ABSOLUTISM AND THE OLD REGIME

James VI/James I becomes king of both Scotland and England (1603) Puritans get mad about Book

of Sports and leave to New World (Pilgrims) (1620) Charles I vs Parliament,

Cavaliers vs Roundheads, North vs South (1642ish)

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY

William of Orange (Mary Stuart’s husband, and a Dutch heir-apparent) becomes king of England Orangemen appointed as nobles in Ireland,

descendants still remain Act of Settlement makes German house of

Hanover heirs to English throne Act of Union (1707) unites England and

Scotland into Great Britain George I is third foreign monarch of GB in

111 years

GEOGRAPHY

Louis XIV moves French seat of monarchy to Versailles Wants Spanish Netherlands, War of Devotion Wants land in Germany, Nine Years’ War Louis places Philip d’Anjou on Spanish throne Grand Alliance is formed against France, France forced to

give land to England, Spain gives land to England and Austria France has largest population and army in Europe France profits from colonies

POLITICAL AND SOCIAL

Fear of anarchy and civil war led to: o Monarchs and absolute rule o Believing they had divine right o Absolute monarchs wanting control of

everything o Other beliefs In England the throne is passed to the

Stuart family, James VI becomes King James of England

Stuart England

Charles I was forced to sign Petition of Right

Short Parliament Long Parliament Grand Remonstrance English civil war had two:

Cavaliers and Roundheads

English Civil War

POLITICAL AND SOCIAL

Oliver Cromwell to the Restoration Charles I was defeated and taken by New Model

Army Cromwell replaced Parliament wit Rump

Parliament Dictatorship of the Puritans Restoration of monarchy in 1660 by Charles II

Glorious Revolution James II becomes heir Parliament wanted to overthrow James Act of Union Stuart dynasty ends after 111 years

POLITICAL AND SOCIAL

Absolute Monarchy in France Henry IV Louis XIII’s enhancement of France Louis XIV Unstable monarchy after Louis XIV dies

Great Powers Rise: Austria and Prussia Prussia being taken over Charles VI and Maria Theresa Friedrich II refuses to accept Maria

becoming queen Alliance between Maria and Friedrich

Emergence of Russia and Peter the Great Romanov dynasty Peter I--Modernizing Russia Peace of Nytead

POLITICAL AND SOCIAL

Great Powers in Decline Spain’s decline Dutch Republic falling Sweden unable to maintain

power Poland unable to rise Ottoman empire

POLITICAL AND SOCIAL

Scientific Revolution

New understandings of the world

Superstitions Self – aggrandizement Practice of “magic” “witches”

Thomas Hobbes

Leviathan (1651) outlines social contract, defines humanity as wicked (justifying absolutism) Justifies execution of Charles I for

violating social contract

Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) outlines natural rights of humanity, defends civil liberties and advocates secularism and religious tolerance The mind is a “tabula rasa” and is

shaped by experience A Second Treatise of Civil

Government (1690) justifies glorious revolution; if rights are not protected by the government then it must be overthrown

INTELLECTUAL

John Locke

Rene Descartes

Rational Deduction Discourse on Method (1637) rejects

scholastic philosophy and education God-given thought must not be doubted

and is used to fulfil God’s plan Divides world into body and mind (physical

world and mental world)

Rule by Divine Right James I of England (1603-1625) Hampton Court Conference: maintain

Anglican episcopal system over representative Presbyterian model Book of Sports: permits Sunday

games after church services Radical Puritans leave for America

(Pilgrims) Archbishop of Canterbury advises

James impose episcopal system on Scotland, inciting rebellion

Oliver Cromwell Puritan New Model Army Dictatorship of the Puritan

established (1653-1658)

James II of England (1628-1689) Catholic convert Crowned 1628 under conditions he would

not interfere with Anglicanism and would practice faith in private 1688: Catholic son implies Catholic

dynasty Parliament invites Protestants Mary Stuart

(eldest daughter of James II) and William of Orange to overthrow James II if English Bill of Rights is accepted

