa_car.ENDIF.
START-OF-SELECTION....
Example: Authorization Check for the Selection Screen
By way of example of an additional input check with an error dialog, a program with an input field for the abbreviation of an airline is to be extended.
The authorization check is to be performed at the selection screen: If the user has display authorization for the airline that was entered, the program is to continue processing.
If the user has no display authorization, the selection screen should be displayed again with an error message in the status bar.
© SAP AG AC400 4-142
© SAP AG 2006
Consistency checkat data input
Flexibleprogram flow
200
120
140
100
300
Type checks
Possible values
Input help? Formattingoptions
Dynpro Properties
Dynpros contain not only screen layouts with input and output fields but also their own processing logic.
By integrating the ABAP Dictionary, automatic consistency checks are available for screen input fields. As well as the type check, this also includes foreign key checks and checks against fixed values. Information from the Dictionary is automatically used for these checks.
The checks can be extended to include checks specific to the program. Technology is available for dynpros that controls the check sequence and makes the fields ready for input again when errors are discovered.
The layout can be structured very flexibly, with input fields, output fields, radio buttons, checkboxes, and above all, pushbuttons that enable the user to influence the further course of the program.
The same formatting options are available for the dynpro as for the list and the selection screen: Fixed point numbers and dates are formatted according to the settings in the user fixed values, time according to hh:mm:ss, amounts according to the contents of a currency field and lengths, weights and so on according to the content of a unit of measure field.
© SAP AG AC400 4-143
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Dynpro sequence
100
200
300
120
140CALL SCREEN 100.
ABAP program
Next dynpro = 0
Dynpro calls
You start a dynpro sequence by specifying the first dynpro as the start dynpro for a transaction code belonging to the "dialog transaction" type, or
by calling a dynpro from any ABAP processing block in the program. In this unit we will limit ourselves to the latter option.
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Properties Element listFlow logic
(flow control)
Dynpro numberShort descriptionDynpro typeNext dynpro. . .
PROCESS BEFORE OUTPUT.MODULE clear_ok_code.
PROCESS AFTER INPUT.MODULE user_command.
Layout
Departure
Screen Painter
Arrival
Layout editor
Field ACHAR20RequiredEntry field
...Field B
.... . .. . .
Dynpro Components
The following components belong to a dynpro: Properties: - They contain a four figure number for the dynpro name, a short text and information
about the dynpro type (for example normal for full screen). Layout: - You can place elements on your dynpro. Elements that appear on the dynpro are called
screen elements. Element list: - This contains the properties of the screen elements such as position, size and data type.
Flow control: - This contains processing logic that should be processed before the dynpro is sent to the
presentation server (PBO) and processing logic that should be processed after a user action (PAI).
© SAP AG AC400 4-145
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Propertiesof an element
Element list
Create fieldswith Dictionary
reference
Toolbar
Graphical Layout Editor
Layout area
The Graphical Layout Editor
You can start other functions from the graphical Layout Editor: Element properties: - This dialog box shows all the attributes for a screen element. You can change some of
these attributes directly in the dialog box. Example: Readiness for input of an input/output field.
Fetch from Dictionary / Fetch from Program: - In this dialog box you can generate fields with typing for a global type or fields of the
same type for data objects in the program. Element list: - This shows all the elements displayed on the dynpro together with the relevant attributes.
Attributes can be changed directly here too.
© SAP AG AC400 4-146
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100
...
CALL SCREEN 100.
...
MODULE abc OUTPUT....
ENDMODULE.
PBOMODULE abc.
MODULE xyz INPUT....
ENDMODULE.
PAIMODULE xyz.
ABAP program
Dynpro 100
Calling Modules
The ABAP statement CALL SCREEN <nnnn> interrupts processing of the processing block and calls the dynpro.
Two event blocks are available for each dynpro: PROCESS BEFORE OUTPUT (PBO) is processed before the dynpro is displayed. At this event, modules can be called that preassign values to the screen fields, for example.
PROCESS AFTER INPUT (PAI) is processed after a user action. The program logic, which depends on the user action, has to be encoded at PAI.
Beachten Sie: The source text for the PBO and PAI events is created with the Screen Painter and not with the ABAP Editor. Both event blocks together are termed the flow logic of the dynpro.
A separate, small command record (no ABAP statement!) is available for programming the flow logic. The most important statement in this record is MODULE module_name. This calls the ABAP processing block module_name, within which you can enter ABAP code as normal.
Modules are processing blocks without an interface that can only be called from the flow logic. A module is enclosed by the ABAP statements MODULE and ENDMODULE.
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PROCESS BEFORE OUTPUT. ...
BackSave
MODULE user_command_0100 INPUT.
CASE ok_code.WHEN 'BACK'. ...WHEN 'SAVE'. ...
ENDCASE.
ENDMODULE.
PROCESS AFTER INPUT.
ABAP program
MODULE user_command_0100.
Dynpro 100...
CALL SCREEN 100.
...
Analyzing the Function Code for PAI
You can analyze the user actions in a PAI module. This PAI module is normally named user_command_nnnn (nnnn stands for the dynpro number). Analyze the function code in this module in the ok_code field.
Note: For historical reasons, modules have no interface and no local variables. In modules you can access all the global data in the ABAP program.
© SAP AG AC400 4-148
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PROCESS BEFORE OUTPUT....
PROCESS AFTER INPUT.MODULE user_command_100.
MODULE user_command_100 INPUT.
ENDMODULE.
CancelYes No
Create object
PAI module USER_COMMAND_100 does not exist.Do you want to create the object?
Double-click
USER_COMMAND_0100PAI module
New includeFramework program
Include election
ZBC400_00_DYNPRO
Create PAI module
Screenpainter Dynpro flow control
ABAPEditor
...
Creating Modules Using Forward Navigation
In the flow control (PBO and PAI) you normally implement MODULE calls. The modules themselves are created in ABAP.
There are two options for creating a module: Forward navigation: From the Screen Painter you create a module by double-clicking on the module name in the flow logic.
Navigation area: If you want to create a module from the object list of the program, choose a new program object "PBO module" or "PAI module".
A module can be called from several dynpros (reusability). Note that a module that you call at the PBO event is defined with the MODULE ... OUTPUT statement; you can only call a module that is defined with the MODULE ... INPUT statement at the PAI event.
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100
...
CALL SCREEN 100.
...
MODULE abc OUTPUT....
ENDMODULE.
PBOMODULE abc.
MODULE xyz INPUT....
ENDMODULE.
PAIMODULE xyz.
Dynpro 100
Next dynpro: 100
Fixed Screen Sequences
Dynpro attributes:
ABAP program
If the next dynpro for dynpro 100 is set to 100, the dynpro is processed again after PAI has finished.
© SAP AG AC400 4-150
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100
...
CALL SCREEN 100.
...
MODULE abc OUTPUT....
ENDMODULE.
PBOMODULE abc.
MODULE xyz INPUT....
ENDMODULE.
PAIMODULE xyz.
Dynpro 100
Dynpro attributes: Next dynpro: 0
Ending Dynpro Sequences - Fixed Rule
ABAP program
By specifying the next dynpro here, you determine that after the dynpro has been completely processed, processing continues at the dynpro callpoint.
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100
...
CALL SCREEN 100.
...
MODULE abc OUTPUT....
ENDMODULE.
PBOMODULE abc.
MODULE xyz INPUT.SET SCREEN 0.
ENDMODULE.
PAIMODULE xyz.
Dynpro 100
Dynpro attributes:Next dynpro: 100
0
ABAP program
Ending Dynpro Sequences - Variable Rule
The next dynpro can be set dynamically from a PAI module using the ABAP statement SET SCREEN nnnn. This represses the static entry.
The system enters the number of the current dynpro as the next dynpro by default. As a result, the enter key or the green checkmark only leads to a field check, and the dynpro is sent again after this, with a corresponding error message, if applicable. You can only exit it using a pushbutton intended for this purpose that is caught in a PAI module.
Note that when the same dynpros are processed again, all the PBO modules are run again. If you decide to fill the TABLES structure in a PBO module, you must ensure that this does not overwrite the changes made to the data on the dynpro by the user when it is called again.
© SAP AG AC400 4-152
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DATA ok_code LIKE sy-ucomm.
START-OF-SELECTION.
...
AT LINE-SELECTION....
CALL SCREEN 100....
MODULE user_command_0100 INPUT.
CASE ok_code.WHEN 'BACK'.
SET SCREEN 0.MESSAGE s057(bc400).
WHEN 'SAVE'.* Saving changes in data base
... SET SCREEN 0. MESSAGE s058(bc400).
ENDCASE.ENDMODULE.
Syntax Example: Analyzing the Function Code
For our scenario, two pushbuttons should be caught: With 'BACK', the next dynpro is set to 0 dynamically. This takes you back to the callpoint. In our case, this means returning to the basic list. The message 057 appears in the status bar in the following screen.
With 'SAVE' the program behaves in the same way as for 'BACK'. It returns to the basic list, however, a different message appears in the status bar. In the unit Cross-Program Modularization the program is extended with a change to the data record.
© SAP AG AC400 4-153
© SAP AG 2006
Flight data Edit Goto System Help
Help F1Select F2Back F3
. . .
Function keysettings
Change flight times… …
GUI title
Menu barToolbarApplication toolbarFunction key settings
Terms for the User Interface
GUI status
The user interface appears with the following elements: The title bar contains the title of the actual screen. The menu bar contains expandable menus. The menus contain the functions that you can execute in the program. Menus can contain submenus (cascading menus). The "System" and "Help" menus are available with identical functions on all screens in the R/3 system. Neither of these menus can be changed or hidden.
The toolbar contains icons for functions that are used very frequently. The toolbar contains the same icons on every screen in the R/3 system with function keys that have been permanently assigned. The icons for functions that cannot be executed on the actual screen are grayed out.
The (function) key setting can be displayed with a right mouse click. All functions that can be executed by way of the menu should also be executable by way of a function key.
The application toolbar enables frequently used function keys on a screen to be executed by clicking on an icon or a pushbutton too.
An interface is created for each program that contains the elements listed above. Views can be created on the user interface for different screens: GUI status.
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© SAP AG 2006
F2F9...
Toolbar%EXBACK RW
PICK
%PRI %SC P--
Menu bar Menu bar flight dataiApplication toolbar iFunction keys Function keys flight datai
Application toolbar flight data
P- P+ P++
?%SC+
ChooseRecommended function key settings
User-determined function keysF5F6...
<...> Select
Status in the Menu Painter – Function Keys
The key assignment is divided into three areas: Toolbar: Specific function codes are required for the functions Save, Back, Program Exit, Cancel, Print and the Scroll icons, as well as for the Enter key. The corresponding function key is automatically assigned when you assign a function code to the icon in the toolbar.
Recommended function key settings: Functions are proposed here that should normally be assigned to specific function keys.
User-determined function keys: All the other function codes are listed here that are not covered by standard icons. You can look for suitable keys here for functions specific to a particular program.
In addition, you can define a pushbutton in the application toolbar for function keys that are often required. Icons or text can be represented on pushbuttons.
© SAP AG AC400 4-155
© SAP AG 2006
Menu bar Menu bar flight datai
Application toolbar iFunction keys Function keys flight datai
Application toolbar flight data
Flight data
Code Text
Edit Goto
Code Text Code TextPICK
%SC
%SC+
RW
Select
Search
Extend search
Cancel
PRI
%EX
ReturnBACKPrint
Save /Send
Exit
>
Status in the Menu Painter – Menu Bar
The system proposes standard layouts for the menu bar which you can also modify, however. The menu bar can contain a maximum of eight menus, six user-definable menus as well as System and Help, which are automatically inserted as standard menus.
© SAP AG AC400 4-156
© SAP AG 2006
Menu bar
SCREEN
SCREEN
SCREENiii
Selection and Integrationof subobjects of an
already defined status
Application toolbar
Function keys
Including Existing Status Elements
Create a new status for the dynpro and use an icon to display all the menu bar or function key assignments that have already been defined. In the example program only one menu bar or function key assignment is displayed.
Double-click on this to select it so that you can reference the same menu bar and the same function key assignment for the dynpro status as in the list status.
© SAP AG AC400 4-157
© SAP AG 2006
Function code
Flight data Edit Goto
Code TextSelect
function codeBackBACK
Application toolbar iFunction keys Function keys flight datai
Application toolbar flight data
Menu bar Menu bar flight datai
1
Set to active/inactive
2
Deactivating Status Functions
To set an active or inactive status for functions, proceed as follows: Switch to change mode status by double-clicking and the Display Change icons. Place the cursor on the required function code and click on the active inactive icons in the application toolbar
In our example, we add the SAVE function, which does not belong to the standard list functions, to the toolbar and the Flight Data menu. The system points out that we are referencing the menu bar and the toolbar. If we confirm the dialog box, the SAVE function is automatically included in the status for the menu bar and the toolbar and displayed as inactive there.
The functions BACK and SAVE in our example are analyzed in the PAI module user_command_0100.
© SAP AG AC400 4-158
© SAP AG 2006
SET TITLEBAR 'T_ABC'.
Program
Title code
Title
Create title
xxxxx
T_ABC
Change flight times
GUI interface: Title T_ABC does not exist.Do you want to create the object?
