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Drug Group

Gram (+) Gram (--) Non Gram Staining

 AerobesObligate

 AnaerobesRespiratory/Fastidious

Enterobacteriaceae Pseudomonas OthersObligate

 AnaerobesSpirochetes Mycoplasma

 Aminoglycosides *        Fluoroquinolones *          

PhenicolsChloramphenicol            

Florfenicol    Tetracyclines        Macrolides          

Lincosamides      Sulfonamides

Potentiated sulfonamides        

   B  e   t  a  -   l  a  c   t  a  m  s

 

Penicillins

Natural Penicillins       Aminopenicillins          

Penicillinase-resistant  B lactam-resistant   Antipseudomonal  

PotentiatedPenicillins

 Amoxicillin-clavulanate         Ampicillin-sulbactam

Cephalosporins

Group 1    Group 2    Group 3      Group 4 *      Group 5 *      Group 6      Group 7      

Carbapenems            Metronidazole    Vancomycin    Bacitracin

Polymixins  Nitrofurans

Rifampin

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Gram (+) Gram (--) Non Gram Staining

 Aerobes Obligate Anaerobes Respiratory/Fastidious Enterobacteriaceae Pseudomonas Others Spirochetes AerobesBacillusDermatophilusMycobacteriumNocardiaRhodococcus

Facultative Anaerobes:

ActinomycesArcanobacterium pyogenesCorynebacteriumEnterococcusErysipelothrix rhusiopathiaeListeria monocytogenesStaphylococcusStreptococcus

Actinobaculum suisClostridium

ActinobacillusHaemophilus gallinarumHaemophilus parasuisHistophilus somniMannhemia haemolyticaNicoletellaPasteurella multocida

Escherichia coliKlebsiellaProteusSalmonellaYersinia

Pseudomonas Anaplasma marginaleBordetellaMoraxella bovisBrucellaCampylobacterChlamydiaChlamydophiliaEhrlichiaLawsoniaIntracellularisRickettsia

BacteroidesDichelobacterFusobacteriumBrachyspira

Mycoplasma

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Drug Class MOA Drug Bacterial Spectrum Adverse Effects & Legal Issues

 AminoglycosidesInhibit protein synthesis;bind to 30S ribosomal subunit

 AmikacinGram (+): aerobes (except Strep )Gram (--): respiratory/fastidious,enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonasSpirochetes

NephrotoxicityOtotoxicityNeuromuscular blockadeExtralabel use in ruminants PROHIBITED(b/c residues)

Gentamicin

Neomycin

Fluoroquinolones

Inhibit DNA replication;

inhibit topoisomerase(involved in supercoiling)

CiprofloxacinGram (+): aerobes (except some Strep )Gram (--): respiratory/fastidious,

enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas,“others” Mycoplasma

 Arthropathy/cartilage defects in young, growinganimals; ABSOLUTE CONTRAINDICATION in puppies& foalsCNS signs; seizuresRetinal degeneration; blindness in catsExtralabel use in ruminants PROHIBITED

Enrofloxacin

Marbofloxacin

Pradofloxacin

PhenicolsInhibit protein synthesis;bind to 50S ribosomal subunit

Chloramphenicol

Gram (+): aerobes, obligate anaerobesGram (--): respiratory/fastidious,enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas,obligate anaerobes

Bone marrow suppression (reversible) Aplastic anemiaImpaired glucuronidation (cats & young animalssensitive)Extralabel use in ruminants PROHIBITED

FlorfenicolGram (+): aerobesGram (--): respiratory/fastidious

DiarrheaDO NOT GIVE to dairy cows >20 months, calves <1month, or pre-ruminating calves

TetracyclinesInhibit protein synthesis;bind to 30S ribosomal subunit

ChlortetracyclineGram (+): aerobesGram (--): respiratory/fastidiousSpirochetes, Mycoplasma

Enteritis, teeth discolorationRenal tubular necrosis, hepatic disease Anaphylactic shock (dog), photosensitivityCV collapse (if rapid IV to horses)

 AVOID if pregnant; teratogen?

Doxycycline

Minocycline

Oxytetracycline

MacrolidesInhibit protein synthesis;bind to 50S ribosomal subunit

ErythromycinGram (+): aerobes, obligate anaerobesGram (--): respiratory/fastidious, “others” Spirochetes

GI effects, possible drug interactions(inhibit CYP 450s)

Tilmicosin GI effectsTulathromycin

Tylosin

LincosamidesInhibit protein synthesis;bind to 50S ribosomal subunit

ClindamycinGram (+): aerobes, obligate anaerobesGram (--): obligate anaerobes

EnterocolitisSevere GI upset in hindgut fermenters (horses, rabbits)

Lincomycin

SulfonamidesInhibit folic acid production(nucleic acid synthesis);blocks purine synthesis

Sulfadimethoxine Renal tubule blockage; keratoconjunctivits sicca (KCS;dry eye); blood dyscrasias (anemia, thrombo); thyroiddisorders; skin reactionsMOST prohibited for extralabel use in lactating dairycattle (NOT sulfadimethoxine)

Sulfamethazine

Sulfasalazine

Potentiated

sulfonamides

Inhibit folic acid production(nucleic acid synthesis);

blocks purine synthesis

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole Gram (+): aerobesGram (--): respiratory/fastidious,

enterobacteriaceae, “others” 

Hepatic necrosisTrimethoprim-sulfadiazine

Ormetoprim-sulfadimethoxine

Natural penicillins Inhibit cell wall synthesis Penicillin GGram (+): aerobes, obligate anaerobesGram (--): obligate anaerobes

HypersensitivityGI effectsContraindicated in hindgut fermenters (horses, rabbits)

Penicillin is one of the most frequently reported residueviolations

 Aminopenicillins Inhibit cell wall synthesis Ampicillin Gram (+): aerobes, obligate anaerobes

Gram (--): respiratory/fastidious, “others”,obligate anaerobes

 Amoxicillin

Penicillinase-resistantpenicillins

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Oxacillin

Gram (+): aerobesMethicillin

Cloxacillin

 Antipseudal penicillins Inhibit cell wall synthesis Ticarcillin Gram (--): pseudomonas

Potentiated penicillins Inhibit cell wall synthesis

 Amoxicillin-clavulanateGram (+): aerobes, obligate anaerobesGram (--): respiratory/fastidious, obligateanaerobes

 Ampicillin-sulbactam

Ticarcillin-clavulanate

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