Glorious Revolution 1689: William III and Mary II crowned Battle of the Boyne: James II’s Catholic

Army crushed by William’s army Act of Settlement: throne passes to

German Protestant House of Hanover if Anne Stuart (William’s heir) dies heirless

RELIGIOUS

RELIGIOUS Louis XIII of France (1610-1643) Chief advisor Cardinal Richelieu renews campaign against Huguenots

Louis XIV of France (1643-1715) Chief advisor Cardinal Mazzarin The Fronde convinces Louis of necessity absolute rule by divine right

Louis XV of France (1715-1774) Chief advisor Cardinal Fleury

Peter I of Russia (1682-1725) Gains secular control of Russian Orthodox Church Eliminates Old Believers (opposition) Replaces patriarchal system of the church with a secular synod

Eastern Question – Christians vs. Muslims (almost seized Vienna 1683) Continuing Superstition and Witchcraft 1400-1700: 70,000-100,000 sentenced to death for witchcraft/malificum Reformation weakened religious protection against evil and creates fear Malleus Malificarum – book for fighting witches Clergy promotes belief in magic through holy sacraments and exorcism 80% of witches prosecuted in 16th century were women

ARTISTIC

Rococo Baroque Sponsored by Marie de’Medici Gian Lorenzo Bernini credited for

creating Baroque style of sculpture

Neoclassicism

ARTISTIC

El Greco Rembrandt Tenebrism Peter Paul Rubens

TECHNOLOGICAL

Peter the Great and Russia Peter visits Western Europe in 1697 to study

western technologies and customs.

Develops a western calendar and the first newspaper. Iron industry, Military.

TECHNOLOGICAL

Scientific Revolution 16th century-- Math, Reason, Observation, and

Experimentation. Nikolas Copernicus of Poland. On the

Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543) 1601, Johannes Kepler of Germany said that

orbits were elliptical. 1609, Galileo Galilei improves the telescope

and observes Saturn’s rings and moons, which helped disprove geocentrism.

1687, Sir Isaac Newton of England develops the Universal Law of Motion—Principia Mathematica.

Mechanism Francis Bacon emphasized the Empirical

Method—observational understanding of the world.

ECONOMIC

17th Century Trends American bullion fills the monarch’s coffers. There is a

commercial interest in peace.

Stuart England (1603-1707) Charles I (1625-49) attempts to fund a war with Spain in 1628

using forced loans and illegal taxes. The English Civil War takes an economic toll as Oliver Cromwell

takes over and executes the monarch.

ECONOMIC

Absolute Monarch—France France’s Louis XIV’s mercantilist policy.

Hegemony by warfare. Louis did not tax the nobles. Louis XIV dies 1715, and leaves France

financially insecure with a soaring debt. Whigs supported commercial interests and

landowner rights. Robert Walpole, 1721, strong system of

finance and taxation, profitable system of trade with the colonies

Louis XV’s reign is marked by a series of financial scandals and John Law and the Mississippi Bubble. France profited from colonies.

ECONOMIC

Austria and Prussia The War of the Austrian

Succession was fought between Britain/Austria and Prussia/France when Prussian Frederick the Great invades mineral rich Austria Silesia.

Great Britain was the only one to come out of the Seven Years’ War stronger.

ECONOMIC

Peter the Great Prior to 1613, Time of Troubles—a period of economic and political stability. Peter Romanov’s economic reforms. Western calendar, newspapers, and the

improved social status of women. He led Russia into war against the Ottoman Empire .The Great Northern War

(1700-1721) against King Charles XII of Sweden secures Russian access of the Baltic Sea.

Great Powers Declining Spain declines. Dependence on New World bullion. Diversion of

government resources to Counter Reformation and Great Power politics. Amsterdam maintains financial dominance--banking. Sweden lost the Baltic Sea trade monopoly.