Cancel
Create object
Yes No
Confirm
START-OF-SELECTION block ( for list )or
PBO module ( for dynpro )
Double-click
Defining GUI Titles
There are three options for creating or maintaining a title: From the object list of the repository browser, by forward navigation from the ABAP Editor, or directly, using the Menu Painter tool.
A name of a title can have a maximum of 20 characters. Note: If you create the proposed PBO module status_nnnn by forward navigation, the SET TITLEBAR 'XXX'. statement is automatically generated in the module. It is turned into a comment. You can use this proposal by deleting the asterisk and entering the number of the title. Then you can create the title by forward navigation.
© SAP AG AC400 4-159
© SAP AG 2006
• attr1• attr2• ...
• meth1• meth2• ...
Class(Formal description of objects)
Object attribute
Object methods
attr1 8
ABC
Objects (instances) of the class
attr2meth1
meth2
attr1 3
XYZattr2meth1
meth2
attr1 5
SAPattr2meth1
meth2
Concept of Object-Oriented Programming
The first impression of a class is that it is like a function group: It contains data objects (attributes) and functions (methods). These components can be protected from external access. Then only methods can be used to access them.
In contrast to function groups, however, classes can be instanced several times. In other words, more than one runtime object can be generated for a class for each program. Another way of looking at it is that a class contains the technical description of objects (instances). All these objects therefore have the same attributes and offer the same methods. They can all be physically distinguished from one another, however. Their attributes can have different characteristic values.
Classes can be defined locally, within an executable program, or globally. As of release 4.6a, the ABAP runtime system supports standard object-oriented syntax elements. However, these cannot be discussed properly in the time available in this training course. You will find detailed information about this in the SAP Library.
© SAP AG AC400 4-160
© SAP AG 2006
ABAP program
DATA ref1 TYPE REF TO myclass.DATA ref2 TYPE REF TO myclass.
CREATE OBJECT ref1 ...
...
CREATE OBJECT ref2 ...
CALL METHOD ref1->meth1EXPORTING ...IMPORTING ...EXCEPTIONS ...
CALL METHOD ref2->meth1EXPORTING ...IMPORTING ...EXCEPTIONS ...
…
ref1 ref2
meth1meth2
meth2
meth1
Instantiation of Objects and Method Calls
To generate and address class instances you need so-called reference variables. These are pointers to the instances. You define such reference variables with DATA reference_name TYPE REF TO class_name.
The data objects are created in the memory when the program starts. However, because no instances have yet been generated, the reference variables are still empty at this point.
At runtime you can generate as many class instances as you want using CREATE OBJECT reference_name. - The import parameters for a special method, the CONSTRUCTOR, may have to be
populated. This special method is executed immediately after the instance has been generated. Basic settings for the actual instance are normally made.
You call the methods for an instance using CALL METHOD reference_name->method_name. - In contrast to calling a function module, the function name is not sufficient here,
as several instances of a class normally exist for each program. You use the reference variable, followed by the object component selector ->, to cause a specific instance to call its method.
© SAP AG AC400 4-161
© SAP AG 2006
AA00170064
LH04000402
Airlines
Tree control
http://www.sap.com
HTML viewer control
Grid control Picture control
CL_GUI_ALV_GRID CL_GUI_PICTURE
CL_GUI_HTML_VIEWER CL_SIMPLE_TREE_MODEL
EnjoySAP Controls as Standard Classes
As of release 4.6a the ABAP Workbench offers a large range of new EnjoySAP controls to relocate dialog functions from the application server to the presentation server. The steering of these controls is object-oriented, and takes place with the help of classes, the SAP Control Framework.
Method calls steer the controls from your ABAP program. The Control Framework sends your requirements to the presentation server, where they are converted in accordance with the platform.
You can give the user the option of triggering events on the presentation server. These are converted in turn by the Control Framework, so that your ABAP program can respond to them.
You will find detailed information about EnjoySAP controls and the Control Framework in the SAP Library.
© SAP AG AC400 4-162
© SAP AG 2006
17
64
AAAAAAAALHLHLHLHLH
1717
400
402
400400
402
2000-01-172000-02-202000-03-112000-05-192000-01-132000-02-262000-03-212000-03-042000-05-28
USDUSDUSDUSDEUREUREUREUREUR
513,69
1234,561234,56
513,69513,69369,00
1234,561234,56
1234,56
A321
747-400
A310-300
A319A319
A310-300A310-300
A321
747-400
Details
Sort
Search
Filter
Total
Download
Display variant
Toolbar
The SAP Grid Control
The ALV grid control is used for displaying non-hierarchical data in a table. Numerous user functions are already implemented.
In the control, the columns can be made wider and smaller, or adapted to fit the data that is currently being output using the Optimum Width function. Columns can also be swapped around by selecting a column and dragging it to another position.
Standard functions are offered in the control toolbar. The Details View displays the fields in the line on which the cursor was positioned in a modular dialog box.
The ALV control provides a Sort Function for any number of columns. You can determine complex sort criteria and arrange the columns in ascending or descending order.
With the Search function you can search in lines or columns within a selected area for a character string (generic search without *).
Totals can be requested for one or more numeric columns. Using the Subtotals function you can then build control level lists: You select the column (non-numeric fields only) you want to consider and the system provides you with the control level totals.
With Print and Download the complete list is always processed and not just the section in the screen display.
The user can also make Display Variant settings.
© SAP AG AC400 4-163
© SAP AG 2006
Area
Customcontainercontrol
SAP grid control
Dynpro 100 ProcessBeforeOutput
ProcessAfterInput
PBO module
Control area
...
...
Container instance
Grid instance
The Custom Container as a Dynpro Object
An EnjoySAP control must be embedded in an SAP container control. This manages the embedded controls and provides a physical area for visualization.
The container becomes the parent of the embedded control. Since containers are themselves controls, they can be nested within one another. This allows you to work with controls both flexibly and in a modular way.
You require at least one container and an ALV grid instance in order to use an ALV grid control in your program.
© SAP AG AC400 4-164
© SAP AG 2006
Area
Customcontainercontrol
SAP grid control
Container instance
Grid instance
CL_GUI_CUSTOM_CONTAINER
CL_GUI_ALV_GRID
CLASS BUILDER
The SAP Grid in the Custom Container
Global classes (object types) are available in the Class Builder for steering the custom container control and the ALV grid control : CL_GUI_CUSTOM_CONTAINER and CL_GUI_ALV_GRID.
© SAP AG AC400 4-165
© SAP AG 2006
Int. typesEvents
SuperclassesMethodsCONSTRUCTOR
CL_GUI_CUSTOM_CONTAINER
Class CL_GUI_CUSTOM_CONTAINER
AttributesInterfacesProperties Methods
Parameter for method CONSTRUCTOR
ParameterPARENTCONTAINER_NAME...
Value Optional ... Associated type... Description
Mandatory parameterof the CONSTRUCTOR methodhave to be supplied with CREATEOBJECT.
Class Builder
Is called implicitly withCREATE OBJECT
The Constructor Method
For more detailed information about the global class CL_GUI_CUSTOM_CONTAINER, navigate to the Class Builder: Display the object list for the class in the navigation area of the Object Navigator. Then display the entire class or individual components in the editing area. Alternatively, you can double-click on the class name from an ABAP program to access the Class Builder. Depending on the display mode you then click on Parameter or Signature to get detailed information about the interface parameters.
The global class CL_GUI_CUSTOM_CONTAINER only has the CONSTRUCTOR method. When the instance is generated using CREATE OBJECT in the program, you have to transfer at least the mandatory parameter container_name. The name of a custom container area on a dynpro must be transferred to this parameter.
© SAP AG AC400 4-166
© SAP AG 2006
SuperclassesInterfacesAttributesMethods. . .CONSTRUCTOR
. . .
SET_TABLE_FOR_FIRST_DISPLAY
. . .
REFRESH_TABLE_DISPLAY
. . .
RedefinitionsEvents
CL_GUI_ALV_GRID If an implicit call is made atCREATE OBJECT ;
Mandatory parameter :i_parent
Mandatory parameter :it_outtab (Display data)
Optional parameter :i_structure_name(global structure for describingthe table line type)
Important SAP Grid Control Methods
The global class CL_GUI_ALV_GRID has numerous methods.. To display the content of an internal table with an ALV grid control it is sufficient to examine three methods more closely.
CONSTRUCTOR: The pointer to the container control instance must be transferred to the constructor.
SET_TABLE_FOR_FIRST_DISPLAY: The internal table with the data to be displayed must be transferred to the it_outtab parameter. This table must be a standard table so that the user can deploy the sort functions.
In addition, technical information is required for formatting the grid columns. The easiest thing to do is to use a flat structure or a transparent table - in other words, a global type - as the line type for the internal table. In this case, all you need to do now is transfer the name of the line type to the i_structure_name parameter.
Alternatively, you can also construct a so-called field catalog and transfer it to it_fieldcatalog.
REFRESH_TABLE_DISPLAY: You only need to execute this method if the contents of the internal table have changed since the first time they were displayed.
© SAP AG AC400 4-167
© SAP AG 2006
Customcontrolarea
Type: Custom controlName: CONTAINER_1
ResizingVertical : Min. lines: 5Horizontal : Min. columns: 20
C
Screen Painter
Placing the Custom Control Container on the Dynpro
To reserve an area for an EnjoySAP control on a dynpro, you have to use the Screen Painter (Layout pushbutton) to create a custom container area.
To the left of the toolbar next to the editing area you will find an icon with the description Custom Control: Choose the Custom Control pushbutton. Then determine the size and position of the area on the dynpro. To do this, you should proceed as follows: You determine the top left corner of the area by pressing the selection key of your mouse. Holding the mouse button down, drag the mouse diagonally to the bottom right as far as the required lower right corner of the area to be created. As soon as you release the mouse button, the lower right corner is fixed.
You can change the size and position of the area at any time by drag and drop using the "pull symbol" that appears on the edge of the area.
Assign a name to your newly created dynpro element (here: CONTAINER_1). You can use the attributes Vertical Resizing and Horizontal Resizing to determine whether or not the area should be extended accordingly when you resize the dynpro. If you set the attributes, you can determine the minimum size to which the area can be reduced using the additional attributes Min. Lines and Min. Columns. The upper limit is determined by the size of the area.
© SAP AG AC400 4-168
© SAP AG 2006
container_r
gdt_spfli
ok_code
grid_r
Custom Control Containers as Data Objects
DATA gdt_spfli TYPE sbc400_t_spfli.
DATA: container_r TYPE REF TO cl_gui_custom_container ,
grid_r TYPE REF TO cl_gui_alv_grid .
DATA ok_code TYPE sy-ucomm.
START-OF-SELECTION.
* fill internal table ...
CALL SCREEN 100.
Two reference variables are required in the ABAP program. The reference variable that points to the container control instance is called container_r here, and is typed with the global class cl_gui_custom_container.
The reference variable that points to the grid control instance is called grid_r here, and is typed with the global class cl_gui_alv_grid.
© SAP AG AC400 4-169
© SAP AG 2006
container_r
grid_r
Instantiation of Custom Control Containers
MODULE create_control OUTPUT.
IF container_r IS INITIAL.
CREATE OBJECT container_rEXPORTING container_name = 'CONTAINER_1'
CREATE OBJECT grid_rEXPORTING i_parent = container_r.
...
ENDIF.
ENDMODULE.
You generate control instances with the CREATE OBJECT statement. Make sure that you let the system create the statement for you. In this way, you avoid spelling mistakes and errors. Similar to function module calls, the complete interface is implemented in your program. CREATE OBJECT is the interface for the constructor method. Optional parameters are inserted as a comment.
Control editing must be processed before the dynpro is displayed. It should also be coupled in a modular way to the processing of the respective dynpro. For this reason we recommend you implement a PBO module here.
The controls should be instantiated only once - before the dynpro is first displayed. This can be realized simply by querying the content of one of the two reference variables.
Since the instantiation of the container control is implemented in the corresponding PBO module here, it is sufficient to supply the name of the customer container area. In other cases, the program name and dynpro number can be given as well.
When instantiating the grid control, it is sufficient to transfer the pointer to the container instance. Thus the container control manages the technical linking of the grid control to the dynpro.
© SAP AG AC400 4-170
© SAP AG 2006
MODULE create_control OUTPUT.
IF container_r IS INITIAL.
CREATE OBJECT container_rEXPORTING container_name = 'CONTAINER_1' .
CREATE OBJECT grid_rEXPORTING i_parent = container_r .
ENDIF.
ENDMODULE.
container_r
grid_r
CALL METHOD CALL METHOD grid_rgrid_r-->>set_table_for_first_displayset_table_for_first_display
EXPORTING EXPORTING i_structure_namei_structure_name = 'SPFLI'= 'SPFLI'CHANGING CHANGING it_outtabit_outtab = = gdt_spfligdt_spfli ..
Containing SAP Grids
To send the content of the internal table and the line type to the grid control, you have to call the method set_table_for_first_display.
You transfer the name of the internal table to the it_outtab parameter. Since the internal table was typed with the transparent table SPFLI as the line type, it is sufficient to transfer this name to the i_structure_name parameter. Basic settings for the grid control could also be supplied here too.
If the content of the internal table changes while the program is running, you have to call the refresh_table_display method before you display the dynpro again.
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Dialogs are programmed with the help of dynprotechnology.
By using the custom container, ALV reports can be linked to dynpro technology.
Dialogs and ALV Reports: Summary
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Exercises
Unit 1: Dialogs and ALV Reports
At the conclusion of this exercise, you will know about: • The program library • The basic concept of dynpro logic • The custom control container • Database accesses • ALV as a tool for creating reports
1-1 The program library 1-1-1 Search for the custom container and ALV grid control documentation
in the program library. 1-1-2 Select a simple example program for an ALV grid control. Analyze the
program. Use the debugger for this too. Is a customer container used in the ALV grid control?
1-2 Programming an ALV report using a template
1-2-1 Copy the program BCALV_GRID_DEMO with all the subobjects to your local objects under the new name Y##ALV_GRID_DEMO.
1-2-2 Change the program Y##ALV_GRID_DEMO so that it displays company codes instead of flights.
1-2-3 Change the screen output. Remove the text “This belongs to the dynpro”. Then maximize the screen and the custom container to use all the existing screen space to display the data.
1-2-4 Enter the title “List of all company codes” for your company code list.
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Solutions
Unit 1: Dialogs and ALV Reports
1-1 The program library 1-1-1 Search for the custom container and ALV grid control documentation
in the program library. Tools>ABAP Workbench>Overview>Reuse Library Function Subscribe to Library Selection SAP Technology Navigation in the structure tree SAP Technology >Controls>Control Container or SAP Technology>Controls>ALV Grid Control You will learn more about programs under the four tab pages “Overview”, “Documentation”, “Examples”, and “Program Objects”.
1-1-2 Select a simple example program for an ALV grid control. Analyze the program. Use the debugger for this too. Is a customer container used in the ALV grid control? Tools>ABAP Workbench>Overview>Reuse Library Navigation in the structure tree SAP Technology>Controls>ALV Grid Control Tab page “Examples” Examples>Simplest Call>BCALV_GRID_DEMO The custom container G_CUSTOM_CONTAINER is typed under the data declaration. The custom container is instantiated in the “PBO” module. G_CUSTOM_CONTAINER is listed under the “Element List” tab page for dynpro “100”.
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1-2 Programming an ALV report using a template 1-2-1 Copy the program BCALV_GRID_DEMO with its subobjects to your
local objects under the new name Y##ALV_GRID_DEMO. Tools>ABAP Workbench>Overview>Object Navigator View Program Program BCALV_GRID_DEMO Selection Folder BCALV_GRID_DEMO Context menu Copy Target program Y##ALV_GRID_DEMO Selection for Interface, dynpros, includes Function Copy Function Local object
1-2-2 Change the program Y##ALV_GRID_DEMO so that it displays company codes instead of flights. First you have to ascertain in which table the company codes are listed. You can do this, for example, by following the path Tools>ABAP Workbench>Overview>Business Object Browser. The company code can be found under the Financial Accounting application components. Double-click on it to see a list of the key fields. By double-clicking on the key field you will see the reference table T001. Call the editor in change mode. Function “Find/Replace” Find SFLIGHT Replace with T001 … Function “Activate” (activate all subobjects) Test your program.
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1-2-3 Change the screen output. Remove the text “This belongs to the dynpro”. Then maximize the screen and the custom container to use all the existing screen space to display the data. Edit the dynpro “100”. Under the “Properties” tab page, set the maintainable coordinates to 200 / 255. Function Layout In the new layout mode, remove the text “This belongs to the dynpro”. Then select close. Function Attribute window Visualized length 255 Visualized height 196 Function Close Function Activate Exit layout maintenance and the flow logic of the dynpro. Test your program again.
1-2-4 Enter the title “List of all company codes” for your company code list. Edit your program. Include a new line before the IF condition in the module “PBO”. SET TITLEBAR '100'. Double-clicking on the title „100“ allows you to create the title manually. Title List of all company codes Function “Copy” Function “Activate” (all objects) Test your program again.
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Course Overview Diagram: Customer Enhancements
Customer EnhancementsCustomer EnhancementsThe ABAP WorkbenchThe ABAP Workbench
First Attempts at ProgrammingFirst Attempts at Programming
Template AllocationTemplate Allocation
ExtractionExtraction
Dialogs and ALV ReportsDialogs and ALV Reports
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Customer Enhancements - Unit Overview
This unit presents customer modifications and enhancements. A Business Add-In is implemented.
Contents:
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Differentiate between modifications and enhancements
Implement BAdIs
Customer Enhancements: Unit Objectives
At the conclusion of this unit, you will be able to:
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R/3 Business Applications
(Standard SAP system)
Customerprograms
Customdevelop-
ment
Enhance-ment
ModificationCustomizing
Customizing ABAPWorkbench
Personalizing
Change Levels
You can adapt the R/3 system to your requirements in the following ways: Customizing: For configuring your business processes and functions using the Implementation Guide. Possible changes are thus planned and organized.
Personalizing: For changing the global display properties of fields (default settings, hidden/visible), user-specific menu navigation.
Modification: Changes to SAP Repository objects in the customer's system. If SAP ships a modified version of the object, the customer version must be adjusted with regard to the new SAP version. Up to Release 4.0B, this must be performed manually using the upgrade utilities. As of Release 4.5A, this technical adjustment is largely automated by means of the Modification Assistant.
Enhancement: For creating customer Repository objects that are integrated in SAP Repository objects.
Custom development: For creating custom Repository objects in line with customer namespaces.
Customizing and most personalizing settings are configured with the Business Engineer tools. Custom developments, enhancement concepts, and modifications, on the other hand, are are managed with the ABAP Workbench tools.
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Originals and Copies
Copy
Original
Copy
Copy
Original
SAP object SAP object SAP object
Customer object Customer object
Transport ofdevelopment
Development system Follow-on system
An original object can exist in one system only. In the case of objects shipped by SAP, the "original system" is located at SAP. These objects are merely copies in your customer system. This applies to both your development system and all other follow-on systems.
If you create your own objects, these objects are original objects in your development system. You always assign developments to a change request using a "development/correction" task.
This request is then used to transport the objects from your development system to your follow-on systems.
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Corrections and Repairs
Modifiedcopy
Correctedoriginal
Copy
Copy
Correctedoriginal
SAP object
Transportof correction
SAP object SAP object
Customer object Customer object
Correction
RepairCorrectionTransport
of the repair
Follow-on systemDevelopment system
Changes to original objects are referred to as corrections. For this reason, the system records these changes in a transport request along with tasks of the type "development/correction".
If a copy is changed (that is, an object is not changed in the original system), this change is included in a task of the type"repair". Repairs to SAP objects are known as modifications.
When you make repairs to your own objects (for example, following an emergency in your production system), you can also make the changes to the original objects in your development system straight away. It is essential that any changes you make to copies are also made to the original objects immediately.
This option is not available for SAP objects because the originals are not available in one of your systems.
You should only make modifications to the standard system if these are essential for optimizing certain processes in your company. You should also be aware that good background knowledge of the structure and process flow of an application is essential as a basis for assessing modification options and for designing effective modifications to change the standard system.
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Modifications During an Upgrade
Modifiedcopy CopyCorrected
original
SAP object
Transportof adjustment
SAP object SAP object
UpgradeUpgrade
Modificationadjustment
Follow-on system
Correctedoriginal Copy
Customer objectCustomer object
Development system
Conflicts can occur when you import an upgrade, Support Package, or any other transport request from SAP to your system.
Conflicts only occur when you modify an SAP object and the same object is shipped again by SAP. In this case, the object shipped by SAP becomes the active object in the Repository within your R/3 system.
If you want to rescue your changes, you have perform a modification adjustment for the objects in question. If you have modified many SAP objects, you may experience considerable delays when you install an upgrade.
To ensure consistency between your development system and your follow-on systems, we recommend that you perform the modification adjustment in your development system only. The adjustment objects are then transported to your follow-on systems.
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Procedure for Functional Changes
ModificationCustom development withSAP program as template
No
No
Yes
Does the standard SAP systemcontain a similar function at all?
No
Does theSAP application support
the integration of additional functions withenhancements? Yes
Enhancement
Is there a standard functionthat can be adapted to the customer's requirements
in Customizing?Yes
CustomizingPersonalizing
No
Custom developmentCSP solution
Cus
tom
izin
gD
evel
opm
ent
If the standard functions cannot be adapted to the customer's requirements using the available Customizing or personalizing options, a development project must be started or, if available, a CSP solution (CSP = Complementary Software Product) must be used. A list of CSP solutions certified by SAP is available on SAP Service Marketplace under the alias /softwarepartner.
Development projects are used to manage custom developments if similar functions are not available in the standard SAP system. Otherwise, standard SAP objects are used as a basis for enhancements, user exits, modifications, or copies of SAP programs.
Modifications are problematic because, following a system upgrade, the new SAP version must be adjusted with regard to the modified customer version. Up to Release 4.0B, this must be performed manually using the upgrade utilities. As of Release 4.5A, this technical comparison is largely automated by means of the Modification Assistant.
For this reason, you should only use modifications if The Customizing or personalizing options do not satisfy your requirements Suitable enhancements or user exits are not available or planned Copying the SAP object to the customer namespace is not practical.
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ABAP Workbench Change Levels
R/3 Business Applications
(Standard SAP system)
Customerprograms
With call of SAP objectsWithout call of SAP objects
Customdevelopment
Modification Assistant
Modification
User exits
ABAP DictionaryTablesData elements
Program enhancementsFunction module exitsBusiness TransactionEventsBusiness Add-Ins
Menu enhancementsMenu exitsBusiness Add-Ins
Screen enhancementsScreen exitsBusiness Add-Ins
Enhancement
Modifications are changes to SAP objects in customer systems. They are: Located at user exits (subroutines reserved for customers in objects within the SAP namespace)
Hard-coded at various positions in SAP Repository objects. In custom developments, SAP Repository objects can be called from custom-defined programs. Example: A customer writes a program that calls an SAP function module.
In the enhancement concepts, the roles are reversed: Repository objects that you have created or changed are called by programs shipped by SAP. Example: You are using a function module exit that is called by SAP. Enhancements can be made at the following levels: In the ABAP program (function module exit) In the GUI (menu exit) In screens for displaying a subscreen in a screen area provided by SAP (screen exit) As runs of custom program sections based on a screen field (field exit) In tables or structures of the ABAP Dictionary (table enhancement).
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Program Enhancements: Functionality
*** SAP program ************************************
PROGRAM <name of SAP program>.
<<EnhancementEnhancement callcall>><Object in customer namespace>
Customer exit Exit function module
Business Transaction Event Function module
Business Add-In Method
The basic purpose of a program enhancement is to call an object in the customer namespace. There are various ways of doing this: Customer exits - A special exit function module is called by the SAP application program. The function
module is part of a function group that is handled by the system in a specific manner. Business Transaction Events - A function module is called dynamically by the SAP application program in the customer
namespace. Business Add-Ins - The application program calls a method of a class or instance of a class. This class is in
the customer namespace.
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Program Enhancements: SAP and Customer
SAP Customer
Customer exit:Function module exit FM coding
Business Transaction EventsFunction module
in customernamespace
Business Add-Ins Method in customer class
CallAdmin.
InterfaceDocumentation
Program enhancements enable you to define additional program logic for an SAP application program. At present, SAP provides the options shown above.
The advantages and limitations of each enhancement option are discussed in greater detail in the relevant units.
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SAP Customer
PROGRAM ... ....
*Original Coding...........
...*Original Coding.....
SAP Program
Modifications
PROGRAM ... ....
*Original Coding...........
...*Original Coding.....
* Added/changed by customer* Coding
SAP Program
When you make a modification, you modify the object shipped by SAP directly. This has certain consequences the next time you perform an upgrade. If the object is shipped again, you have to decide whether the new object shipped by SAP or the one you modified is to be valid in your system.
Up to Release 4.0B, the finest level of granularity at which modifications were recorded was the Repository object itself, such as an include program.
As of Release 4.5A, modifications are recorded with a finer level of granularity. This is facilitated by the Modification Assistant, which is discussed in the Unit on "Modifications".
The modification adjustment concept was also thoroughly revised as a result. The procedure for adjusting modifications is also discussed in this unit.
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Business Add-Ins: Components
BAdI
FCodes
Program<prog> +ABC
Function Code
Properties.
Multiple Use
Filter Dependent
INTERFACE<badi-interface>.
DATA: a1 ...
ENDINTERFACE.
METHODS m2 ...
METHODS m1EXPORTING
e_par1e_par2
IMPORTINGi_par1.
Subscreens
Calling Program<prog> 0200
Screen No.ABCDSubscreen Area
Scr..Desc.
GeneratedBAdIClass
Business Add-Ins group the components of an enhancement. A Business Add-In can provide the following enhancement options: Program enhancement: The interfaces for program enhancements are defined in the Business Add-In in the form of interface methods. This interface is used to implement the enhancement. The SAP program calls the interface methods for the generated BAdI class.
Menu enhancement: Like customer exits, function codes can be entered in a BAdI. The corresponding menu entries are included in the CUA definition and are visible when the BAdI is implemented.
Screen enhancement: Like customer exits, screen enhancements can be defined in a BAdI and then implemented.
Several components are created when you define a BAdI: Interface Generated class (BAdI class) that implements the interface
The generated class (BAdI class) has the following tasks: Filtering: If a BAdI is to be executed under certain conditions only, the BAdI class ensures that only the valid implementations are called.
Control: The BAdI class calls the active implementations.
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Business Add-Ins: Flowchart
Application prog.Service class
CL_EXITHANDLER
Instance ofBAdI class
<badi-class>BAdI: Instance ofimplement. class
Process activeimplementations
11
22
This slide shows the process flow of a program that contains a BAdI call. You can use this slide to help you understand the features and limitations of Business Add-Ins.
Not shown: A reference variable that refers to the BAdI interface must be declared in the declaration section.
An object reference is generated in the first step. This is carried out by the service class CL_EXITHANDLER shipped by SAP. The exact syntax will be explained on a later slide. The requirements for calling the methods of the program enhancement are thus fulfilled.
The BAdI class that implements the interface is generated in the BAdI definition. The interface method of the BAdI class is called in the second call (2). The BAdI class searches for all of the active implementations for the Business Add-In and calls the implemented methods.
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Business Add-Ins: Calling Program
REPORT <program_using_badi>.
START-OF-SELECTION.
END-OF-SELECTION.
DATA: r_varTYPE REF TO <badi-interface>.
CALL METHOD cl_exithandler=>get_instance
CHANGINGinstance = r_var.
CALL METHOD r_var->methodEXPORTING
<i_variables>IMPORTING
<e_variables>.
r_var
1
2
Instance of<badi-class>
The above syntax is required to call a Business Add-In. The numbers shown correspond to the calls on the last slide.
First, you have to define a reference variable that refers to the BAdI interface. The name of the reference variable does not have to contain the name of the BAdI.
An object reference is generated in the first call (1). This creates an instance of the generated BAdI class. This object reference can address only the methods of the interface.
This object reference can then be used to call the methods provided by the enhancement (2).
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Implementing BAdIs: Methods
FCodesInterfaceProperties
MethodBAdI methodDescription
<badi-interface>Interface Name <impl-class>Name of Implementing Class
<method>
Class Builder: Edit Method <badi-interface>~<m...>
METHOD <badi-interface>~<method>.
*...
ENDMETHOD.
You can choose any name for the implementing class. However, SAP recommends that you follow the proposed naming convention. The proposed name consists of Namespace prefix, Y or Z CL_ (stands for class) IM_ (stands for implementation) Name of the implementation (without namespace prefix)
By double-clicking the name of the method, you can go to the editor for implementing the method.
Finally, you have to activate the objects.
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Implementing BAdIs: Private Methods
Class Builder: Edit Method <badi-interface>~<m...>
METHOD <badi-interface>~<method>.
ENDMETHOD.
CALL METHOD <CALL METHOD <priv_methodpriv_method> EXPORTING ... .> EXPORTING ... .
Class Builder: Change Class <impl-class>
EventsMethodsProperties
MethodNew method in implementationDescription
<priv_method>Type
Parameters Exceptions
In the implementing class, you can create private methods that you call from the interface method.
To do so, you edit the implementing class directly in the Class Builder. Here, you create the private method and interface. You specify whether the method should be visible and implement it.
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Implementing BAdIs: Activation
Business Add-Ins: Implem. Maintenance Initial Screen
<impl>Implementation Name
Activate
Undo activationDisplay CreateChange
You can use the relevant icons to activate the implementation of a Business Add-In. From this point on, the methods of the implementation are processed when the calling program is executed.
If you deactivate the implementation, the methods are no longer called. The calls in the application program are still processed. However, the instance of the adapter class is no longer able to find an active implementation. Unlike the call "CALL CUSTOMER-FUNCTION", the call "CALL METHOD CL_EXITHANDLER=>GET_INSTANCE" is still executed even though there is no implementation. This also applies to the method call that calls the method of the adapter class.
You can activate or deactivate a BAdI only in the original system of the implementation without having to make actual modifications. When you do so, you have to transport the activation/deactivation to the downstream systems.
Multiple implementations can exist in a system for a Business Add-In that can have only one implementation. Only one implementation can be active at any one time.
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Modifications must be maintained when SAP Notes and system upgrades are implemented.
SAP recommends that customer enhancements do not contain modifications.
BAdIs are used in particular to implement customer enhancements without the need for modifications.
Customer Enhancements – Unit Summary:
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Exercises
Unit: Customer Enhancements
At the conclusion of this exercise, you will be able to: • Explain the concept of BAdIs • Implement BAdIs
1-1 Research the BAdIs shipped as standard 1-1-1 Use the Repository Information System of the Object Navigator to find
out how many BAdIs are shipped for Financial Accounting and Cost Accounting.
1-1-2 Take a closer look at BAdI FAGL_AUTHORITY_CHECK. To which component does the BAdI FAGL_AUTHORITY_CHECK belong? How many methods does the BAdI have?
1-1-3 What parameters does the CHECK_LEDGER_AUTHORITY method have? How does the method output the result of an authorization check?
1-1-4 How many implementations already exist for the BAdI FAGL_AUTHORITY_CHECK?
1-1-5 Implement the BAdI FAGL_AUTHORITY_CHECK. Use the implementation name Y##FAGL_AUTHORITY. Save your implementation as a local object. You do not have authorization for ledger AL but do have authorization to display documents for ledger 0L. As an optional requirement, you could use the function module Y##AUTHORIZATION in your implementation to evaluate the authorization that you grant according to the ledger. In this case, you have to enhance the function module and your authorization object.
1-1-6 Now test your implementation in the BAdI environment. Then post a G/L account document and check the document display.
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Solutions
Unit: Customer Enhancements
1-1 Research the BAdIs shipped as standard 1-1-1 Use the Repository Information System of the Object Navigator to find
out how many BAdIs are shipped for Financial Accounting and Cost Accounting. Use transaction SE84 or choose Tools → ABAP Workbench → Overview → Information System.. Open the "Enhancements" folder in the object tree. Look for "Definitions" under "Business Add-Ins". Use the following search criteria Application component FI* and CO* Max. no. of hits 5000
1-1-2 Take a closer look at BAdI FAGL_AUTHORITY_CHECK. To which component does the BAdI FAGL_AUTHORITY_CHECK belong? How many methods does the BAdI have?
Use the following search criterion this time: BAdI Name FAGL_AUTHORITY_CHECK The "Attributes" tab page shows the package
"FAGL_POSTING_SERVICES". Double-click this package to view the package properties. The package belongs to the component "FI-GL". The "Interface" tab page lists exactly one method – "CHECK_LEDGER_AUTHORITY".
1-1-3 What parameters does the CHECK_LEDGER_AUTHORITY method have? How does the method output the result of an authorization check?
The "Interface" tab page lists the method "CHECK_LEDGER_AUTHORITY". Double-click the method to view its parameters. It has six import parameters. You can view the exception messages by choosing the "Exceptions" pushbutton. The result of the authorization check is provided by means of the "NO_AUTHORITY" exception.
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1-1-4 How many implementations already exist for the BAdI FAGL_AUTHORITY_CHECK?
You can view the implementations from the menu on the initial screen by choosing Implementation → Overview.
1-1-5 Implement the BAdI FAGL_AUTHORITY_CHECK. Use the implementation name Y## FAGL_AUTHORITY. Save your implementation as a local object. You do not have authorization for ledger AL but do have authorization to display documents for ledger 0L.
As an optional requirement, you could use the function module Y##AUTHORIZATION in your implementation to evaluate the authorization that you grant according to the ledger. In this case, you have to enhance the function module and your authorization object.
You can create your own implementations from the menu on the initial screen by choosing Implementation → Create. On the "Interface" tab page, you can double-click a method to program it.
1-1-6 Now test your implementation in the BAdI environment. Then post a G/L account document and check the document display.
On the "Interface" tab page, you can both program and test methods.
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Overview Diagram: Extraction
ExtractionExtraction
The ABAP WorkbenchThe ABAP Workbench
First Attempts at ProgrammingFirst Attempts at Programming
Template AllocationTemplate Allocation
Customer EnhancementsCustomer Enhancements
Dialogs and ALV ReportsDialogs and ALV Reports
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Extraction – Overview
This unit describes how data is extracted to the BW system. In particular, it explains how to extract data using function modules that you have created yourself.
Contents:
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Describe how data is extracted to the BW system
Write your own extraction functions
Extraction: Unit Objectives
At the conclusion of this unit, you will be able to:
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The Administrator Workbench
Modeling
Monitoring
Scheduling
AdministratorWorkbench
BW creation
Maintenance
Administration
Schedule datatransfer
Load data
Monitor data transfer
Monitor update process
The Administrator Workbench is a tool for maintaining, controlling, and monitoring Business Information Warehouse.
For this reason, the Administrator Workbench is used at all levels in the BW system: To create all the components of Business Information Warehouse, including Customizing settings.
To schedule data transfer from different data sources. To load data To monitor data transfer and data updates
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BW server
Transfer structure
SAP systemFile system
Communication structure
Transfer structure
Extractionstructure
Transfer structureTransfer structure
DataSource DataSource
Flat fileDataSource
DataSource(replicate)
DataSource(replicate)
InfoSource
Data targets
Transfer structure
Extractionstructure
– File
Mapping & transfer rules
Update rules
Data Flow from the Source to the Target System
An InfoSource is a set of logically related information that is grouped together in one unit. InfoSources contain transaction data (stored in InfoCubes) and master data (attributes, texts, and hierarchies - stored in separate tables).
InfoSources describe the set of all available information about a business transaction or a type of business transaction (such as cost center accounting).
Transfer structures are used to transfer data in a DataSource between a source system and the associated SAP BW system. The transfer structure transports the data in the DataSource from a source system to an SAP BW system and forwards it to the InfoSource using transfer rules.
The communication structure is independent of the source system and is generated from the InfoSource. It is filled from the transfer structure in accordance with the transfer rules. The communication structure contains all the fields in an InfoSource. The process of extracting and transferring cleansed data to the communication structure is referred to as "data staging".
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BW server
SAP source system
DataSource
When the DataSource is replicated, fields in theextraction structure are used asa template for the transfer structure in BW.
1
2When the (local) transferrules are activated, the transfer structure is generated bothin the BW system and in theSAP source system.
Extractionstructure
Transfer structure
Transfer structure
21
DataSource (replicate)
Verification Between the Source and Target System
The extraction tables in the source system represent the basis for a DataSource in an R/3 source system. The structure is created in the source system using the data elements that describe the available data (usually in a table view).
With an R/3 source system, the "DataSource Replication" step copies the DataSource extraction source structure as a template from the source system to the BW system.
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Transfer RulesTransfer structure
Communication Str./Transfer Rules
0COMP_CODE
InfoObject Tp Rule0CO_AREACOSTC##0CURRENCY0PROFIT_CTR
0CO_AREACOSTC##0CURRENCY0PROFIT_CTR0COMP_CODE
InfoObject – Field Assignment
InfoObject Field
0COMP_CODE0PROFIT_CTR0CURRENCYCOSTC##
KOKRS
WAERSPRCTRBUKRS
KOSTL0CO_AREA
IDOC
Transfer Method
PSA
InfoSource COSTC## GR## Cost Center 13 Communication Structure
InfoObject Description Status Type Length …
0CO_AREACOSTC##0CURRENCY0PROFIT_CTR
CHARCHAR
CHARCUKY
134
510
Controlling areaGR## Cost Center 13CurrencyProfit Center
Source System IDES R/3
DataSource ZGR##CC_ATTR
Defining Transfer Rules
Transfer rules determine which fields in the transfer structure are transferred to which fields in the communication structure. You can create detailed conversion rules to change or extend the data that is transferred.
You can choose only one of the three types of transfer rule for each InfoObject in the communication structure: The fields are copied from the transfer structure and are not modified. You can assign a fixed value to a field. You can create/assign local transfer routines. Local transfer routines are ABAP programs that you can copy or modify. The routine affects only the selected InfoObject in the associated communication structure.
You have to activate the transfer rules before they can be applied.
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You can use function modules to select the data in the source system that you want to extract.
Extraction – Unit Summary:
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Extraction - Exercises
Unit: Extraction
At the conclusion of this exercise, you will be able to transfer data from a source system (such as R/3) to a BW system. You will be familiar with: • The data export concept using DataSources and extraction from the
source system • The procedure for importing data using InfoSources in the target
system • How to program an extraction using function modules.
1-1 Program an extraction module 1-1-1 Create the function module Y##BW. Use the extraction documentation
in SAP Library to define the interface. Use your function module to select certain cost centers, such as all cost centers that belong to profit center 1402 or those where Mr. Janning is the cost center manager.
1-1-2 Configure your function module Y##BW as an extractor by specifying Y##DS as the master data DataSource. When you define the DataSource, also enter "AC400AKR3" as the application component and the export structure of your function module as the extraction structure.
1-1-3 Test your extractor and use the debugger to analyze the extraction. 1-1-4 Log onto the BW system. Replicate the DataSource.
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1-2 Transfer data from the source system to the BW data model After you have imported the data from the source system by replicating the
DataSource, you can transfer it to the BW data model. To do so, you first have to define a data model and then verify the DataSource. 1-2-1 Define the characteristic TE_Y##M with the description "Y## Cost
Center" as an InfoObject for the BW model. The data type is CHAR with length 10. Choose ALPHA as the conversion routine. Define the following fields as characteristic attributes:
0CO_AREA 0COMP_CODE 0BUS_AREA 0PROFIT_CTR 0RESP_PERS 0EVCURRCOST.
1-2-2 Create the InfoSource TE_Y##M in the component "AC400AKBW" to update master data of the InfoObject with the same name (TE_Y##M) directly. Assign the DataSource Y##DS to the InfoSource. In the transfer rules, assign your BW field TE_Y##M to the source field KOSTL.
1-2-3 Control the transfer by creating an InfoPackage. On the "Processing" tab page, choose "PSA and then in the InfoObject"; on the "Update" tab page, choose "Full Update" and on the "Schedule" tab page, choose "Start Data Load Immediately".
1-2-4 Load the cost centers from the source system. Observe the transfer in the monitor and analyze the result.
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Solutions
Unit: Extraction
1-1 Program an extraction module 1-1-1 Create the function module Y##BW. Use the extraction documentation
in SAP Library to define the interface. Use your function module to select certain cost centers, such as all cost centers that belong to profit center 1402 or those where Mr. Janning is the cost center manager. The extraction documentation is available at: SAP Library → SAP NetWeaver → Information Integration → Business Intelligence Then choose: SAP Business Information Warehouse → Data Warehousing → Data Retrieval → Data Extraction from SAP Source Systems → Customizing Extractors → Maintaining Generic Data Sources → Function Module: Interface Description and Procedure You can display a list of the existing cost centers in transaction KS13 by choosing Accounting → Controlling → Cost Center Accounting → Information System → Reports for Cost Center Accounting Master Data Indexes → Cost Centers: Master Data Report Table CSKS contains the cost center master data. This table must type the export parameter E_T_DATA.
1-1-2 Configure your function module Y##BW as an extractor by specifying Y##DS as the master data DataSource. When you define the DataSource, also enter "AC400AKR3" as the application component and the export structure of your function module as the extraction structure.
DataSources are defined with transaction RSO2. IMG → Integration with Other mySAP.com Components → Data
Transfer to the SAP Business Information Warehouse → Generic DataSources → Maintain Generic DataSources
1-1-3 Test your extractor and use the debugger to analyze the extraction. DataSources are also tested with transaction RSO2. IMG → Integration with Other mySAP.com Components → Data
Transfer to the SAP Business Information Warehouse → Generic DataSources → Maintain Generic DataSources
You can simulate the extraction by choosing DataSource → Test Extraction in the maintenance transaction.
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1-1-4 Log onto the BW system. Replicate the DataSource.
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1-2 Transfer data from the source system to the BW data model After you have imported the data from the source system by replicating the
DataSource, you can transfer it to the BW data model. To do so, you first have to define a data model and then verify the DataSource. 1-2-1 Define the characteristic TE_Y##M with the description "Y## Cost
Center" as an InfoObject for the BW model. The data type is CHAR with length 10. Choose ALPHA as the conversion routine. Define the following fields as characteristic attributes:
0CO_AREA 0COMP_CODE 0BUS_AREA 0PROFIT_CTR 0RESP_PERS 0EVCURRCOST
1-2-2 Create the InfoSource TE_Y##M in the component "AC400AKBW" to update master data of the InfoObject with the same name (TE_Y##M) directly. Assign the DataSource Y##DS to the InfoSource. In the transfer rules, assign your BW field Y##_KOSTL to the source field KOSTL.
1-2-3 Control the transfer by creating an InfoPackage. On the "Processing" tab page, choose "PSA and then in the InfoObject"; on the "Update" tab page, choose "Full Update" and on the "Schedule" tab page, choose "Start Data Load Immediately".
1-2-4 Load the cost centers from the source system. Observe the transfer in the monitor and analyze the result.
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Overview Diagram: Template Allocation
Template AllocationTemplate Allocation
The ABAP Workbench The ABAP Workbench
First Attempts at ProgrammingFirst Attempts at Programming
Customer EnhancementsCustomer Enhancements
ExtractionExtraction
Dialogs and ALV ReportsDialogs and ALV Reports
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Template Allocation – Unit Overview
This unit presents the concept of template allocation and describes interfaces that allow you to implement specific data access and cost calculations.
Contents:
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Use your own methods in template allocation.
Template Allocation: Unit Objectives
At the conclusion of this unit, you will be able to:
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The Template as a Costing Tool
Template
BOM
No. BOMItems
Standard cost estimate
Lot size
Material master dataWeight
External-systems
Meas. data
Routing
No. work centers
CO-PA
No. value fields
Cost drivers can originate from many areas in the integrated R/3 system. Bills of material can provide the number of components in a cost object, for example, and the
routing can indicate the number of work centers through which the cost object must pass. The standard cost estimate can provide the lot size of the material produced.
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Product Costing with Templates
Rout -ing
Bill ofmaterials
Material Lot size
CO - valuesMaterialActivitiesOverheadProcesses:300000300100
Costelement:R-4000
Functions
Template Prod_1
Material:R-4000
Statisticalkey figures
Processes
OtherSAP sources
Process
quantities
Product cost planning includes the quantities and prices from the planned consumption of process quantities.
The cost component view can be maintained in Customizing to include processes in an aggregated view of process costs and quantities for individual product cost plans.
In Customizing for cost components, you can define each component as valuation relevant if the process costs should be included in inventory.
In the itemization view of the product cost estimate, process values are marked "X." Overhead values calculated using a costing sheet are marked "G".
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Material:R 4000
Unit cost estimate/standard cost estimate
Derivation of Templates in the Cost Estimate
Template Prod_1
Template Prod_2
10
2010
20
QuantityValuation time
CleaningQ. insp.
Process3020
Order-startDelivery
Template Prod_3
Main template
Costing sheet
Overheadkey
Overhead group:SAP900
Valuationvariant 001
Costingvariant PPC1
The link between the template and the cost estimate is created through a template assignment function in Customizing.
The template is assigned to a combination of overhead key and costing sheet. The costing sheet is linked to a valuation variant, which, in turn, is linked to a costing variant
that is linked to the order type. The overhead group belongs to the material master data. It is assigned to an overhead key in
Customizing. You can still use a costing sheet for overheads that are not modeled using processes.
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Template for cost elementPl. Qty. Pl. Activ.Object Act. Qty. Act. Activ.. Act. Val. Ev.
Whichprocess?
Which process quantity?When?
Under what conditions?
Template Rows as Formula Vectors
A template is created within a certain environment, which is determined by the cost object that will consume the process quantities. A process that is consumed by a PP production order, for example, is controlled by a template created in environment 001. Conversely, a process (possibly the same process) that is consumed by a sales order is controlled by a template created in environment 008.
A template consists of pre-defined columns. Each of these columns looks for information - that is, it asks a question. The answer may be entered by the user, or determined dynamically by the system.
The real power of Activity-Based Costing in R/3 is realized when the system answers these questions dynamically.
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"Functions" as Form Components
Template for cost elementPl. Qty. Pl. Activ.Object Act. Qty. Act. Activ.. Act. Val. Ev.
Whichprocess?
How much of the processquantity?
When?
Under what conditions?
Functions Functi
ons
Functions
Functions
Each environment contains a specific set of functions for the user to select in order to answer the questions shown above. You create a template using the functions in the individual cells. Each template can contain as many rows as are necessary.
There are 3 different types of rows that can be created and combined in one template. Each type of row serves a different purpose. A Comment row is used for documentation. A Business Process row is used for process consumption by a cost object. A Subtemplate row is used to link templates for a nested template structure. A Calculation row can be used when multiple Business Process rows use the results of a single calculation (in the same template only). If the template is created in the SBP (Structured Business Process) environment, an additional TASK row type is available so that a cost center or activity type can be used in the "Object" column.
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Under what conditions?
Subenvironment 101: ProcessesFunctions: ......
......
Subenvironment 103: MaterialFunctions: Material_Characteristic_value
......
Subenvironment 107: General dataFunctions: ......
......
Which process?
When?
Whichprocess quantity?
PP productionorder
Subenvironments as Function Groups
Each cost object in the system is permanently assigned to an environment. You cannot change these assignments.
Each environment contains predefined subenvironments. This assignment is also fixed and cannot be changed.
Each subenvironment contains a collection of specific functions that refer to the data in that particular subenvironment. For instance, a function designed to read the material characteristics assigned to a material in the material master is located in the Material subenvironment in the environment defined by the consuming cost object.
The template, which is assigned to a specific environment when it is created, can access all the functions that are assigned to the subenvironments.
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Environments and Subenvironments
Subenvironment 105:Routing
Subenvironment 103:Material
New functions
Subenvironment 107:General data
Environment 001: mat. c. est./production orders
Environment 003: matl c. est.without quantity structure
Environment PAC:costing-based profitability analysis
Subenvironment 101:Sender process
StandardOptional
A subenvironment can be assigned to more than one environment, which means that the functions within the subenvironment are available to more than one type of cost object. For instance, the functions of the subenvironment that involve routings are available for sales orders and production orders, but not for cost estimates without a quantity structure.
You can assign your own functions to either a subenvironment or an environment directly. Assigning functions to a subenvironment provides you with greater flexibility, because more than one type of cost object can use the available functions.
In Customizing, you can restrict the use of each new function to a single cell in the template. Inside each cell, you can restrict how the function is used even further. By doing so, you can ensure that the functions are used effectively. For instance, if a function requires a material number as a parameter, only material number functions are made available.
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Function Modules as Functions
Functions
Table field ABAP-Functions
Storage location: 0001
Material Master View:MRP. 2
Procurement
K_ABC_ORDER_MAT_CONFIRMATION
Table name:MARC
Field name:LGPRO
There are two different kinds of functions: table-field and ABAP functions. A table-field function allows a function to use fields from tables that have been allowed in the
specific, shipped environments. An ABAP function is required if you need access to a field in a table that is not included in
the specific, shipped environments. New functions must be created within the template environment area in Customizing. When you create new functions, you must observe the three-level naming convention that
requires an external name, an internal name, and a logical function name. Functions can be copied, changed, and/or renamed.
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You can create your own allocation methods in template allocation.
By doing so, you can implement your own access types and cost calculations.
The allocation methods are realized by function modules.
Template Allocation – Unit Summary:
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Exercises
Unit: Function Modules in Template Allocation
At the conclusion of this exercise, you will be able to: • Use function modules in template allocation
1-1 Program your own function module for template allocation 1-1-2 Analyze the storage conditions for material R-F100 in plant 1000 at
storage location 002. Does a temperature condition exist? 1-1-3 Create a function module Y##WHENERGY that calculates and
outputs the warehouse energy consumption for a specific material number, whose volume is measured in cubic meters, according to the following formula: energy = volume x 1000 x temperature condition
1-1-4 Before your function module Y##WHENERGY can be used in the template allocation, it must satisfy certain interface requirements. Find out what these requirements are. To do so, use SAP Library or analyze a function module that is already used in the template allocation.
1-2 Use your own function modules in the template allocation
1-2-1 First analyze the process costs in the cost estimate for material R-F100. Which processes are involved and in what quantity? How is the output quantity maintained?
1-2-2 Create a Y##Energy_consumption function with the same logical function name in the "Materials" subenvironment in environment 001 (material cost estimate/production orders) . Assign your Y##WHENERGY function module to this function. On the "Usage" tab page for business processes, allow the function to calculate quantities.
1-2-3 Create a template Y##. In this template, the quantity of the business process 300901 ("Cooling") is calculated as a product of the warehouse energy consumption for the order material and the total material quantity for the order.
1-2-4 Add your template Y## to the template COPC-10 as a subtemplate. 1-2-5 Check the rate specified in annual planning for business process
300901 ("Cooling"). 1-2-6 Recalculate the cost of goods manufactured for material R-F100.
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Solutions
Unit: Function Modules in Template Allocation
1-1 Program your own function module for template allocation 1-1-1 Analyze the storage conditions for material R-F100. Does a
temperature condition exist? Which fields contain a temperature condition and volume?
Start transaction MM03 by choosing Logistics → Materials Management → Material Master → Material → Display → Display Current
Material R-F100 Pushbutton "Select (views)" Choose General Plant Data / Storage 1 Choose General Plant Data / Storage 2 Choose "Continue" Plant 1000 Storage location 0002
The "Plant Data / Stor. 1" tab page shows the temperature condition 01; the "Plant Data / Stor. 2" tab page shows the volume 0.75 M3. You can use the input help to display the "Technical Information" for a selected field. This information provides the names of the database fields. These fields are:
Temperature conditions MARA-TEMPB Volume MARA-VOLUM Volume Unit MARA-VOLEH
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1-1-2 Before your function module Y##WHENERGY can be used in the template allocation, it must satisfy certain interface requirements. Find out what these requirements are. To do so, use SAP Library or analyze a function module that is already used in the template allocation.
You can find the interface conditions in SAP Library by choosing Financials → Controlling → Activity-Based Costing → Template → Environment of Templates → Implementing ABAP Functions.
In the template allocation function in the system (transaction CTU6), you can find the "MaterialCharacteristicValue" function in the "Materials" subenvironment of environment 001 by choosing IMG → Controlling → Activity-Based Costing → Templates → Define Environments and Function Trees. This is assigned to the function module K_ABC_MATERIAL_FEATURE_VALUE and can be analyzed with transaction SE37, for example.
1-1-3 Create a function module Y##WHENERGY that calculates and outputs the warehouse energy consumption for a specific material number, whose volume is measured in cubic meters, according to the following formula: energy = volume x 1000 x temperature condition * The table parameter RTABLE_VAL of type TPLIC_RVAL_TAB * is defined in the type group TPLIC. This must be stored in the * top include in the following format: * TYPE-POOLS: tplic. FUNCTION Y##WHENERGY. *"---------------------------------------------------------------------- *"*"Local interface: *" IMPORTING *" REFERENCE(ID_MATNR) TYPE MATNR *" REFERENCE(PERIOD_FROM) *" REFERENCE(PERIOD_CNT) *" REFERENCE(CALL_PROG) TYPE SY-REPID *" TABLES *" RTABLE_VAL TYPE TPLIC_RVAL_TAB *"---------------------------------------------------------------------- * data DATA: ls_mara TYPE mara. DATA: ld_temp_faktor TYPE i. DATA: ld_quantity TYPE tplic_rval-value. DATA: ld_wa_rval TYPE tplic_rval. * Clear output CLEAR rtable_val[]. * Get master data SELECT SINGLE * FROM mara INTO ls_mara
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WHERE matnr = id_matnr. * Master record found? CHECK sy-subrc = 0. * Evaluate temperature condition CASE ls_mara-tempb. WHEN '01'. ld_temp_faktor = 1. WHEN '02'. ld_temp_faktor = 2. WHEN '03'. ld_temp_faktor = 3. WHEN OTHERS. ENDCASE. * Evaluate volume and determine result CASE ls_mara-voleh. WHEN 'M3'. ld_quantity = ls_mara-volum * 1000 * ld_temp_faktor. WHEN OTHERS. "nothing to do. ENDCASE. * if no periodic result, fill the result table for periods DO period_cnt TIMES. ld_wa_rval-period = period_from + sy-index - 1. ld_wa_rval-value = ld_quantity. APPEND ld_wa_rval TO rtable_val. ENDDO. ENDFUNCTION.
1-1-4 Test your function module for material R-F100. 1-2 Use your own function modules in the template allocation
1-2-1 First analyze the process costs in the cost estimate for material R-F100. Which processes are involved and in what quantity? How is the output quantity maintained? To find the material cost estimate (transaction CK13N), choose Accounting → Controlling → Product Cost Controlling → Product Cost Planning → Material Costing → Cost Estimate with Quantity Structure → Display.
Material R-F100 Plant 1000 Costing variant PPC1
The costing structure functions include the "Materials Only/All Items" pushbutton. You can use this pushbutton to expand the list to show all
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cost items and, in particular, the list of processes. A process is allocated for the cost of goods manufactured:
Process Number Quantity Work Scheduling 300900 1 pc
1-2-2 Create a Y##Energy_consumption function with the same logical function name in the "Materials" subenvironment in environment 001 (material cost estimate/production orders) . Assign your Y##WHENERGY function module to this function. On the "Usage" tab page for business processes, allow the function to calculate quantities.
Start the template allocation function in the system (transaction CTU6) by choosing IMG → Controlling → Activity-Based Costing → Templates → Define Environments and Function Trees and select the "Materials" subenvironment in the object tree. Choose "Create Function" from the context menu.
Function Y##Energy_consumption Radio button "Lower Level" Tab page "Basic Data" Log. Function Name Y##WHENERGY Tab page "Implementation" ABAP Function Name Y##WHENERGY Tab page "Usage" Tab page "All Columns"
Select "Quantity Plan" in the "Business Process" row. Pushbutton "Save"
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1-2-3 Create a template Y##. In this template, the quantity of the business process 300901 ("Cooling") is calculated as a product of the warehouse energy consumption for the order material and the total material quantity for the order. Start the template allocation function (transaction CTU6) in the system by choosing IMG → Controlling → Activity-Based Costing → Templates → Maintain Templates and choose "Create Template:
Template Y## Environment 001
Enter another row: Type "Business Process"
Object "300901" Plan Quantity Double-click the field
In the editor, enter: Y##Energy_consumption ( ID_MATNR = OrderMaterial ) *
OrderTotalQuantity Pushbutton "Confirm Plan Quantity" Enter "ACTIVE" in the "Plan Activation" column.
1-2-4 Add your template Y## to the template COPC-10 as a subtemplate. Start the template allocation function (transaction CTU6) in the system
by choosing IMG → Controlling → Activity-Based Costing → Templates → Maintain Templates and choose "Change Template":
Template COPC-10 Environment 001
Enter another row: Pushbutton "Insert Row"
Type "Subtemplate" Object Y## Plan Activation "ACTIVE"
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1-2-5 Check the rate specified in annual planning for business process 300901 ("Cooling").
Start transaction CP26 by choosing Accounting → Controlling → Activity-Based Costing → Planning → Process Quantities/Prices → Change
Version 0 From Period: Current period To Period current period Fiscal Year Current fiscal year Pushbutton Overview Screen
Make sure that a price has been defined.
1-2-6 Recalculate the cost of goods manufactured for material R-F100. You can find the material cost estimate (transaction CK13N) by
choosing Accounting → Controlling → Product Cost Controlling → Product Cost Planning → Material Costing → Cost Estimate with Quantity Structure → Create
Material R-F100 Plant 1000 Costing variant PPC1
The costing structure functions include the "Materials Only/All Items" pushbutton. You can use this pushbutton to expand the list to show all cost items and, in particular, the list of processes. Process "300901" here shows the quantity that was calculated using your function module.
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Appendix
Optional exercise 1 –Write a program for maintaining customer address data
Optional Exercise 2 –Write a program for opening and closing FI periods
Optional exercise 3 –Program a report for master data groups in Cost Accounting
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Optional Exercise F1
Write a Program for Maintaining Customer Address Data
At the conclusion of this exercise, you will be able to: • Create tables • Select records from tables and write to tables • Call function modules
Requirement The following function is available for vendors and is also required for customers: Changes to addresses that are already known but will not take effect until a future date can be maintained in advance. This takes place in three steps: Future changes can be entered on a key-date basis using transaction MK12 (see path below). The planned changes can be viewed with transaction MK14. Changes that have been flagged for key dates can be activated with transactions MKH3 and MKH4. The paths are as follows: MK12 Logistics → Materials Management → Purchasing → Master Data →
Vendor → Purchasing → Change (Planned)
MK14 Logistics → Materials Management → Purchasing → Master Data → Vendor → Purchasing → Planned Changes
MKH3 … → Vendor → Activate Planned Changes → Activation Online System Analysis Find out which tables store the customer master data. If necessary, use the ABAP Workbench or debugger to do so. Program Design The following functions are required to maintain the future customer address data:
(a) The existing address data is modeled as a template for future changes in the form of a copy of the customer address data stored in a custom address table
(b) There must be an option of maintaining the custom address table so that key-date based updates can be flagged.
(c) The release of flagged updates is modeled in the form of a copy of the custom address data to the standard address data table.
(d) It must be possible to reactivate the previous address data so that any update errors can be rectified.
The custom address table is a copy of the standard address table ADRC with the name Y##ADRC. If the definition of table Y##ADRC allows data to be displayed and
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maintained ("Delivery and Maintenance" tab page), you do not need to program the function listed under (b) because you can use transaction SE16 instead. In this case, write a program that offers three options: (a) "INITI" for modeling the function listed under (a) (b) "ACTIV" for modeling the function listed under (c) (c) "REACT" for modeling the function listed under (d) Task F1-1 Create table Y##ADRC as a copy of table ADRC. Allow table maintenance. F1-2 Create a domain Y##ACTION called "Action". The data type is CHAR and the
number of characters 10. For the range, define three fixed values "INITI" with the description "Initialize", "ACTIV" with the description "Activate Changes", and "REACT" with the description "Undo Changes".
F1-3 Create a data element Y##ACTION with the name "Action". Assign the domain
Y##ACTION to the data element. F1-4 Create a Y##CUSTOMER program that contains the functions of the actions.
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Solution for Optional Exercise F1
Write a Program for Maintaining Customer Address Data
Requirement The following function is available for vendors and is also required for customers: Changes to addresses that are already known but will not take effect until a future date can be maintained in advance. This takes place in three steps: Future changes can be entered on a key-date basis using transaction MK12 (see path below). The planned changes can be viewed with transaction MK14. Changes that have been flagged for key dates can be activated with transactions MKH3 and MKH4. The paths are as follows: MK12 Logistics → Materials Management → Purchasing → Master Data →
Vendor → Purchasing → Change (Planned)
MK14 Logistics → Materials Management → Purchasing → Master Data → Vendor → Purchasing → Planned Changes
MKH3 … → Vendor → Activate Planned Changes → Activation Online System Analysis Find out which tables store the customer master data. If necessary, use the ABAP Workbench or debugger to do so. Program Design The following functions are required to maintain the future customer address data:
(a) The existing address data is modeled as a template for future changes in the form of a copy of the customer address data stored in a custom address table
(b) There must be an option of maintaining the custom address table so that key-date based updates can be flagged.
(c) The release of flagged updates is modeled in the form of a copy of the custom address data to the standard address data table.
(d) It must be possible to reactivate the previous address data so that any update errors can be rectified.
The custom address table is a copy of the standard address table ADRC with the name Y##ADRC. If the definition of table Y##ADRC allows data to be displayed and maintained ("Delivery and Maintenance" tab page), you do not need to program the function listed under (b) because you can use transaction SE16 instead. In this case, write a program that offers three options: (a) "INITI" for modeling the function listed under (a) (b) "ACTIV" for modeling the function listed under (c)
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(c) "REACT" for modeling the function listed under (d) Task F1-1 Create table Y##ADRC as a copy of table ADRC. Allow table maintenance. Tools → ABAP Workbench → Development → ABAP Dictionary (SE11) Select "Database table" Database table ADRC Function "Copy" From Table ADRC To Table Y##ADRC Function “Local Object” Tools → ABAP Workbench → Development → ABAP Dictionary (SE11) Select "Database table" Database table Y##ADRC Function “Change” Tab page "Delivery and Maintenance" Date Browser… X Display/Maintenance Allowed Function "Activate" F1-2 Create a domain Y##ACTION called "Action". The data type is CHAR and the
number of characters 10. For the range, define three fixed values "INITI" with the description "Initialize", "ACTIV" with the description "Activate Changes", and "REACT" with the description "Undo Changes".
Tools → ABAP Workbench → Development → ABAP Dictionary (SE11) Select "Domain" Domain Y##ACTION Function "Create" Short description Action for program Y##Customer Tab page "Definition" Data Type "CHAR" No. Characters 10 Tab page "Value Range" Fixed Value INITI
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Short Text Initialize Fixed Value ACTIV Short Text Activate changes Fixed Value REACT Short Text Undo changes Function "Activate" Function “Local Object” F1-3 Create a data element Y##ACTION with the name "Action". Assign the domain
Y##ACTION to the data element. Tools → ABAP Workbench → Development → ABAP Dictionary (SE11) Select "Data Type" Data Type Y##ACTION Function "Create" Select "Data Element" Short Text Action for program Y##Customer Tab page "Data Type" Select "Elementary Type" Select "Domain" Domain Y##ACTION Tab page "Field Label" Short label Action Medium label Action Long label Action Heading Action Function "Activate" Function "Local Object" F1-4 Create a Y##CUSTOMER program that contains the functions of the actions.
You can create the message of class AC400 with the number 600 in the same way as described for program Y##CUSTOMER. As soon as you have created the program (as described below), you can maintain the selection texts in the editor menu under
Goto → Text Elements → Selection Texts by referencing the Data Dictionary. Tools → ABAP Workbench → Overview → Object Navigator
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View Local objects Local objects AC400-## Select the rood node $TMP AC400-## Context menu Create → Program Program Y##CUSTOMER (without top include) Title Maintain future customer master data Type "1 Executable Program" Function "Save" Function "Local Object" In the proposed solution, we will use "AC400" instead of "Y##". *&--------------------------------------------------------------------- *& Report AC400CUSTOMER *& *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& *& *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* REPORT ac400customer. * Tables TABLES: kna1. * Parameters PARAMETERS: p_date TYPE date_from DEFAULT sy-datum NO-DISPLAY. SELECT-OPTIONS: r_kunnr FOR kna1-kunnr. PARAMETERS: p_action TYPE ac400action. * Types TYPES: yt_kunnr LIKE TABLE OF r_kunnr. TYPES: yt_kna1 TYPE TABLE OF kna1. TYPES: ys_kna1 TYPE kna1. TYPES: ys_adrc TYPE adrc. TYPES: yt_adrc TYPE TABLE OF ys_adrc. TYPES: ys_ac400adrc TYPE ac400adrc. TYPES: yt_ac400adrc TYPE TABLE OF ys_ac400adrc. * Constants CONSTANTS: gc_first_date LIKE sy-datum VALUE '00010101'. CONSTANTS: gc_last_date LIKE sy-datum VALUE '99991231'.
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CONSTANTS: gc_empty_nation TYPE ad_nation VALUE IS INITIAL. * Call the main program PERFORM main USING p_date r_kunnr[] p_action. *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Form main *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* * text *----------------------------------------------------------------------* * -->P_P_DATE text * -->P_R_KUNNR[] text * -->P_P_ACTION text *----------------------------------------------------------------------* FORM main USING id_date LIKE sy-datum it_kunnr TYPE yt_kunnr id_action TYPE ac400action. * data DATA: lt_kna1 TYPE yt_kna1. DATA: ls_kna1 TYPE ys_kna1. DATA: ld_answer TYPE char3. * Authorization check CALL FUNCTION 'Y_AC400AUTHORITY' IMPORTING ed_answer = ld_answer. CASE ld_answer. WHEN 'IES'. "ok WHEN OTHERS. MESSAGE e600(f1) WITH sy-uname text-001. ENDCASE. * select from kna1 SELECT * FROM kna1 INTO TABLE lt_kna1 WHERE kunnr IN it_kunnr[]. * insert ykna1 LOOP AT lt_kna1 INTO ls_kna1. * Evaluate according to action CASE p_action. * Initialize WHEN 'INITI'. PERFORM initialize
© SAP AG AC400 8-244
USING p_date ls_kna1. * Activate WHEN 'ACTIV'. PERFORM activate USING p_date ls_kna1. * Reactivate WHEN 'REACT'. PERFORM react USING p_date ls_kna1. * Undefined input WHEN OTHERS. MESSAGE ID 'AC400' TYPE 'E' NUMBER '600' WITH 'Choose a valid action". ENDCASE. WRITE: / 'Vendor', ls_kna1-kunnr, 'has been maintained'. ENDLOOP. ENDFORM. " main *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Form initialize *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* FORM initialize USING id_date TYPE date_from is_kna1 TYPE ys_kna1. * data DATA: ls_adrc TYPE ys_adrc. DATA: ls_yadrc TYPE ys_ac400adrc. SELECT SINGLE * FROM adrc INTO ls_adrc WHERE addrnumber = is_kna1-adrnr AND date_from = gc_first_date AND nation = gc_empty_nation. * Delete existing entries DELETE FROM ac400adrc WHERE addrnumber = is_kna1-adrnr. * Insert new from kna1 MOVE-CORRESPONDING ls_adrc TO ls_yadrc. ls_yadrc-date_from = id_date. INSERT ac400adrc FROM ls_yadrc. ENDFORM. " initialize
© SAP AG AC400 8-245
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Form activate *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* * text *----------------------------------------------------------------------* * -->P_ID_DATE text * -->P_LS_KUNNR text *----------------------------------------------------------------------* FORM activate USING id_date TYPE date_from is_kna1 TYPE ys_kna1. * data DATA: ls_adrc TYPE ys_adrc. DATA: ls_ac400adrc TYPE ys_ac400adrc. DATA: ls_adrc_old TYPE ys_adrc. DATA: ls_adrc_new TYPE ys_adrc. SELECT SINGLE * FROM adrc INTO ls_adrc WHERE addrnumber = is_kna1-adrnr AND date_from = gc_first_date AND nation = gc_empty_nation. SELECT SINGLE * FROM ac400adrc INTO ls_ac400adrc WHERE addrnumber = is_kna1-adrnr AND date_from = id_date AND nation = gc_empty_nation. IF sy-subrc = 0. * init ls_kna1_new MOVE-CORRESPONDING ls_ac400adrc TO ls_adrc_new. ls_adrc_new-date_from = gc_first_date. * Update customers UPDATE adrc FROM ls_adrc_new. * Archive previous entry ls_adrc_old = ls_adrc. ls_adrc_old-date_from = id_date - 1. ls_adrc_old-date_to = id_date - 1. MODIFY adrc FROM ls_adrc_old. ELSE. "nothing to do ENDIF. ENDFORM. " activate
© SAP AG AC400 8-246
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Form react *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* FORM react USING id_date TYPE date_from is_kna1 TYPE ys_kna1. * data DATA: ls_adrc_r TYPE ys_adrc. DATA: ls_adrc_f TYPE ys_adrc. DATA: lt_adrc TYPE yt_adrc. DATA: ld_len LIKE sy-tabix. SELECT * FROM adrc INTO TABLE lt_adrc WHERE addrnumber = is_kna1-adrnr AND date_from <= id_date AND nation = gc_empty_nation. SORT lt_adrc ASCENDING BY date_from. DESCRIBE TABLE lt_adrc LINES ld_len. IF ld_len > 0. * Incorrect sentence LOOP AT lt_adrc INTO ls_adrc_f WHERE date_from = gc_first_date. EXIT. ENDLOOP. ls_adrc_f-date_from = id_date - 1. ls_adrc_f-date_to = id_date - 1. MODIFY adrc FROM ls_adrc_f. * Correct sentence READ TABLE lt_adrc INDEX ld_len INTO ls_adrc_r. ls_adrc_r-date_from = gc_first_date. ls_adrc_r-date_to = gc_last_date. MODIFY adrc FROM ls_adrc_r. ENDIF. ENDFORM. " react
© SAP AG AC400 8-247
Optional Exercise F2
Write a Program for Opening and Closing FI Periods
At the conclusion of this exercise, you will be able to: • Create tables • Select records from tables and write to tables • Call function modules • Display data records • Evaluate pushbuttons pressed by the user
Requirement In Customizing for Accounting, periods can be opened or closed for posting. The relevant path is: IMG → Financial Accounting → Financial Accounting Global Settings → Document → Posting Periods For selected variants, you want the open periods interval to be shifted by one period on a recurring key date (such as the end of the month). Assume that today is April 1 and this is our key date. The periods open for posting up to now are February and March. As of today, March and April are open for posting. System Analysis Find out which table contains the interval for open periods. If necessary, use the ABAP Workbench or debugger to do so. Program Design The following objects are required to maintain the future customer address data: (a) A custom table containing an (optional) key date for each period interval (b) A program with the variant of the posting periods as a parameter. When called, it determines the corresponding key date for the entered period interval variant. If the key date has been exceeded, the period interval is shifted by one period. Before the data is saved, the current and new statuses are displayed. Task Implement the above requirement. Your custom table is Y##T001B. Your program for maintaining the posting periods is Y##PV.
© SAP AG AC400 8-248
© SAP AG AC400 8-249
Solution for Optional Exercise F2
Write a Program for Opening and Closing FI Periods
Requirement In Customizing for Accounting, periods can be opened or closed for posting. The relevant path is:
IMG → Financial Accounting → Financial Accounting Global Settings → Document → Posting Periods
For selected variants, you want the open periods interval to be shifted by one period on a recurring key date (such as the end of the month). Assume that today is April 1 and this is our key date. The periods open for posting up to now are February and March. As of today, March and April are open for posting. System Analysis Find out which table contains the interval for open periods. If necessary, use the ABAP Workbench or debugger to do so. For example, call the transaction for maintaining the open periods: IMG → Financial Accounting → Financial Accounting Global Settings → Document → Posting Periods → Open and Close Posting Periods Select the first variant ("0001"). Press F1. Choose the "Technical Information" pushbutton. The referenced table is "V_T001B" (this is actually a table view). You can use the Data Dictionary (SE11) to take a look at this view. The table referenced in view V_T001B is T001B. The entries in table T001B (which you can view with SE16) are those that are proposed for maintenance in Customizing for open periods. Program Design The following objects are required to maintain the future customer address data: (a) A custom table containing an (optional) key date for each period interval (b) A program with the variant of the posting periods as a parameter. When called, it determines the corresponding key date for the entered period interval variant. If the key date has been exceeded, the period interval is shifted by one period. Before the data is saved, the current and new statuses are displayed. Task Implement the above requirement. Your custom table is Y##T001B. Your program for maintaining the posting periods is Y##PV.
© SAP AG AC400 8-250
For more information on how to create a program and tables, refer to the solution for the task "Write a Program for Maintaining Customer Address Data". *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Report AC400PV *& *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* * The custom table ac400t001b referenced in the report is * activated for maintenance and belongs to delivery class c. * The technical settings are data type APPL2 and * size category 0. * The table has the following structure: * Field Key Data element Data type Length * Mandt x Mandt * Rrcty x Rrcty * Opvar x Opvar * Mkoar x Mkoar * Key date Numc 2 * Status 1000 referenced in the report uses the functions * of the function keys: * SAVE for save * ENTR for continue REPORT ac400pv. * Types TYPES: ys_t001b TYPE t001b. TYPES: yt_t001b TYPE TABLE OF ys_t001b. TYPES: ys_ac400t001b TYPE ac400t001b. TYPES: yt_ac400t001b TYPE TABLE OF ys_ac400t001b. * Parameters PARAMETERS: p_opvar TYPE opvar OBLIGATORY. * Data DATA: ls_t001 TYPE t001. DATA: ls_t001b_old TYPE ys_t001b. DATA: ls_t001b_new TYPE ys_t001b. DATA: lt_t001b_old TYPE yt_t001b. DATA: lt_t001b_new TYPE yt_t001b. DATA: ls_ac400t001b TYPE ys_ac400t001b. DATA: lt_ac400t001b TYPE yt_ac400t001b. DATA: ld_result TYPE c. DATA: ld_day_found TYPE c. * Set status SET PF-STATUS '1000'. * Load T001b with the open periods for selected variant PERFORM load_t001b USING p_opvar CHANGING lt_t001b_old.
© SAP AG AC400 8-251
* Load ac400t001b with the key dates for selected variant PERFORM load_ac400t001b USING p_opvar CHANGING lt_ac400t001b. * Load Periv from reference company code for variant PERFORM load_periv USING p_opvar CHANGING ls_t001. * Edit the records for the variant LOOP AT lt_t001b_old INTO ls_t001b_old. * Restrict table ac400t001b depending on t001b record PERFORM get_day USING lt_ac400t001b ls_t001b_old CHANGING ls_ac400t001b ld_day_found. * Depending on key date maintenance CASE ld_day_found. * Key date maintained WHEN 'Y'. * Key date reached? PERFORM check_day USING ls_t001 ls_ac400t001b ls_t001b_old CHANGING ld_result. * Branch according to ld_result CASE ld_result. * Key date reached => maintain periods WHEN 'Y'. * Calculate Customizing PERFORM calc_t001b USING ls_t001 ls_t001b_old CHANGING ls_t001b_new. * Display Customizing PERFORM show_t001b USING ls_t001b_old ls_t001b_new. APPEND ls_t001b_new TO lt_t001b_new.
© SAP AG AC400 8-252
* Key date NOT reached WHEN 'N'. * Undefined WHEN OTHERS. ENDCASE. * Key date not maintained WHEN OTHERS. "nothing to do ENDCASE. ENDLOOP. * at user-command AT USER-COMMAND. PERFORM do_ucomm USING sy-ucomm lt_t001b_new. *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Form load_t001b *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* FORM load_t001b USING id_opvar TYPE opvar CHANGING et_t001b TYPE yt_t001b. * Clear output CLEAR et_t001b. * data DATA: ld_empty_bkont TYPE bkont_001b. * select SELECT * FROM t001b * INTO es_t001b INTO TABLE et_t001b WHERE rrcty = '0' AND bukrs = id_opvar. * AND mkoar = '+' * AND bkont = ld_empty_bkont. ENDFORM. " load_t001b *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Form load_ac400t001b *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* FORM load_ac400t001b USING id_opvar TYPE opvar CHANGING et_ac400t001b TYPE yt_ac400t001b. * Clear output
© SAP AG AC400 8-253
CLEAR et_ac400t001b[]. * Select SELECT * FROM ac400t001b INTO TABLE et_ac400t001b WHERE opvar = id_opvar AND rrcty = '0'. ENDFORM. " load_ac400t001b *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Form load_periv *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* FORM load_periv USING id_opvar TYPE opvar CHANGING es_t001 TYPE t001. * Clear output CLEAR es_t001. * get priv SELECT * FROM t001 INTO es_t001 WHERE opvar = id_opvar. EXIT. ENDSELECT. ENDFORM. " load_periv *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Form get_day *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* FORM get_day USING it_ac400t001b TYPE yt_ac400t001b is_t001b TYPE ys_t001b CHANGING es_ac400t001b TYPE ys_ac400t001b ed_day_found TYPE c. * Clear output CLEAR es_ac400t001b. ed_day_found = 'N'. * Get sentence LOOP AT it_ac400t001b INTO es_ac400t001b WHERE opvar = is_t001b-bukrs AND mkoar = is_t001b-mkoar AND rrcty = is_t001b-rrcty. ed_day_found = 'Y'. ENDLOOP.
© SAP AG AC400 8-254
ENDFORM. " get_day *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Form check_day *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* FORM check_day USING is_t001 TYPE t001 is_ac400t001b TYPE ys_ac400t001b is_t001b TYPE ys_t001b CHANGING ed_result TYPE c. * Clear output CLEAR ed_result. * data DATA: ld_systemday TYPE n LENGTH 2. DATA: ld_actbuper TYPE poper. DATA: ld_actgjahr TYPE bdatj. DATA: ld_check TYPE i. * Determine current date ld_systemday = sy-datum+6(2). * Get current period CALL FUNCTION 'DATE_TO_PERIOD_CONVERT' EXPORTING i_date = sy-datum i_periv = is_t001-periv IMPORTING e_buper = ld_actbuper e_gjahr = ld_actgjahr. * 1.) Check whether key date exceeded IF ld_systemday >= is_ac400t001b-stichtag. ld_result = ld_result + 1. ENDIF. * 2.) Check whether set period < current period IF is_t001b-tope1 < ld_actbuper AND is_t001b-toye1 = ld_actgjahr. ld_result = ld_result + 1. * 3.) Check whether set year < today ELSEIF is_t001b-toye1 < ld_actgjahr. ld_result = ld_result + 1. ENDIF. IF ld_result = 2. ed_result = 'Y'. ELSE. ed_result = 'N'. ENDIF. ENDFORM. " check_day
© SAP AG AC400 8-255
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Form calc_t001b *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* FORM calc_t001b USING is_t001 TYPE t001 is_t001b_old TYPE ys_t001b CHANGING es_t001b_new TYPE ys_t001b. * set output es_t001b_new = is_t001b_old. * Define new start period CALL FUNCTION 'CKML_F_GET_NEXT_PERIOD' EXPORTING input_period = is_t001b_old-frpe1 input_year = is_t001b_old-frye1 input_periv = is_t001-periv IMPORTING next_period = es_t001b_new-frpe1 next_year = es_t001b_new-frye1. * Define new target period CALL FUNCTION 'CKML_F_GET_NEXT_PERIOD' EXPORTING input_period = is_t001b_old-tope1 input_year = is_t001b_old-toye1 input_periv = is_t001-periv IMPORTING next_period = es_t001b_new-tope1 next_year = es_t001b_new-toye1. ENDFORM. " calc_t001b *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Form show_t001b *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* FORM show_t001b USING is_t001b_old TYPE ys_t001b is_t001b_new TYPE ys_t001b. WRITE:/ is_t001b_old-mkoar. * Output first line with current status WRITE:/ text-001, "Current open periods is_t001b_old-frpe1, is_t001b_old-frye1, '-', is_t001b_old-tope1, is_t001b_old-toye1. * Output second line with new status WRITE:/ text-002, "Open periods from now on is_t001b_new-frpe1,
© SAP AG AC400 8-256
is_t001b_new-frye1, '-', is_t001b_new-tope1, is_t001b_new-toye1. WRITE:/. ENDFORM. " show_t001b *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Form do_ucomm *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* FORM do_ucomm USING id_ucomm LIKE sy-ucomm it_t001b TYPE yt_t001b. CASE id_ucomm. WHEN 'ENTR'. "nothing to do. WHEN 'SAVE'. PERFORM save USING it_t001b. LEAVE SCREEN. WHEN OTHERS. LEAVE SCREEN. ENDCASE. ENDFORM. " do_ucomm *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Form save *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* FORM save USING it_t001b TYPE yt_t001b. UPDATE t001b FROM TABLE it_t001b. ENDFORM. " save
© SAP AG AC400 8-257
Optional Exercise F3
Program a Report for Master Data Groups in Cost Accounting
At the conclusion of this exercise, you will be able to: • Select records from tables and display them with the ALV • Use custom containers • Use the PBO and PAI dialog programming events to modify your user
interface • Define and evaluate required entry fields • Define a transaction for calling your report
Requirement In Cost Accounting, you can group cost centers, cost elements, internal orders, and so on. You want to program a report that lists these groups. The report should display both the selection parameters and the results list on one screen. The group type (cost center, cost element, and so on) and also the name of the object should be available as selection parameters. The group type should be a required entry. If only the type is entered, all groups of this type should be listed. The second parameter can be used to filter out a specific element of this type. Depending on the selected type, the description of the field should change for positioning purposes: Initial call: Set class ___________ Set ID ____________ Results list empty After 0102 has been entered as the set class, the screen should change to: Set class 0102 Cost element group ____________ Results list contains all cost element groups System Analysis Found out which table stores the master data groups. If necessary, use the ABAP Workbench or debugger to do so. Task Implement the above requirement. Your program Y##SET is part of your local objects.
© SAP AG AC400 8-258
© SAP AG AC400 8-259
Solution for Optional Exercise F3
Program a Report for Master Data Groups in Cost Accounting
Requirement In Cost Accounting, you can group cost centers, cost elements, internal orders, and so on. You want to program a report that lists these groups. The report should display both the selection parameters and the results list on one screen. The group type (cost center, cost element, and so on) and also the name of the object should be available as selection parameters. The group type should be a required entry. If only the type is entered, all groups of this type should be listed. The second parameter can be used to filter out a specific element of this type. Depending on the selected type, the description of the field should change for positioning purposes: Initial call: Set class ___________ Set ID ____________ Results list empty After 0102 has been entered as the set class, the screen should change to: Set class 0102 Cost element group ____________ Results list contains all cost element groups Finally, the program should be executable via a transaction. System Analysis Found out which table stores the master data groups. If necessary, use the ABAP Workbench or debugger to do so. Use the transaction, for example, to display the cost element groups (KAH1). After you have entered the cost element group OAL on the initial screen, use the /h command to activate the debugger before you release the data. In debugger mode, set a breakpoint for the "SELECT" command to analyze the further table accesses. Check the tables at which the debugger stops by listing their entries, for example. The table containing the cost element groups must be included in the accesses. Task Implement the above requirement. Your program Y##SET is part of your local objects. Your transaction is Y##SET and is also defined locally.
© SAP AG AC400 8-260
Instructions on how to use the Program Editor and define screens are provided in the exercise on maintaining customer address data. Once you have created the program (see template below), define a transaction. You can create transactions in the same way as programs using the Object Navigator (SE80). When you define the transaction Y##Set, select "Program and Selection Screen (Report Transaction)" as the initial object. Enter your program Y##SET with selection screen "1000". *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Report AC400SET *& *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* * Screen 1000 referenced in the report has the following settings *Properties *Maintenance 200 240 * *Element list *Name Type Row Column Def.L. Vis.L. Hght Scrollable Format *SETHEADER-SETCLASS Text 1 1 22 22 1 *SETHEADER-SETCLASS I/O 1 26 4 4 1 CHAR *GD_SETCLSTEXT I/O 2 1 22 22 1 CHAR *SETHEADER-SETNAME I/O 2 26 24 24 1 CHAR *ALV CuCtr 4 1 240 240 197 * * Element list (continued) *Name Inp. Outp. Outp Only. Dict Fld *SETHEADER-SETCLASS x *SETHEADER-SETCLASS x x x *GD_SETCLSTEXT x x *SETHEADER-SETNAME x x x *ALV * * Element list (special attributes and display attributes) *Name Input Two-dimensional As desc. left *SETHEADER-SETCLASS x *SETHEADER-SETCLASS O obl. *GD_SETCLSTEXT N n. poss. x *SETHEADER-SETNAME poss. *ALV * *Flow logic *process before output. * ** Set status * module status_1000. * ** Adjust field name and list * module adjust_window. ** *process after input. ** Call following module at "CANC"
© SAP AG AC400 8-261
* module user_command_1000 at exit-command. * ** Also with all other commands * module user_command_1000. * Status 1000 has the following properties * Function keys * Green arrow BACK * Yellow arrow EXIT * Red cross CANC (defined as exit command) * Title 1000 is "Master Data Groups" REPORT ac400set. *Referenced tables TABLES: setheader. *Types for master data groups TYPES: ys_setheader TYPE setheader. TYPES: yt_setheader TYPE TABLE OF ys_setheader. *Data declaration. DATA: gt_outtab TYPE yt_setheader. DATA: gd_setclstext TYPE setclstext. DATA: go_container TYPE REF TO cl_gui_custom_container. DATA: go_alv TYPE REF TO cl_gui_alv_grid. *Data instantiation CREATE OBJECT go_container EXPORTING repid = sy-repid dynnr = '1000' container_name = 'ALV'. CREATE OBJECT go_alv EXPORTING i_parent = go_container. *Call dialog box CALL SCREEN 1000. *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Module USER_COMMAND_1000 INPUT *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* MODULE user_command_1000 INPUT. * Evaluation of pushbutton pressed by user CASE sy-ucomm. * Other or undefined WHEN 'ENTR' OR ' '. PERFORM set_selection_status USING setheader CHANGING gt_outtab.
© SAP AG AC400 8-262
* Other commands WHEN OTHERS. * Exit the transaction SET SCREEN 0. LEAVE SCREEN. ENDCASE. ENDMODULE. " USER_COMMAND_1000 INPUT *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Module STATUS_1000 OUTPUT *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* MODULE status_1000 OUTPUT. SET PF-STATUS '1000'. SET TITLEBAR '1000'. ENDMODULE. " STATUS_1000 OUTPUT *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Form set_selection_status *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* * This routine determines the status of the selection parameters. * Possible statuses: * UNDEF no selection parameters provided * IDENT already selected with selection parameter * FIRST first selection call * NEW further selection call with new parameters FORM set_selection_status USING is_setheader TYPE setheader CHANGING ct_outtab TYPE yt_setheader. * data DATA: ls_empty_setheader TYPE ys_setheader. STATICS: ls_old_setheader TYPE ys_setheader. DATA: ld_status TYPE string. * Evaluate entered parameters and set status CASE is_setheader. * Undefined/empty parameters WHEN ls_empty_setheader. ld_status = 'UNDEF'. * Unchanged parameters WHEN ls_old_setheader. ld_status = 'IDENT'. * Selection parameters not used WHEN OTHERS. * First time IF ls_old_setheader = ls_empty_setheader.
© SAP AG AC400 8-263
ld_status = 'FIRST'. * Change ELSE. ld_status = 'NEW'. ENDIF. * get data PERFORM get_data USING is_setheader CHANGING ct_outtab. * Update ls_old_setheader ls_old_setheader = is_setheader. ENDCASE. * Remember status PERFORM remind_status USING 'SET' CHANGING ld_status. ENDFORM. " set_selection_status *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Form get_data *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* FORM get_data USING is_setheader TYPE ys_setheader CHANGING et_outtab TYPE yt_setheader. * Clear output CLEAR et_outtab[]. * data DATA: ld_empty_setname LIKE setheader-setname. * Select according to set ID CASE is_setheader-setname. * All objects WHEN ld_empty_setname. SELECT * FROM setheader INTO TABLE et_outtab WHERE setclass = is_setheader-setclass. * One object WHEN OTHERS. SELECT * FROM setheader INTO TABLE et_outtab WHERE setname = is_setheader-setname AND setclass = is_setheader-setclass. ENDCASE.
© SAP AG AC400 8-264
ENDFORM. " get_data *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Module adjust_window OUTPUT *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* MODULE adjust_window OUTPUT. PERFORM adjust_window USING gt_outtab setheader CHANGING gd_setclstext. ENDMODULE. " adjust_window OUTPUT *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Form adjust_window *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* FORM adjust_window USING it_outtab TYPE yt_setheader is_setheader TYPE ys_setheader CHANGING cd_setclstext TYPE setclstext. * data DATA: ld_status TYPE string. * set ld_status PERFORM remind_status USING 'GET' CHANGING ld_status. * Evaluate status CASE ld_status. * Undefined WHEN 'UNDEF'. * Maintain cd-setclstext PERFORM get_setclstext USING is_setheader CHANGING cd_setclstext. * Existing selection WHEN 'IDENT'. "nothing to do * First selection WHEN 'FIRST'. * Generate ALV CALL METHOD go_alv->set_table_for_first_display EXPORTING i_structure_name = 'SETHEADER' CHANGING it_outtab = gt_outtab. * Maintain cd_setclstext PERFORM get_setclstext USING is_setheader
© SAP AG AC400 8-265
CHANGING cd_setclstext. * New other selection WHEN 'NEW'. CALL METHOD go_alv->refresh_table_display. * Maintain cd_setclstext PERFORM get_setclstext USING is_setheader CHANGING cd_setclstext. WHEN OTHERS. * Maintain cd_setclstext PERFORM get_setclstext USING is_setheader CHANGING cd_setclstext. ENDCASE. ENDFORM. "adjust_window *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Form remind_status *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* * This routine stores the status of selection parameters and * returns them on request. * PBO and PAI communicate via this routine * The following actions are possible: * SET: Remember status * GET: Return status FORM remind_status USING id_action TYPE string CHANGING cd_status TYPE string. * data STATICS: ld_status TYPE string. * Evaluate action CASE id_action. * Set status WHEN 'SET'. ld_status = cd_status. * Read status WHEN 'GET'. cd_status = ld_status. ENDCASE. ENDFORM. "remind_status *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Form get_setclstext *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* FORM get_setclstext
© SAP AG AC400 8-266
USING is_setheader TYPE ys_setheader CHANGING ed_setclstext TYPE setclstext. * Clear output CLEAR ed_setclstext. * data DATA: ls_setclst TYPE setclst. DATA: ld_empty_setclass TYPE setclst. DATA: ls_dd04v_wa TYPE dd04v. * Processing according to is_setheader-setclass. CASE is_setheader-setclass. * Class not set WHEN ld_empty_setclass. CALL FUNCTION 'DDIF_DTEL_GET' EXPORTING name = 'SETNAMENEW' langu = sy-langu IMPORTING dd04v_wa = ls_dd04v_wa. * set output ed_setclstext = ls_dd04v_wa-ddtext. * Class set WHEN OTHERS. * select SELECT SINGLE * FROM setclst INTO ls_setclst WHERE langu = sy-langu AND setclass = is_setheader-setclass. * set output ed_setclstext = ls_setclst-descript. ENDCASE. ENDFORM. " get_setclstext
